an introduction to u.s. energy use and bioenergy...• 1st generation biofuels: ethanol &...
TRANSCRIPT
ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle for the US Department of Energy
An introduction to U.S. energy use and bioenergy
Educator Bioenergy Training Module
Tim Theiss Program Manager
Bioenergy Technologies Program
June 14, 2017
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Overview and introductions
3 | Bioenergy Technologies Office | Not for Public Distribution
Purpose of this workshop
• Education and awareness of bioenergy technology • Provide factual, and understandable information • Inform the public through informing educators • Provide excitement about bioenergy for workforce
development • Inaugural class – hope to continue for 3 years; replicate at
other National Labs • Funded by the Dept. of Energy – Bioenergy Technologies
Office
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Some background about biofuels &
energy
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Energy mix has changed over time
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U.S. uses a diversity of major energy sources
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U. S. Energy Consumption - 2016
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Tennessee Energy Consumption – 2 quads
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The fuel mix has changed recently
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Renewable energy use has grown significantly
https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/report/renew_co2.cfm
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Transportation fuels
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US petroleum consumption • 1 barrel is 42 gallons • ~ 2/3 used in transportation
sector • In 2013, US consumed 18.9
Million Barrels/day petroleum • Transportation market value
$350B; 7% is used in chemicals/products at market value of $255B
40% of barrel of crude is gasoline 131 Billion gallons of gasoline a
year Source: US Bioenergy Technologies Office web site
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Line of barrels over 7400 miles long ~~ or ~~
Knoxville – Boston – Seattle – San Diego – Kingston!
In 2013 US oil consumption – 18.9 million barrels a day
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Total volume (end-end; floor-ceiling) would hold one day’s worth of US oil
• Cowboys Stadium!
• 73 acres under roof
• 900 ft end-end
• 290 ft tall at max point
• 100 million ft3
Visualizing our petroleum consumption
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US obtains petroleum from multiple sources
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U.S. OPEC Canada Mexico Russia Colombia ROW
Mill
ion
bbl/d
ay
U.S. Petroleum Sources 2001 Biodiesel
Ethanol
Others
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Iraq
Venezuela
Source: Energy Information Agency; http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbblpd_a.htm
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U.S. OPEC Canada Mexico Russia Colombia ROW
Mill
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bbl/d
ay
Biodiesel
Ethanol
Others
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Iraq
Venezuela
Increased domestic production
Source: Energy Information Agency; http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbblpd_a.htm
Domestic petroleum production (2013) has increased significantly
US imports peaked in 2006 at 13.7 MM bbl/day 2013 imports were 9.8 MM bbl/day
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U.S. OPEC Canada Mexico Russia Colombia ROW
Mill
ion
bbl/d
ay
Biodiesel
Ethanol
Others
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Iraq
Venezuela
Domestic renewable fuels (energy basis) roughly equal imports from Kuwait & Iraq (combined)
Domestic petroleum production (2013) has increased significantly
Source: Energy Information Agency; http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbblpd_a.htm
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The trend in Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) has also changed recently
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Biofuels
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Drawbacks and benefits of biofuels (ethanol)
• Domestic energy resource – supports rural economies
• Supports energy security – adds domestic fuel sources
• Renewable fuel source – low carbon fuel
• High octane fuel source
• Can also help produce higher value chemicals or products
• Not identical to gasoline – separate infrastructure
• Currently more expensive
• Difficult to process at impactful scale
• Difficult logistics challenge
• Lower energy density (less mpg)
• 1st generation fuels sourced from food
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Biofuels are nothing new
• 1st generation biofuels: ethanol & biodiesel
• Rudolf Diesel 1858-1913 (right) – Much more efficient than steam engines of
the time – Original vision – to run on coal dust and
vegetable oils!
• Henry Ford – Envisioned use of ethanol as a motor
vehicle fuel – The model T was capable of running on
either gasoline or ethanol (the first flex-fuel vehicle!)
• 1970-1980s - US energy crisis – Significant interest in ethanol (gasohol) &
methanol – ORNL been engaged in alt. fuels research
since 80s.
Energy Independence and Security Act (2007) establishes specific annual volume requirements for biofuels
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2007
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2015
2016
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2020
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BIL
LIO
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ALL
ON
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Conventional Biofuels(20% GHG reduction)
Cellulosic(60% GHG Reduction)
Other Advanced Biofuels(50% GHG Reduction)
Biomass-based Diesel(50% GHG Reduction)
Cellulosic ethanol
Note: 20% reduction for conventional biofuels applies only to new construction
Corn ethanol
Advanced biofuel
Biodiesel
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• Currently consuming 15 billion gallons/year (BGY) ethanol
• US gasoline consumption – 135 BGY
• Most gasoline sold is E10 (10% ethanol) – slightly beyond blendwall
• Benchmarking and historical comparisons
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*U.S
. Fue
l Eth
anol
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sum
ptio
n (b
gpy)
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2021U
.S. F
uel E
than
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onsu
mpt
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y)Year
EISA Compliance
‒ Our RFS goal of 36 billion gallons/year renewables… • …is greater than the oil imports from Saudi Arabia (19 billion gpy)
• Gasoline saved by 1 million electric vehicles: 0.5 Billion gal/yr • Gasoline saved by 10% weight reduction in cars: 5 Billion gal/yr
‒ Current U.S. ethanol production is nearly double that of Brazil
U. S. ethanol production is significant
Credit: Ron Graves
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Report shows US could produce one billion tons of biomass annually by 2040
• Comprehensive feedstock projections inform strategic decisions about the bioeconomy
• Data for agriculture, algae, waste, and forestry resources to the county level, including
– New energy crops
– Cost of biomass delivered to biorefineries
– New interactive tools to access data at bioenergykdf.net/billionton
• 65 contributors from federal agencies, national labs, academia
ORNL and DOE BETO jointly release 2016 Billion-Ton Report
U.S. Department of Energy. 2016. 2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 1: Economic Availability of Feedstocks. M. H. Langholtz, B. J. Stokes, and L. M. Eaton (Leads), ORNL/TM-2016/160. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 448p http://bit.ly/2agluY2
Combined potential supplies from forestry, wastes, and agricultural resources for 2040 base case scenario.
2016 report builds on previous studies.
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Aggressive CO2 emissions standards (i.e., fuel economy) are a global trend
US 2025:107
EU 2020: 95
Japan 2020: 105
China 2020: 117
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2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Gra
ms C
O2 p
er k
ilom
eter
(n
orm
alize
d to
NED
C)
[1] China target reflects gasoline fleet scenario. Inclusion of other fuels would lower this target. [2] U.S. light-duty vehicles include light-commercial vehicles.
U.S. LDV
China
European Union
Japan
35.5 mpg
54.5 mpg
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Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Different Fuels
19% Reduction 28%
Reduction
52% Reduction
86% Reduction
78% Reduction
Gasoline
Natural Gas
Biomass Current Average
Cellulosic Ethanol Corn Ethanol
Biomass Petroleum
Sources: Wang et al, Environ. Research Letters, May 2007; Wang et al, Life-Cycle Energy Use and GHG Implications of Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol Simulated with GREET Model, Dec. 2007.
Sugarcane Ethanol Biomass
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Challenges Across Entire Biofuel Supply Chain
Feedstock Production
Feedstock Logistics
Biofuels Production
Biofuels Distribution
Biofuels End Use
Production: assuring “sustainable” feedstock at meaningful quantities
Logistics: narrow harvest window, storage and deterioration a real concern
Production: Conversion of biomass into bioenergy at competitive costs at sufficient quantities
Distribution: getting the biofuel to market and introduced into the market
End Use: introducing biofuels into the broader fuels infrastructure
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Multiple chemical processes convert biomass into bioenergy (biofuels)
• Biochemical conversion (uses yeast or enzymes) – fermentation (“moonshine”)
• Thermochemical conversion (uses heat)
• Torrefaction (roasting coffee) – produces solid (like charcoal)
• Pyrolysis (BBQ wood) – produces liquid • Gasification (combustion without oxygen) –
produces syn-gas (carbon monoxide & hydrogen)
Increasing temperature
Source: Wikipedia
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A few final “conclusions” to wrap up
The energy problem (and its solution) will likely impact the next 30 years more than the past 30 years.
No silver bullet exists; the solution will require multiple complimentary components including alternative fuels.
There is no perfect fuel source – all require trade-offs.
Getting this solution “right” is not a forgone conclusion. The solution will involve winners and losers and will take years to fully implement.
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THANK YOU
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Biofuels need to be sustainably managed
Dale B et al. (2014) Take a Closer Look: Biofuels Can Support Environmental, Economic and Social Goals. Environmental Science & Technology 48(13): 7200-7203.
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Biofuels provide significant lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions
From Wang M., et al., (2012), Environ. Research Letters
Advanced biofuels have ~ 90% reduction in GHG