an introduction to ecology
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An Introduction To Ecology. Chapter 50. Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and environment. Consists of abiotic (nonliving; i.e. temperature, light, etc) and biotic (living) factors. http://www.apsnet.org/education/illustratedglossary/PhotosE-H/forestdecline.htm. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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An Introduction To Ecology
Chapter 50
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• Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and environment.
• Consists of abiotic (nonliving; i.e. temperature, light, etc) and biotic (living) factors.
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http://www.apsnet.org/education/illustratedglossary/PhotosE-H/forestdecline.htm
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• Population – group of individuals of same species living in an area.
• Community – all organisms of all species that live in an area.
• Ecosystem – above plus abiotic factors.
• Biosphere – sum of all ecosystems.
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http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/img/biosphere.gif
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• Distribution affected by temperature, water, sunlight, wind, and rocks and soil.
• Type of each will determine what can live there.
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http://www.your-healthy-gardens.com/images/SoilTypes1.jpg
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• Temperature and water are biggest factors.
• Biomes – major types of ecosystems.
• Determined by proximity to equator, closeness to ocean, mountains, etc.
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http://z.about.com/d/geography/1/0/V/A/equator.jpg
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Aquatic biomes
• 2 types – marine and freshwater.• Stratified vertically – photic zone
(light) and aphotic zone (little light).
• Bottom of aquatic is benthos – food is detritus that falls from above.
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http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect17lakeutrophic.jpg
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• Freshwater – close to shore – littoral zone.
• Open water – limnetic zone.• ALakes classified by nutrients –
1eutrophic – shallow and nutrient-rich; 2oligotrophic – deeper and nutrient-poor.
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http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/50-19b-Eutrophic.jpg
Oligotrophic lake
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http://www.spatial.maine.edu/~snoox/images/eutrophic_lake.jpg
Eutrophic lake
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• BWetlands – area covered with water; supports plants.
• CEstuaries – area where freshwater meets ocean.
• Intertidal zone – land meets water.• DCoral reefs – dominated by coral.
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http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/assets/images/Wetlands.jpg
Wetlands
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http://www.cop.noaa.gov/images/estuaries.jpg
Estuary
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http://212.84.179.117/i/Coral%20Reef.jpg
Coral Reef
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• EOceanic pelagic biome – away from shore.
• Abyssal zone – lowest part of benthos; deep-sea hydrothermal vents help chemoautotrophic organisms.
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http://206.110.20.50/web/schuh/students/jonathan/Monsters/MonstersofthDeep/seaslug.JPG
Abyssal zone
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Terrestrial biomes
• Defined vertically from the canopy at top to the permafrost at the bottom.
• ATropical forest – little light reaches ground because of deep canopy.
• Rainfall determines life in area.
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http://www.hort.cornell.edu/mudge/bneimark/SC%202.jpg
Tropical Forest In Madagascar
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• BSavanna – scattered trees and grasses.
• Fire helps increase diversity.• Has rainy season.• CTemperate grassland – seasonal
drought, fires prevent tree growth.• Most used for farming.
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http://www.plantzafrica.com/vegetation/vegimages/savanna3.jpg
Savanna
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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/Images/picgrassland.jpg
Grasslands
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• DDeserts – sparse rain, some are cold.
• Plants have structures to allow survival (i.e. water storage, alternative forms of photosynthesis)
• EChaparral – evergreen shrub; long, hot, dry summers with fires.
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http://pangea.stanford.edu/~hsiao/desert.jpg
Desert
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http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/semiaridgrasslands92rw.jpg
Chaparral
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• FTemperate deciduous forest – small mammals, leaves fall during autumn.
• GTaiga – cone-bearing trees, trees have needles.
• HTundra – permafrost covers ground, low diversity.
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http://www.ccet.ua.edu/hhmi/images/Autumn.JPG
Deciduous forest
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http://www3.newberry.org/k12maps/module_07/images/coniferous.jpg
Coniferous forest
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http://photojunkie.ca/photoblog/tundra.jpg
Tundra
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http://www.hesd.k12.ca.us/resource/biomes/Biome%20map.gif