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An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
A William Lingnell, PE, Lingnell Consulting Services / IGMA Technical
Consultant
June 2011
©Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance (IGMA) March 2010. This presentation and contents is the exclusive property of IGMA and may not be distributed, copied in whole or in part without the express written consent and authorization of IGMA. All rights reserved.
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
TOPICS TO COVER
History of Insulating Glass What is an Insulating Glass Unit Use and Types of Insulating Glass Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass Materials Used in Insulating Glass Fabrication of Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
History of Insulating Glass
Thomas D. Stetson, Inventor Received patent in 1865
What did he do?
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
What is an Insulating Glass Unit?
Insulating Glass Units are sealed combinations of 2 or more lites of glass separated by a dry air space.
And what do they do? Insulating Glass Units save energy, save
money, reduce pollution and greatly improve the comfort inside a building.
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Large Commercial Project Investigated
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Seal Failure in Wood Window with True Divided Insulating Glass Lites
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Schematic of an Insulating Glass Unit
Outside Inside
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
USE AND TYPES OF INSULATING GLASS
GLASS TYPES
Clear Glass: soda lime, low iron Tinted Glass: green, gray, bronze, blue, blue green Reflective Glass: pyrolytic, sputtered Low Emissivity Glass: pyrolytic, sputtered Laminated Glass: monolithic, insulating, PVB interlayer,
ionoplast interlayer, urethane interlayer, silicone interlayer, resin interlayer
Patterned Glass: sand blasted, chemically etched, rough rolled
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
GLASS TYPES
Spandrel Glass: ceramic frit opacification, film opacification, silicone opacification
Hydrophilic Coated Glass: self cleaning, easy to clean Fire Rated Glasses Wired Glasses Electrochromic coatings
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
GLASS KINDS Annealed
Heat Treated – Heat-Strengthened – Tempered
Chemically-Strengthened
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
USE AND TYPES OF INSULATING GLASS
Insulating Glass Units are used in a variety of applications including windows, doors and skylights for commercial buildings and residential construction as well as in refrigeration units, control towers, rail transportation, cars and busses, marine applications and many other areas where energy conservation and comfort are part of the design.
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
Terminology U-factor (U-value) - The measure of the rate of non-solar
heat loss or gain through a window system in terms of Btu/hr-sq ft·ºF (W/sq m·C) . The lower the U-factor the greater the resistance to heat flow…..a better insulator.
R-value - The measure of the resistance of a glazing material or fenestration assembly to heat flow. Basically the inverse of the U-factor or R = 1/U
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SGHC) – The fraction of the solar radiation admitted through a window or skylight both transmitted and absorbed and released inward.
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
Single Pane 1930’s (+ Storm Panel = R 2)
Double Pane IG 1950’s (Welded Edge)
Triple Pane IG 1979
U-Value = .50 R-Value = 2.0
U-Value = .33 R-Value = 3.0
U-Value = 1.0 R-Value = 1.0
SHGC = 0.87
SHGC = 0.77
SHGC = 0.71
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
LoE Air Fill ‘1983
LoE Argon
‘1987
LoE Argon ‘1995 Solar
Control
U-Value = .30 R-value = 3.2
U-Value = .25 R-value = 4.0
U-Value = .25 R-value =4.0
SHGC = 0.62
SHGC = 0.62
SHGC = 0.40
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass Terminology Conduction - Heat transfer through a solid material by
contact of one molecule to the next. Convection - Heat transfer involving the motion of a fluid,
like air, caused by the difference in density of the fluid and gravity….allows heat to transfer from glass surface to room air and between two lites of glass.
Radiation - Transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves from one surface to another, the sun reaches the earth by radiation and a body will lose heat to a cold window in a similar way.
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
How does glass insulate?
Glass is conductive, the insulation is the air that clings to the surface of the glass.
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
Times two
Can I build a unit that will retain gas?
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
Low E cools surface #1 and warms surface #4
making conduction of the fill gas more important.
What happens now?
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
"Buyers expect a lot of big windows," said Scott Parkin, principal with Hoffman Parkin Urban Realty and sales manager at Cobalt, the Minneapolis condo building where Hengel recently bought her home. "Everyone knows the technology is there; 50 years ago, you couldn't do it [glass-walled units], you'd lose so much heat," Parkin said. But today's engineered glass, with double panes and a layer of
practical and desirable.
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
.30
.32
.35
.60
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
Terminology
Low-emittance (low-E) coating- Microscopically thin and virtually invisible metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on the glass to reduce the U-factor by suppressing radiative heat flow.
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Terminology Transmittance – The percentage of radiation that can
pass through glazing for visible light, ultraviolet or total solar.
Reflectance – The ratio of reflected radiant energy to incident radiant energy.
Absorbtance – The ratio of radiant energy absorbed to the total radiant energy in a glazing system.
% Transmittance + % Reflectance + % Absorbtance = 100%
Energy Concepts for Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Materials Used in Insulating Glass
Glass Coatings Spacers Sealants Desiccants Gases
Spacer Types – Single Seal
Spacer
Glass
Sealant
One sealant must perform dual function: prevent moisture transfer into airspace and hold unit together through long-
term weathering
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Spacer
Glass
Structural Sealant
Gas Barrier Sealant
Primary Seal (gas barrier) selected to prevent moisture
transfer into airspace Secondary Seal (structural) selected to hold unit together through long-term
weathering Typically 10 year
warranty
Spacer Types –Dual Seal
Glass
Structural Sealant
Gas Barrier Sealant
Aluminum Spacer
Corrugated MetalStrip
Desiccated Sealant
Desiccated Sealant
Glass
Spacer Types
Aluminum Butyl
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Barrier Film
Spacer
Glass
Sealant
Desiccated Foam
Spacer
Glass
Sealant
Desiccated Matrix
Spacer Types
Foam Roll Formed
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Stainless Steel
Spacer Types
Stainless Steel
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Sealant Functions
Gas & Moisture Barrier Chemical Fog Resistance Long Term Durability Thermal Performance Structural Capacity of Unit
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Sealant Types
Hot Melt Butyl Polysulfide Polyurethane Polyisobutylene Silicone Extrudable Polyurethane
Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas o r l i q u i d s o l u t e accumulates on the surface of a solid or a l i q u i d ( a d s o r b e n t ) , forming a molecular or a t o m i c f i l m ( t h e adsorbate)
Desiccants
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Desiccant Types
Molecular Sieve Silica Gel Blended Desiccant Desiccated Matrix
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Fill Gases
Purpose (only) to reduce U-value Inert Gas-does not react Does not change SHGC, SC, Transmission,
Reflectance, UV transmission, STC
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Types of Fill Gas
Argon Krypton Xenon Blends Sulfur Hexafluoride
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Fabrication of Insulating Glass Cutting Washing Heat-Treating Coating Washing Spacer Assembly Inspection-Quality Control Sealant Applications Assembly and Pressing Sealant Curing Packaging and Handling Shipping
Fabrication of Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Fabrication of Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass Fabrication of Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Fabrication of Insulating Glass
Insulating Glass Installed in a Bridge
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Acknowledgements
Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance (IGMA) Cardinal IG FDR Design
An Introduction to Insulating Glass
Questions?
Contact IGMA [email protected]
613-233-1510
©Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance (IGMA) June 2011. This presentation and contents is the exclusive property of IGMA and may not be distributed, copied in whole or in part without the express written consent and authorization of IGMA. All rights reserved.