an introduction to genes and genomes
DESCRIPTION
An Introduction to Genes and Genomes. BOGGLE. When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in any direction, but not diagonally. Think & write quickly!!!. Genetic Code -our directions for inheritance (DNA). NUCLEIC ACIDS. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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An Introduction to Genes and Genomes
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BOGGLEWhen the timer begins, try to construct as many words
as possible using the given letters. You may go in any direction, but not diagonally.
Think & write quickly!!!
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Genetic Code-our directions for inheritance (DNA)
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NUCLEIC ACIDS• Nucleotide - monomer;
- phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar and nitrogenous base• Nucleotides covalently bind to form a nucleic acid• Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information
4 Types of nucleotides (A-T/U-C-G) = endless # of different molecules2 Types of Nucleic Acids = DNA and RNA
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Antiparallel=
“head to toe”
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Building Activity
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Central Dogma"the coded genetic information hard-wired into DNA is transcribed into individual transportable cassettes…each mRNA cassette contains the program for synthesis of a particular protein (or small number of proteins)." Chapter 1: The Dynamic Cell, of Molecular Cell Biology.
(NHGRI)
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Gene Video• YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOvMNOMRRm8&NR=1
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Genes• Gene – a sequence of nucleotides
• Provides cells with instructions for making proteins• Usually 1000-4000 nucleotides in length• Then what is a chromosome??
• By controlling proteins, genes influence how cells, tissues, and organs appear
• Inherited appearances are called traits
• Some traits are controlled by one gene and some are controlled by many genes
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Chromosomes and Genes
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Chromosome Structure
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Human Chromosomes
• Human cell = 23 pairs (46 total)• 23 chromosomes from mother (maternal)• 23 chromosomes from father (paternal)
• Pairs are called homologous pairs or homologues• Chromosomes 1-22 are autosomes• Chromosome pair 23 are the sex chromosomes, X
and Y chromosomes• Human egg and sperm, gametes, each contain 23
chromosomes - a haploid number (n) • All other cells, somatic cells, have two sets of
chromosomes – the diploid number (2n)
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Karyotype• Chromosome 1 – largest• Chromosome 21 – smallest
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DNA Replication Animations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0
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Semiconservative Replication
Prior to cell division, DNA replicates itself by semiconservative replication
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Protein Function
Movement
Growth and Repair
NOT for energyStructure
Biochemical Control
Defense
Protein = “first or primary”
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Transcription & Translation Video
transcription & translation animation
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Protein Synthesis
• Genes within DNA are copied into messenger RNA molecules (mRNA) in a process called transcription
• mRNA molecules, which are exact copies of DNA, are deciphered into instructions for making a protein in a process called translation
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Deoxyribose Sugar
Double Stranded
Bases: A T C G
In the nucleus
Ribose Sugar
Single Stranded
Bases: A U C G
Leaves the nucleus
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Transcription
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Translation
• The ultimate function of a gene is to produce a protein.
• Translation is using the information in mRNA to synthesize a protein from amino acids.
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Translation
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells as a multi-stepprocess that involves several different of RNA molecules:
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) – an exact copy of a gene. Acts as a messenger by carrying the genetic code, from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where this information can be read to produce a protein.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – short molecules that make up ribosomes, organelles that are essential for protein synthesis. Ribosomes recognize and bind to mRNA and read the mRNA during translation.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) – molecules that transport amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
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