A whitepaper provided by pii • September 2015

The Power of Personalization®

whateverittakes.comCorporate Headquarters

One Hardman Drive Bloomington, IL 61701

800.664.0444

pii is a registered ISO 9001 company.

V.1 2015

An Introduction to 3D Printing

Pompano Beach, FL • Lansing, MI Tianjin, China • Tamil Nadu, India • Cebu City, Philippines

Makerbot has sold 44,000+ home 3D printers since the company’s inception. Source: MakerBot®

What is 3D printing and how does it work?3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, was

developed in the 1980’s as a process used to make three-

dimensional objects. Additive manufacturing creates parts

from the ground up by fusing together layers of material. Its

counterpart, subtractive manufacturing, begins with material

and removes excess until only the desired shape remains.

Methods

There are several methods of 3D printing. The most commonly

recognized is called Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). This

method uses a single nozzle head to extrude melted material,

typically plastic, layer by layer onto a build platform according

to the 3D data that has been supplied to the printer. One of

the most familiar printers in this space, the MakerBot, uses

the FDM method.

Other 3D printing processes, like Stereolithography (SLA),

fuses together liquid material by curing it with a UV laser;

while Binder Jetting fuses together powder material with a

binding spray. Today, these methods are still more expensive

and specialized than FDM.1

MaterialsThe materials used in 3D printing are often dependent on

the method. Binder Jetting for instance, might use sandstone

material, while SLA and FDM typically use plastic or resin.

But what was once a small list of printable materials has been

rapidly expanding. Plastics today include stronger substances

Nozzle depositing plastic.

a larger message and strategy they can often feel random and

one-off. 3D printed products should deliver and support the

strategic marketing messages of the organization in order to

be relevant and impactful.

3D printing is more than a manufacturing processInstead of replacing a current process or product with 3D

printing, take advantage of what the technology does best.

3D printing truly shines when it’s focused on providing greater

tangibility, increased complexity, hyper personalization, or

speed. Leverage 3D printing to do more for you by focusing

on its unique benefits in order to enhance or offer something

new to customers.

Give 3D printing a lasting purposeSimilar to other new technologies, the novelty and buzz

around 3D printing will eventually stabilize. Ensure your

3D printing strategy aligns with the benefits consumers

are seeking, not just the spectacle. 3D printing works for

prototyping because it supports decision- making so well,

a very real benefit to anyone testing out an idea before it

becomes real. Realizing this deeper purpose will drive

your offerings and help you utilize the technology in

a meaningful way.

AccessibilitySoftware: A key challenge in 3D printing is creating the file in

the right format for print without 3D modeling skills. Today

the ability to build files is a specialized skill of engineers and

designers. Software companies like AutoCAD are building

intuitive software to make 3D file design and creation

accessible to everyone. Programs like Tinkercad by AutoCAD

are leveraging intuitive features like drag and drop.

Hardware: As more companies create and evolve the 3D

printer, the technology continues to become cheaper and

better in quality. The average cost of a home 3D printer

ranges from $500-$2500. At an enterprise level multiple

models are available ranging in level of fidelity and price.

How can you leverage 3D printing?3D printing is a tool to support your marketing strategy, not the strategy itself3D printing is simply one more tool in the toolbox to help you

execute on your marketing strategy. Companies often see 3D

printed goods as the solution to reaching more customers and

engaging them more deeply. If the goods are not connected to

Sources 1 “3D Printing Processes: The Free Beginners Guide.” 3D Printing Industry, May 2014. • “Overview Over 3D Printing Technologies.” Additively, n.d. https://www.additively.com/en/learn-about/3d-printing-technologies

2 Plafke, James. “McDonalds Wants A 3D Printer In Every Restaurant So They Can Print Happy Meal Toys.” Geek, November 9 2013.

3 Wapner, Charlie. “Progress In The Making: 3D Printing Policy Considerations Through The Library Lens.” American Library Association, Number 3, January 2015.

4 McCue, TJ. “3D Printing In The Home: 1 In 3 Americans Ready For 3D Printer.” Forbes, March 19 2014.

5 “3D printing market to grow to US$16.2 billion in 2018.” Canalys Press Release. March 2014

6 “3D printing Facts & Forecasts” Siemens 2014 • http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/industry-and-automation/Additive-manufacturing-facts-and-forecasts.html

7 Makerbot at CES 2014 • http://www.cnet.com/pictures/makerbot-flaunts-new-3d-printers-at-ces-2014-pictures/3/

like nylon, as well as biodegradable plastic. Paper, ceramics,

and metals are growing in popularity and helping to expand

applications for 3D printing. Most recently on the scene are

food materials like chocolate, sugar and even meat.

Steps of 3D PrintingIt’s important to note that the process of 3D printing has many

steps and is not as automated as some might think. From file

preparation (e.g., creation, conversion), to actual printing, to

the finishing work post-print (e.g., sanding, coating, removing

support material), the output of 3D printing takes time. However,

open source file sharing on sites like Thingiverse and GrabCAD

are making it faster for designers to get started.

How is it being used today and what are the benefits?Big strides in both printer technology and material exploration

have led to a variety of exciting applications across industries.

In fields like design and architecture, 3D printing has long

played a role in model and prototype creation. But more and

more it is being used to produce end-products like jewelry,

sculptures, and shoes.

Thanks to advances in 3D printed metal, automotive companies

are now looking at the potential of 3D printing to fulfill after-

sale parts on demand, rather than holding large inventories.

As an early adopter of 3D printing for product development

and prototyping, the aerospace industry is following suit, now

experimenting with non-critical part production.

In the marketing industry 3D printing is being used in both

playful and functional ways. Barilla recently challenged

customers to design a unique 3D pasta design, while

McDonald’s is rumored to be creating a 3D printing

toys kiosk to print on-demand Happy Meal parts.2

3D printing process

DESIGNFILEPROCESSING PRODUCTION FINISHING SOCIALIZING

Create the 3D part file for print from scratch, a digital scan or from a base file that was downloaded.

Get the file ready for the 3D printer by slicing it using programs either installed locally or available in the cloud.

Different technologies are used that vary in printing speed, accuracy, durability, finish quality and cost of materials being used.

A variety of methods are used to give the part a final finish so that it is aesthetically pleasing but also more durable.

Part files, renderings or photos of physical parts can be shared in social media outlets or free marketplaces.

Barilla’s 3D pasta design competition. Sour

ce: B

arill

a

Consumer benefitsCompanies are not the only ones experimenting with 3D

printing. As the technology moves from maker to mainstream,

more and more people are playing with it at work, at school

and at the library.

According to OITP Perspectives, a publication by the American

Library Association, more than 250 libraries in the U.S. offer

the use of 3D printers to patrons.3 Home use is growing as

well. A 2014 report by research agency OnePoll found that

one in three Americans would consider buying a 3D printer

for their home.4

In a study conducted by pii, twelve people with 3D printing

experience ranging from one time use to weekly use, were

asked to share about their 3D printing process and the

intention behind their prints.

the technology provides. While 3D printing has the potential

to add value to businesses in numerous ways, there are

unique technological benefits that make it stand apart

from other processes:

ComplexityThe layering process of 3D printing allows for a deeper

level of complexity than traditional manufacturing processes,

making it possible to print components with intricate shapes

and complex geometry. Many 3D printers can print multiple

materials meaning that multiple components can be fabricated

as a single unit with no seam.

PersonalizationIn standard manufacturing processes efficiencies are gained

as more pieces are printed due to the amortization of tooling

costs. This results in large batch prints with little variety and

no opportunity for customization. The cost of 3D printing

is the same for the 100th print as it is for the 1st print.

This allows companies to print small batches and highly

customized goods without additional upfront investment in

tooling. The ability to print one- off or small batch designs

also opens up an opportunity to print custom goods that

fit the exact size and need of the customer.

While consumer applications of 3D printing spanned across

dozens of applications — one-of-a-kind gifts, prototypes,

decorations, toys, jewelry, functional fixes — the purposes

behind 3D printing all ladder up to 5 key benefits:

1. Thoughtful Moments: I can capture the memories and

connect to others.

2. Playful Creation: I can bring my imagination to life.

3. Design Control: I am in the driver’s seat to design

my products.

4. Confident Decisions: I can rest assured that

I’ve gotten it right

5. Immediate Access: I have what I want, when I want it.

These consumer benefits are core to what differentiates

3D printing from other processes and why it appeals to

consumers and companies alike.

Company benefits3D printing is transforming the way companies do everyday

business. When the benefits of 3D printing are leveraged,

the technology enables companies to reach new audiences,

connect with customers, and capitalize on the efficiencies

Speed of printsWhen standing in front of a 3D printer watching each layer print,

the process may not feel fast, however, relative to traditional

manufacturing methods, it is. Objects can be created in a matter

of hours, whereas before, the time it takes to prototype, tool,

and create a final product could take weeks. The speed has

also enabled companies to leverage the technology to create

prototypes in successive rounds in- house thereby reducing the

wait time needed to refine prototypes overseas.

The future of 3D printing3D printing is a nascent technology with big promise. While

there are still many hurdles to ensuring the technology is

affordable and practical, the rate at which the technology is

evolving is rapid. Hurdles such as cost, speed, quality and

accessibility are already being addressed today.

Cost and SpeedAs more makers and companies experiment with the

technology, new more efficient models are being launched.

Experts predict 3D printing will become 50 percent cheaper

and up to 400 percent faster in the next five years

(Siemens, 2014).6

Uniqlo launched the selfless selfie project that encouraged customers to share images of positive impact which were then printed in-store.

02013 2015 2017 2018

4.5

9

13.5

18

In $

Bill

ions

3D Printing Industry Growth

Growth projection of 3D printing in billions.

User-printed objects. Source: MakerBot®

Intricate 3D printed engine components

Sour

ce: 3

D H

ubs

Sour

ce: U

niql

o

Sour

ce: C

anal

ys 2

0145

Consumer benefitsCompanies are not the only ones experimenting with 3D

printing. As the technology moves from maker to mainstream,

more and more people are playing with it at work, at school

and at the library.

According to OITP Perspectives, a publication by the American

Library Association, more than 250 libraries in the U.S. offer

the use of 3D printers to patrons.3 Home use is growing as

well. A 2014 report by research agency OnePoll found that

one in three Americans would consider buying a 3D printer

for their home.4

In a study conducted by pii, twelve people with 3D printing

experience ranging from one time use to weekly use, were

asked to share about their 3D printing process and the

intention behind their prints.

the technology provides. While 3D printing has the potential

to add value to businesses in numerous ways, there are

unique technological benefits that make it stand apart

from other processes:

ComplexityThe layering process of 3D printing allows for a deeper

level of complexity than traditional manufacturing processes,

making it possible to print components with intricate shapes

and complex geometry. Many 3D printers can print multiple

materials meaning that multiple components can be fabricated

as a single unit with no seam.

PersonalizationIn standard manufacturing processes efficiencies are gained

as more pieces are printed due to the amortization of tooling

costs. This results in large batch prints with little variety and

no opportunity for customization. The cost of 3D printing

is the same for the 100th print as it is for the 1st print.

This allows companies to print small batches and highly

customized goods without additional upfront investment in

tooling. The ability to print one- off or small batch designs

also opens up an opportunity to print custom goods that

fit the exact size and need of the customer.

While consumer applications of 3D printing spanned across

dozens of applications — one-of-a-kind gifts, prototypes,

decorations, toys, jewelry, functional fixes — the purposes

behind 3D printing all ladder up to 5 key benefits:

1. Thoughtful Moments: I can capture the memories and

connect to others.

2. Playful Creation: I can bring my imagination to life.

3. Design Control: I am in the driver’s seat to design

my products.

4. Confident Decisions: I can rest assured that

I’ve gotten it right

5. Immediate Access: I have what I want, when I want it.

These consumer benefits are core to what differentiates

3D printing from other processes and why it appeals to

consumers and companies alike.

Company benefits3D printing is transforming the way companies do everyday

business. When the benefits of 3D printing are leveraged,

the technology enables companies to reach new audiences,

connect with customers, and capitalize on the efficiencies

Speed of printsWhen standing in front of a 3D printer watching each layer print,

the process may not feel fast, however, relative to traditional

manufacturing methods, it is. Objects can be created in a matter

of hours, whereas before, the time it takes to prototype, tool,

and create a final product could take weeks. The speed has

also enabled companies to leverage the technology to create

prototypes in successive rounds in- house thereby reducing the

wait time needed to refine prototypes overseas.

The future of 3D printing3D printing is a nascent technology with big promise. While

there are still many hurdles to ensuring the technology is

affordable and practical, the rate at which the technology is

evolving is rapid. Hurdles such as cost, speed, quality and

accessibility are already being addressed today.

Cost and SpeedAs more makers and companies experiment with the

technology, new more efficient models are being launched.

Experts predict 3D printing will become 50 percent cheaper

and up to 400 percent faster in the next five years

(Siemens, 2014).6

Uniqlo launched the selfless selfie project that encouraged customers to share images of positive impact which were then printed in-store.

02013 2015 2017 2018

4.5

9

13.5

18

In $

Bill

ions

3D Printing Industry Growth

Growth projection of 3D printing in billions.

User-printed objects. Source: MakerBot®

Intricate 3D printed engine components

Sour

ce: 3

D H

ubs

Sour

ce: U

niql

o

Sour

ce: C

anal

ys 2

0145

a larger message and strategy they can often feel random and

one-off. 3D printed products should deliver and support the

strategic marketing messages of the organization in order to

be relevant and impactful.

3D printing is more than a manufacturing processInstead of replacing a current process or product with 3D

printing, take advantage of what the technology does best.

3D printing truly shines when it’s focused on providing greater

tangibility, increased complexity, hyper personalization, or

speed. Leverage 3D printing to do more for you by focusing

on its unique benefits in order to enhance or offer something

new to customers.

Give 3D printing a lasting purposeSimilar to other new technologies, the novelty and buzz

around 3D printing will eventually stabilize. Ensure your

3D printing strategy aligns with the benefits consumers

are seeking, not just the spectacle. 3D printing works for

prototyping because it supports decision- making so well,

a very real benefit to anyone testing out an idea before it

becomes real. Realizing this deeper purpose will drive

your offerings and help you utilize the technology in

a meaningful way.

AccessibilitySoftware: A key challenge in 3D printing is creating the file in

the right format for print without 3D modeling skills. Today

the ability to build files is a specialized skill of engineers and

designers. Software companies like AutoCAD are building

intuitive software to make 3D file design and creation

accessible to everyone. Programs like Tinkercad by AutoCAD

are leveraging intuitive features like drag and drop.

Hardware: As more companies create and evolve the 3D

printer, the technology continues to become cheaper and

better in quality. The average cost of a home 3D printer

ranges from $500-$2500. At an enterprise level multiple

models are available ranging in level of fidelity and price.

How can you leverage 3D printing?3D printing is a tool to support your marketing strategy, not the strategy itself3D printing is simply one more tool in the toolbox to help you

execute on your marketing strategy. Companies often see 3D

printed goods as the solution to reaching more customers and

engaging them more deeply. If the goods are not connected to

Sources 1 “3D Printing Processes: The Free Beginners Guide.” 3D Printing Industry, May 2014. • “Overview Over 3D Printing Technologies.” Additively, n.d. https://www.additively.com/en/learn-about/3d-printing-technologies

2 Plafke, James. “McDonalds Wants A 3D Printer In Every Restaurant So They Can Print Happy Meal Toys.” Geek, November 9 2013.

3 Wapner, Charlie. “Progress In The Making: 3D Printing Policy Considerations Through The Library Lens.” American Library Association, Number 3, January 2015.

4 McCue, TJ. “3D Printing In The Home: 1 In 3 Americans Ready For 3D Printer.” Forbes, March 19 2014.

5 “3D printing market to grow to US$16.2 billion in 2018.” Canalys Press Release. March 2014

6 “3D printing Facts & Forecasts” Siemens 2014 • http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/industry-and-automation/Additive-manufacturing-facts-and-forecasts.html

7 Makerbot at CES 2014 • http://www.cnet.com/pictures/makerbot-flaunts-new-3d-printers-at-ces-2014-pictures/3/

like nylon, as well as biodegradable plastic. Paper, ceramics,

and metals are growing in popularity and helping to expand

applications for 3D printing. Most recently on the scene are

food materials like chocolate, sugar and even meat.

Steps of 3D PrintingIt’s important to note that the process of 3D printing has many

steps and is not as automated as some might think. From file

preparation (e.g., creation, conversion), to actual printing, to

the finishing work post-print (e.g., sanding, coating, removing

support material), the output of 3D printing takes time. However,

open source file sharing on sites like Thingiverse and GrabCAD

are making it faster for designers to get started.

How is it being used today and what are the benefits?Big strides in both printer technology and material exploration

have led to a variety of exciting applications across industries.

In fields like design and architecture, 3D printing has long

played a role in model and prototype creation. But more and

more it is being used to produce end-products like jewelry,

sculptures, and shoes.

Thanks to advances in 3D printed metal, automotive companies

are now looking at the potential of 3D printing to fulfill after-

sale parts on demand, rather than holding large inventories.

As an early adopter of 3D printing for product development

and prototyping, the aerospace industry is following suit, now

experimenting with non-critical part production.

In the marketing industry 3D printing is being used in both

playful and functional ways. Barilla recently challenged

customers to design a unique 3D pasta design, while

McDonald’s is rumored to be creating a 3D printing

toys kiosk to print on-demand Happy Meal parts.2

3D printing process

DESIGNFILEPROCESSING PRODUCTION FINISHING SOCIALIZING

Create the 3D part file for print from scratch, a digital scan or from a base file that was downloaded.

Get the file ready for the 3D printer by slicing it using programs either installed locally or available in the cloud.

Different technologies are used that vary in printing speed, accuracy, durability, finish quality and cost of materials being used.

A variety of methods are used to give the part a final finish so that it is aesthetically pleasing but also more durable.

Part files, renderings or photos of physical parts can be shared in social media outlets or free marketplaces.

Barilla’s 3D pasta design competition. Sour

ce: B

arill

a

Makerbot has sold 44,000+ home 3D printers since the company’s inception. Source: MakerBot®

What is 3D printing and how does it work?3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, was

developed in the 1980’s as a process used to make three-

dimensional objects. Additive manufacturing creates parts

from the ground up by fusing together layers of material. Its

counterpart, subtractive manufacturing, begins with material

and removes excess until only the desired shape remains.

Methods

There are several methods of 3D printing. The most commonly

recognized is called Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). This

method uses a single nozzle head to extrude melted material,

typically plastic, layer by layer onto a build platform according

to the 3D data that has been supplied to the printer. One of

the most familiar printers in this space, the MakerBot, uses

the FDM method.

Other 3D printing processes, like Stereolithography (SLA),

fuses together liquid material by curing it with a UV laser;

while Binder Jetting fuses together powder material with a

binding spray. Today, these methods are still more expensive

and specialized than FDM.1

MaterialsThe materials used in 3D printing are often dependent on

the method. Binder Jetting for instance, might use sandstone

material, while SLA and FDM typically use plastic or resin.

But what was once a small list of printable materials has been

rapidly expanding. Plastics today include stronger substances

Nozzle depositing plastic.

A whitepaper provided by pii • September 2015

The Power of Personalization®

whateverittakes.comCorporate Headquarters

One Hardman Drive Bloomington, IL 61701

800.664.0444

pii is a registered ISO 9001 company.

V.1 2015

An Introduction to 3D Printing

Pompano Beach, FL • Lansing, MI Tianjin, China • Tamil Nadu, India • Cebu City, Philippines