AIR POLLUTION IN MANDIDEEP: CAUSES AND REMEDIES

SUBMITTED TO:NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNALCENTRAL ZONAL BENCH, BHOPAL

SUBMITTED BY: 1. YASH DUBEY2. ADITYA SHARMA3. SAKSHI JAIN4. MEGHNA LAL5. SHIVAM VIJAYVARGIYA6. AUSTIN JOY TIRKEY7. HEMANT PRAJAPATI

CONTENTS

AN INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION: CLASSIFICATIONS, DEFINITIONS AND HISTORY3TYPES OF POLLUTANTS4A BRIEF OVER VIEW OF AIR POLLUTION LAWS IN INDIA6A BRIEF OVER VIEW OF AIR POLLUTION LAWS IN OTHER COUNTRIES12HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT CONTROLS COMMON, WIDESPREAD POLLUTANTS12AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION:OVERVIEW12DESIGNATION OF CLEAN AND DIRTY AIR AREAS13STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS13CONTROL TECHNIQUES GUIDANCE13INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION14NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES (E.G., POWER PLANTS AND FACTORIES)15HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT REGULATES HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS15HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT PROTECTS VISIBILITY IN NATIONAL PARKS17REGIONAL GAZE17HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT CONTROLS ACID RAIN17HOW THE ACT PROVIDES FOR OPERATING PERMITS19HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT RELATES TO STATE CLEAN AIR LAWS19COMPARISION OF INDIAN LAWS WITH THAT OF USA21SOURCES OF POLLTUTION IN MANDIDEEP25MEASURES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION IN MANDIDEEP29WHAT CAN BE DONE TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION32CONCLUSION34

AN INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION: CLASSIFICATIONS, DEFINITIONS AND HISTORY

The present-day atmosphere is quite different from the natural atmosphere that existed before the Industrial Revolution (circa 17601), in terms of chemical composition. If the natural atmosphere is considered to be clean, then this means that clean air cannot be found anywhere in todays atmosphere.Defining air pollution is not simple. One could claim that air pollution started when humans began burning fuels. In other words, all man-made (anthropogenic) emissions into the air can be called air pollution, because they alter the chemical composition of the natural atmosphere. The increase in the global concentrations of greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O can be called air pollution using this approach, even though the concentrations have not found to be toxic for humans and the ecosystem. One can refine this approach and only consider anthropogenic emissions of harmful chemicals as air pollution. However, this refined approach has some drawbacks. Firstly, one has to define what harmful means. Harmful could mean an adverse effect on the health of living things, an adverse effect on anthropogenic or natural non-living structures, or a reduction in the airs visibility. Also, a chemical that does not cause any short-term harmful effects may accumulate in the atmosphere and create a long-term harmful effect. For example, anthropogenic emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were once considered safe because they are inert in the lowest part of the atmosphere called the troposphere. However, once these chemicals enter the stratosphere, ultraviolet radiation can convert them into highly reactive species that can have a devastating effect on stratospheric ozone. Similarly, anthropogenic CO2 emissions from combustion processes were considered safe because they are not toxic, but the long-term accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere may lead to a climate change, which could then be harmful to humans and the ecosystem. Another drawback of this approach is that it does not consider natural emissions as air pollution even though they can be very harmful, such as gases and particles from volcanic eruptions, and smoke from forest fires caused by natural processes (lightning strikes).So besides anthropogenic emissions, it is useful to also consider geogenic emissions and biogenic emissions as contributors to air pollution. Geogenic6 emissions are defined as emissions caused by the non-living world, such as volcanic emissions, sea-salt emissions, and natural fires. Biogenic emissions come from the living world; such as volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from forests and CH4 emissions from swamps..Human activity can also influence geogenic and biogenic emissions. For example, human applications of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture can result in increased biogenic emissions of nitrogen compounds from the soil. Also, humans can affect the biogenic emissions of VOC by cutting down trees or planting trees. Lastly, geogenic emissions of dust from the earths surface can be altered if the surface is changed by human activity. So taking all of the above into account, we can define an air pollutant as any substance emitted into the air from an anthropogenic, biogenic, or geogenic source, that is either not part of the natural atmosphere or is present in higher concentrations than the natural atmosphere, and may cause a short-term or long-term adverse effect.

TYPES OF POLLUTANTS

Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are substances that are directly emitted into the atmosphere from sources. The main primary pollutants known to cause harm in high enough concentrations are the following: Carbon compounds, such as CO, CO2, CH4, and VOCs Nitrogen compounds, such as NO, N2O, and NH3 Sulfur compounds, such as H2S and SO2 Halogen compounds, such as chlorides, fluorides, and bromides Particulate Matter (PM or aerosols), either in solid or liquid form, which is usually categorized into these groups based on the aerodynamic diameter of the particles:1. Particles less than 100 microns, which are also called inhalable since they can easily enter the nose and mouth.2. Particles less than 10 microns (PM10, often labeled fine in Europe).These particles are also called thoracic since they can penetrate deep in the respiratory system.3. Particles less than 4 microns. These particles are often called respirable because they are small enough to pass completely through the respiratory system and enter the bloodstream.4. Particles less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5, labeled fine in the US).5. Particles less than 0.1 microns (PM0.1, ultrafine).Sulfur compounds were responsible for the traditional wintertime sulfur smog in London in the mid-20th century. These anthropogenic pollutants have sometimes reached lethal concentrations in the atmosphere, such as during the infamous London episode of December 1952.Secondary pollutants are not directly emitted from sources, but instead form in the atmosphere from primary pollutants (also called precursors). The main secondary pollutants known to cause harm in high enough concentrations are the following: NO2 and HNO3 formed from NO Ozone (O3) formed from photochemical reactions of nitrogen oxides and VOCs Sulfuric acid droplets formed from SO2, and nitric acid droplets formed from NO2 Sulfates and nitrates aerosols (e.g., ammonium (bi) sulfate and ammonium nitrate) formed from reactions of sulfuric acid droplets and nitric acid droplets with NH3, respectively Organic aerosols formed from VOCs in gas-to-particle reactions in the 20th century, it was recognized that petroleum products are responsible for a new type of smog, a photochemical summertime smog composed of secondary pollutants such as ozone, that is quite different from the winter sulfur smog described earlier. This smog has been labeled Los Angeles smog, to differentiate from the London smog described before.Photochemical smog1was first recognized in the city of Los Angeles in the1940s. After decades of research, the smog was identified as the product of photochemical reactions involving precursors (nitrogen oxides and VOC) and sunlight, with the production of ozone and other secondary chemicals.While nitrogen oxides are emitted by a wide variety of sources, automobiles mostly emit VOCs, even though contributions can be found from vegetation and common human activities, such as bakeriesSome secondary pollutants sulfates, nitrates, and organic particles can be transported over large distances, such as hundreds and even thousands of miles. Wet and dry deposition of these pollutants contributes to the acid deposition problem (often called acid rain), with possible damage to soils, vegetation, and susceptible lakes.

A BRIEF OVER VIEW OF AIR POLLUTION LAWS IN INDIA

The major act which governs the laws on air pollution in India is THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981(Act No. 14 of 1981). The prevention and control of air pollution in India as mention in Act are19. Power to declare air pollution control areas. Section 19 of the Air Pollution Act, 1981, relates to the applicability of the Act to certain areas. Sub-section (5) empowers the State Government after consultation with the state Board to prohibit the burning of any material (not being fuel) in any air pollution control area or part thereof, which may cause or likely to cause air pollution.20. Power to give instructions for ensuring standards for emission from automobiles With a view to ensuring that the standards for emission of air pollutions from automobiles laid down by the State Board under CI. (g) of sub-section (1) of Sec. 17 are complied with, the State Government shall, in consultation with the State Board, give such instructions as may be deemed necessary to the concerned authority in charge of registration of motor vehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act (4 of 1939) and such authority shall, notwithstanding anything contained in that Act or the rules made there under be bound to comply with such instructions.21. Restrictions on use of certain industrial plants. Subject to the provisions of this section, no person shall, without the previous consent of the State Board, establish or operate any industrial plant in an air pollution control area. Sub section (5) of 21 states that Every person to whom consent has been granted by the State Board under sub-section (4), shall comply with the following conditions, namely:(i) The control equipment of such specifications as the State Board may approve in this behalf shall be installed and operated in the premises where the industry in carried on or proposed to be carried on:(ii) The existing control equipment, it any, shall be altered or replaced in accordance with the directions of the State Board;(iii) The control equipment referred to in CI. (i) or CI. (ii) Shall be kept at all times in goods running conditions;(iv) Chimney, wherever necessary, of such specifications as the State Board may approve in this behalf shall be erected or re-erected in such premises;(v) Such other conditions as the State Board may specify in this behalf; and(vi) The conditions referred to in CIs. (i), (ii), and (iv) shall be complied with within such period as the State Board may specify in this behalf: Provided that in the case of a person operating any industrial plant in an air pollution control area immediately before the date of declaration of such area as an air pollution control area, the period so specified shall not be less than six months:Provided further that (a) After the installation of any control equipment in accordance with the specifications under CI. (i) or,(b) After the alteration or replacement of any control equipment in accordance with the directions of the State Board under CI. (ii), or(c) After the alteration or re-erection of any chimney under CI. (iv), no control equipment of chimney shall be altered or replaced or, as the case may be, erected or re-erected except with the previous approval of the State Board22. Persons carrying on industry, etc, not to allow emission of air pollutants in excess of the standards laid down by state Board No person operating any industrial plant, in any air pollution control area shall discharge or cause or permit to be discharged the emission of any air pollution in excess of the standards laid down by the State Board under CI. (g) of sub-section (1) of Sec. 17.22. A. Power of board to make application to Court for restraining persons from causing air pollution (1) Where it is apprehended by a Board that emission of any air pollutant, in excess of the standards laid down by the State Board under CI. (g) of sub-section (1) of Sec. 17, is likely to occur by reason of any person operating an industrial plant or otherwise in any air pollution control area, the Board may make an application to a Court, not inferior to that of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class for restraining such person from emitting such air pollutant23. Furnishing of information to State Board and other agencies in certain cases. (1) Where in any area the emission of any air pollutant into the atmosphere in excess of the standards laid down by the State Board occurs or is apprehended to occur due to accident or other unforeseen act or event, the person in charge of the premises from where such emission occurs or is apprehended to occur shall forthwith intimate the fact of such occurrence or the apprehension of such occurrence to the State Board and to such authorities or agencies as may be prescribed.(2) On receipt of information with respect to the fact or the apprehension of any occurrence of the nature referred to in sub-section (1), whether through intimation under that sub-section or otherwise, the State Board and the authorities as are necessary to mitigate the emission of such air pollutants.(3) Expenses, if any, incurrent by the State Board, authority or agency with respect to the remedial measures referred to in sub-section (2) together with interest (at such reasonable rate, as the State Government may, by order, fix from the date when a demand fro the expenses is made until it is paid, may be recovered by that Board, authority or agency from the person concerned, as arrears of land revenue, or of public demand.

24. Power of entry and inspection (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, any person empowered by a State Board in this behalf shall have a right to enter, at all reasonable times with such assistance as he considers necessary, any place (a) For the purpose of performing any of the functions of the State Board entrusted to him;(b) For the purpose of determining whether and if so in what manner, any such functions are to be performed or whether any provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder or nay notice, order, direction or authorization served, made, given or granted under this Act is being or has been complied with.(c) For the purpose of examining and testing any control equipment, industrial plant, record, register, document or any other material object or for conducting a search of any place in which he has reason to believe that an offence under this Act or the rules made there under has been or is being or is about to be committed and for seizing any such control equipment, industrial plant, record ,register, document or other material object if he has reasons to believe that it may furnish evidence of the commission of an offence punishable under this Act or the rules made there under.(2) Every person operating any control equipment or any industrial plant, in an air pollution control area shall be bound to render all assistance to the person empowered by the State Board under sub-section (1) for carrying out the functions under that sub-section and if he fails to do so without any reasonable cause or excuse, he shall be guilty of an offence under this Act.(3) If any person willfully delays or obstructs any person empowered by the State Board under sub-section (1) in the discharge of his duties he shall be guilty of an offence under this Act.(4) The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), or, in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, or any area in which that Code is not in force, the provisions of any corresponding law in force in that State or area, shall, so far as may be, apply to any search or seizure under this section as they apply to any search or seizure made under the authority of a warrant issued under Sec. 94 of the said Code or, as the case may be, under the corresponding provisions of the said law.

25. Power to obtain information For the purposes of carrying out the functions entrusted to it, the State Board or any officer empowered by it in that behalf may call for nay information (including information regarding the types of are pollutants emitted into the atmosphere and the level of the emission of such air pollutions) from the occupier or any other person carrying on any industry or operating any control equipment or industrial plant and for the purpose of verifying the correctness of such information, the State Board or such officer shall have the right to inspect the premises where such industry, control equipment or industrial plant is being carried on or operated.26. Power to take samples of air or emission and procedure to be followed in connection therewith (1) A State Board or any officer empowered by it in this behalf shall have power to take, for the purpose of analysis, samples of air or emission from any chimney, flue or duct or any other outlet in such manner as may be prescribed.(2) The result of any analysis of a sample of emission taken under sub-section (1) shall not be admissible in evidence in any legal proceeding unless the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) are complied with.(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (4), when a sample of emission is taken for analysis under subsection (1), the person taking the sample shall -(a) Serve on the occupier or his agent, a notice, then and there, in such form as may be prescribed, of his intention to have it so analysed;(b) In the presence of the occupier or his agent, collect a sample of emission for analysis;(c) Cause the sample to be placed in a container or containers which shall be marked and sealed and shall also be signed both by the person taking the sample and the occupier or his agent;(d) Send, without delay, the container or containers to the laboratory established or recognized by the State Board under Sec. 17 or, if a request in that behalf is made by the occupier or his agent when the notice is served on him under CI. (a), to the laboratory established or specified under subsection (1) of Sec. 28.(4) When a sample of emission is taken for analysis under sub-section (1) and the person taking the sample serves on the occupier or his agent, a notice under CI. (a) of sub-section (3) then, -(a) in a case where the occupier or his agent willfully absents himself, the person taking the sample shall collect the sample of emission for analysis to be placed in a container or containers which shall be marked and sealed and shall also be signed by the person taking the sample, and(b) in a case where the occupier or his agent is present at the time of taking the sample but refuses to sign the marked and sealed container or containers of the sample of emission as required under CI.(c) of sub-section (3), the marked and sealed container or containers shall be signed by the person taking the sample, and the container or containers shall be sent without delay by the person taking the sample for analysis to the laboratory established or specified under sub-section (1) of Sec. 28 and such person shall inform the Government Analyst appointed under sub-section (1) of Sec. 29,in writing about the willful absence of the occupier or his agent, or, as the case may be, his refusal to sign the container or containers.

28. State air laboratory (1) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, -(a) Establish one or more State Air Laboratories; or(b) Specify one or more laboratories or institutes as State Air Laboratories to carry out the functions entrusted to the State Air Laboratory under this Act.(2) The State Government may, after consultation with the State Board, make rules prescribing (a) The functions of the State Air Laboratory;(b) the procedure for the submission to the said laboratory of samples of air or emission for analysis or tests, the form of the Laboratorys report thereon and the fees payable in respect of such report;(c) Such other matters as may be necessary or expedient to enable that laboratory to carry out its functions.

29. Analysis (1) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint such persons as it thinks fit and having the prescribed qualifications to be Government Analysts for the purpose of analysis of samples of air or emission sent for analysis to any laboratory established or specified under sub-section (1) of Sec. 28.(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of Sec. 14 the State Board may, by notification in the Official Gazette, and without the approval of the State Government, appoint such persons as it thinks fit and having the prescribed qualifications to be Board Analysts for the purpose of analysis of samples of air or emission sent for analysis to laboratory established or recognized under Sec. 17.

30. Reports of analysts Any document purporting to be a report signed by a Government Analyst or, as the case may be, a State Board Analyst may be used as evidence of the facts stated therein in any proceedings under this Act.

A BRIEF OVER VIEW OF AIR POLLUTION LAWS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT CONTROLS COMMON, WIDESPREAD POLLUTANTSAIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION:OVERVIEW

The Act requires EPA to set and revise national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for certain common and widespread pollutants, known as criteria pollutants, and provides authority for EPA to add additional pollutants.1 Standards are in effect today for six pollutants:sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particles, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and lead. EPA is directed to set primary standards that are requisite to protect public health, including the health of sensitive subpopulations, with an adequate margin of safety.Secondary standards are to be set at levels requisite to protect the public from adverse effects on soil, water, crops, buildings,and other matters separate from public health.Every five years, the Act requires EPA to review scientific data, and determine whether to revise the standards for a pollutant.An independent scientific advisory committee provides advice and recommendations to EPA for this review.The air quality standards must be set based on science without regard to costs of implementing pollution controls to achieve the standards.Costs are considered during implementation of the standards. Implementing the air quality standards is a joint responsibility of states and EPA.In this partnership, states are responsible for developing enforceable state implementation plans to meet and maintain air quality that meets national standards.Each state plan also must prohibit emissions that significantly contribute to air quality problems in a downwind state.EPA assists state efforts by providing technical and policy guidance, and by issuing national emissions standards for new sources as described below. EPA reviews state plans to ensure that they comply with the Act. If a state fails to adopt and implement an adequate plan, EPA is required to issue a federal implementation plan.

Interstate pollution transport controls, state implementation plans for nonattainment areas, and EPAs national emission standards for new sources work together to help the nation achieve the national ambient air quality standards.DESIGNATION OF CLEAN AND DIRTY AIR AREAS

After EPA sets a new NAAQS or revises an existing NAAQS, EPA, considering state recommendations, determines whether areas do or do not meet the air quality standards. These determinations generally are based on data collected from air quality monitors located around the country.Areas where the air quality falls short of national standards are designated as non attainment areas. Areas where air quality meets the standards are called attainment areas.Areas for which data is lacking are designated unclassifiable and generally have the same obligations as attainment areas (unless they are later redesignated nonattainment).An area can be in attainment for one pollutant and out of attainment for another.Air quality planning and control requirements differ for nonattainment and attainment areas.STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS

States are required to devise and carry out state implementation plans (SIPs) to clean up dirty air and protect clean air from degradation.The Act sets minimum requirements for measures that must be included in these plans.Plans must be submitted to EPA for review to ensure that they meet the Acts requirements.In the air quality planning process, states use emissions inventories, emission s projections, and computerized air quality models to estimate future air quality and improvements due to potential control measures.State implementation plans contain emission limits and compliance schedules for stationary pollution sources, such as power plants and factories. Depending on the pollutant, plans may also include state measures to reduce emissions from existing vehicles, such as state emissions inspection and maintenance programs that require cars with excessive emissions to be tunedup or repaired.CONTROL TECHNIQUES GUIDANCE

EPA is authorized to issue control technique guidelines (CTGs) and alternative control techniques guidance (ACTs) to help states reduce emissions from existing stationary sources, and Congress mandated that EPA issue guidelines for numerous industrycategories.18This guidance assists states in determining the levels of control that represent reasonably available control technology for existing sources in nonattainment areas.More generally, to assist state air quality planning, EPA is authorized to issue information on control techniques.19 EPA also is required to make available to states information on measures to reduce emissions from transportation, and on emission control technology through a central database that includes information from state permit programs.20 Ensuring Development of Implementation PlansThe Act includes provisions to ensure that states and localities submit and implement adequate state implementation plans.Sanctions come into play if the agency finds that a state has failed to submit or carry out an adequate state implementation plan, or if EPA disapproves a submitted plan. If the state has not cured the deficiency within 18 months of EPAs finding or disapproval, new major stationary sources in the nonattainment area must obtain offsetting emissions reductions from the same source or other sources at a 2 to1 ratio.If the deficiency is not remedied within 2 years of EPAs finding or disapproval, restrictions apply to the states use of federal highway funds for projects in the nonattainment area.Also within 2 years, if EPA finds that a state has failed to submit an approvable state plan to demonstrate attainment or disapproves a submitted plan, EPA is required to develop a federal implementation plan to ensure improvement of air quality for citizens living in that area.INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION

A good neighbor provision requires states to limit interstate air pollution.The law requires state implementation plans to prohibit emissions that significantly contribute to nonattainment, or interfere with maintenance, of an air quality standard in another state. EPA is required to issue a federal plan if a state does not meet this requirement. A related provision (section 126) gives states the right to petition EPA for control of pollution sources in an upwind state.If the petition demonstrates that the sources significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the standards in the downwind state, then EPA must impose federal control requirements, and sources must comply within three years.For ozone, the Act establishes a Northeast ozone transport region including 12 states and the District of Columbia, and authorizes EPA to create other ozone transport regions. Specified controls (e.g., RACT for existing sources, and LAER and offsets for new sources) are required in these regions.

NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES (E.G., POWER PLANTS AND FACTORIES)

EPA must set emissions standards for new and modified stationary pollution sources in source categories that significantly endanger public health or welfare.These new source performance standards (NSPS) typically apply to industrial facilities such as power plants and manufacturing facilities, but also have been issued for smaller equipment such as wood stoves.Standards are set for new facilities and for modifications that increase the emission rate of existing facilities.NSPS often limit criteria pollutants or precursors, but also can apply to other pollutants, including greenhouse gases.Rather than specify a technology, these performance standards generally establish a numerical emission limitation, allowing industry to comply using any method that achieves the required performance level.EPA is required to set standards that reflect the level of emissions performance achievable through the best system of emission reduction, considering cost and other factors that has been adequately demonstrated.Updating of standards is required at least every eight years.HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT REGULATES HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS

The 1970 Act had required EPA to regulate hazardous air pollutants (also known as toxic air pollutants, or air toxics) on a pollutantbypollutant basis, based on risk.In 1990, Congress rewrote those provisions after EPA in 20 years had managed to regulate only some sources of seven pollutants.Rather than having EPA list the substances to be regulated, Congress listed nearly 190 hazardous air pollutants but gave EPA authority to modify the list if warranted.Congress required EPA to issue maximum achievable control technology (MACT) emissions standards for all new and existing major industrial sources of these pollutants, category by category, within 10 years after enactment of the 1990 amendments.These standards require higheremitting sources to reduce their emissions to the levels already being achieved by other similar sources.New source standards are based on the emissions levels achieved by the topperforming similar source. For existing sources, EPA must set standards that require at least the level of performance already achieved by the average of the topperforming 12 percent of similar sources. These provisions are known as the MACT floor. The resulting performance standards give all sources the flexibility to decide the most costeffective way to comply.Every eight years, EPA must review and, if warranted, update these performance standards, as well as consider whether more stringent, riskbased standards are required to protect public health with an ample margin of safety. EPA was required to regulate hazardous air pollutant emissions from electric utilities if, based on a study of those emissions, the agency found it appropriate and necessary.(Final standards were issued in 2012.)Other provisions required a national urban air toxics strategy including regulation of small area sources of hazardous air pollutants.EPA was required to list and regulate enough categories of area sources to ensure that 90 percent of the area source emissions of the 30 pollutants posing the greatest threat to public health in the largest number of urban areas are subject to regulation.This provision was designed to reduce elevated health risks from multiple hazardous pollutants in urban areas.For area sources, EPA can set MACT standards or standards which provide for the use of generally available control technologies or management practices (GACT) standards.GACT differs from MACT in that there is no statutory floor requirement that provides a minimum level of stringency and limits consideration of cost.Separate provisions required EPA to issue new source performance standards to control hazardous air pollutant emissions from solid waste incinerators burning municipal, hospital, medical, and other commercial and industrial waste.Standards similar to MACT were required for multiple categories of incinerators for specified criteria and hazardous air pollutants.EPA also was required to issue guidelines for states to control emissions from existing units.Toxic emissions from motor vehicles are reduced by a variety of motor vehicle and fuels standards.For example, the reformulated gasoline requirements reduce toxic emissions. EPA also was required to issue standards for motor vehicles and fuels to limit toxic emissions, including formaldehyde and benzene. EPA also has adopted additional controls on the amount of benzene in gasoline.Separate provisions were designed to prevent accidental release of extremely hazardous air pollutants.EPA was required to issue regulations for prevention and detection of accidental releases from stationary sources.Risk management plans were required for facilities that handle more than threshold amounts of a list of extremely hazardous substances.An independent Chemical Safety and Hazardous Investigation Board was created.

HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT PROTECTS VISIBILITY IN NATIONAL PARKS

The Prevention of Significant Deterioration preconstruction permit program (described above) includes requirements to protect park air quality from individual new and modified sources.In addition, the Act establishes a regional haze program to protect park visibility.REGIONAL GAZE

The Act sets a national goal of preventing any future, and remedying any existing, impairment of visibility caused by humancaused air pollution in congressionally designated areas where visibility is an important value.46These areas include national parks over 6,000 acres, wilderness areas and national monuments over 5,000 acres, and international parks, that existed in August 1977.Examples include the Grand Canyon, Great Smokies, Shenandoah and Yosemite national parks. States must include regional haze provisions in their state implementation plans.Each regional haze plan must require best available retrofit technology (BART) for certain facilities built between 1962 and 1977 that have the potential to emit more than 250 tons a year of an air pollutant and are reasonably anticipated to cause or contribute to visibility impairment in one or more Class I areas. These facilities fall into 26 categories, including utility and industrial boilers, and large industrial plants such as pulp mills, refineries and smelters.In the case of fossilfuelfired power plants with generating capacity exceeding750 megawatts, the BART emissions limits must be determined pursuant to EPAs guidelines, published in 2005.State haze plans also must include a longterm strategy for making reasonable progress toward meeting the national goal.Under EPAs implementing regulations, the plans must show progress over the next 10 years; states are required to revise their haze plans every ten years and submit the revised plans to EPA for approval. If EPA makes a determination that a state failed to submit a complete plan, or disapproves the state submission in whole or in part, EPA is required to issue a federal implementation plan.HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT CONTROLS ACID RAIN

The 1990 Amendments called for reducing acid rainwhich damages aquatic life, acidifies forest soils, and damages propertyby controlling utility emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which react to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid.Cap and Trade for Sulfur Dioxide from Power Plants Congress set a goal of reducing annual SO2 emissions by 10 million tons below the 1980 level, mostly from power plants. The law called for a marketbased emissions trading approach to limit the amount of SO2 emitted by U.S. power plants. The initial phase, starting in 1995, applied to 111 large, highemitting coalfired power plants.The second phase, starting in 2000, brought smaller plants and cleaner plants (coal, gas, and oilfired) into the program.The trading system provides companies with flexibility on both the means and timing of reducing their emissions, which enables them to minimize their compliance costs. Under the trading system, EPA issues emissions allowances to regulated electric generating units. Each emissions allowance is for one ton of SO2.A company after the end of each year must hold enough allowances to cover its annual emissions; this requirement is an enforceable Title V permit term.For each generating unit, an electric power company can comply by reducing emissions to match its amount of allocated allowances, by purchasing allowances made available through extra pollution reductions achieved at other units, by using banked (saved) allowances from previous years, or by a combination of these methods.For example, a company could choose to reduce SO2 emissions by installing controls, switching to cleaner burning fuel, or switching some electricity production from dirtier units to cleaner ones.Because a company can sell unused allowances for profit, the trading system encourages companies to reduce emissions beyond required levels.The SO2 trading program has strong provisions to ensure accountability. These include continuous emissions monitoring, an allowance tracking system operated by EPA, expensive penalties for noncompliance, and a requirement that excess emissions be offset by extra reductions the following year.Allowance incentives were provided to encourage use of fluegas scrubbers, and to promote energy conservation and renewable energy.Detailed allowance allocation provisions were included to address regional interests, new units, independent power producers, and special cases, and auction provisions were included to ensure market liquidity.Emission Rate Standards for Nitrogen Oxides from Power Plants To cut power plant emissions of nitrogen oxides, the law called for EPA to set more traditional emission rate standards designed to result in installation of lowNO x burners.Companies were allowed to comply based on the average emissions rate of all their covered units.

HOW THE ACT PROVIDES FOR OPERATING PERMITS

The 1990 Amendments required all major pollution sources and certain others to apply for and operate pursuant to operating permits that assure compliance with all of their Clean Air Act requirements.65 Operating permits generally are issued by state and local permitting agencies under EPA approved programs.These programs are required to charge permit fees sufficient to cover the costs of the permit program. Operating permits are required for major sources and other sources subject to acid rain control requirements, new source performance standards, hazardous air pollutant standards, and permitting requirements under Title I of the Act. Permits are to be issued for a fixed term of up to five years.Each permit must contain enforceable emissions standards and limitations, a schedule of compliance, and a requirement that the source submit any required monitoring results every six months or more often.Permitting authorities may issue general permits covering numerous similar sources. States must submit permit applications, proposed permits and final permits to EPA for review. Each permitting authority must give notice of each permit application or proposed permit to nearby states.EPA has an opportunity to object to the issuance of a state proposed permit that is not consistent with the Act; if EPA does not object, any person may petition the EPA Administrator to make such an objection. States must create programs providing technical assistance and other information to small businesses to help them comply with the Act.An EPA program is to assist the states.HOW THE CLEAN AIR ACT RELATES TO STATE CLEAN AIR LAWS

The Clean Air Act contemplates that states will implement many of its requirements under state laws and that EPA will review such laws to ensure they are sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Act and EPAs implementing regulations.The Act does not restrict states ability to adopt standards or requirements that are more stringent than federal requirements, except in the mobile source arena.The Clean Air Act generally preempts state authority to adopt or enforce emissions standards for new motor vehicles.Because California was already setting new motor vehicle standards before the federal government began, the Act requires EPA to waive preemption of California standards if those standards are in the aggregate at least as protective of public health and welfare as federal standards, and certain other criteria are met.The Act allows other states to adopt Californias standards for new vehicles.The Act does not preclude state and local governments from regulating the use, operation or movement of registered motor vehicles. States are generally preempted from adopting or enforcing emissions standards fornon-road vehicles and engines.As with onroad vehicles and engines, the law provides for a California waiver for most non road vehicles and engines, but the waiver is not available for certain new non road engines.For fuels and fuel additives, state and local governments except the state of California generally are prohibited from prescribing or enforcing requirements for fuels or fuel additive for emission control purposes if EPA has regulated the fuel or fuel additive, or if EPA has published a decision not to regulate it.However, they can adopt requirements identical to EPAs if EPA has issued requirements for the fuel or fuel additive.Also, the state can regulate a fuel or fuel additive in its state implementation plan if EPA finds that the state requirement is necessary to achieve the relevant national ambient air quality standard and other requirements are met that limit the number of different state fuel requirements.

COMPARISION OF INDIAN LAWS WITH THAT OF USA

Let us now compare the prevention and control measure stated in Indian laws to that of USA. Section 19 of Air Pollution Control Act 1981 which deals with formation of Air pollution control areas and prohibition of such fuel in Air Pollution Control Areas which may cause or is likely to cause air pollution in that areas If we compare this provision with that of clean air act of U.S.A , Section 171(b) of clean air act which tells about formation of Non-Attainment areas states the same that is The term nonattainment area means, for any air pollutant, an area which is designated nonattainment with respect to that pollutant within the meaning of section 107(d).

Section 20 of the Air pollution Control Act states Power to give instructions for ensuring standards for emission from automobiles. It states that With a view to ensuring that the standards for emission of air pollutions from automobiles lay down by the State Board under CI. (g) of sub-section (1) of Sec. 17 are complied with, the State Government shall, in consultation with the State Board, give such instructions as may be deemed necessary to the concerned authority in charge of registration of motor vehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act (4 of 1939) and such authority shall, notwithstanding anything contained in that Act or the rules made there under be bound to comply with such instructions. Section 202(a) of clean air act states the same that is The Administrator shall by regulation prescribe (and from time to time revise) in accordance with the provisions of this section, standards applicable to the emission of any air pollutant from any class or classes of new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines, which in his judgment cause, or contribute to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. Such standards shall be applicable to such vehicles and engines for their useful life (as determined under subsection (d), relating to useful life of vehicles for purposes of certification), whether such vehicles and engines are designed as complete systems or incorporate devices to prevent or control such pollution. Clean air act of U.S.A provide for further measure which can be taken to ensure standard for emission from an automobile which are not present in air pollution control act of India. For Instance section 206 provides for Motor vehicle and motor vehicle engine compliance testing and certification .Section 211 deals with regulation of fuels. Section 213 provides for Fuel economy improvement from new motor vehicles. Section 214 provides for Study of particulate emissions from motor vehicles. Section 218 provides for Prohibition on production of engines requiring leaded gasoline. In addition the clean air act provides for standards for emission for aircrafts. These are some of the measures which are taken in U.S.A but are not given importance in air pollution control act.

Section 21 of Air pollution control act provides for Restrictions on use of certain industrial plants and it also state that the previous consent of the State Board is required to establish or operate any industrial plant in an air pollution control area. It also provides for certain condition which an industries must comply which are (i) The control equipment of such specifications as the State Board may approve in this behalfShall be installed and operated in the premises where the industry in carried on or proposed toBe carried on:(ii) The existing control equipment, it any, shall be altered or replaced in accordance with theDirections of the State Board;(iii) The control equipment referred to in CI. (i) or CI. (ii) Shall be kept at all times in goodsrunning conditions;(iv) Chimney, wherever necessary, of such specifications as the State Board may approve in this behalf shall be erected or re-erected in such premises;(v) Such other conditions as the State Board may specify in this behalf; and(vi) The conditions referred to in CIs.(i), (ii), and (iv) shall be complied with within such period as the State Board may specify in this behalf:

The clean air act provides for such measure but an additional measure which clean air act provide for and which are not present in Air pollution control act are Section 183 provides for federal measure to protect ozone layer and section 185 B provides for NOx and VOC study.

Whereas section 24, section 25, section 26, section 27, section 28 is identical same as given in clean air act of U.S.A. The most important thing which makes clean air act of U.S.A far better than air pollution control act of India is that clean air act has given provision related to ozone hole depletion and acid rain control whereas air pollution control act does not provide any thing for it . The title IV of Clean air act provides that provision to acid deposition control in order to protect acid rain. The section 401 of clean air act to section 416 of the same act provide for measure taken to control acid rain .The measure provided are as follow

The 1990 Amendments called for reducing acid rainwhich damages aquatic life, acidifies forest soils, and damages propertyby controlling utility emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which react to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid.Cap and Trade for Sulfur Dioxide from Power Plants Congress set a goal of reducing annual SO2 emissions by 10 million tons below the 1980 level, mostly from power plants. The law called for a marketbased emissions trading approach to limit the amount of SO2 emitted by U.S. power plants. The initial phase, starting in 1995, applied to 111 large, highemitting coalfired power plants.The second phase, starting in 2000, brought smaller plants and cleaner plants (coal, gas, and oilfired) into the program.The trading system provides companies with flexibility on both the means and timing of reducing their emissions, which enables them to minimize their compliance costs. Under the trading system, EPA issues emissions allowances to regulated electric generating units. Each emissions allowance is for one ton of SO2.A company after the end of each year must hold enough allowances to cover its annual emissions; this requirement is an enforceable Title V permit term.For each generating unit, an electric power company can comply by reducing emissions to match its amount of allocated allowances, by purchasing allowances made available through extra pollution reductions achieved at other units, by using banked (saved) allowances from previous years, or by a combination of these methods.For example, a company could choose to reduce SO2 emissions by installing controls, switching to cleaner burning fuel, or switching some electricity production from dirtier units to cleaner ones.Because a company can sell unused allowances for profit, the trading system encourages companies to reduce emissions beyond required levels.The SO2 trading program has strong provisions to ensure accountability. These include continuous emissions monitoring, an allowance tracking system operated by EPA, expensive penalties for noncompliance, and a requirement that excess emissions be offset by extra reductions the following year.Allowance incentives were provided to encourage use of fluegas scrubbers, and to promote energy conservation and renewable energy.Detailed allowance allocation provisions were included to address regional interests, new units, independent power producers, and special cases, and auction provisions were included to ensure market liquidity.Emission Rate Standards for Nitrogen Oxides from Power Plants To cut power plant emissions of nitrogen oxides, the law called for EPA to set more traditional emission rate standards designed to result in installation of lowNO x burners.Companies were allowed to comply based on the average emissions rate of all their covered units.

Similarly section 601 of clean air act to section 618 provides for measure for protection of ozone layer. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects life on earth by filtering out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.The Act contains a range of provisions to phase out production of chemicals that harm the ozone layer, and prevent the release of such chemicals already in use.These provisions implement the Montreal Protocol, the international agreement on ozone layerProtection, and in some respects go beyond it.The Act requires EPA to phase out production and import of listed ozonedepleting substances.The bestknown ozonedepleting substances, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have already been phased out.EPA is currently phasing out hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which are regarded as transitional substitutes for CFCs.Certain exceptions to the phaseouts are allowed.For example, EPA is authorized to allow limited production of ozonedepleting substances for export to developing countries.

The Act provides for implementing the phaseouts through the issuance of allowances that canbe traded among companies. International trading is also allowed, subject to certain constraints.EPA is required to issue regulations that reduce use and emissions of ozonedepleting substances to the lowest achievable level, and that set requirements for recycling and disposal. The Act prohibits intentional release of ozonedepleting substances used as refrigerants in equipment including appliances, industrial process refrigeration, and motor vehicle air conditioners. Mechanics servicing auto air conditioners must be trained and use certified recycling equipment. Nonessential uses of ozonedepleting substances, such as in noise horns and party streamers, are banned.Beginning in 2015, products containing or made with HCFCs must be labeled; a labeling requirement is already in effect for products containing or made with other ozonedepleting substances. EPA is required to issue regulations prohibiting replacement of any ozonedepleting substance with a substitute substance which EPA determines may present adverse effects to human health or the environment, where EPA has identified an alternative that is available and poses less risk. EPA is given general authority to issue regulations if a substance or activity may reasonably be anticipated to affect the stratosphere and to endanger public health or welfare.The clean air act of U.S.A has taken care of the problem which can be big problems in futures whereas these major environment issues has not been paid attention in air pollution control act India ( 1981).

SOURCES OF POLLTUTION IN MANDIDEEP

Mandideep is a Industrial area established in year 1975, is situated near Bhopal, 25 KM away from state capital of Madhya Pradesh. Mandideep Industrial Area contributes more than 6500 crore of Industrial Production, Rs. 1700 crore of Export and more than 45000 no. of employment. The major source of pollution in Mandideep as also seen in case of Dr. Subhash Pandey vs. Union of India are industries and most of the industries as evident from the case does not comply with Article 21(5) of the THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981 stating Every person to whom consent has been granted by the State Board under sub-section (4), shall comply with the following conditions, namely -(i) the control equipment of such specifications as the State Board may approve in this behalf shall be installed and operated in the premises where the industry is carried on or proposed to be carried on;(ii) The existing control equipment, if any, shall be altered or replaced in accordance with the directions of the State Board;(iii) The control equipment referred to in clause (i) or clause (ii) shall be kept at all times in good running condition;(iv) chimney, wherever necessary, of such specifications as the State Board may approve in this behalf shall be erected or re-erected in such premises; .and(v) Such other conditions as the State Board, may specify in this behalf,(vi) The conditions referred to in clauses (i), (ii) and (iv) shall be complied with within such period as the State Board may specify in this behalf-Provided that in the case of a person operating any industrial plant 19*** in an air pollution control area immediately before the date of declaration of such area as an air pollution control area, the period so specified shall not be less than six months :Provided further that-(a) After the installation of any control equipment in accordance with the specifications under clause (i), or(b) After the alteration or replacement of any control equipment in accordance with the directions of the State Board under clause (ii), or(c) After the erection or re-erection of any chimney under clause (iv), no control equipment or chimney shall be altered or replaced or, as the case may be, erected or re-created except with the previous approval of the State Board.The different sources of pollution from Industries in Mandideep are as follow:-

1) Air pollution system not installed - Air pollution control systemsare required in many industrial facilities due to health and safety regulations enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as State and local agencies.Pollution control exhaust systemscomply with the Clean Air Act (CAA), a federal law that was created in 1970 to prohibit stationary and mobile air emissions from exuding into the atmosphere. Air pollution control system types vary from industry to industry, depending on the type of hazardous agents needing to be eliminated. Because of the corrosive nature in many of these emissions,corrosion resistant ventilation systemsare the standard. Each system is comprised of numerous components, including mist eliminators, ducts, hoods, exhaust fans, and fume scrubbers.

2) Fugitive emission was found in process section - Fugitive emissions are emissions of gases or vapors from pressurized equipment due to leaks and other unintended or irregular releases of gases, mostly from industrial activities. As well as the economic cost of lost commodities, fugitive emissions contribute to air pollution and climate change. A detailed inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from upstream oil and gas activities in Canada for the year 2000 estimated that fugitive equipment leaks had a global warming potential equivalent to the release of 17 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, or 12 per cent of all greenhouse gases emitted by the sector. Venting of natural gas, flaring, accidental releases and storage losses accounted for an additional 38 per cent.Fugitive emissions present other risks and hazards. Emissions of volatile organic compounds such as benzene from oil refineries and chemical plants pose a long term health risk to workers and local communities. In situations where large amounts of flammable liquids and gases are contained under pressure, leaks also increase the risk of fire and explosion. Leaks from pressurized process equipment generally occur through valves, pipe connections, mechanical seals, or related equipment. Fugitive emissions also occur at evaporative sources such as waste water treatment ponds and storage tanks. Because of the huge number of potential leak sources at large industrial facilities and the difficulties in detecting and repairing some leaks, fugitive emissions can be a significant proportion of total emissions. Though the quantities of leaked gases may be small, gases that have serious health or environmental impacts can cause a significant problem.

3) Boiler blow down discharge inside the premises- A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water. Although the definitions are somewhat flexible, it can be said that older steam generators were commonly termed boilers and worked at low to medium pressure (1300 psi or 6.8952,068.427 kPa) but, at pressures above this, it is more usual to speak of a steam generator. Boilers emit a variety of pollutants, including those associated with combustion processes and HAPs, such as: Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Particle pollution, Carbon monoxide (CO), Formaldehyde, Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Lead Hydrogen, Chloride (HCl), Cadmium, .Mercury, Dioxin/furans. This can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular problems and depletion of ozone layer.

4) Absence of air monitoring system- Air quality monitoring is carried out to assess the extent of pollution, ensure compliance with national legislation, evaluate control options, and provide data for air quality modeling. There are a number of different methods to measure any given pollutant, varying in complexity, reliability, and detail of data. These range from simple passive sampling techniques to highly sophisticated remote sensing devices. A monitoring strategy should carefully examine the options to determine which methodology is most appropriate, taking into account initial investment costs, operating costs, reliability of systems, and ease of operation. The locations for monitoring stations depend on the purpose of the monitoring. Most monitoring networks are designed with human health objectives in mind, and monitoring stations are therefore established in population centers. Many governments (local, regional or national) give specific guidelines on where to monitor within these areas - next to busy roads, in city center locations, or at a location of particular concern (e.g., a school, hospital). Background monitoring stations are also established, to act as a "control" when determining source apportionment. Emissions Measurement is the science of characterizing and measuring air pollutant emissions. The measurement of bothtypeandquantityof these contaminants is an important part of obtaining the data needed to implement a meaningful control program. The process of monitoring particulate and gaseous emissions from a stationary source is often referred to assource samplingorsource testing. Once data are collected from a monitoring system, they must be stored in data management systems and databases. Subsequently, the data must be retrieved and analyzed to see what they reveal about the effectiveness of regulatory standards, the accuracy of modeling, impacts on health endpoints, and as an overall way of assessing. In the U.S. these data are collected and housed in the Air Quality Subsystem (AQS). The AQS contains ambient air pollution data collected by EPA, state, local, and tribal air pollution control agencies from thousands of monitoring stations. AQS also contains meteorological data, descriptive information about each monitoring station (including its geographic location and its operator), and data quality assurance/quality control information.

5) APCD not installed- Stationary sources of air pollution emissions, such as power plants, steel mills, smelters, cement plants, refineries, and other industrial processes, release contaminants into the atmosphere as particulates, aerosols, vapors, or gases. These emissions are typically controlled to high efficiencies using a wide range of air pollution control devices. The selection of the appropriate control technology is determined by the pollutant collected, the stationary source conditions, and the control efficiency required. In some cases, pollutant emissions can be reduced significantly through process modifications and combustion controls. However, in most instances, some form of add-on pollution control equipment is installed in the ductwork (or flues) leading to the smoke stack to meet current allowable emission limits. Common methods for eliminating or reducing gaseous pollutants include: destroying pollutants by thermal or catalytic combustion, such as by use of a flare stack, a high temperature incinerator, or a catalytic combustion reactor; changing pollutants to less harmful forms through chemical reactions, such as converting nitrogen oxides (NOx) to nitrogen and water through the addition of ammonia to the flue gas in front of a selective catalytic reactor; and collecting pollutants using air pollution control systems before they reach the atmosphere. The most commonly used devices for controlling particulate emissions include: Electrostatic precipitators (wet and dry types), Fabric filters (also called bag houses), Wet scrubbers, and Cyclones (or multiclones).

6) Stack monitoring system not working properly- Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) are used for the measurement of a number of pollutants from within the stack environment. Monitoring within the stack presents a number of problems due to extremes of temperature, velocity of sample and pressure. The common pollutants to measure are SO2, NO and NO2 whilst it is also used for monitoring CO, CO2, H2S and NH3.

The other major source of pollution in Mandideep is traffic.

Traffic - Mandideep is a industrial area and a lot of raw material is brought to industries by number of vehicles and a lot of finished product from different industries are sent to the market through these vehicles for sale. Due to large number of vehicles moving up and down the city leads to traffic congestion on the road .Virtually all of these vehicles are powered by gasolineanddiesel enginesthat burn petroleum to releaseenergy. Petroleum is made up ofhydrocarbons(large molecules built from hydrogen and carbon) and,in theory, burning them fully with enough oxygen should produce nothing worse than carbon dioxide and water. In practice, fuels aren't pure hydrocarbons and engines don't burn them cleanly. As a result, exhausts from engines contain all kinds of pollution, notably particulates (soot of various sizes), carbon monoxide (CO, a poisonous gas), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and leadand indirectly produce ozone. Mix this noxious cocktail together and energize it with sunlight and you get the sometimes brownish, sometimes bluish fog of pollution we callsmog, which can hang over cities for days on end.

MEASURES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION IN MANDIDEEP

The major source of pollution in Mandideep is industries. The measures which can be taken by industries to reduce air pollution in Mandideep are as follow

1) Minimizing Fugitive Emission - To minimize and control leaks at process facilities operators carry out regular leak detection and repair activities. Routine inspections of process equipment with gas detectors can be used to identify leaks and estimate the leak rate in order to decide on appropriate corrective action. Proper routine maintenance of equipment reduces the likelihood of leaks. Because of the technical difficulties and costs of detecting and quantifying actual fugitive emissions at a site or facility, and the variability and intermittent nature of emission flow rates, bottom-up estimates based on standard emission factors are generally used for annual reporting purposes. New technologies are under development that could revolutionize the detection and monitoring of fugitive emissions. One technology, known as differential absorption lidar (DIAL), can be used to remotely measure concentration profiles of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere up to several hundred meters from a facility. DIAL has been used for refinery surveys in Europe for over 15 years. A pilot study carried out in 2005 using DIAL found that actual emissions at a refinery were fifteen times higher than those previously reported using the emission factor approach. The fugitive emissions were equivalent to 0.17% of the refinery throughput. Portable gas leak imaging cameras are also a new technology that can be used to improve leak detection and repair, leading to reduced fugitive emissions. The cameras use infrared imaging technology to produce video images in which invisible gases escaping from leak sources can be clearly identified.

2) Biofiltration - Biofiltration is the removal and oxidation of organic gases (volatile organic compounds, or VOCs) from contaminated air by beds of compost or soil (biofilter media). Billions of indigenous microorganisms inherent within the biofilter media convert the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water. These naturally occurring microorganisms consume the offending compounds in a safe, moist, oxygen-rich environment.Abiofilteris an engineered bed of soil or compost under which lies a distribution system of perforated pipe and a layer of coarse distribution media. Contaminated air is blown into the perforated pipes and slowly diffuses up through the biofilter media. The contaminant molecules flow through the biofilter media like pebbles in a stream, until they settle out and are consumed by the microorganisms. These same microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of organics in nature The biofilter media retains no residue from the original organic compounds found in the contaminated air stream. This is due to the extremely efficient microbial ecosystem that exists within the biofilter media. Enhancing and maintaining this rich microbial ecosystem is what Biofiltration is all about.

3) Improve dispersion - This approach is based on the concept that dilution of air contaminants before they reach ground will lower the concentrations to which the population is exposed. The use of this approach for industry is discouraged by the US EPA.

4) APCD installation- Emissions from processes with control devices must be determined as part of development of a point source emission inventory. There are many difficulties in this determination. Single pollutant emissions are, in reality, actually heterogeneous combinations. All oxides of nitrogen must be reported together as NO2 . Devices control the individual constituents differently and this may affect the emission rate on a throughput or time basis. Mechanisms of control for different devices also vary for the same emission. Different emission control devices may have very different removal mechanisms. Collection by some types of devices can be characterized by efficiency. The operating mechanisms of other control devices may cause emissions to approach a different basis, such as a constant concentration in the cleaned gas. Operation of both types of devices is affected by dust characteristics, flue gas parameters, unit design, maintenance and operation in different ways. Particulate control systems are examined as an example of controlling a heterogeneous emission and control mechanisms of different devices.

5) Corporate Social Responsibility- Corporate Social Responsibility (abbreviated as CSR), is a self-regulatory function, through which an organization ensures that it obliges and abides by the existing laws, ethical standards and international regulations. There are also times when an organizations CSR model engages in activities that ensure philanthropy and development of the society as a whole. In recent times, Section 135 and Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013, which dealt with CSR rules for the Companies, came into effect. According to it, every company, private or public, which either has a net worth of Rs. 500 crore or a turnover of Rs. 1000 crore, or net profit of Rs. 5 crore, needs to spend at least 2% of its average net profit in CSR activities. These activities should not be undertaken in the normal course of business, but be with respect to any of the activities mentioned in the Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013.

6) Awareness- The most effective measure to control air pollution is awareness among the people who lives in Mandideep as well as among the industries owner. The people should be made aware that if environment is lost we would never be able to recover it. The industries owner should understand their responsibility towards environment and should try to reduce their pollution from their industries. The industries owner should comply with Article 21(5) of the THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981. Beside this industries should also contribute to the environment by the help of the corporate social responsibility Whereas the people in Mandideep should take some measures to avoid adding to pollution caused by industries for instance burning of poly bags etc The next major sources of pollution in Mandideep are air pollution from traffic congestion on road as discussed previously. If we can solve the problem of traffic congestion it may ultimately reduce air pollution by traffic in Mandideep. The various measures that we can take to reduce air pollution by traffic congestion as also suggested by Urban Administration and Development Department Government of Madhya Pradesh are as follow:-1) Special corridor for trucks: as mentioned in the best practice review, a separate corridor is recommended so that the trucks, which are used to load and unload the Cargo within the industrial area, will keep away from the regular traffic, thus making NH12decongested.This would ultimately reduce the number of vehicle passing through the city and reducing air pollution and in addition the dust caused by the vehicle which carry sand can be reduced eventually reducing the Air pollution.

2) Special routes are designed to decongest a particular road mostly a highway. In the figure, various forms of special routes are given, amongst which, looking at the current problem Mandideep is facing; we would take a bypass as the best recommendation to make traffic movement smoother. Bypass routes are a type of special route used on an alternative routing of a highway around a town when the main route of the highway goes through the town. The original designation of these routes was "truck routes" to divert through truck traffic away from the town. The Bypass provides better and more direct access to the commuters who do not want to stop in Mandideep. Hence this will eventually reduce the number of vehicle passing through the city and would reduce air pollution in the city from vehicles.

WHAT CAN BE DONE TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTIONSo now you know the problems, but what's the solution? Here are ten simple things you can do that will make a difference (however small) to the problem of air pollution.1. Save energy: Makingelectricityin conventional power plants generates pollution, so anything you can do to save energy will help to reduce pollution (and global warming as well). Switch tolow-energy lamps, use a laptop computer instead of a desktop, dry your clothes outdoors, andheat insulateyour home. Just remember this: every bit of energy you save also saves you money you can spend on something better! If you're not sure how you're wasting energy, use anelectricity monitorto help identify your most inefficient appliances.2. Save water when you can: Producing cool, clean water needs huge amounts of energy so cutting water waste is another good way to save energy and pollution.3. Cut the car: Sometimes we have to use cars, but often we can get a bus or a train or (for shorter distances) walk or cycle. Cars are now the biggest source of air pollution in most urban areas, so traveling some other way through a town or city helps to keep the air clean. When you have to use your car, drive efficiently to save fuel and money, and cut pollution. It's particularly important to avoid car use when smog is bad in your city.4. Cut out garden bonfires: Did you know that a garden bonfire can contain up to 350 times as much of the cancer-causing chemical benzpyrene as cigarette smoke? Having a bonfire is one of the most selfish things you can do in your local neighborhood. Compost your garden refuse, bury it, or dispose of it some other way.5. Never burn household waste: If you burn plastic, you release horrible toxic chemicals into the local environment.Recycleyour trash instead.6. Garden organically: You can tackle virtually all garden pests and diseases in more environmentally friendly organic ways. Buying organic food is a good option if you can't grow your own.7. Cut the chemicals: You dont really need to spray an air freshener to make your home feel nice. When you fill your room with perfume, but you're also choking it with chemical pollution. You should open a window instead. You should try cleaning withmicrofiber clothsinstead of usingdetergents.8. Use water-based paints and glues: Avoid the nasty solvents inpaints, varnishes, andwoodpreservatives. Remember that if anyone's going to suffer from the air pollution they create, you're first in line.9. Reduce, reuse, and recycle: Buying new stuff is fun, but reusing old things can be just as good.10. Don't smoke: Cigarettes contain an addictive chemical called nicotine that makes you want to go on smoking them. They cause all kinds of health problems, but they also cause very localized air pollution.

CONCLUSION

Air Pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into the Earth's atmosphere, possibly causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment. The atmosphere is a complex natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.Mandideep, being an industrial area, has a number of industries ranging from small to large scale industries as a result of which, it is highly polluted due to the various toxic chemical gases emitted from the chimneys. With a residential area nearby, it is having adverse effects on the health of the residents. The industries there ought to realize their social responsibility and also there responsibility towards the environment by using eco-friendly methods and restricting pollution to the prescribed limit. Also, non-installation of the APCDs, poses a great threat towards the environment.The problems are diverse and some are only being recognized but it is important to keep a close control over pollutants so that we can maintain the environment in an acceptable condition for future generations.We need to take pollution issue seriously because ignorance is certainly not the proper way to go. The stakes are really high and world needs to wake up and start acting right now because environmental issues are constantly growing in both number and size.

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