an introduction to natural phyllite - architectural stone
TRANSCRIPT
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An Introduction to Natural Phyllite -
Architectural Stone
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• SSQ Group was founded in 1983
• Producers and exporters of natural slate from Spain, Argentina and Brazil
• Specialists in finest quality imported slate & phyllite
• Market leader in UK; exports to Europe and worldwide
Who are SSQ & Riverstone?
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• Riverstone Ltd (part of SSQ Group) was established in 2003
• Recently expanded product portfolio to include full Riverstone Architectural range
• Due to quarry ownership we can always fulfill our promises and ensure high quality control procedures are in place
Who are SSQ and Riverstone?
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• To explain the formation and extraction of phyllite
• To demonstrate why phyllite can be an excellent alternative to slate
• To highlight why its properties make it suitable for architectural applications
• To help provide sufficient information to ensure problem free specifications using natural phyllite architectural and flooring products
Objectives
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• Introduction to phyllite – geology, extraction and source
• Advantages of phyllite and problems occurred using inferior products
• Natural phyllite testing & standards
• Natural stone comparison table
• Stone protection
Contents
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Definition: “Phyllite is from scientific Latin and means ‘leaf-stone’ phyllite is a medium grey stone.”
• Phyllite is a metamorphic stone.
• Phyllite can be split by hand.
• Phyllite is formed from two other types of stone: slate and
schist.
• Phyllite has a visible sheen owing to its exposure to extreme heat and pressure
• Phyllite tends to have a corrugated surface which can be
polished to achieve a smooth surface.
An Introduction to Natural phyllite
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Source: San Luis quarry located in Argentina
• Total ownership by SSQ Group.
• All quality control done by trusted methods at source.
• Formed over 600 million years ago.
• Shares many characteristics with Cornish slate due to the tectonic plate movements.
An introduction to natural phyllite
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There are 3 key classifications of natural stone, each is formed in different ways and is comprised of different minerals.
Igneous Rock
Formed when molten (melted) materials harden through crystallisation; most commonly granite and basalt.
Granite
Sedimentary RockRock formed by the hardening of material deposited in some process; most commonly sandstone, shale, and limestone.
Limestone
Metamorphic RockRock that has been physically altered by heat and/or pressure; most commonly quartzite, slate, marble and phyllite.
Phyllite
The formation of phyllite
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Phyllite is a fine-grained metamorphic rock, formed from the compressive pressure from both the sea and the earth’s core.
phyllite
The formation of phyllite
• Varying degrees of heat and pressure contribute to the stones formation and strength
• Due to the fine grain and high compression of phyllite, the result is a very dense stone
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Phyllite is always quarried from above and below the quartz vein.
Why quarry around the quartz vein?
1. Acts as a compressive barrier
2. Ensures the highest quality of stone
Quartz vein
The extraction process
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The stone is extracted in steps using a diamond cutting wire.
Quarry rock face
Why quarry in steps?
1. Minimises wastage
2. No need to use explosives
The extraction process cont.
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• High density
• Very low porosity
• Durable
• Exceptional strength
• Versatile
• Minimum maintenance (once laid and sealed properly)
Advantages of natural phyllite
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• Non combustible
• Not susceptible to acid attack thus pollution resistant
• Natural product
• Long life expectancy
Advantages of natural phyllite
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• Can be poorly calibrated
• Can be poorly gauged
• Easily absorb stains
• Efflorescence (salt leaches from material)
• Rust (leaching pyrite)
Problems from using an inferior natural stone to phyllite
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• Has negative reactions to the freeze-thaw cycle
• Limitation on surface finish (due to low density)
• May disintegrate (mineral properties react)
• May distort under intense heat
Problems from using an inferior natural stone to phyllite cont.
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6 main types of tests for natural stone:
Type: Density; Kg/m3
Description: Measured against water 1,000, higher the density the better.
EU Test: BS EN 1936
Type: Water Absorption, %
Description: Checks for water absorption in stone, lower is better.
EU Test: BS EN 13755
Type: Modulus of Rupture, MPa
Description: Measures the maximum load the stone can withstand, higher is better.
EU Test: BS EN 12372
Testing & Standards
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6 main types of tests for natural stone:
Type: Abrasion Resistance
Description: Represents the stone’s surface to wear, higher is better.
EU Test: BS EN 14157
Type: Freeze Thaw Cycle, Mpa
Description: Measures the effect of extreme changes in weather, higher is better.
EU Test: BS EN 12371
Type: Slip Resistance
Description: Tested in wet and dry conditions, higher is better.
EU Test: BS EN 14231
Testing & Standards cont.
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Riverstone Test Results
EU Equivalent Test Type Result (mean)
BS EN 1936 Density, Kg/m3 2760
BS EN 13755 Water Absorption, % 0.49
BS EN 12372 Modulus of Rupture, Mpa 40.53
BS EN 14157 Abrasion Resistance 23.5
BS EN 12371 Freeze Thaw Cycle, Mpa 37.49
BS EN 14231 Slip Resistance: Honed (dry/wet) 63/32
BS EN 14231 Slip Resistance: Brushed Antic (dry/wet)
69/50
Tests have been conducted by Sandberg Consulting Engineers
Testing & Standards cont.
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* Information has been taken from the corporate websites
Stone comparison table
BSEN Test Riverstone Kirkstone Sea Green*
Khatmia* Tropicale*
Material Phyllite Slate Marble Granite
Source Argentina UK Egypt S. Africa
Density, Kg/m3 2760 NR 2690 2640
Water Absorption, % 0.49 2.25 0.35 0.11
Modulus of Rupture, Mpa 40.53 11.32 12.48 18.8
Abrasion Resistance, mm
23.5 12.2 17 13.2
Freeze Thaw Cycle, Mpa 37.49 NR NR NR
Slip Reisitance Polished (dry/wet)
63/32 27 (wet) NR NR
Slip Resistance Riven (dry/wet)
69/50 68 (wet) NR NR
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Installation - flooring• The main methods of fixing phyllite flooring are:
Mortar (thick bed) method
• Fix the floor tiles in place with a concrete slurry mix
Adhesive (thin bed) method
• Fix the floor tiles in place with a proprietary adhesive
Grouting
• Tiles must be firmly set in the mortar or adhesive before commencing grouting. Specialist resin based and cement based grouts are available from a variety of suppliers
Under floor heating
• Phyllite retains heat well and is suitable for use with under floor heating.
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Installation - cladding
• There are various fixing methods depending on where the cladding is being applied and the density of the pieces of phyllite
• For very dense phyllite cladding the main considerations are: DEAD LOADS – actual weight of the stonework. APPLIED LOADS – wind pressure & suction, window cleaning equipment & any thermal or structural movements that may occur • For phyllite used as thin cladding, there are various fixing methods. It is best to check BS 8298: 1994 (Code of practice for design and installation of natural stone cladding or lining) before a final selection is made.
• Fixing systems advice and suppliers:
Amare Stone - http://amarestone.com
Halfen Limited - http://www.halfen.co.uk/
Ancon Building Products - http://www.ancon.co.uk/
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An example of a sealed floor is below:
• Helps prevent marks and scratches
• Protects against damaging chemicals
Helps to prolong the life of the stone;
Protection (Stone Sealing)
* Some stone sealers will alter the colour of the stone e.g, make it darker. It is always recommended that you test the sealer on a sample first or seek advice from the seller. There are many sealants ranging from water to oil based giving matt and gloss finishes. An example of a gloss finish sealant is LITHOFIN.
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Installation – British Standard References
Wall and floor tiling
• BS 5385 - Wall and Floor Tiling. Code of practice for design and installation
• BS 8000: Part 11 – Workmanship on building sites. Code of practice for wall and floor tiling
Cladding
• BS 8298: 1994 – Code of practice for design and installation of natural stone cladding and lining
• BS 6213: 2000 – Guide to selection of construction sealants
Cladding
• BS 8298: 1994 – Code of practice for design and installation of natural stone cladding and lining
• BS 6213: 2000 – Guide to selection of construction sealants
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Interior Flooring
Exterior Flooring
Different types of applications
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Different types of applications cont.Window sills
Slabs
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Different types of applications cont.External Wall Cladding
Internal Wall Cladding
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Different types of applications cont.Roofing
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Thank You