AN INTRODUCTION

TO THE STRUCTURE

AND FUNCTION OF THE BODY

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BODY

• Anatomy – study of morphology (structure) of body parts – forms & arrangements

• Physiology – function of body parts – what they do and how they do it

Characteristics of Life

• Movement – self initiated change (ex. motion of beating heart, contraction of skeletal muscles)

• Respond to stimuli – senses change & reacts to it ( ex. thirsty/drink)

Characteristics of Life

• Growth & Repair – production of new body materials

• Reproduction – cell division (simplest form of reproduction)

Characteristics of Life

• Respiration – using oxygen in the release of energy from food

• Digestion – food changed chemically so it can be absorbed

Characteristics of Life

• Circulation – movement of substances from place to place within the body be means of the body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body

Characteristics of Life

• Excretion – removal of wastes (products of chemical reactions) (ex. CO2)

Maintenance of Life

• Metabolism – all chemical changes that occur within an organism

• Homeostasis – tendency to maintain a stable internal environment

Maintenance of Life

• Negative Feedback – self regulating control mechanism that returns cell/body to homeostasis – Fig. 1-10

Maintenance of Life

• Positive Feedback – self regulating control mechanism that causes movement away from homeostasis (can only operate for a short time)

Levels of OrganizationFig. 1-2

Body Cavities – Fig. 1-5

• Ventral– Thoracic

• Mediastinum• Pleural

– Abdominopelvic• Abdomen• Pelvic

• Dorsal– Cranial– Spinal

Anatomical Terminology

• Anatomical Position – Fig. 1-3 – standing erect with arms at side & palms turned forward

Anatomical Terminology

• Anatomical Directions – See the inside cover of your textbook – Know these terms!

• Example

• Superior – Toward the top of the body

• The heart is superior to the diaphragm

Anatomical TerminologyBody Planes – Fig. 1-4

Anatomical TerminologyBody Sections/Planes

• Sagittal – lengthwise cut (anterior to posterior) that divides the body into L & R portions that may not be equal

• Midsagittal is the term used to describe a lengthwise cut (anterior to posterior) that divides the body into equal L & R portions

Anatomical TerminologyBody Sections/Planes

• Frontal (coronal) – lengthwise cut from side to side; divides anterior & posterior portions

Anatomical TerminologyBody Sections/Planes

• Transverse – horizontal cut; divides body into superior & interior portions

Anatomical TerminologyBody Sections/Planes

• Cross section – a plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ

Anatomical TerminologyBody Sections/Planes

• Longitudinal section – a plane parallel to the long axis of an organ

Body Regions/Quadrants figs. 1-6, 1-7

• Nine regions of the abdomen– Upper abdominal– Middle region– Lower abdominal

Body Regions/Quadrants figs. 1-9

• Axial & Appendicular– Axial – head, neck, torso– Appendicular – upper & lower

extremeties

• http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305

• This is a great site to practice anatomical positions and references. (humans)

• http://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/PracPrac/2050_Lab1/Lab1_Terminology.html

• This site gives more practice with anatomical directions