An Introduction to An Introduction to Modernism in LiteratureModernism in Literature

English III AP/IBEnglish III AP/IB

Troy High SchoolTroy High School

Precursory Information: Precursory Information: NeoclassicismNeoclassicism

Neoclassicism dominates literary production for Neoclassicism dominates literary production for centuries leading up to the Romantic period in centuries leading up to the Romantic period in literature (roughly the 19literature (roughly the 19 thth century, though its century, though its underpinnings can be traced back to as early as underpinnings can be traced back to as early as the early 17the early 17thth century in some parts of Europe, century in some parts of Europe, specifically Germany). specifically Germany). Neoclassicism has its roots with the Classical Neoclassicism has its roots with the Classical period, during which time we meet Plato, period, during which time we meet Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Sophocles, and so on, Aristotle, Socrates, Sophocles, and so on, though much more of Plato than any other though much more of Plato than any other Greek fellow is to be found in this literature. Greek fellow is to be found in this literature.

The “Neo” is added to the label Classicism so as The “Neo” is added to the label Classicism so as to imply that various, though very subtle, to imply that various, though very subtle, alterations to “classic” Classicism were made alterations to “classic” Classicism were made throughout the years. throughout the years. That Neoclassicism dominates the literature of That Neoclassicism dominates the literature of more than 1500 years tells us that Plato, et al more than 1500 years tells us that Plato, et al really had some valuable insights to offer.really had some valuable insights to offer.Literature during this reign is orderly, logical, and Literature during this reign is orderly, logical, and fact-based, produced by authors who are fact-based, produced by authors who are detached and unemotional in their writing (“hello detached and unemotional in their writing (“hello Plato”). Plato”). This style of literature is seen most profoundly, This style of literature is seen most profoundly, in our near past, in the writings of Realism in our near past, in the writings of Realism (roughly the late 19(roughly the late 19thth century), through which century), through which writers depicted life as they believed it really writers depicted life as they believed it really was, without grandiose or sensational was, without grandiose or sensational projections of what life projections of what life might might be. be.

Romanticism:Romanticism:

Moving on in this reign of logic and order is Moving on in this reign of logic and order is Romanticism, a period during which many of Romanticism, a period during which many of Aristotle’s notions can be found.Aristotle’s notions can be found.What follows is a list (not exhaustive) of what What follows is a list (not exhaustive) of what Romanticism looks like. Romanticism looks like. Keep in mind that only rarely would all or even Keep in mind that only rarely would all or even most of these elements be present in a single most of these elements be present in a single piece of writing, nor would they decidedly be piece of writing, nor would they decidedly be presented in the extremes the following presented in the extremes the following characterizations put forth—they serve to offer characterizations put forth—they serve to offer general characterization only.general characterization only.

Romanticism (continued):Romanticism (continued):

- Stresses the freedom of Stresses the freedom of the artist to be highly the artist to be highly imaginative, emotional, imaginative, emotional, and/or spontaneous: no and/or spontaneous: no longer was the artist to longer was the artist to work to achieve mimesis work to achieve mimesis of anything (such as a of anything (such as a “Form” or ideal). “Form” or ideal).

- Asserts the worth of the Asserts the worth of the individual person, the individual person, the goodness of humanity, goodness of humanity, and the glory of and the glory of communication with communication with nature.nature.

- Sensibility and imagination are Sensibility and imagination are valued over reason and valued over reason and intellect—passion and instinct intellect—passion and instinct are life’s law. The Romantic are life’s law. The Romantic man looks for freedom and man looks for freedom and tries to run away from all the tries to run away from all the imposed ways that stop this imposed ways that stop this freedom, just as instinct and freedom, just as instinct and passion lead the human being passion lead the human being to an exaggerated enthusiasm to an exaggerated enthusiasm or to a deep pessimism. or to a deep pessimism.

- In the last case, the Romantic In the last case, the Romantic wants to run away and there wants to run away and there are two possibilities: the one of are two possibilities: the one of the travel or the one of suicide. the travel or the one of suicide.

- There is metaphysical - There is metaphysical anguish: the Romantic anguish: the Romantic wants to reach a superior wants to reach a superior World. But the romantic World. But the romantic finds that reality is not the finds that reality is not the answer to his illusions. So answer to his illusions. So he feels disappointed. he feels disappointed. The World where he lives The World where he lives is too grey and as it is too is too grey and as it is too difficult to accept it he difficult to accept it he rebels against it and tries rebels against it and tries to run away, even if this is to run away, even if this is only be way of adopting only be way of adopting illusion, by traveling, by illusion, by traveling, by somehow escaping that somehow escaping that which actually directly which actually directly confronts him and does confronts him and does not represent his ideals. not represent his ideals.

- One of the most important - One of the most important developments of this period is developments of this period is the rise in the importance of the rise in the importance of individualism. Before this individualism. Before this period, few concerned period, few concerned themselves with discovering themselves with discovering their own individual identities. their own individual identities. They were what they had been They were what they had been born: nobles, peasants, or born: nobles, peasants, or merchants. As mercantilism merchants. As mercantilism and capitalism gradually and capitalism gradually transformed Europe, the old transformed Europe, the old patterns were destabilized. patterns were destabilized. The changing economy not The changing economy not only made individualism only made individualism attractive to the newly rich, it attractive to the newly rich, it made possible a free market in made possible a free market in the arts. What was true in this the arts. What was true in this regard for Europeans was also regard for Europeans was also true for Americans. true for Americans.

- The period movement seems to rise from “the - The period movement seems to rise from “the moment” when the industrial revolution was moment” when the industrial revolution was destroying huge tracts of woods and fields and destroying huge tracts of woods and fields and creating an unprecedentedly artificial creating an unprecedentedly artificial environment in Europe; but in fact it could environment in Europe; but in fact it could probably have arisen in no other time. It is probably have arisen in no other time. It is precisely people in urban environments aware of precisely people in urban environments aware of the stark contrast between their daily lives and the stark contrast between their daily lives and the existence of the inhabitants of the wild who the existence of the inhabitants of the wild who romanticize nature. They feel attracted to nature romanticize nature. They feel attracted to nature precisely because they are no longer precisely because they are no longer unselfconsciously part of it.unselfconsciously part of it.

- Because it was during this period that Europeans - Because it was during this period that Europeans traveled more than ever, to examine lands of traveled more than ever, to examine lands of which they had read, nature becomes a central which they had read, nature becomes a central aspect within the literature. Europe had become aspect within the literature. Europe had become more civilized, safer, and its citizens now felt more civilized, safer, and its citizens now felt freer to travel for the simple pleasure of it. freer to travel for the simple pleasure of it. Mountain passes and deep woods were no Mountain passes and deep woods were no longer merely perilous hazards to be traversed, longer merely perilous hazards to be traversed, but view to be enjoyed and pondered. The but view to be enjoyed and pondered. The violence of ocean storms came to be violence of ocean storms came to be appreciated as an aesthetic object in any appreciated as an aesthetic object in any number of paintings, musical tone poems, and number of paintings, musical tone poems, and written descriptions. Man went to commune with written descriptions. Man went to commune with nature so to perhaps gain a deeper nature so to perhaps gain a deeper understanding and a wider perspective of understanding and a wider perspective of himself. himself.

- StylisticallyStylistically, it exhibits exotic locations, such as , it exhibits exotic locations, such as the sea, wilderness, or the distant past; it depicts the sea, wilderness, or the distant past; it depicts larger-than-life characters, usually unmistakably larger-than-life characters, usually unmistakably heroic or evil, characters who are obviously heroic or evil, characters who are obviously imaginary and not intended to be realistic and imaginary and not intended to be realistic and who are sometimes even incarnate symbols or who are sometimes even incarnate symbols or stereotypes; its plots are usually larger-than-life stereotypes; its plots are usually larger-than-life fantasy and the prose action-based rather than fantasy and the prose action-based rather than character or narration based; and, finally, its character or narration based; and, finally, its tone typically is positive and uplifting, with clear tone typically is positive and uplifting, with clear moral ends, presenting little or no despair, moral ends, presenting little or no despair, depression, or negativity.depression, or negativity.

- One of its greatest effects is the mythologizing of One of its greatest effects is the mythologizing of the past. the past.

Now…on to Modernism:Now…on to Modernism:

Modernism (roughly 1910 – mid 1960s) is an Modernism (roughly 1910 – mid 1960s) is an aesthetic movement coupled with an historical aesthetic movement coupled with an historical time period, recording a radical break with and time period, recording a radical break with and from the past. It is multi-national and multi-from the past. It is multi-national and multi-disciplinary (i.e.: present in culture, philosophy, disciplinary (i.e.: present in culture, philosophy, science, literature, art). At its root, this science, literature, art). At its root, this movement is a movement is a reactionreaction to world affairs; such a to world affairs; such a reaction bleeds into all that is created/produced reaction bleeds into all that is created/produced during the era. Specific to the literary movement during the era. Specific to the literary movement is a major and self-conscious break with the is a major and self-conscious break with the American and European literary tradition.American and European literary tradition.

Historically instigating factors of Historically instigating factors of Modernism:Modernism:

- Throughout the 18Throughout the 18thth and 19 and 19thth centuries, over the expanse of the centuries, over the expanse of the world, there were many brutal wars fought, there was unrest in the world, there were many brutal wars fought, there was unrest in the churches that had held ground for centuries, there was the return to churches that had held ground for centuries, there was the return to the placement of man at the center of thought and exploration (as the placement of man at the center of thought and exploration (as opposed to the periods of the Restoration and the Victorian, for opposed to the periods of the Restoration and the Victorian, for example), just as there was a maintained logic, order, and style to example), just as there was a maintained logic, order, and style to literature and art produced. In other words, society becomes more literature and art produced. In other words, society becomes more secular, even though 95% of its citizens claim a belief in God. secular, even though 95% of its citizens claim a belief in God.

- Nationalism of the late 19Nationalism of the late 19thth century pinned “peoples” against century pinned “peoples” against “peoples”. “peoples”.

- WWI: as technology gets better and better, there are more powerful WWI: as technology gets better and better, there are more powerful weapons, etc.—militarism—and so maybe this is why we have weapons, etc.—militarism—and so maybe this is why we have WWI…that there is no definitive “answer” as to why this incredibly WWI…that there is no definitive “answer” as to why this incredibly brutal/brutalizing war was fought in an issue confronting those who brutal/brutalizing war was fought in an issue confronting those who come to be known as Modern writers. Also, of issue regarding WWI come to be known as Modern writers. Also, of issue regarding WWI is that never before had there been such a “thing” as this, a is that never before had there been such a “thing” as this, a happening that couldn’t seemingly be accounted for, at least by the happening that couldn’t seemingly be accounted for, at least by the way of employing reason.way of employing reason.

Instigating social factors/the social Instigating social factors/the social landscape of the time:landscape of the time:

- Rise of cities, advancing technology, Rise of cities, advancing technology, dehumanization resulting from dehumanization resulting from mechanizationmechanization

- Anonymity (aftermath of WWI, Anonymity (aftermath of WWI, industrialization)industrialization)

- Changing class structure (economic boom Changing class structure (economic boom and swing)and swing)

- Einstein, quantum physics, uncertainty Einstein, quantum physics, uncertainty principleprinciple

- Nietzsche: “God is dead and we have killed him.” - Nietzsche: “God is dead and we have killed him.” Nietzsche’s announcement comes with nothing Nietzsche’s announcement comes with nothing short of great anguish for him and others…he short of great anguish for him and others…he says this late in the late 19says this late in the late 19 thth century when the century when the world had, for some time, been floundering in world had, for some time, been floundering in religious conviction and activity, when the religious conviction and activity, when the countries of the world were at war within countries of the world were at war within themselves and with each other, when morality themselves and with each other, when morality was being slowly replaced with materialism and was being slowly replaced with materialism and the quest for riches, when man could no longer the quest for riches, when man could no longer look at the structure and functioning of society look at the structure and functioning of society around him and “see” God’s presence.around him and “see” God’s presence.

What does Modernism look like?What does Modernism look like?

- anti-Romantic (meaning is no longer in the act of anti-Romantic (meaning is no longer in the act of art but in the art itself)art but in the art itself)

- meaning is subjective and no longer meaning is subjective and no longer needs needs to be to be present—we don’t look to art to see ourselves present—we don’t look to art to see ourselves

- deliberate break from the past (in style, form, deliberate break from the past (in style, form, content, as well as historical location)content, as well as historical location)

- alienation from society, lonelinessalienation from society, loneliness- procrastination, inability to actprocrastination, inability to act- agonized recollection of the past, causing man agonized recollection of the past, causing man

to create own myths in his mind to fall back on to create own myths in his mind to fall back on

- fear of death coupled with a constant fear of death coupled with a constant awareness of deathawareness of death

- inability to express or to feel “real” loveinability to express or to feel “real” love

- ironic: attenuated emotion yet a sense of ironic: attenuated emotion yet a sense of excitement about the future (that, excitement about the future (that, incidentally never amounts to anything—a incidentally never amounts to anything—a tragic struggle against disappointment)tragic struggle against disappointment)

- world as a wastelandworld as a wasteland

- inability to see self reflected in the inability to see self reflected in the surrounding world, in otherssurrounding world, in others

The writer in the Modern period will The writer in the Modern period will reflect these ideas through his reflect these ideas through his

works. He will also: works. He will also: - Work to locate meaning from the viewpoint of the - Work to locate meaning from the viewpoint of the

individual; use of narrators located within the individual; use of narrators located within the action of the fiction, experiencing the events action of the fiction, experiencing the events from a personal, particular (as opposed to an from a personal, particular (as opposed to an omniscient and/or “objective”) perspective; use omniscient and/or “objective”) perspective; use of many voices, contrasts and contestations of of many voices, contrasts and contestations of perspective so that the reader sees the story perspective so that the reader sees the story from many different “perspectives”; make from many different “perspectives”; make disappear the omniscient narrator, especially as disappear the omniscient narrator, especially as ‘spokesperson’ for the author‘spokesperson’ for the author

- Move time into the interior: time becomes Move time into the interior: time becomes psychological time (time as “innerly” psychological time (time as “innerly” experienced) or symbolic time rather than a experienced) or symbolic time rather than a historic reality. Time is used as well more historic reality. Time is used as well more complexly as a structuring device through a complexly as a structuring device through a movement backwards or forwards through time, movement backwards or forwards through time, the juxtaposing of events of different times, and the juxtaposing of events of different times, and so forth. Incidentally, art always attempts to so forth. Incidentally, art always attempts to “imitate” or re-present reality; what changes is “imitate” or re-present reality; what changes is our understanding of what constitutes reality, our understanding of what constitutes reality, and how that reality can best be re-presented, and how that reality can best be re-presented, presented to the mind and sense most faithfully presented to the mind and sense most faithfully and fully.and fully.

- Represent various typical themes, including: Represent various typical themes, including: question of the reality of experience itself; the question of the reality of experience itself; the search for a ground of meaning in a world search for a ground of meaning in a world without God; the critique of the traditional values without God; the critique of the traditional values of the culture; the loss of meaning and hope in of the culture; the loss of meaning and hope in the modern world and an exploration of how this the modern world and an exploration of how this loss may be faced.loss may be faced.

- Work to show the surface disorder of the Work to show the surface disorder of the world/society and nevertheless imply there world/society and nevertheless imply there exists a certain underlying unity. exists a certain underlying unity.

- Work to depict the myriad ways his characters Work to depict the myriad ways his characters cancan becomebecome honorable and dignified in a world honorable and dignified in a world seemingly lacking both honor and dignity.seemingly lacking both honor and dignity.

What’s the point of all this What’s the point of all this Modernist writing?Modernist writing?

- Complete a search, or simply to undertake Complete a search, or simply to undertake a search and so be “battered” and a search and so be “battered” and educated by it, for an understanding of the educated by it, for an understanding of the self in the context of the world/societyself in the context of the world/society

- Simple search for meaningSimple search for meaning

- Make meaning out of experience to make Make meaning out of experience to make living purposefulliving purposeful

Modern characters are generally on some type Modern characters are generally on some type of quest, preparing to recompense themselves of quest, preparing to recompense themselves (and often recreate themselves in a fashion that (and often recreate themselves in a fashion that is understandable to them). They undertake this is understandable to them). They undertake this quest so as to live all they can and find meaning quest so as to live all they can and find meaning in a disordered and confused world. These in a disordered and confused world. These characters do not know or understand a world of characters do not know or understand a world of rationality and staunch morality that once rationality and staunch morality that once reigned, but see in front of them a world reigned, but see in front of them a world characterized by loose morality and a people characterized by loose morality and a people easily seduced by transitory pleasures, who easily seduced by transitory pleasures, who exhibit little ambition or motivation or regard for exhibit little ambition or motivation or regard for the consequences of their actions. the consequences of their actions.

Thus generalized, Modernism can Thus generalized, Modernism can be said to:be said to:

- arise from a sharp and biting sense of loss on ontological arise from a sharp and biting sense of loss on ontological groundinggrounding

- be a response to a sense of social breakdownbe a response to a sense of social breakdown- be a reaction to WWIbe a reaction to WWI- see the world as fragmented, unrelated in its piecessee the world as fragmented, unrelated in its pieces- perceive the connective threads of existence (that which perceive the connective threads of existence (that which

unites mankind) previously present as missing (i.e.: unites mankind) previously present as missing (i.e.: morality, religion, common goals and experiences)morality, religion, common goals and experiences)

- be ironic, but not unfeelingbe ironic, but not unfeeling- question the purpose of art because it perceives the question the purpose of art because it perceives the

world as falling apartworld as falling apart