INTRODUCTION Tiles are one of the oldest forms of roof

covering with usage dating back more than 5000 years This article presents an histor-ical overview of roofing tiles in four parts spanning from early development to the last 40 years of advancements in research and design related to wind load resistance Code provisions and testing standards are addressed throughout with emphasis on provisions in the state of Florida This arti-cle also provides a description of ongoing

research at the University of Florida to investigate the wind resistance of clay and concrete roofing tile systems

EARLY DEVELOPMENT (3000 BC-1970) Tile roof covering has become increas-

ingly popular over the last century largely due to its durability fire resistance and insulating behavior These favorable qual-ities are not a recent discovery Evidence suggests use by the Chinese and Greeks up to 5000 years ago (Figure 1)

Later the Romans adopt-ed a variation of Greek flat roof-ing tile patterns in areas with suitable clay throughout the Roman Empire1

The Romans were

Figure 1 ndash Earliest roofing tiles found in Greece circa 3000 BC (source Wikipedia)

responsible for bringing clay tile to England Prior to this English roofing materials included stone and slate Straw reed and timber were also used for short-term cov-erage

Use of roofing tiles in the US began dur-ing the colonial period2 In the mid-1800s devastating fires prompted the establish-ment of building and fire codes in New York Boston and other major cities3 These codes encouraged the use of clay roofing tiles because of the fire resistance of the system During the same time period commercial production of concrete tiles using natu-ral cement began in Bavaria Soon after concrete tiles were introduced in England Holland and other European countries Common practice soon included the addi-tion of coloring pigment to the mix in order to imitate traditional clay roofing tiles As the demand for concrete tile increased so did the need for large-scale production

2 2 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

-

-

-

-

rsquo

rdquo

Figure 2 ndash Patent drawings for the first power-driven tile-making machine (US Patent 1118281A)

The earliest concrete roofing tiles were made using hand- or semi-hand-operat-ed machines The first power-driven tile-making machine known as the Ringsted was developed in Denmark in the early 1900s A US patent was filed for the Ringsted in 1912 (Figure 2) Once this machine was introduced in England engi-neering led to improved designs and higher efficiency causing rapid development of the roofing tile industry By 1961 concrete tile comprised an estimated 82 of all domestic roof coverings in Great Britain Today esti-mates suggest that concrete tile accounts for 90 of all steep-slope roof coverings in Europe and the South Pacific basin while Japan China and the US are rapidly increasing use as well

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF WIND RESISTANCE RESEARCH AND GUIDELINES (1971-1991)

The first published research to investi-gate wind load interactions for roofing tiles was conducted in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Figure 3)4567 Supported by Redland Technology RA Hazelwood in 19808 iden-tified two modes of wind-induced loading on roofing tiles 1) pressure differential creat-ed between the volume of air immediately above the tiles (ie external pressure) and

the volume of air immediately below the tiles (ie internal cavity pressure) and 2) local pressures on the tile surfaces due to near-roof surface flows While both conditions may cause uplift the latter was thought to be the more dominant effect

In order to relate external building pres-sures (provided by design standardsmdashie ASCE 7) to near-roof flow velocities Hazelwood suggested using Bernoullirsquos equation while noting ldquoIt should be possible to avoid this rather unsatisfactory approxi-mation when measured values of surface air flow become availablerdquo Hazelwoodrsquos work would set the precedent for present-day wind load models for roofing tiles

The asphalt shingle industry also recog-nized the need for understanding of near-roof surface flow Peterka et al9 used an experimentally derived relationship between approach (upwind of the structure) flow and near-roof surface flow to derive the asphalt shingle wind uplift load model used today To date the authors are unaware of pub-lished data that relates approach flows to near-roof surface flows over roofing tiles

During the construction boom of the 1970s the state of Florida mandated that all municipalities and counties must adopt one of the four state-recognized model building codes In 1987 the Roof Tile Committee

6105799075 wwwDurapaxcom

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As a pre consumer recycled product coal tar contributes to your LEED certification (Credit 4) and may qualify as a locally produced material (Credit 5) Durapax coal tar roofing systems are ideal under vegetated roofs which are subject to constant moisture And coal tar s exceptionally long life span represents the ultimate in sustainability with less landfill volume generated

Specify your next ldquogreen roof with a Durapax coal tar roofing system

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 2 3

Figure 3 ndash Redland Technology wind tunnel testing Figure 4 ndash Redland Technology tile pressure tapping arrange-arrangement (source Redland Technology 1991) ment for wind tunnel testing (source Redland Technology 1991)

of the National Tile Roofing Manufacturers Association (NTRMAmdashnow known as the Tile Roofing Institute or TRI) was commis-sioned to develop consensus guidelines for the installation of concrete and clay roofing tiles The consensus document process would include meetings over a period of 18 years made up of roofing contractors manufacturers suppliers academics roof consultants and engineers

In 1989 the Florida Roofing Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors Association Inc (FRSA) and the Florida chapter of NTRMA issued a joint guide for mortar-set roof tiling This guide served as the basis for additions to the Standard Building Code (SBC) in 1991 and was the forerunner to the TRIFRSA Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual in use today

In 1991 the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) commis-sioned Redland Technology to continue Hazelwoodrsquos work by developing the first wind load model for roof tiling (Figure 4) Findings were reported in the document Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission10 The document sum-marized tests performed to study the fixings required for standard-weight tiles to with-stand extreme wind loads and presented a design methodology for code provisions in the United States

THE REDLAND STUDY Redland Technology developed its design

method using two experiments 1 Wind loads were estimated from wind

tunnel tests where surface pressures on medium- and high-profile roofing tiles were measured as wind was

Wherep = Local static pressure (at tap locations)ps = Reference static pressure at 100 mm above the deck q = Reference velocity pressure at 100 mm above the deckr

Equation 1

In the first experiment wind-induced surface pressures were measured on four tile configurations 1) medium-profile tile without battens 2) medium-profile tile with battens 3) medium-profile tile without bat-tens with a 508-mm (2-in) tail lift and 4) high-profile tile without battens

Tile arrays were oriented with the lead-ing edge of each tile per-pendicular to the wind flow For each array one tile located 25 m (82 ft) from the windward edge and in the center of the array was used for top- and bottom-surface pressure mea-surements at 20 loca-tions along the center-line of the tile parallel to the direction of wind flow Pressure was mea-sured at each location through a tap which consists of a small hole in the tile connected to a length of vinyl tub-ing whose far end was connected to a pressure measurement device

Wind was blown across the deck in a 45-ms (10-mph) ldquostep-and-hold-for-60-secondsrdquo pattern starting at 31 ms (70 mph) and ending at 56 ms (125 mph) Turbulence characteristics in the approach wind and the vertical profile upwind from the tile array were not reported Mean wind velocity and static pressure in the free

Figure 5 ndash Schematic of Redland Technology method for computing roofing tile lift (CL) and moment (Cma) coefficients (lower tile surface not shown)

blown across the tile located in a sample tile array

2 Constant displacement (ie stat-ic) uplift tests quantified the uplift resistance of roofing tiles with vari-ous attachment configurations Equation 2

2 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

-

-

-

-

rsquo

rdquo

Figure 2 ndash Patent drawings for the first power-driven tile-making machine (US Patent 1118281A)

The earliest concrete roofing tiles were made using hand- or semi-hand-operat-ed machines The first power-driven tile-making machine known as the Ringsted was developed in Denmark in the early 1900s A US patent was filed for the Ringsted in 1912 (Figure 2) Once this machine was introduced in England engi-neering led to improved designs and higher efficiency causing rapid development of the roofing tile industry By 1961 concrete tile comprised an estimated 82 of all domestic roof coverings in Great Britain Today esti-mates suggest that concrete tile accounts for 90 of all steep-slope roof coverings in Europe and the South Pacific basin while Japan China and the US are rapidly increasing use as well

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF WIND RESISTANCE RESEARCH AND GUIDELINES (1971-1991)

The first published research to investi-gate wind load interactions for roofing tiles was conducted in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Figure 3)4567 Supported by Redland Technology RA Hazelwood in 19808 iden-tified two modes of wind-induced loading on roofing tiles 1) pressure differential creat-ed between the volume of air immediately above the tiles (ie external pressure) and

the volume of air immediately below the tiles (ie internal cavity pressure) and 2) local pressures on the tile surfaces due to near-roof surface flows While both conditions may cause uplift the latter was thought to be the more dominant effect

In order to relate external building pres-sures (provided by design standardsmdashie ASCE 7) to near-roof flow velocities Hazelwood suggested using Bernoullirsquos equation while noting ldquoIt should be possible to avoid this rather unsatisfactory approxi-mation when measured values of surface air flow become availablerdquo Hazelwoodrsquos work would set the precedent for present-day wind load models for roofing tiles

The asphalt shingle industry also recog-nized the need for understanding of near-roof surface flow Peterka et al9 used an experimentally derived relationship between approach (upwind of the structure) flow and near-roof surface flow to derive the asphalt shingle wind uplift load model used today To date the authors are unaware of pub-lished data that relates approach flows to near-roof surface flows over roofing tiles

During the construction boom of the 1970s the state of Florida mandated that all municipalities and counties must adopt one of the four state-recognized model building codes In 1987 the Roof Tile Committee

6105799075 wwwDurapaxcom

Rugged ampReCYCLed

Durapax Coal Tar Delivers Roofing Reliability Coal tar is the most reliable and long lasting membrane roofing technology for flat and low slope commercial roofs due to its superior resistance to weather extremes extended exposure to ponded water and low total cost of ownership

As a pre consumer recycled product coal tar contributes to your LEED certification (Credit 4) and may qualify as a locally produced material (Credit 5) Durapax coal tar roofing systems are ideal under vegetated roofs which are subject to constant moisture And coal tar s exceptionally long life span represents the ultimate in sustainability with less landfill volume generated

Specify your next ldquogreen roof with a Durapax coal tar roofing system

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 2 3

Figure 3 ndash Redland Technology wind tunnel testing Figure 4 ndash Redland Technology tile pressure tapping arrange-arrangement (source Redland Technology 1991) ment for wind tunnel testing (source Redland Technology 1991)

of the National Tile Roofing Manufacturers Association (NTRMAmdashnow known as the Tile Roofing Institute or TRI) was commis-sioned to develop consensus guidelines for the installation of concrete and clay roofing tiles The consensus document process would include meetings over a period of 18 years made up of roofing contractors manufacturers suppliers academics roof consultants and engineers

In 1989 the Florida Roofing Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors Association Inc (FRSA) and the Florida chapter of NTRMA issued a joint guide for mortar-set roof tiling This guide served as the basis for additions to the Standard Building Code (SBC) in 1991 and was the forerunner to the TRIFRSA Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual in use today

In 1991 the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) commis-sioned Redland Technology to continue Hazelwoodrsquos work by developing the first wind load model for roof tiling (Figure 4) Findings were reported in the document Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission10 The document sum-marized tests performed to study the fixings required for standard-weight tiles to with-stand extreme wind loads and presented a design methodology for code provisions in the United States

THE REDLAND STUDY Redland Technology developed its design

method using two experiments 1 Wind loads were estimated from wind

tunnel tests where surface pressures on medium- and high-profile roofing tiles were measured as wind was

Wherep = Local static pressure (at tap locations)ps = Reference static pressure at 100 mm above the deck q = Reference velocity pressure at 100 mm above the deckr

Equation 1

In the first experiment wind-induced surface pressures were measured on four tile configurations 1) medium-profile tile without battens 2) medium-profile tile with battens 3) medium-profile tile without bat-tens with a 508-mm (2-in) tail lift and 4) high-profile tile without battens

Tile arrays were oriented with the lead-ing edge of each tile per-pendicular to the wind flow For each array one tile located 25 m (82 ft) from the windward edge and in the center of the array was used for top- and bottom-surface pressure mea-surements at 20 loca-tions along the center-line of the tile parallel to the direction of wind flow Pressure was mea-sured at each location through a tap which consists of a small hole in the tile connected to a length of vinyl tub-ing whose far end was connected to a pressure measurement device

Wind was blown across the deck in a 45-ms (10-mph) ldquostep-and-hold-for-60-secondsrdquo pattern starting at 31 ms (70 mph) and ending at 56 ms (125 mph) Turbulence characteristics in the approach wind and the vertical profile upwind from the tile array were not reported Mean wind velocity and static pressure in the free

Figure 5 ndash Schematic of Redland Technology method for computing roofing tile lift (CL) and moment (Cma) coefficients (lower tile surface not shown)

blown across the tile located in a sample tile array

2 Constant displacement (ie stat-ic) uplift tests quantified the uplift resistance of roofing tiles with vari-ous attachment configurations Equation 2

2 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

Figure 3 ndash Redland Technology wind tunnel testing Figure 4 ndash Redland Technology tile pressure tapping arrange-arrangement (source Redland Technology 1991) ment for wind tunnel testing (source Redland Technology 1991)

of the National Tile Roofing Manufacturers Association (NTRMAmdashnow known as the Tile Roofing Institute or TRI) was commis-sioned to develop consensus guidelines for the installation of concrete and clay roofing tiles The consensus document process would include meetings over a period of 18 years made up of roofing contractors manufacturers suppliers academics roof consultants and engineers

In 1989 the Florida Roofing Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors Association Inc (FRSA) and the Florida chapter of NTRMA issued a joint guide for mortar-set roof tiling This guide served as the basis for additions to the Standard Building Code (SBC) in 1991 and was the forerunner to the TRIFRSA Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual in use today

In 1991 the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) commis-sioned Redland Technology to continue Hazelwoodrsquos work by developing the first wind load model for roof tiling (Figure 4) Findings were reported in the document Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission10 The document sum-marized tests performed to study the fixings required for standard-weight tiles to with-stand extreme wind loads and presented a design methodology for code provisions in the United States

THE REDLAND STUDY Redland Technology developed its design

method using two experiments 1 Wind loads were estimated from wind

tunnel tests where surface pressures on medium- and high-profile roofing tiles were measured as wind was

Wherep = Local static pressure (at tap locations)ps = Reference static pressure at 100 mm above the deck q = Reference velocity pressure at 100 mm above the deckr

Equation 1

In the first experiment wind-induced surface pressures were measured on four tile configurations 1) medium-profile tile without battens 2) medium-profile tile with battens 3) medium-profile tile without bat-tens with a 508-mm (2-in) tail lift and 4) high-profile tile without battens

Tile arrays were oriented with the lead-ing edge of each tile per-pendicular to the wind flow For each array one tile located 25 m (82 ft) from the windward edge and in the center of the array was used for top- and bottom-surface pressure mea-surements at 20 loca-tions along the center-line of the tile parallel to the direction of wind flow Pressure was mea-sured at each location through a tap which consists of a small hole in the tile connected to a length of vinyl tub-ing whose far end was connected to a pressure measurement device

Wind was blown across the deck in a 45-ms (10-mph) ldquostep-and-hold-for-60-secondsrdquo pattern starting at 31 ms (70 mph) and ending at 56 ms (125 mph) Turbulence characteristics in the approach wind and the vertical profile upwind from the tile array were not reported Mean wind velocity and static pressure in the free

Figure 5 ndash Schematic of Redland Technology method for computing roofing tile lift (CL) and moment (Cma) coefficients (lower tile surface not shown)

blown across the tile located in a sample tile array

2 Constant displacement (ie stat-ic) uplift tests quantified the uplift resistance of roofing tiles with vari-ous attachment configurations Equation 2

2 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

CAMERA-READY LOGOTYPE ndash UL CLASSIFICATION MARK FOR CANADA AND THE USThese Marks are registered by Underwriters Laboratories Inc

The minimum height of the registered trademark symbol reg shall be 364 of an inch When the overall diameter of the UL Mark is less than 38 of an inch the trademark symbol may be omitted if it is not legible to the naked eye

The font for all letter forms is Helvetica Condensed Black except for the trademark symbol reg which isHelvetica Condensed Medium No other fonts are acceptable

Please NoteThe word MARINE should only be used for UL Classified marine products

200-195I 20M1197

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Where

up of flow over the roof The relationship is convenient because ASCE 7 external pressure coefficients for roof zones are ref-erenced to approach wind flow External pressure coefficients are employed in this

= ith pressure coefficient on the bottom surface of the tile Cpbidb = Tributary area of corresponding bottom surface pressure coefficient

i = ith pressure coefficient on the top surface of the tile Cpti

dt = Tributary area of corresponding top surface pressure coefficient i

l = Length of the tile = Moment arm acting at ith pressure tap (bottom surface) lbrsquoi

= Moment arm acting at ith pressure tap (top surface) ltrsquoi b = Exposed width of the tile

Equation 3

Where Psa = Approach wind static pressure qa = Approach wind velocity pressure Psr = Near-roof static pressure qr = Near-roof wind velocity pressure

Equation 4

stream were measured using a pitot-static tube placed 100 mm (4 in) above the surface of the tile deck and 15 m (49 ft) upwind of the instrumented tile The follow-ing data were recorded for each hold period mean static pressure of each tile tap mean wind velocity and mean static pressure measured by the pitot-static tube

Pressure tap measurements were con-verted to dimensionless pressure coeffi-cients (Cp) referenced to the static and velocity pressure measurements made 100 mm (4 in) above the tile deck (Equation 1)

Each tap was assigned a tributary area corresponding to the tilersquos width by one-half the distance from each of the two adjacent taps Redland Technology assumed that the pressures along the width of each tributary

Equation 5

strip were equivalent despite the varying cross-section of the high- and medium-profile tiles (ie not a flat plate) A coeffi-cient of lift (CL) was then calculated using the pressure coefficients and corresponding tributary areas to represent the average pressure acting to lift the tile (Equation 2 and Figure 5) A coefficient of moment (Cma) was computed to represent the moment act-ing about the axis of rotation near the head of the tile (Equation 3)

The testing configuration was meant to simulate a tile roofing section subjected to wind flow moving parallel to the roof slope and near the roof surface Consequently the coefficients of lift and moment are ref-erenced to the simulated near-roof velocity and static pressures However in order to incorporate the coefficients into code provi-sions it was required that they be referenced to the approach velocity and static pres-sure To accomplish this reference trans-formation Redland Technology employed Bernoullirsquos equation (using Hazelwoodrsquos method) equating the total pressure in the approach flow to the total pressure in the near-roof flow using the static and velocity pressure for each flow location (Equation 4) The equation is valid for roof locations outside of flow-separated regions where the flow is inviscid and irrotational Neither condition is valid for flow near the roof but this approach does provide a reasonable first approximation to calculate the speed-

Where qr = 12 pVr

2 = Near-roof wind velocity pressure qa = 12 pVa

2 = Approach wind velocity pressure Cp = External pressure coefficient referenced to approach wind conditions

(eg ASCE 7 components and cladding external pressure coefficients)

Equation 6

calculation as proxy for the static pressure measured by the pitot-static tube in the wind tunnel tests of roofing tiles

Expression of the external pressure coef-ficient (Cp) is shown in Equation 5 Equation 16-33 of the 2010 Florida Building Code (FBC) (Equation 6) is derived by rearranging Equation 4 and combining it with Equation 5

The load model and testing procedures developed by Redland Technology were incorporated into the 19921993 SBC revi-sions as SSTD 11-93 SBCCI Test Standard for Determining the Wind Resistance of Concrete or Clay Roof Tiles This stan-dard described the process for calculating wind-generated uplift moment and wind uplift resistance for roofing tiles The SBC wind load provisions for roofing tiles were later incorporated into the FBC and still govern design in the state of Florida today

MODERN BUILDING CODE ERA (1992-PRESENT)

Hurricane Andrew made landfall near Homestead Florida in 1992 with three-second peak gusts exceeding 65 ms (145 mph) An estimated 90-95 of all homes in Dade County Florida suffered roof damage Mortar-set roofing tile systems performed poorly11 In response Polyfoam Products Inc (now a 3M company) and Dow released two-component polyurethane adhesives for roofing tile attachment in the years follow-ing the storm This product was produced largely in reaction to the performance of mortar-set attachments during Hurricane Andrew Techniques for mechanical attach-ment were also developed at that time

Widespread roof cover losses exposed the need to advance performance of these systems TL Smith discussed clay and concrete tile failure modes wind perfor-mance and missile impact research and provided recommendations for enhanced performance in hurricanes and other high-wind environments12 Sparks et al recom-mended that the building envelope and cladding systems be designed to the same probability of failure as the main structural system in light of exponential increases in insured losses when building envelopes are breached during high-wind events that include rain13

In 1997 the state of Florida admin-

2 6 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

istered the 1997 edition of the SBC (with Florida-specific amendments) and the South Florida Building Code In 1998 the Florida legislature amended statutes to begin creation of a single statewide model code known as the Florida Building Code

Because the SBC provisions for roofing tiles allowed a design load reduction due to air permeability the question was raised as to whether adhered roofing tile systems being developed in the late 1990s (eg foam adhesive) had sufficient air permeability As a result Redland Technology developed a procedure to measure the air permeability of roofing tile systems that was added to the testing standard SSTD 11-93 In 1999 an updated version of the standard SSTD 11-99 was issued This edition of the stan-dard contained a new Section 900 entitled ldquoAir Permeability Measurementsrdquo

John Shepherd reports that at the time roofing tile systems accounted for 80 of new residential construction in the Sunbelt regions of the US14 In 2002 the FRSA and TRI produced the first edition of the Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual This document was the first stand-alone installation guide for roofing tile sys-tems although it was not adopted into the code at the time In March of 2002 the 2001 FBC officially superseded all local Florida codes This edition was modeled after the 1999 SBC and the South Florida Building Code and referenced ASCE 7-98

In 2003 ASTM International refor-matted SSTD 11-99 into three standards 1) ASTM C1568-03 Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method) 2) ASTM C1569-03 Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (Wind Tunnel Method) and 3) ASTM C1570-03 Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (Air Permeability Method) See Table 1

The 2004 hurricane season was dev-astating for Florida For the first time on record four hurricanes made landfall in a single season Hurricane Charley a Category 4 storm was the most destruc-tive15 On August 13 2004 Hurricane Charley made landfall just southwest of Punta Gorda Florida as a design-level event from the point of landfall to approx-imately 120 miles inland Measured three- second peak gusts were 50 ms (112 mph) in Punta Gorda1617 Mortar-set systems underperformed in comparison to mechani-

cal and foam adhesive attachment methods In several instances performance assess-ments indicated that the tiles did not with-stand wind load as predicted by design provisions

This marked the first time that a large number of adhesive-set roofing tile sys-tems encountered high winds providing an opportunity to analyze the performance of the relatively new attachment method Adhesive attachments performed well when installed per manufacturersrsquo instructions

Failures were reported only when foam patties were too small or did not provide enough contact area18

In general code adjustments made post-Hurricane Andrew were effective in reducing building damage An analysis of insurance claims by the Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS) suggested that homes built after 1995 and the adop-tion of high-wind design provisions required nearly 44 fewer total roof covering replace-ments than those homes built before 1995

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 2 7

2 8 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

Homes built after 1995 most often required partial roof covering replacements only19

Also in 2004 Hurricane Ivan made landfall on September 16 near Gulf Shores Alabama Ivan was categorized as a Category 3 storm with estimated three- second peak gusts of 47-54 ms (105-120 mph) However ldquosurface observation sites in the coastal region provided data indi-cating that most of the region impacted by the storm likely experienced Category 1-intensity winds with some areas near the Alabama-Florida border experiencing Category 2-intensity windsrdquo20 Hurricane Ivan was not considered a design-level wind event with respect to the 2001 FBC

or the 20002003 International Building Code (IBC) and International Residential Code (IRC) However wind damage was extensive Evidence suggested that homes

built in accordance with the 2001 FBC or 20002003 IBC performed well with regard to structural issues21

In response to unsatisfactory perfor-

Figure 6 ndash Medium-profile rapid prototype tile replica with 256 pressure taps

Test Method Year First Basis Test Method OverviewDesignation Published

SSTD 11 1993 Redland Includes methods for determining uplift capacity of mechanical mortar and adhesive attachments Air-permeability method added in 1999 revision

FBC TAS 101 1995 Redland Static uplift capacity of mortar or adhesive tile attachments

FBC TAS 102 1995 Redland Static uplift capacity of mechanical tile attachments

FBC TAS 102A 1995 Redland Static uplift capacity of mechanical tile attachments with clips

FBC TAS 108 1995 Redland Wind tunnel test for determining overturning moment coefficients and aerodynamic load multipliers for tiles

FBC TAS 116 1995 BS5534 Procedure for determining air permeability of rigid discontinuous roofing systems Redland

ASTM C1568 2003 SSTD 11 Mechanical uplift resistance testing Derived from SSTD 11 essentially a Redland combination of TAS 101 102 and 102A

ASTM C1569 2003 SSTD 11 Wind tunnel method for determining wind resistance Derived from SSTD 11 Redland similar to TAS 108

ASTM C1570 2003 SSTD 11 Test for determining air permeability of a roofing tile system Derived from SSTD Redland 11-99 update similar to TAS 116

Table 1 ndash Progression of standardized test methods for roofing tiles from the Redland Technology (1991) study to the present

8009927663 | wwwversicocom

A Single Source for Single-Ply Roofing

mance of roofing tile systems during the 2004 hurricane season the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)22 recommended that installation be simplified for foam adhesive set tiles installers be held to a higher standard of certification and safety factors for design be re- evaluated With insurance industry support a ban on mortar attach-ment of tiles was proposed but was unsuccessful due to widespread opposition by roofing contractors As a compromise the tile roof-ing industry proposed a code- approved prebagged mortar mix After weaknesses in mortar-set hipridge attachments were exposed again during Hurricane Charley TRI and FRSA began producing new hip and ridge tile attachment guidelines TRIFRSA released the updated set of guidelines in the fourth edition of the Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual The guidelines addressed high-wind applications much more thor-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 1

Figure 7 ndash Mock-up roofing tile section with replica tile for pressure measurement is loaded into the Dynamic Flow Simulator at UF

ROOFING

WATERPROOFING

WALL SYSTEMS

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Sustainability isnrsquot limited to our productsInnovating and Manufacturing Building Envelope Solutions Since 1908

1877MAMMOUTHwwwsopremaca

1 8 0 0 3 5 6 3 5 2 1wwwsopremaus

3 2 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

oughly than previous editions and were adopted into the 2004 Florida Building Code which officially went into effect October 1 2005 The new guidelines required contractors to securely fasten hip and ridge tiles to a wood or metal structural support using screws nails or foam adhesive

In an effort to educate builders and raise aware-ness of proper installation procedures in 2006 TRI launched a nationwide training initiative for roofing tile contractors The two-day program covered instal-lation systems for the entire country including high-wind areas taking an important step towards educat-ing contractors on proper installation procedures

LOOKING FORWARD

Over the last 20 years there has been an increased focus on mitigating wind damage with particular emphasis on maintaining building integrity by improv-ing the performance of roof covering systems Post-storm damage assessments have provided valuable information regarding the adequacy of code standards and the frequency of adherence In response there has been a significant increase in research to improve the understanding of wind load mechanisms attachment capacities and frangibility of roofing tiles2324252627

Figure 8 ndash Mechanical uplift testing for roofingtiles using custom steel test frame and InstronUniversal Testing Machine (UTM) at UF

Several areas are in need of additional research Topics include

1 High-resolution measurement of wind-induced surface pressures

2 Direct measurement of wind-induced tile attachment reaction forces

3 Effects of oblique wind angles on surface pressures and attachment reaction forces

4 Enhancement of design provisionsstandards based on current research

5 Probabilistic consideration of load and resistance in design

In July of 2011 the University of Florida (UF) commenced a four-phase research project to address these topics This three-year project builds upon previous and con-current research on discontinuous roof cov-erings with the goal of improving the wind performance of roofing tiles Three replicas (low- medium- and high-profile) of typical Florida roofing tiles were manufactured using rapid prototyping Each replica has 256 pressure taps distributed throughout the upper- lower- and leading-edge surfaces (Figure 6)

In the first phase of the proj-ect the replicas are installed in a mock-up tile array section to measure wind- induced surface pressures at high resolution for a vari-ety of approach wind angles (modified TAS 108)

In the second phase six-axis load cells are affixed to the mechanical fas-tening locations of concrete tiles The load cells are used to directly measure the wind-induced reaction forces to which typi-cal fasteners are subjected The instrument-ed mock-up roofing sections are subjected to wind loading inside the Dynamic Flow Simulator (DFS) at the UF (Figure 7)

Surface pressure measurements on the replica tile are used in combination with load cell measurements at the tile attach-ments to develop a comprehensive under-

standing of the wind-loading mechanism that causes tile uplift and failure In the third phase various tile attachment capac-ities are measured by mechanical uplift testing using a custom steel-framed rig designed at UF (modified TAS 101102) (See Figure 8)

Measured attachment capacities from uplift testing are related to findings from Phases 1 and 2 (ie wind-induced load investigation) in order to develop a prob-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 3

Figure 9 ndash Mechanically fastened tile array detachment dur-ing destructive testing inside UFrsquos Dynamic Flow Simulator

3 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

abilistic model for predicting roofing tile failures that incorporates the statistical variability of wind loads and attachment resistances In the fourth and final phase predicted failure velocities for various roof-ing tile attachment configurations will be verified experimentally by subjecting mock-up roofing sections to increasing wind loads inside the DFS until failure

The outcomes of this project will be used to expand the current understanding of wind loading on discontinuous roofing sys-tems and to supplement design provisions if needed For more information on this proj-ect or other ongoing wind research projects at the University of Florida please contact Daniel Smith at 07-4781-5512 or danielsmith8jcueduau

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis paper was written through the sup-

port of the Florida Building Commission the Florida Department of Emergency Management and the International Hurricane Research Center (FIU) The authors also thank the following groups for additional support and guidance Tile Roofing Institute Eagle Roofing Company and technical representative Manual Oyola Boral Roofing 3M and the American Plywood Association Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors partners or contributors

REFERENCES1 C Ramani 1985 ldquoConcrete roofing

tiles in the United Statesrdquo National Roofing Contractors Association 313-318

2 SM Sweetser 1978 Roofing for Historic Buildings Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation Technical Preservation Services Division

3 J Arnold 2007 ldquoLarge Building Fires and Subsequent Code Changesrdquo National Fire Protection Association

4 C Kramer HJ Gerhardt and HW Kuster 1979 ldquoOn the Wind-Loading Mechanism of Roofing Elementsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 4(3-4) 415-427

5 RA Hazelwood 1980 ldquoPrinciples of Wind Loading on Tiled Roofs and Their Application in the British Standard BS5534rdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 6(1-2) 113-124

6 RA Hazelwood 1981 ldquoThe Interaction of the Two Principal Wind Forces on Roof Tilesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 8(1-2) 39-48

7 C Kramer and HJ Gerhardt 1983 ldquoWind Loads on Permeable Roofing Systemsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

Aerodynamics 13(1) 347-3588 Hazelwood 19809 JA Peterka JE Cermak LS

Cochran BC Cochran N Hosoya RG Derickson C Harper J Jones and B Metz 1997 ldquoWind Uplift Model for Asphalt Shinglesrdquo Journal of Architectural Engineering 147-155

10 Redland Technology 1991 Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission Redland Technology

11 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 1992 Building Performance Hurricane Andrew in Florida FEMA

12 TL Smith 1994 ldquoImproving Tile Wind Resistance Lessons From Hurricane Andrewrdquo Buenos Aires Argentina

13 PR Sparks SD Schiff and TA Reinhold 1994 ldquoWind Damage to Envelopes of Houses and Consequent Insurance Lossesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 53(1-2) 145-155

14 J Shepard January 2001 ldquoTile Roofsrdquo RCI Inc Interface 25-32

15 N Meloy R Sen N Pai N and G Mullins 2007 ldquoRoof Damage in New Homes Caused by Hurricane Charleyrdquo Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 97-107

16 Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues (RICOWI) 2006

ISSUE SUBJECT SUBMISSION DEADLINEFebruary 2015 Liquid-applied membranes November 14 2014March 2015 Extreme weather December 15 2014AprilMay 2015 Convention review January 15 2015June 2015 Energy February 13 2015July 2015 Steep roofs March 15 2015August 2015 Windows and skylights April 15 2015

Publish in InterfaceInterface journal is seeking submissions for the following issues Optimum article size is 2000 to 3000 words containing five to ten graphics Articles may serve commercial interests but should not promote specific products Articles on subjects that do not fit any given theme may be submitted at any time

Submit articles or questions to Executive Editor Kristen Ammerman at 800-828-1902 or kammermanrci-onlineorg

Hurricanes Charley and Ivan Wind Investigation Report

17 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Charley in Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

18 Ibid19 Institute for Business and Home

Safety 2004 Hurricane Charley ndash Naturersquos Force vs Structural Strength Executive Summary Charlotte County Florida

20 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

21 Ibid

22 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Summary Report on Building Performance 2004 Hurricane Season

23 AP Robertson RP Hoxey NM Rideout and P Freathy 2007 ldquoFull-Scale Study of Wind Loads on Roof Tiles and Felt Underlay and Comparisons With Design Datardquo Wind and Structures 10(6) 495-510

24 G Fernandez FJ Masters and KR Gurley 2010 ldquoPerformance of Hurricane Shutters Under Impact by Roof Tilesrdquo Engineering Structures 32(10) 3384-3393

25 CA Shdid A Mirmiran TL Wang D Jimenez and P Huang

2011 ldquoUplift Capacity and Impact Resistance of Roof Tilesrdquo Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16(3) 121-129

26 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak and AG Chowdury 2013 ldquoWind Load on Ridge and Field Tiles on a Residential Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Advances in Hurricane Engineering Learning from Our Past 506-516

27 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak N Sus-kawang AG Chowdhury and S Fuez 2013 ldquoRidge and Field Tile Aerodynamics for a Low-Rise Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Wind and Structures 16(4) 301-322

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 5

Dr Kurtis R Gurley is an asso-ciate professor at UF His primary areas of research are wind effects on residential structures and stochastic mod-eling of extreme winds and struc-tural resistance

The research output from Dr Gurley and his colleagues contributes to a variety of hazard preparation and response initia-tives Dr Gurley is an associate editor for ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering and a member of the Technical Advisory Committee for the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes

Dr Kurtis R Gurley

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE is an associate professor of civil and coastal engi-neering at UF His research focuses on improving the resistance of build-ings to extreme winds and rain Experiments are conducted with

full-scale simulators and in hurricanes to study the behavior of surface wind and wind-driven rain He has received more than 25 grants from state federal and private sources including the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Masters is a reviewer for five journals and a member of ASCE RICOWI and ASTM

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE

Dr Daniel J Smith received an under-graduate degree in civil engineer-ing in 2010 from the University of Florida In 2011 Smith joined Dr Mastersrsquo wind engineering re- search group at UF as a research

assistant Smithrsquos work included investiga-tions on the wind resistance of clay and con-crete roofing tiles and asphalt shingles After completing his doctoral studies he accepted a position at James Cook University in Townsville Australia to continue research-ing the vulnerability of residential structures to high-wind events

Dr Daniel J Smith

The Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA) introduced The Roofing Gamestrade at its annual expo in June Designed specifically for the roofing industry The Roofing Games are the nationrsquos ldquofirst official set of competitions sanctioned by a roofing associationrdquo Participants competed in a series of events that challenged their knowledge and skill set levels pertaining to equipment materials and processes used in the roofing industry The inaugural year was launched with just one main event the Nailing Competition sponsored by Malarkey Roofing Products Six contestants were randomly chosen in a drawing during a product demo With two decks on the stage contestants battled in a timed event showcasing their asphalt-shingle nailing skills They were judged on both time and accurate shingle installation The first-place winner was Sean Johnson of Johnson Design amp Construction of Camarillo California The WSRCA plans to expand The Roofing Games to include additional events for the Western Roofing Expo 2015 scheduled for Las Vegas Nevada on June 14-17 2015

WSRCA Holds ldquoThe Roofing Gamesrdquo

2 8 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

Homes built after 1995 most often required partial roof covering replacements only19

Also in 2004 Hurricane Ivan made landfall on September 16 near Gulf Shores Alabama Ivan was categorized as a Category 3 storm with estimated three- second peak gusts of 47-54 ms (105-120 mph) However ldquosurface observation sites in the coastal region provided data indi-cating that most of the region impacted by the storm likely experienced Category 1-intensity winds with some areas near the Alabama-Florida border experiencing Category 2-intensity windsrdquo20 Hurricane Ivan was not considered a design-level wind event with respect to the 2001 FBC

or the 20002003 International Building Code (IBC) and International Residential Code (IRC) However wind damage was extensive Evidence suggested that homes

built in accordance with the 2001 FBC or 20002003 IBC performed well with regard to structural issues21

In response to unsatisfactory perfor-

Figure 6 ndash Medium-profile rapid prototype tile replica with 256 pressure taps

Test Method Year First Basis Test Method OverviewDesignation Published

SSTD 11 1993 Redland Includes methods for determining uplift capacity of mechanical mortar and adhesive attachments Air-permeability method added in 1999 revision

FBC TAS 101 1995 Redland Static uplift capacity of mortar or adhesive tile attachments

FBC TAS 102 1995 Redland Static uplift capacity of mechanical tile attachments

FBC TAS 102A 1995 Redland Static uplift capacity of mechanical tile attachments with clips

FBC TAS 108 1995 Redland Wind tunnel test for determining overturning moment coefficients and aerodynamic load multipliers for tiles

FBC TAS 116 1995 BS5534 Procedure for determining air permeability of rigid discontinuous roofing systems Redland

ASTM C1568 2003 SSTD 11 Mechanical uplift resistance testing Derived from SSTD 11 essentially a Redland combination of TAS 101 102 and 102A

ASTM C1569 2003 SSTD 11 Wind tunnel method for determining wind resistance Derived from SSTD 11 Redland similar to TAS 108

ASTM C1570 2003 SSTD 11 Test for determining air permeability of a roofing tile system Derived from SSTD Redland 11-99 update similar to TAS 116

Table 1 ndash Progression of standardized test methods for roofing tiles from the Redland Technology (1991) study to the present

8009927663 | wwwversicocom

A Single Source for Single-Ply Roofing

mance of roofing tile systems during the 2004 hurricane season the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)22 recommended that installation be simplified for foam adhesive set tiles installers be held to a higher standard of certification and safety factors for design be re- evaluated With insurance industry support a ban on mortar attach-ment of tiles was proposed but was unsuccessful due to widespread opposition by roofing contractors As a compromise the tile roof-ing industry proposed a code- approved prebagged mortar mix After weaknesses in mortar-set hipridge attachments were exposed again during Hurricane Charley TRI and FRSA began producing new hip and ridge tile attachment guidelines TRIFRSA released the updated set of guidelines in the fourth edition of the Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual The guidelines addressed high-wind applications much more thor-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 1

Figure 7 ndash Mock-up roofing tile section with replica tile for pressure measurement is loaded into the Dynamic Flow Simulator at UF

ROOFING

WATERPROOFING

WALL SYSTEMS

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Sustainability isnrsquot limited to our productsInnovating and Manufacturing Building Envelope Solutions Since 1908

1877MAMMOUTHwwwsopremaca

1 8 0 0 3 5 6 3 5 2 1wwwsopremaus

3 2 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

oughly than previous editions and were adopted into the 2004 Florida Building Code which officially went into effect October 1 2005 The new guidelines required contractors to securely fasten hip and ridge tiles to a wood or metal structural support using screws nails or foam adhesive

In an effort to educate builders and raise aware-ness of proper installation procedures in 2006 TRI launched a nationwide training initiative for roofing tile contractors The two-day program covered instal-lation systems for the entire country including high-wind areas taking an important step towards educat-ing contractors on proper installation procedures

LOOKING FORWARD

Over the last 20 years there has been an increased focus on mitigating wind damage with particular emphasis on maintaining building integrity by improv-ing the performance of roof covering systems Post-storm damage assessments have provided valuable information regarding the adequacy of code standards and the frequency of adherence In response there has been a significant increase in research to improve the understanding of wind load mechanisms attachment capacities and frangibility of roofing tiles2324252627

Figure 8 ndash Mechanical uplift testing for roofingtiles using custom steel test frame and InstronUniversal Testing Machine (UTM) at UF

Several areas are in need of additional research Topics include

1 High-resolution measurement of wind-induced surface pressures

2 Direct measurement of wind-induced tile attachment reaction forces

3 Effects of oblique wind angles on surface pressures and attachment reaction forces

4 Enhancement of design provisionsstandards based on current research

5 Probabilistic consideration of load and resistance in design

In July of 2011 the University of Florida (UF) commenced a four-phase research project to address these topics This three-year project builds upon previous and con-current research on discontinuous roof cov-erings with the goal of improving the wind performance of roofing tiles Three replicas (low- medium- and high-profile) of typical Florida roofing tiles were manufactured using rapid prototyping Each replica has 256 pressure taps distributed throughout the upper- lower- and leading-edge surfaces (Figure 6)

In the first phase of the proj-ect the replicas are installed in a mock-up tile array section to measure wind- induced surface pressures at high resolution for a vari-ety of approach wind angles (modified TAS 108)

In the second phase six-axis load cells are affixed to the mechanical fas-tening locations of concrete tiles The load cells are used to directly measure the wind-induced reaction forces to which typi-cal fasteners are subjected The instrument-ed mock-up roofing sections are subjected to wind loading inside the Dynamic Flow Simulator (DFS) at the UF (Figure 7)

Surface pressure measurements on the replica tile are used in combination with load cell measurements at the tile attach-ments to develop a comprehensive under-

standing of the wind-loading mechanism that causes tile uplift and failure In the third phase various tile attachment capac-ities are measured by mechanical uplift testing using a custom steel-framed rig designed at UF (modified TAS 101102) (See Figure 8)

Measured attachment capacities from uplift testing are related to findings from Phases 1 and 2 (ie wind-induced load investigation) in order to develop a prob-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 3

Figure 9 ndash Mechanically fastened tile array detachment dur-ing destructive testing inside UFrsquos Dynamic Flow Simulator

3 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

abilistic model for predicting roofing tile failures that incorporates the statistical variability of wind loads and attachment resistances In the fourth and final phase predicted failure velocities for various roof-ing tile attachment configurations will be verified experimentally by subjecting mock-up roofing sections to increasing wind loads inside the DFS until failure

The outcomes of this project will be used to expand the current understanding of wind loading on discontinuous roofing sys-tems and to supplement design provisions if needed For more information on this proj-ect or other ongoing wind research projects at the University of Florida please contact Daniel Smith at 07-4781-5512 or danielsmith8jcueduau

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis paper was written through the sup-

port of the Florida Building Commission the Florida Department of Emergency Management and the International Hurricane Research Center (FIU) The authors also thank the following groups for additional support and guidance Tile Roofing Institute Eagle Roofing Company and technical representative Manual Oyola Boral Roofing 3M and the American Plywood Association Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors partners or contributors

REFERENCES1 C Ramani 1985 ldquoConcrete roofing

tiles in the United Statesrdquo National Roofing Contractors Association 313-318

2 SM Sweetser 1978 Roofing for Historic Buildings Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation Technical Preservation Services Division

3 J Arnold 2007 ldquoLarge Building Fires and Subsequent Code Changesrdquo National Fire Protection Association

4 C Kramer HJ Gerhardt and HW Kuster 1979 ldquoOn the Wind-Loading Mechanism of Roofing Elementsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 4(3-4) 415-427

5 RA Hazelwood 1980 ldquoPrinciples of Wind Loading on Tiled Roofs and Their Application in the British Standard BS5534rdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 6(1-2) 113-124

6 RA Hazelwood 1981 ldquoThe Interaction of the Two Principal Wind Forces on Roof Tilesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 8(1-2) 39-48

7 C Kramer and HJ Gerhardt 1983 ldquoWind Loads on Permeable Roofing Systemsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

Aerodynamics 13(1) 347-3588 Hazelwood 19809 JA Peterka JE Cermak LS

Cochran BC Cochran N Hosoya RG Derickson C Harper J Jones and B Metz 1997 ldquoWind Uplift Model for Asphalt Shinglesrdquo Journal of Architectural Engineering 147-155

10 Redland Technology 1991 Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission Redland Technology

11 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 1992 Building Performance Hurricane Andrew in Florida FEMA

12 TL Smith 1994 ldquoImproving Tile Wind Resistance Lessons From Hurricane Andrewrdquo Buenos Aires Argentina

13 PR Sparks SD Schiff and TA Reinhold 1994 ldquoWind Damage to Envelopes of Houses and Consequent Insurance Lossesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 53(1-2) 145-155

14 J Shepard January 2001 ldquoTile Roofsrdquo RCI Inc Interface 25-32

15 N Meloy R Sen N Pai N and G Mullins 2007 ldquoRoof Damage in New Homes Caused by Hurricane Charleyrdquo Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 97-107

16 Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues (RICOWI) 2006

ISSUE SUBJECT SUBMISSION DEADLINEFebruary 2015 Liquid-applied membranes November 14 2014March 2015 Extreme weather December 15 2014AprilMay 2015 Convention review January 15 2015June 2015 Energy February 13 2015July 2015 Steep roofs March 15 2015August 2015 Windows and skylights April 15 2015

Publish in InterfaceInterface journal is seeking submissions for the following issues Optimum article size is 2000 to 3000 words containing five to ten graphics Articles may serve commercial interests but should not promote specific products Articles on subjects that do not fit any given theme may be submitted at any time

Submit articles or questions to Executive Editor Kristen Ammerman at 800-828-1902 or kammermanrci-onlineorg

Hurricanes Charley and Ivan Wind Investigation Report

17 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Charley in Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

18 Ibid19 Institute for Business and Home

Safety 2004 Hurricane Charley ndash Naturersquos Force vs Structural Strength Executive Summary Charlotte County Florida

20 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

21 Ibid

22 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Summary Report on Building Performance 2004 Hurricane Season

23 AP Robertson RP Hoxey NM Rideout and P Freathy 2007 ldquoFull-Scale Study of Wind Loads on Roof Tiles and Felt Underlay and Comparisons With Design Datardquo Wind and Structures 10(6) 495-510

24 G Fernandez FJ Masters and KR Gurley 2010 ldquoPerformance of Hurricane Shutters Under Impact by Roof Tilesrdquo Engineering Structures 32(10) 3384-3393

25 CA Shdid A Mirmiran TL Wang D Jimenez and P Huang

2011 ldquoUplift Capacity and Impact Resistance of Roof Tilesrdquo Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16(3) 121-129

26 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak and AG Chowdury 2013 ldquoWind Load on Ridge and Field Tiles on a Residential Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Advances in Hurricane Engineering Learning from Our Past 506-516

27 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak N Sus-kawang AG Chowdhury and S Fuez 2013 ldquoRidge and Field Tile Aerodynamics for a Low-Rise Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Wind and Structures 16(4) 301-322

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 5

Dr Kurtis R Gurley is an asso-ciate professor at UF His primary areas of research are wind effects on residential structures and stochastic mod-eling of extreme winds and struc-tural resistance

The research output from Dr Gurley and his colleagues contributes to a variety of hazard preparation and response initia-tives Dr Gurley is an associate editor for ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering and a member of the Technical Advisory Committee for the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes

Dr Kurtis R Gurley

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE is an associate professor of civil and coastal engi-neering at UF His research focuses on improving the resistance of build-ings to extreme winds and rain Experiments are conducted with

full-scale simulators and in hurricanes to study the behavior of surface wind and wind-driven rain He has received more than 25 grants from state federal and private sources including the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Masters is a reviewer for five journals and a member of ASCE RICOWI and ASTM

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE

Dr Daniel J Smith received an under-graduate degree in civil engineer-ing in 2010 from the University of Florida In 2011 Smith joined Dr Mastersrsquo wind engineering re- search group at UF as a research

assistant Smithrsquos work included investiga-tions on the wind resistance of clay and con-crete roofing tiles and asphalt shingles After completing his doctoral studies he accepted a position at James Cook University in Townsville Australia to continue research-ing the vulnerability of residential structures to high-wind events

Dr Daniel J Smith

The Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA) introduced The Roofing Gamestrade at its annual expo in June Designed specifically for the roofing industry The Roofing Games are the nationrsquos ldquofirst official set of competitions sanctioned by a roofing associationrdquo Participants competed in a series of events that challenged their knowledge and skill set levels pertaining to equipment materials and processes used in the roofing industry The inaugural year was launched with just one main event the Nailing Competition sponsored by Malarkey Roofing Products Six contestants were randomly chosen in a drawing during a product demo With two decks on the stage contestants battled in a timed event showcasing their asphalt-shingle nailing skills They were judged on both time and accurate shingle installation The first-place winner was Sean Johnson of Johnson Design amp Construction of Camarillo California The WSRCA plans to expand The Roofing Games to include additional events for the Western Roofing Expo 2015 scheduled for Las Vegas Nevada on June 14-17 2015

WSRCA Holds ldquoThe Roofing Gamesrdquo

8009927663 | wwwversicocom

A Single Source for Single-Ply Roofing

mance of roofing tile systems during the 2004 hurricane season the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)22 recommended that installation be simplified for foam adhesive set tiles installers be held to a higher standard of certification and safety factors for design be re- evaluated With insurance industry support a ban on mortar attach-ment of tiles was proposed but was unsuccessful due to widespread opposition by roofing contractors As a compromise the tile roof-ing industry proposed a code- approved prebagged mortar mix After weaknesses in mortar-set hipridge attachments were exposed again during Hurricane Charley TRI and FRSA began producing new hip and ridge tile attachment guidelines TRIFRSA released the updated set of guidelines in the fourth edition of the Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual The guidelines addressed high-wind applications much more thor-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 1

Figure 7 ndash Mock-up roofing tile section with replica tile for pressure measurement is loaded into the Dynamic Flow Simulator at UF

ROOFING

WATERPROOFING

WALL SYSTEMS

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Sustainability isnrsquot limited to our productsInnovating and Manufacturing Building Envelope Solutions Since 1908

1877MAMMOUTHwwwsopremaca

1 8 0 0 3 5 6 3 5 2 1wwwsopremaus

3 2 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

oughly than previous editions and were adopted into the 2004 Florida Building Code which officially went into effect October 1 2005 The new guidelines required contractors to securely fasten hip and ridge tiles to a wood or metal structural support using screws nails or foam adhesive

In an effort to educate builders and raise aware-ness of proper installation procedures in 2006 TRI launched a nationwide training initiative for roofing tile contractors The two-day program covered instal-lation systems for the entire country including high-wind areas taking an important step towards educat-ing contractors on proper installation procedures

LOOKING FORWARD

Over the last 20 years there has been an increased focus on mitigating wind damage with particular emphasis on maintaining building integrity by improv-ing the performance of roof covering systems Post-storm damage assessments have provided valuable information regarding the adequacy of code standards and the frequency of adherence In response there has been a significant increase in research to improve the understanding of wind load mechanisms attachment capacities and frangibility of roofing tiles2324252627

Figure 8 ndash Mechanical uplift testing for roofingtiles using custom steel test frame and InstronUniversal Testing Machine (UTM) at UF

Several areas are in need of additional research Topics include

1 High-resolution measurement of wind-induced surface pressures

2 Direct measurement of wind-induced tile attachment reaction forces

3 Effects of oblique wind angles on surface pressures and attachment reaction forces

4 Enhancement of design provisionsstandards based on current research

5 Probabilistic consideration of load and resistance in design

In July of 2011 the University of Florida (UF) commenced a four-phase research project to address these topics This three-year project builds upon previous and con-current research on discontinuous roof cov-erings with the goal of improving the wind performance of roofing tiles Three replicas (low- medium- and high-profile) of typical Florida roofing tiles were manufactured using rapid prototyping Each replica has 256 pressure taps distributed throughout the upper- lower- and leading-edge surfaces (Figure 6)

In the first phase of the proj-ect the replicas are installed in a mock-up tile array section to measure wind- induced surface pressures at high resolution for a vari-ety of approach wind angles (modified TAS 108)

In the second phase six-axis load cells are affixed to the mechanical fas-tening locations of concrete tiles The load cells are used to directly measure the wind-induced reaction forces to which typi-cal fasteners are subjected The instrument-ed mock-up roofing sections are subjected to wind loading inside the Dynamic Flow Simulator (DFS) at the UF (Figure 7)

Surface pressure measurements on the replica tile are used in combination with load cell measurements at the tile attach-ments to develop a comprehensive under-

standing of the wind-loading mechanism that causes tile uplift and failure In the third phase various tile attachment capac-ities are measured by mechanical uplift testing using a custom steel-framed rig designed at UF (modified TAS 101102) (See Figure 8)

Measured attachment capacities from uplift testing are related to findings from Phases 1 and 2 (ie wind-induced load investigation) in order to develop a prob-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 3

Figure 9 ndash Mechanically fastened tile array detachment dur-ing destructive testing inside UFrsquos Dynamic Flow Simulator

3 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

abilistic model for predicting roofing tile failures that incorporates the statistical variability of wind loads and attachment resistances In the fourth and final phase predicted failure velocities for various roof-ing tile attachment configurations will be verified experimentally by subjecting mock-up roofing sections to increasing wind loads inside the DFS until failure

The outcomes of this project will be used to expand the current understanding of wind loading on discontinuous roofing sys-tems and to supplement design provisions if needed For more information on this proj-ect or other ongoing wind research projects at the University of Florida please contact Daniel Smith at 07-4781-5512 or danielsmith8jcueduau

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis paper was written through the sup-

port of the Florida Building Commission the Florida Department of Emergency Management and the International Hurricane Research Center (FIU) The authors also thank the following groups for additional support and guidance Tile Roofing Institute Eagle Roofing Company and technical representative Manual Oyola Boral Roofing 3M and the American Plywood Association Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors partners or contributors

REFERENCES1 C Ramani 1985 ldquoConcrete roofing

tiles in the United Statesrdquo National Roofing Contractors Association 313-318

2 SM Sweetser 1978 Roofing for Historic Buildings Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation Technical Preservation Services Division

3 J Arnold 2007 ldquoLarge Building Fires and Subsequent Code Changesrdquo National Fire Protection Association

4 C Kramer HJ Gerhardt and HW Kuster 1979 ldquoOn the Wind-Loading Mechanism of Roofing Elementsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 4(3-4) 415-427

5 RA Hazelwood 1980 ldquoPrinciples of Wind Loading on Tiled Roofs and Their Application in the British Standard BS5534rdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 6(1-2) 113-124

6 RA Hazelwood 1981 ldquoThe Interaction of the Two Principal Wind Forces on Roof Tilesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 8(1-2) 39-48

7 C Kramer and HJ Gerhardt 1983 ldquoWind Loads on Permeable Roofing Systemsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

Aerodynamics 13(1) 347-3588 Hazelwood 19809 JA Peterka JE Cermak LS

Cochran BC Cochran N Hosoya RG Derickson C Harper J Jones and B Metz 1997 ldquoWind Uplift Model for Asphalt Shinglesrdquo Journal of Architectural Engineering 147-155

10 Redland Technology 1991 Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission Redland Technology

11 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 1992 Building Performance Hurricane Andrew in Florida FEMA

12 TL Smith 1994 ldquoImproving Tile Wind Resistance Lessons From Hurricane Andrewrdquo Buenos Aires Argentina

13 PR Sparks SD Schiff and TA Reinhold 1994 ldquoWind Damage to Envelopes of Houses and Consequent Insurance Lossesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 53(1-2) 145-155

14 J Shepard January 2001 ldquoTile Roofsrdquo RCI Inc Interface 25-32

15 N Meloy R Sen N Pai N and G Mullins 2007 ldquoRoof Damage in New Homes Caused by Hurricane Charleyrdquo Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 97-107

16 Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues (RICOWI) 2006

ISSUE SUBJECT SUBMISSION DEADLINEFebruary 2015 Liquid-applied membranes November 14 2014March 2015 Extreme weather December 15 2014AprilMay 2015 Convention review January 15 2015June 2015 Energy February 13 2015July 2015 Steep roofs March 15 2015August 2015 Windows and skylights April 15 2015

Publish in InterfaceInterface journal is seeking submissions for the following issues Optimum article size is 2000 to 3000 words containing five to ten graphics Articles may serve commercial interests but should not promote specific products Articles on subjects that do not fit any given theme may be submitted at any time

Submit articles or questions to Executive Editor Kristen Ammerman at 800-828-1902 or kammermanrci-onlineorg

Hurricanes Charley and Ivan Wind Investigation Report

17 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Charley in Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

18 Ibid19 Institute for Business and Home

Safety 2004 Hurricane Charley ndash Naturersquos Force vs Structural Strength Executive Summary Charlotte County Florida

20 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

21 Ibid

22 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Summary Report on Building Performance 2004 Hurricane Season

23 AP Robertson RP Hoxey NM Rideout and P Freathy 2007 ldquoFull-Scale Study of Wind Loads on Roof Tiles and Felt Underlay and Comparisons With Design Datardquo Wind and Structures 10(6) 495-510

24 G Fernandez FJ Masters and KR Gurley 2010 ldquoPerformance of Hurricane Shutters Under Impact by Roof Tilesrdquo Engineering Structures 32(10) 3384-3393

25 CA Shdid A Mirmiran TL Wang D Jimenez and P Huang

2011 ldquoUplift Capacity and Impact Resistance of Roof Tilesrdquo Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16(3) 121-129

26 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak and AG Chowdury 2013 ldquoWind Load on Ridge and Field Tiles on a Residential Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Advances in Hurricane Engineering Learning from Our Past 506-516

27 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak N Sus-kawang AG Chowdhury and S Fuez 2013 ldquoRidge and Field Tile Aerodynamics for a Low-Rise Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Wind and Structures 16(4) 301-322

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 5

Dr Kurtis R Gurley is an asso-ciate professor at UF His primary areas of research are wind effects on residential structures and stochastic mod-eling of extreme winds and struc-tural resistance

The research output from Dr Gurley and his colleagues contributes to a variety of hazard preparation and response initia-tives Dr Gurley is an associate editor for ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering and a member of the Technical Advisory Committee for the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes

Dr Kurtis R Gurley

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE is an associate professor of civil and coastal engi-neering at UF His research focuses on improving the resistance of build-ings to extreme winds and rain Experiments are conducted with

full-scale simulators and in hurricanes to study the behavior of surface wind and wind-driven rain He has received more than 25 grants from state federal and private sources including the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Masters is a reviewer for five journals and a member of ASCE RICOWI and ASTM

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE

Dr Daniel J Smith received an under-graduate degree in civil engineer-ing in 2010 from the University of Florida In 2011 Smith joined Dr Mastersrsquo wind engineering re- search group at UF as a research

assistant Smithrsquos work included investiga-tions on the wind resistance of clay and con-crete roofing tiles and asphalt shingles After completing his doctoral studies he accepted a position at James Cook University in Townsville Australia to continue research-ing the vulnerability of residential structures to high-wind events

Dr Daniel J Smith

The Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA) introduced The Roofing Gamestrade at its annual expo in June Designed specifically for the roofing industry The Roofing Games are the nationrsquos ldquofirst official set of competitions sanctioned by a roofing associationrdquo Participants competed in a series of events that challenged their knowledge and skill set levels pertaining to equipment materials and processes used in the roofing industry The inaugural year was launched with just one main event the Nailing Competition sponsored by Malarkey Roofing Products Six contestants were randomly chosen in a drawing during a product demo With two decks on the stage contestants battled in a timed event showcasing their asphalt-shingle nailing skills They were judged on both time and accurate shingle installation The first-place winner was Sean Johnson of Johnson Design amp Construction of Camarillo California The WSRCA plans to expand The Roofing Games to include additional events for the Western Roofing Expo 2015 scheduled for Las Vegas Nevada on June 14-17 2015

WSRCA Holds ldquoThe Roofing Gamesrdquo

mance of roofing tile systems during the 2004 hurricane season the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)22 recommended that installation be simplified for foam adhesive set tiles installers be held to a higher standard of certification and safety factors for design be re- evaluated With insurance industry support a ban on mortar attach-ment of tiles was proposed but was unsuccessful due to widespread opposition by roofing contractors As a compromise the tile roof-ing industry proposed a code- approved prebagged mortar mix After weaknesses in mortar-set hipridge attachments were exposed again during Hurricane Charley TRI and FRSA began producing new hip and ridge tile attachment guidelines TRIFRSA released the updated set of guidelines in the fourth edition of the Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual The guidelines addressed high-wind applications much more thor-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 1

Figure 7 ndash Mock-up roofing tile section with replica tile for pressure measurement is loaded into the Dynamic Flow Simulator at UF

ROOFING

WATERPROOFING

WALL SYSTEMS

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Sustainability isnrsquot limited to our productsInnovating and Manufacturing Building Envelope Solutions Since 1908

1877MAMMOUTHwwwsopremaca

1 8 0 0 3 5 6 3 5 2 1wwwsopremaus

3 2 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

oughly than previous editions and were adopted into the 2004 Florida Building Code which officially went into effect October 1 2005 The new guidelines required contractors to securely fasten hip and ridge tiles to a wood or metal structural support using screws nails or foam adhesive

In an effort to educate builders and raise aware-ness of proper installation procedures in 2006 TRI launched a nationwide training initiative for roofing tile contractors The two-day program covered instal-lation systems for the entire country including high-wind areas taking an important step towards educat-ing contractors on proper installation procedures

LOOKING FORWARD

Over the last 20 years there has been an increased focus on mitigating wind damage with particular emphasis on maintaining building integrity by improv-ing the performance of roof covering systems Post-storm damage assessments have provided valuable information regarding the adequacy of code standards and the frequency of adherence In response there has been a significant increase in research to improve the understanding of wind load mechanisms attachment capacities and frangibility of roofing tiles2324252627

Figure 8 ndash Mechanical uplift testing for roofingtiles using custom steel test frame and InstronUniversal Testing Machine (UTM) at UF

Several areas are in need of additional research Topics include

1 High-resolution measurement of wind-induced surface pressures

2 Direct measurement of wind-induced tile attachment reaction forces

3 Effects of oblique wind angles on surface pressures and attachment reaction forces

4 Enhancement of design provisionsstandards based on current research

5 Probabilistic consideration of load and resistance in design

In July of 2011 the University of Florida (UF) commenced a four-phase research project to address these topics This three-year project builds upon previous and con-current research on discontinuous roof cov-erings with the goal of improving the wind performance of roofing tiles Three replicas (low- medium- and high-profile) of typical Florida roofing tiles were manufactured using rapid prototyping Each replica has 256 pressure taps distributed throughout the upper- lower- and leading-edge surfaces (Figure 6)

In the first phase of the proj-ect the replicas are installed in a mock-up tile array section to measure wind- induced surface pressures at high resolution for a vari-ety of approach wind angles (modified TAS 108)

In the second phase six-axis load cells are affixed to the mechanical fas-tening locations of concrete tiles The load cells are used to directly measure the wind-induced reaction forces to which typi-cal fasteners are subjected The instrument-ed mock-up roofing sections are subjected to wind loading inside the Dynamic Flow Simulator (DFS) at the UF (Figure 7)

Surface pressure measurements on the replica tile are used in combination with load cell measurements at the tile attach-ments to develop a comprehensive under-

standing of the wind-loading mechanism that causes tile uplift and failure In the third phase various tile attachment capac-ities are measured by mechanical uplift testing using a custom steel-framed rig designed at UF (modified TAS 101102) (See Figure 8)

Measured attachment capacities from uplift testing are related to findings from Phases 1 and 2 (ie wind-induced load investigation) in order to develop a prob-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 3

Figure 9 ndash Mechanically fastened tile array detachment dur-ing destructive testing inside UFrsquos Dynamic Flow Simulator

3 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

abilistic model for predicting roofing tile failures that incorporates the statistical variability of wind loads and attachment resistances In the fourth and final phase predicted failure velocities for various roof-ing tile attachment configurations will be verified experimentally by subjecting mock-up roofing sections to increasing wind loads inside the DFS until failure

The outcomes of this project will be used to expand the current understanding of wind loading on discontinuous roofing sys-tems and to supplement design provisions if needed For more information on this proj-ect or other ongoing wind research projects at the University of Florida please contact Daniel Smith at 07-4781-5512 or danielsmith8jcueduau

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis paper was written through the sup-

port of the Florida Building Commission the Florida Department of Emergency Management and the International Hurricane Research Center (FIU) The authors also thank the following groups for additional support and guidance Tile Roofing Institute Eagle Roofing Company and technical representative Manual Oyola Boral Roofing 3M and the American Plywood Association Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors partners or contributors

REFERENCES1 C Ramani 1985 ldquoConcrete roofing

tiles in the United Statesrdquo National Roofing Contractors Association 313-318

2 SM Sweetser 1978 Roofing for Historic Buildings Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation Technical Preservation Services Division

3 J Arnold 2007 ldquoLarge Building Fires and Subsequent Code Changesrdquo National Fire Protection Association

4 C Kramer HJ Gerhardt and HW Kuster 1979 ldquoOn the Wind-Loading Mechanism of Roofing Elementsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 4(3-4) 415-427

5 RA Hazelwood 1980 ldquoPrinciples of Wind Loading on Tiled Roofs and Their Application in the British Standard BS5534rdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 6(1-2) 113-124

6 RA Hazelwood 1981 ldquoThe Interaction of the Two Principal Wind Forces on Roof Tilesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 8(1-2) 39-48

7 C Kramer and HJ Gerhardt 1983 ldquoWind Loads on Permeable Roofing Systemsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

Aerodynamics 13(1) 347-3588 Hazelwood 19809 JA Peterka JE Cermak LS

Cochran BC Cochran N Hosoya RG Derickson C Harper J Jones and B Metz 1997 ldquoWind Uplift Model for Asphalt Shinglesrdquo Journal of Architectural Engineering 147-155

10 Redland Technology 1991 Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission Redland Technology

11 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 1992 Building Performance Hurricane Andrew in Florida FEMA

12 TL Smith 1994 ldquoImproving Tile Wind Resistance Lessons From Hurricane Andrewrdquo Buenos Aires Argentina

13 PR Sparks SD Schiff and TA Reinhold 1994 ldquoWind Damage to Envelopes of Houses and Consequent Insurance Lossesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 53(1-2) 145-155

14 J Shepard January 2001 ldquoTile Roofsrdquo RCI Inc Interface 25-32

15 N Meloy R Sen N Pai N and G Mullins 2007 ldquoRoof Damage in New Homes Caused by Hurricane Charleyrdquo Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 97-107

16 Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues (RICOWI) 2006

ISSUE SUBJECT SUBMISSION DEADLINEFebruary 2015 Liquid-applied membranes November 14 2014March 2015 Extreme weather December 15 2014AprilMay 2015 Convention review January 15 2015June 2015 Energy February 13 2015July 2015 Steep roofs March 15 2015August 2015 Windows and skylights April 15 2015

Publish in InterfaceInterface journal is seeking submissions for the following issues Optimum article size is 2000 to 3000 words containing five to ten graphics Articles may serve commercial interests but should not promote specific products Articles on subjects that do not fit any given theme may be submitted at any time

Submit articles or questions to Executive Editor Kristen Ammerman at 800-828-1902 or kammermanrci-onlineorg

Hurricanes Charley and Ivan Wind Investigation Report

17 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Charley in Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

18 Ibid19 Institute for Business and Home

Safety 2004 Hurricane Charley ndash Naturersquos Force vs Structural Strength Executive Summary Charlotte County Florida

20 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

21 Ibid

22 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Summary Report on Building Performance 2004 Hurricane Season

23 AP Robertson RP Hoxey NM Rideout and P Freathy 2007 ldquoFull-Scale Study of Wind Loads on Roof Tiles and Felt Underlay and Comparisons With Design Datardquo Wind and Structures 10(6) 495-510

24 G Fernandez FJ Masters and KR Gurley 2010 ldquoPerformance of Hurricane Shutters Under Impact by Roof Tilesrdquo Engineering Structures 32(10) 3384-3393

25 CA Shdid A Mirmiran TL Wang D Jimenez and P Huang

2011 ldquoUplift Capacity and Impact Resistance of Roof Tilesrdquo Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16(3) 121-129

26 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak and AG Chowdury 2013 ldquoWind Load on Ridge and Field Tiles on a Residential Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Advances in Hurricane Engineering Learning from Our Past 506-516

27 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak N Sus-kawang AG Chowdhury and S Fuez 2013 ldquoRidge and Field Tile Aerodynamics for a Low-Rise Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Wind and Structures 16(4) 301-322

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 5

Dr Kurtis R Gurley is an asso-ciate professor at UF His primary areas of research are wind effects on residential structures and stochastic mod-eling of extreme winds and struc-tural resistance

The research output from Dr Gurley and his colleagues contributes to a variety of hazard preparation and response initia-tives Dr Gurley is an associate editor for ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering and a member of the Technical Advisory Committee for the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes

Dr Kurtis R Gurley

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE is an associate professor of civil and coastal engi-neering at UF His research focuses on improving the resistance of build-ings to extreme winds and rain Experiments are conducted with

full-scale simulators and in hurricanes to study the behavior of surface wind and wind-driven rain He has received more than 25 grants from state federal and private sources including the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Masters is a reviewer for five journals and a member of ASCE RICOWI and ASTM

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE

Dr Daniel J Smith received an under-graduate degree in civil engineer-ing in 2010 from the University of Florida In 2011 Smith joined Dr Mastersrsquo wind engineering re- search group at UF as a research

assistant Smithrsquos work included investiga-tions on the wind resistance of clay and con-crete roofing tiles and asphalt shingles After completing his doctoral studies he accepted a position at James Cook University in Townsville Australia to continue research-ing the vulnerability of residential structures to high-wind events

Dr Daniel J Smith

The Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA) introduced The Roofing Gamestrade at its annual expo in June Designed specifically for the roofing industry The Roofing Games are the nationrsquos ldquofirst official set of competitions sanctioned by a roofing associationrdquo Participants competed in a series of events that challenged their knowledge and skill set levels pertaining to equipment materials and processes used in the roofing industry The inaugural year was launched with just one main event the Nailing Competition sponsored by Malarkey Roofing Products Six contestants were randomly chosen in a drawing during a product demo With two decks on the stage contestants battled in a timed event showcasing their asphalt-shingle nailing skills They were judged on both time and accurate shingle installation The first-place winner was Sean Johnson of Johnson Design amp Construction of Camarillo California The WSRCA plans to expand The Roofing Games to include additional events for the Western Roofing Expo 2015 scheduled for Las Vegas Nevada on June 14-17 2015

WSRCA Holds ldquoThe Roofing Gamesrdquo

3 2 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

oughly than previous editions and were adopted into the 2004 Florida Building Code which officially went into effect October 1 2005 The new guidelines required contractors to securely fasten hip and ridge tiles to a wood or metal structural support using screws nails or foam adhesive

In an effort to educate builders and raise aware-ness of proper installation procedures in 2006 TRI launched a nationwide training initiative for roofing tile contractors The two-day program covered instal-lation systems for the entire country including high-wind areas taking an important step towards educat-ing contractors on proper installation procedures

LOOKING FORWARD

Over the last 20 years there has been an increased focus on mitigating wind damage with particular emphasis on maintaining building integrity by improv-ing the performance of roof covering systems Post-storm damage assessments have provided valuable information regarding the adequacy of code standards and the frequency of adherence In response there has been a significant increase in research to improve the understanding of wind load mechanisms attachment capacities and frangibility of roofing tiles2324252627

Figure 8 ndash Mechanical uplift testing for roofingtiles using custom steel test frame and InstronUniversal Testing Machine (UTM) at UF

Several areas are in need of additional research Topics include

1 High-resolution measurement of wind-induced surface pressures

2 Direct measurement of wind-induced tile attachment reaction forces

3 Effects of oblique wind angles on surface pressures and attachment reaction forces

4 Enhancement of design provisionsstandards based on current research

5 Probabilistic consideration of load and resistance in design

In July of 2011 the University of Florida (UF) commenced a four-phase research project to address these topics This three-year project builds upon previous and con-current research on discontinuous roof cov-erings with the goal of improving the wind performance of roofing tiles Three replicas (low- medium- and high-profile) of typical Florida roofing tiles were manufactured using rapid prototyping Each replica has 256 pressure taps distributed throughout the upper- lower- and leading-edge surfaces (Figure 6)

In the first phase of the proj-ect the replicas are installed in a mock-up tile array section to measure wind- induced surface pressures at high resolution for a vari-ety of approach wind angles (modified TAS 108)

In the second phase six-axis load cells are affixed to the mechanical fas-tening locations of concrete tiles The load cells are used to directly measure the wind-induced reaction forces to which typi-cal fasteners are subjected The instrument-ed mock-up roofing sections are subjected to wind loading inside the Dynamic Flow Simulator (DFS) at the UF (Figure 7)

Surface pressure measurements on the replica tile are used in combination with load cell measurements at the tile attach-ments to develop a comprehensive under-

standing of the wind-loading mechanism that causes tile uplift and failure In the third phase various tile attachment capac-ities are measured by mechanical uplift testing using a custom steel-framed rig designed at UF (modified TAS 101102) (See Figure 8)

Measured attachment capacities from uplift testing are related to findings from Phases 1 and 2 (ie wind-induced load investigation) in order to develop a prob-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 3

Figure 9 ndash Mechanically fastened tile array detachment dur-ing destructive testing inside UFrsquos Dynamic Flow Simulator

3 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

abilistic model for predicting roofing tile failures that incorporates the statistical variability of wind loads and attachment resistances In the fourth and final phase predicted failure velocities for various roof-ing tile attachment configurations will be verified experimentally by subjecting mock-up roofing sections to increasing wind loads inside the DFS until failure

The outcomes of this project will be used to expand the current understanding of wind loading on discontinuous roofing sys-tems and to supplement design provisions if needed For more information on this proj-ect or other ongoing wind research projects at the University of Florida please contact Daniel Smith at 07-4781-5512 or danielsmith8jcueduau

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis paper was written through the sup-

port of the Florida Building Commission the Florida Department of Emergency Management and the International Hurricane Research Center (FIU) The authors also thank the following groups for additional support and guidance Tile Roofing Institute Eagle Roofing Company and technical representative Manual Oyola Boral Roofing 3M and the American Plywood Association Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors partners or contributors

REFERENCES1 C Ramani 1985 ldquoConcrete roofing

tiles in the United Statesrdquo National Roofing Contractors Association 313-318

2 SM Sweetser 1978 Roofing for Historic Buildings Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation Technical Preservation Services Division

3 J Arnold 2007 ldquoLarge Building Fires and Subsequent Code Changesrdquo National Fire Protection Association

4 C Kramer HJ Gerhardt and HW Kuster 1979 ldquoOn the Wind-Loading Mechanism of Roofing Elementsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 4(3-4) 415-427

5 RA Hazelwood 1980 ldquoPrinciples of Wind Loading on Tiled Roofs and Their Application in the British Standard BS5534rdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 6(1-2) 113-124

6 RA Hazelwood 1981 ldquoThe Interaction of the Two Principal Wind Forces on Roof Tilesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 8(1-2) 39-48

7 C Kramer and HJ Gerhardt 1983 ldquoWind Loads on Permeable Roofing Systemsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

Aerodynamics 13(1) 347-3588 Hazelwood 19809 JA Peterka JE Cermak LS

Cochran BC Cochran N Hosoya RG Derickson C Harper J Jones and B Metz 1997 ldquoWind Uplift Model for Asphalt Shinglesrdquo Journal of Architectural Engineering 147-155

10 Redland Technology 1991 Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission Redland Technology

11 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 1992 Building Performance Hurricane Andrew in Florida FEMA

12 TL Smith 1994 ldquoImproving Tile Wind Resistance Lessons From Hurricane Andrewrdquo Buenos Aires Argentina

13 PR Sparks SD Schiff and TA Reinhold 1994 ldquoWind Damage to Envelopes of Houses and Consequent Insurance Lossesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 53(1-2) 145-155

14 J Shepard January 2001 ldquoTile Roofsrdquo RCI Inc Interface 25-32

15 N Meloy R Sen N Pai N and G Mullins 2007 ldquoRoof Damage in New Homes Caused by Hurricane Charleyrdquo Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 97-107

16 Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues (RICOWI) 2006

ISSUE SUBJECT SUBMISSION DEADLINEFebruary 2015 Liquid-applied membranes November 14 2014March 2015 Extreme weather December 15 2014AprilMay 2015 Convention review January 15 2015June 2015 Energy February 13 2015July 2015 Steep roofs March 15 2015August 2015 Windows and skylights April 15 2015

Publish in InterfaceInterface journal is seeking submissions for the following issues Optimum article size is 2000 to 3000 words containing five to ten graphics Articles may serve commercial interests but should not promote specific products Articles on subjects that do not fit any given theme may be submitted at any time

Submit articles or questions to Executive Editor Kristen Ammerman at 800-828-1902 or kammermanrci-onlineorg

Hurricanes Charley and Ivan Wind Investigation Report

17 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Charley in Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

18 Ibid19 Institute for Business and Home

Safety 2004 Hurricane Charley ndash Naturersquos Force vs Structural Strength Executive Summary Charlotte County Florida

20 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

21 Ibid

22 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Summary Report on Building Performance 2004 Hurricane Season

23 AP Robertson RP Hoxey NM Rideout and P Freathy 2007 ldquoFull-Scale Study of Wind Loads on Roof Tiles and Felt Underlay and Comparisons With Design Datardquo Wind and Structures 10(6) 495-510

24 G Fernandez FJ Masters and KR Gurley 2010 ldquoPerformance of Hurricane Shutters Under Impact by Roof Tilesrdquo Engineering Structures 32(10) 3384-3393

25 CA Shdid A Mirmiran TL Wang D Jimenez and P Huang

2011 ldquoUplift Capacity and Impact Resistance of Roof Tilesrdquo Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16(3) 121-129

26 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak and AG Chowdury 2013 ldquoWind Load on Ridge and Field Tiles on a Residential Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Advances in Hurricane Engineering Learning from Our Past 506-516

27 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak N Sus-kawang AG Chowdhury and S Fuez 2013 ldquoRidge and Field Tile Aerodynamics for a Low-Rise Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Wind and Structures 16(4) 301-322

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 5

Dr Kurtis R Gurley is an asso-ciate professor at UF His primary areas of research are wind effects on residential structures and stochastic mod-eling of extreme winds and struc-tural resistance

The research output from Dr Gurley and his colleagues contributes to a variety of hazard preparation and response initia-tives Dr Gurley is an associate editor for ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering and a member of the Technical Advisory Committee for the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes

Dr Kurtis R Gurley

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE is an associate professor of civil and coastal engi-neering at UF His research focuses on improving the resistance of build-ings to extreme winds and rain Experiments are conducted with

full-scale simulators and in hurricanes to study the behavior of surface wind and wind-driven rain He has received more than 25 grants from state federal and private sources including the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Masters is a reviewer for five journals and a member of ASCE RICOWI and ASTM

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE

Dr Daniel J Smith received an under-graduate degree in civil engineer-ing in 2010 from the University of Florida In 2011 Smith joined Dr Mastersrsquo wind engineering re- search group at UF as a research

assistant Smithrsquos work included investiga-tions on the wind resistance of clay and con-crete roofing tiles and asphalt shingles After completing his doctoral studies he accepted a position at James Cook University in Townsville Australia to continue research-ing the vulnerability of residential structures to high-wind events

Dr Daniel J Smith

The Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA) introduced The Roofing Gamestrade at its annual expo in June Designed specifically for the roofing industry The Roofing Games are the nationrsquos ldquofirst official set of competitions sanctioned by a roofing associationrdquo Participants competed in a series of events that challenged their knowledge and skill set levels pertaining to equipment materials and processes used in the roofing industry The inaugural year was launched with just one main event the Nailing Competition sponsored by Malarkey Roofing Products Six contestants were randomly chosen in a drawing during a product demo With two decks on the stage contestants battled in a timed event showcasing their asphalt-shingle nailing skills They were judged on both time and accurate shingle installation The first-place winner was Sean Johnson of Johnson Design amp Construction of Camarillo California The WSRCA plans to expand The Roofing Games to include additional events for the Western Roofing Expo 2015 scheduled for Las Vegas Nevada on June 14-17 2015

WSRCA Holds ldquoThe Roofing Gamesrdquo

Several areas are in need of additional research Topics include

1 High-resolution measurement of wind-induced surface pressures

2 Direct measurement of wind-induced tile attachment reaction forces

3 Effects of oblique wind angles on surface pressures and attachment reaction forces

4 Enhancement of design provisionsstandards based on current research

5 Probabilistic consideration of load and resistance in design

In July of 2011 the University of Florida (UF) commenced a four-phase research project to address these topics This three-year project builds upon previous and con-current research on discontinuous roof cov-erings with the goal of improving the wind performance of roofing tiles Three replicas (low- medium- and high-profile) of typical Florida roofing tiles were manufactured using rapid prototyping Each replica has 256 pressure taps distributed throughout the upper- lower- and leading-edge surfaces (Figure 6)

In the first phase of the proj-ect the replicas are installed in a mock-up tile array section to measure wind- induced surface pressures at high resolution for a vari-ety of approach wind angles (modified TAS 108)

In the second phase six-axis load cells are affixed to the mechanical fas-tening locations of concrete tiles The load cells are used to directly measure the wind-induced reaction forces to which typi-cal fasteners are subjected The instrument-ed mock-up roofing sections are subjected to wind loading inside the Dynamic Flow Simulator (DFS) at the UF (Figure 7)

Surface pressure measurements on the replica tile are used in combination with load cell measurements at the tile attach-ments to develop a comprehensive under-

standing of the wind-loading mechanism that causes tile uplift and failure In the third phase various tile attachment capac-ities are measured by mechanical uplift testing using a custom steel-framed rig designed at UF (modified TAS 101102) (See Figure 8)

Measured attachment capacities from uplift testing are related to findings from Phases 1 and 2 (ie wind-induced load investigation) in order to develop a prob-

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 3

Figure 9 ndash Mechanically fastened tile array detachment dur-ing destructive testing inside UFrsquos Dynamic Flow Simulator

3 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

abilistic model for predicting roofing tile failures that incorporates the statistical variability of wind loads and attachment resistances In the fourth and final phase predicted failure velocities for various roof-ing tile attachment configurations will be verified experimentally by subjecting mock-up roofing sections to increasing wind loads inside the DFS until failure

The outcomes of this project will be used to expand the current understanding of wind loading on discontinuous roofing sys-tems and to supplement design provisions if needed For more information on this proj-ect or other ongoing wind research projects at the University of Florida please contact Daniel Smith at 07-4781-5512 or danielsmith8jcueduau

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis paper was written through the sup-

port of the Florida Building Commission the Florida Department of Emergency Management and the International Hurricane Research Center (FIU) The authors also thank the following groups for additional support and guidance Tile Roofing Institute Eagle Roofing Company and technical representative Manual Oyola Boral Roofing 3M and the American Plywood Association Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors partners or contributors

REFERENCES1 C Ramani 1985 ldquoConcrete roofing

tiles in the United Statesrdquo National Roofing Contractors Association 313-318

2 SM Sweetser 1978 Roofing for Historic Buildings Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation Technical Preservation Services Division

3 J Arnold 2007 ldquoLarge Building Fires and Subsequent Code Changesrdquo National Fire Protection Association

4 C Kramer HJ Gerhardt and HW Kuster 1979 ldquoOn the Wind-Loading Mechanism of Roofing Elementsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 4(3-4) 415-427

5 RA Hazelwood 1980 ldquoPrinciples of Wind Loading on Tiled Roofs and Their Application in the British Standard BS5534rdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 6(1-2) 113-124

6 RA Hazelwood 1981 ldquoThe Interaction of the Two Principal Wind Forces on Roof Tilesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 8(1-2) 39-48

7 C Kramer and HJ Gerhardt 1983 ldquoWind Loads on Permeable Roofing Systemsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

Aerodynamics 13(1) 347-3588 Hazelwood 19809 JA Peterka JE Cermak LS

Cochran BC Cochran N Hosoya RG Derickson C Harper J Jones and B Metz 1997 ldquoWind Uplift Model for Asphalt Shinglesrdquo Journal of Architectural Engineering 147-155

10 Redland Technology 1991 Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission Redland Technology

11 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 1992 Building Performance Hurricane Andrew in Florida FEMA

12 TL Smith 1994 ldquoImproving Tile Wind Resistance Lessons From Hurricane Andrewrdquo Buenos Aires Argentina

13 PR Sparks SD Schiff and TA Reinhold 1994 ldquoWind Damage to Envelopes of Houses and Consequent Insurance Lossesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 53(1-2) 145-155

14 J Shepard January 2001 ldquoTile Roofsrdquo RCI Inc Interface 25-32

15 N Meloy R Sen N Pai N and G Mullins 2007 ldquoRoof Damage in New Homes Caused by Hurricane Charleyrdquo Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 97-107

16 Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues (RICOWI) 2006

ISSUE SUBJECT SUBMISSION DEADLINEFebruary 2015 Liquid-applied membranes November 14 2014March 2015 Extreme weather December 15 2014AprilMay 2015 Convention review January 15 2015June 2015 Energy February 13 2015July 2015 Steep roofs March 15 2015August 2015 Windows and skylights April 15 2015

Publish in InterfaceInterface journal is seeking submissions for the following issues Optimum article size is 2000 to 3000 words containing five to ten graphics Articles may serve commercial interests but should not promote specific products Articles on subjects that do not fit any given theme may be submitted at any time

Submit articles or questions to Executive Editor Kristen Ammerman at 800-828-1902 or kammermanrci-onlineorg

Hurricanes Charley and Ivan Wind Investigation Report

17 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Charley in Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

18 Ibid19 Institute for Business and Home

Safety 2004 Hurricane Charley ndash Naturersquos Force vs Structural Strength Executive Summary Charlotte County Florida

20 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

21 Ibid

22 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Summary Report on Building Performance 2004 Hurricane Season

23 AP Robertson RP Hoxey NM Rideout and P Freathy 2007 ldquoFull-Scale Study of Wind Loads on Roof Tiles and Felt Underlay and Comparisons With Design Datardquo Wind and Structures 10(6) 495-510

24 G Fernandez FJ Masters and KR Gurley 2010 ldquoPerformance of Hurricane Shutters Under Impact by Roof Tilesrdquo Engineering Structures 32(10) 3384-3393

25 CA Shdid A Mirmiran TL Wang D Jimenez and P Huang

2011 ldquoUplift Capacity and Impact Resistance of Roof Tilesrdquo Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16(3) 121-129

26 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak and AG Chowdury 2013 ldquoWind Load on Ridge and Field Tiles on a Residential Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Advances in Hurricane Engineering Learning from Our Past 506-516

27 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak N Sus-kawang AG Chowdhury and S Fuez 2013 ldquoRidge and Field Tile Aerodynamics for a Low-Rise Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Wind and Structures 16(4) 301-322

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 5

Dr Kurtis R Gurley is an asso-ciate professor at UF His primary areas of research are wind effects on residential structures and stochastic mod-eling of extreme winds and struc-tural resistance

The research output from Dr Gurley and his colleagues contributes to a variety of hazard preparation and response initia-tives Dr Gurley is an associate editor for ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering and a member of the Technical Advisory Committee for the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes

Dr Kurtis R Gurley

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE is an associate professor of civil and coastal engi-neering at UF His research focuses on improving the resistance of build-ings to extreme winds and rain Experiments are conducted with

full-scale simulators and in hurricanes to study the behavior of surface wind and wind-driven rain He has received more than 25 grants from state federal and private sources including the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Masters is a reviewer for five journals and a member of ASCE RICOWI and ASTM

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE

Dr Daniel J Smith received an under-graduate degree in civil engineer-ing in 2010 from the University of Florida In 2011 Smith joined Dr Mastersrsquo wind engineering re- search group at UF as a research

assistant Smithrsquos work included investiga-tions on the wind resistance of clay and con-crete roofing tiles and asphalt shingles After completing his doctoral studies he accepted a position at James Cook University in Townsville Australia to continue research-ing the vulnerability of residential structures to high-wind events

Dr Daniel J Smith

The Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA) introduced The Roofing Gamestrade at its annual expo in June Designed specifically for the roofing industry The Roofing Games are the nationrsquos ldquofirst official set of competitions sanctioned by a roofing associationrdquo Participants competed in a series of events that challenged their knowledge and skill set levels pertaining to equipment materials and processes used in the roofing industry The inaugural year was launched with just one main event the Nailing Competition sponsored by Malarkey Roofing Products Six contestants were randomly chosen in a drawing during a product demo With two decks on the stage contestants battled in a timed event showcasing their asphalt-shingle nailing skills They were judged on both time and accurate shingle installation The first-place winner was Sean Johnson of Johnson Design amp Construction of Camarillo California The WSRCA plans to expand The Roofing Games to include additional events for the Western Roofing Expo 2015 scheduled for Las Vegas Nevada on June 14-17 2015

WSRCA Holds ldquoThe Roofing Gamesrdquo

3 4 bull I n t e r f a c e n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4

abilistic model for predicting roofing tile failures that incorporates the statistical variability of wind loads and attachment resistances In the fourth and final phase predicted failure velocities for various roof-ing tile attachment configurations will be verified experimentally by subjecting mock-up roofing sections to increasing wind loads inside the DFS until failure

The outcomes of this project will be used to expand the current understanding of wind loading on discontinuous roofing sys-tems and to supplement design provisions if needed For more information on this proj-ect or other ongoing wind research projects at the University of Florida please contact Daniel Smith at 07-4781-5512 or danielsmith8jcueduau

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis paper was written through the sup-

port of the Florida Building Commission the Florida Department of Emergency Management and the International Hurricane Research Center (FIU) The authors also thank the following groups for additional support and guidance Tile Roofing Institute Eagle Roofing Company and technical representative Manual Oyola Boral Roofing 3M and the American Plywood Association Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors partners or contributors

REFERENCES1 C Ramani 1985 ldquoConcrete roofing

tiles in the United Statesrdquo National Roofing Contractors Association 313-318

2 SM Sweetser 1978 Roofing for Historic Buildings Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation Technical Preservation Services Division

3 J Arnold 2007 ldquoLarge Building Fires and Subsequent Code Changesrdquo National Fire Protection Association

4 C Kramer HJ Gerhardt and HW Kuster 1979 ldquoOn the Wind-Loading Mechanism of Roofing Elementsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 4(3-4) 415-427

5 RA Hazelwood 1980 ldquoPrinciples of Wind Loading on Tiled Roofs and Their Application in the British Standard BS5534rdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 6(1-2) 113-124

6 RA Hazelwood 1981 ldquoThe Interaction of the Two Principal Wind Forces on Roof Tilesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 8(1-2) 39-48

7 C Kramer and HJ Gerhardt 1983 ldquoWind Loads on Permeable Roofing Systemsrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

Aerodynamics 13(1) 347-3588 Hazelwood 19809 JA Peterka JE Cermak LS

Cochran BC Cochran N Hosoya RG Derickson C Harper J Jones and B Metz 1997 ldquoWind Uplift Model for Asphalt Shinglesrdquo Journal of Architectural Engineering 147-155

10 Redland Technology 1991 Fixing Studies for MRTI Normal Weight Tiles ndash SBCCI Submission Redland Technology

11 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 1992 Building Performance Hurricane Andrew in Florida FEMA

12 TL Smith 1994 ldquoImproving Tile Wind Resistance Lessons From Hurricane Andrewrdquo Buenos Aires Argentina

13 PR Sparks SD Schiff and TA Reinhold 1994 ldquoWind Damage to Envelopes of Houses and Consequent Insurance Lossesrdquo Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 53(1-2) 145-155

14 J Shepard January 2001 ldquoTile Roofsrdquo RCI Inc Interface 25-32

15 N Meloy R Sen N Pai N and G Mullins 2007 ldquoRoof Damage in New Homes Caused by Hurricane Charleyrdquo Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 97-107

16 Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues (RICOWI) 2006

ISSUE SUBJECT SUBMISSION DEADLINEFebruary 2015 Liquid-applied membranes November 14 2014March 2015 Extreme weather December 15 2014AprilMay 2015 Convention review January 15 2015June 2015 Energy February 13 2015July 2015 Steep roofs March 15 2015August 2015 Windows and skylights April 15 2015

Publish in InterfaceInterface journal is seeking submissions for the following issues Optimum article size is 2000 to 3000 words containing five to ten graphics Articles may serve commercial interests but should not promote specific products Articles on subjects that do not fit any given theme may be submitted at any time

Submit articles or questions to Executive Editor Kristen Ammerman at 800-828-1902 or kammermanrci-onlineorg

Hurricanes Charley and Ivan Wind Investigation Report

17 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Charley in Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

18 Ibid19 Institute for Business and Home

Safety 2004 Hurricane Charley ndash Naturersquos Force vs Structural Strength Executive Summary Charlotte County Florida

20 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

21 Ibid

22 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Summary Report on Building Performance 2004 Hurricane Season

23 AP Robertson RP Hoxey NM Rideout and P Freathy 2007 ldquoFull-Scale Study of Wind Loads on Roof Tiles and Felt Underlay and Comparisons With Design Datardquo Wind and Structures 10(6) 495-510

24 G Fernandez FJ Masters and KR Gurley 2010 ldquoPerformance of Hurricane Shutters Under Impact by Roof Tilesrdquo Engineering Structures 32(10) 3384-3393

25 CA Shdid A Mirmiran TL Wang D Jimenez and P Huang

2011 ldquoUplift Capacity and Impact Resistance of Roof Tilesrdquo Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16(3) 121-129

26 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak and AG Chowdury 2013 ldquoWind Load on Ridge and Field Tiles on a Residential Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Advances in Hurricane Engineering Learning from Our Past 506-516

27 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak N Sus-kawang AG Chowdhury and S Fuez 2013 ldquoRidge and Field Tile Aerodynamics for a Low-Rise Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Wind and Structures 16(4) 301-322

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 5

Dr Kurtis R Gurley is an asso-ciate professor at UF His primary areas of research are wind effects on residential structures and stochastic mod-eling of extreme winds and struc-tural resistance

The research output from Dr Gurley and his colleagues contributes to a variety of hazard preparation and response initia-tives Dr Gurley is an associate editor for ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering and a member of the Technical Advisory Committee for the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes

Dr Kurtis R Gurley

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE is an associate professor of civil and coastal engi-neering at UF His research focuses on improving the resistance of build-ings to extreme winds and rain Experiments are conducted with

full-scale simulators and in hurricanes to study the behavior of surface wind and wind-driven rain He has received more than 25 grants from state federal and private sources including the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Masters is a reviewer for five journals and a member of ASCE RICOWI and ASTM

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE

Dr Daniel J Smith received an under-graduate degree in civil engineer-ing in 2010 from the University of Florida In 2011 Smith joined Dr Mastersrsquo wind engineering re- search group at UF as a research

assistant Smithrsquos work included investiga-tions on the wind resistance of clay and con-crete roofing tiles and asphalt shingles After completing his doctoral studies he accepted a position at James Cook University in Townsville Australia to continue research-ing the vulnerability of residential structures to high-wind events

Dr Daniel J Smith

The Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA) introduced The Roofing Gamestrade at its annual expo in June Designed specifically for the roofing industry The Roofing Games are the nationrsquos ldquofirst official set of competitions sanctioned by a roofing associationrdquo Participants competed in a series of events that challenged their knowledge and skill set levels pertaining to equipment materials and processes used in the roofing industry The inaugural year was launched with just one main event the Nailing Competition sponsored by Malarkey Roofing Products Six contestants were randomly chosen in a drawing during a product demo With two decks on the stage contestants battled in a timed event showcasing their asphalt-shingle nailing skills They were judged on both time and accurate shingle installation The first-place winner was Sean Johnson of Johnson Design amp Construction of Camarillo California The WSRCA plans to expand The Roofing Games to include additional events for the Western Roofing Expo 2015 scheduled for Las Vegas Nevada on June 14-17 2015

WSRCA Holds ldquoThe Roofing Gamesrdquo

Hurricanes Charley and Ivan Wind Investigation Report

17 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Charley in Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

18 Ibid19 Institute for Business and Home

Safety 2004 Hurricane Charley ndash Naturersquos Force vs Structural Strength Executive Summary Charlotte County Florida

20 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida Mitigation Assessment Team Report

21 Ibid

22 Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005 Summary Report on Building Performance 2004 Hurricane Season

23 AP Robertson RP Hoxey NM Rideout and P Freathy 2007 ldquoFull-Scale Study of Wind Loads on Roof Tiles and Felt Underlay and Comparisons With Design Datardquo Wind and Structures 10(6) 495-510

24 G Fernandez FJ Masters and KR Gurley 2010 ldquoPerformance of Hurricane Shutters Under Impact by Roof Tilesrdquo Engineering Structures 32(10) 3384-3393

25 CA Shdid A Mirmiran TL Wang D Jimenez and P Huang

2011 ldquoUplift Capacity and Impact Resistance of Roof Tilesrdquo Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16(3) 121-129

26 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak and AG Chowdury 2013 ldquoWind Load on Ridge and Field Tiles on a Residential Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Advances in Hurricane Engineering Learning from Our Past 506-516

27 A Tecle GT Bitsuamlak N Sus-kawang AG Chowdhury and S Fuez 2013 ldquoRidge and Field Tile Aerodynamics for a Low-Rise Building A Full-Scale Studyrdquo Wind and Structures 16(4) 301-322

n o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 I n t e r f a c e bull 3 5

Dr Kurtis R Gurley is an asso-ciate professor at UF His primary areas of research are wind effects on residential structures and stochastic mod-eling of extreme winds and struc-tural resistance

The research output from Dr Gurley and his colleagues contributes to a variety of hazard preparation and response initia-tives Dr Gurley is an associate editor for ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering and a member of the Technical Advisory Committee for the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes

Dr Kurtis R Gurley

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE is an associate professor of civil and coastal engi-neering at UF His research focuses on improving the resistance of build-ings to extreme winds and rain Experiments are conducted with

full-scale simulators and in hurricanes to study the behavior of surface wind and wind-driven rain He has received more than 25 grants from state federal and private sources including the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Masters is a reviewer for five journals and a member of ASCE RICOWI and ASTM

Dr Forrest J Masters PhD PE

Dr Daniel J Smith received an under-graduate degree in civil engineer-ing in 2010 from the University of Florida In 2011 Smith joined Dr Mastersrsquo wind engineering re- search group at UF as a research

assistant Smithrsquos work included investiga-tions on the wind resistance of clay and con-crete roofing tiles and asphalt shingles After completing his doctoral studies he accepted a position at James Cook University in Townsville Australia to continue research-ing the vulnerability of residential structures to high-wind events

Dr Daniel J Smith

The Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA) introduced The Roofing Gamestrade at its annual expo in June Designed specifically for the roofing industry The Roofing Games are the nationrsquos ldquofirst official set of competitions sanctioned by a roofing associationrdquo Participants competed in a series of events that challenged their knowledge and skill set levels pertaining to equipment materials and processes used in the roofing industry The inaugural year was launched with just one main event the Nailing Competition sponsored by Malarkey Roofing Products Six contestants were randomly chosen in a drawing during a product demo With two decks on the stage contestants battled in a timed event showcasing their asphalt-shingle nailing skills They were judged on both time and accurate shingle installation The first-place winner was Sean Johnson of Johnson Design amp Construction of Camarillo California The WSRCA plans to expand The Roofing Games to include additional events for the Western Roofing Expo 2015 scheduled for Las Vegas Nevada on June 14-17 2015

WSRCA Holds ldquoThe Roofing Gamesrdquo