an evaluation of small-scale freshwater rural aquaculture development for poverty reduction

8/9/2019 An Evaluation of Small-Scale Freshwater Rural Aquaculture Development for Poverty Reduction

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I{ei` Dcqchgroc`t Fi`n 6223

Ihh vejmt{ vc{cvqcd.

Tmc qecz{ c}rvc{{cd e` tme{ fggn ivc tmg{c ga tmc istmgv{ i`d dg `gt`ckc{{ivehu vcahckt tmc qecz{ i`d rghekec{ ga tmc I{ei` Dcqchgroc`t Fi`n( gvet{ Fgivd ga Jgqcv`gv{ gv tmc jgqcvòc`t{ tmcu vcrvc{c`t.

Tmc I{ei` Dcqchgroc`t Fi`n dgc{ `gt jsivi`tcc tmc ikksviku ga tmc ditie`khsdcd e` tme{ rsfhekiteg` i`d ikkcrt{ `g vc{rg`{efehetu agv iù kg`{cysc`kc{ gatmcev s{c.

S{c ga tmc tcvo kgs`tvu dgc{ `gt eorhu iù lsdjoc`t fu tmc istmgv{ gv tmc

I{ei` Dcqchgroc`t Fi`n i{ tg tmc hcjih gv gtmcv {tits{ ga iù tcvvetgveih c`tetu.

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Rsfhekiteg` [tgkn @g. 259:24

Rsfhe{mcd fu tmc I{ei` Dcqchgroc`t Fi`n( 6223.

Tme{ rsfhekiteg` e{ iqiehifhc g` tmc I{ei` Dcqchgroc`t Fi`n{ rsfhekiteg`zcf{etc-ee%rsfhek i`d rveqitc e`{tetsteg`{> -eee% aikehetec{(eàvi{tvsktsvc( i`d {cvqekc{> -eq% hcjih avioczgvni`d dcqchgroc`t rghekec{> -q% iysitek vc{gsvkc{oiìjcoc`t i`d tmc c`qevgòc`t> i`d-qe%qivegs{ {iacjsivd{( e`khsde`j feg{iactu i`diysitek mcihtm. Tmc [C[ ih{g vckgjè|cd {ci{gìh/etu( {mgkn{( i`d tvc`d{ tmit eàhsc`kc gstkgoc{.

Fi{cd g` ki{c {tsdec{ e` Fi`jhidc{m( Rmeher/re`c{( i`d Tmiehi`d( i`d hc{{g`{ i`d c}rcvec`kcdviz` avgo cqihsiteg`{ ga IDF/aeì`kcd grcvi/teg`{ e` avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`t( tmcaghhgze`j vckgooc`diteg`{ tg eorvgqc IDF gr/cviteg`{ e` tme{ {cktgv zcvc oidc.

Iìhu|c Kg`deteg`{ agv Heqchemggd Jc`/

cviteg` i`d Rgqcvtu Vcdskteg`. Kg`tc}tsih s`/dcv{ti`de`j ga tmc kg`deteg`{ s`dcv zmekm {chcktcdrviktekc{ ga {oihh/{kihc avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc ki`vcdskc vsvih rgqcvtu e{ kvetekih. Tmg{c e`qghqcd e`

rvglckt rvcriviteg` i`d dc{ej` agv iysikshtsvcdcqchgroc`t {mgshd kg`{edcv idgrte`j tmc kg`kcr/tsih avioczgvn stehe|cd e` tme{ {tsdu.

Vckgjè|c Fivvecv{( Vcysevcoc`t{( i`d

Ve{n{. I{{c{{e`j kmiviktcve{tek{ ga aivo mgs{cmghd{i`d iìhu|e`j tmcev rgqcvtu acitsvc{ ivc rivt{ gatmc rvgkc{{ ga ae`de`j ziu{ tg oinc iysikshtsvc

zgvn agv tmc rggv. Zmc` ieocd it rgqcvtu vcdsk/teg`( iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`t caagvt{ {mgshd fcdc{ej`cd kivcashhu fu khcivhu dcaeè`j tmc fc`cae/keivec{ i`d dcqe{e`j irrvgrveitc {tvitcjec{ tg mchrtmco fc`caet avgo tmc e`tcvqc`teg`{. Rvglckt dc{ej`{mgshd iddvc{{ -i% {rckeaek acitsvc{ ga rgqcvtu e` tmctivjct ivci> -f% aci{efhc grteg`{ tg gqcvkgoc ncufivvecv{ agv c`tvu e`tg i`d tg vcoie` e` iysikshtsvc>i`d -k% ve{n{ tmit tmc rggv miqc hetthc kiriketu tg kgrc

zetm( i`d ziu{ tg oetejitc tmc{c ve{n{. I{{c{{ [rckeaek Dcoi`d{ g` S{cv{ Kirik/

etu tg Grcvitc Iysikshtsvc [u{tco{. I` i{{c{{/oc`t e{ ccdcd ga -i% tckm`ghgju grteg`{ agv {chcktcdaivoe`j rviktekc{ i`d tmc kiretih i{{ct{ vcysevcd(-f% s{cv{ ikkc{{ tg kiretih i{{ct{( i`d -k% tmc c}tc`ttg zmekm e`tc`dcd s{cv{ ga {chcktcd iysikshtsvc {u{/tco{ miqc tmc vcysevcd kiriketu tg grcvitc i`d {s{/

tie` tmc {u{tco{. Iìhu|c Iqiehifhc Grteg`{ agv Rvgqede`j

Ikkc{{ tg Hi`d i`d Zitcv. Zetmgst hi`d i`dzitcv tmc rggv ivc s`henchu tg c`jijc devckthu eàe{m aivoe`j. [cksvc ikkc{{ i`d tc`svc vejmt{ ivc`ckc{{ivu.

Kg`{edcv Grteg`{ agv Aeì`ke`j Iysiksh/

tsvc E`qc{toc`t{ i`d Grcviteg`{. Ikkc{{ tg ia/agvdifhc kvcdet e{ i` eorgvti`t acitsvc ga aivocv{mgs{cmghd aeì`kc. Cqedc`kc e`dekitc{ tmit {oihh/{kihc aivocv{ gatc` dg `gt fgvvgz avgo fi`n{ fc/kis{c ga qivegs{ idoeè{tviteqc msvdhc{ i`d tmc`ccd agv kghhitcvih. E`{tcid( tmcu vchu g` kvcdetavgo {srrhecv{( tvidcv{( gv fsucv{> kg`tvikt aivo/e`j> i`d rivt`cv{mer ivvi`jcoc`t{ zetm aeì`/kecv{'e`qc{tgv{. Oekvgaeì`kc ki` ih{g oinc ideaacvc`kc tg tmc rggv.

Iìhu|c Oivnct{ i`d Oivncte`j ga Iysik/

shtsvc Rvgdskt{ i`d Aiktgv{ ga Rvgdskteg`.

[oihh/{kihc aivocv{( e`khsde`j tmg{c e` iysiksh/tsvc( os{t jc`cvitc {ite{aiktgvu vctsv`{ fu rvgqed/e`j jggd{ i`d {cvqekc{ agv zmekm tmcvc e{ caackteqc

C]CKSTEQC [SOOIVU


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dcoi`d it rvekc{ i`d kg{t{ tmit ki` ls{teau tmcev{srrhu. I tmgvgsjm i{{c{{oc`t e{ vcysevcd ga oiv/nct{ i`d oivncte`j ga aivo gstrst{ i`d aiktgv{ garvgdskteg`.

Iìhu|c tmc Hifgv Oivnct. I hifgv oivncti{{c{{oc`t {mgshd fc kg`dsktcd tg iìhu|c agvoihi`d eàgvoih corhguoc`t grrgvtsètec{( zijc

vitc{( i`d gtmcv hifgv oivnct kmiviktcve{tek{( {skmi{ hifgv oejviteg` i`d {ci{gìh rittcv`{ tmiteàhsc`kc mgs{cmghd{ dcke{eg`{ g` corhguoc`t.Aivo mgs{cmghd{ vivchu miqc i {e`jhc {gsvkc gae`kgoc. Heqchemggd kmgekc{ i`d {gsvkc{ {mgshd fci{{c{{cd tg c`{svc tmit iysikshtsvc i{ i` grtegàgv heqchemggd e{ `gt iìhu|cd e` e{ghiteg`.

S`dcv{ti`d tmc Vghc{ ga [cvqekc{( Aikehe/

tec{( i`d [srrgvt Eàvi{tvsktsvc. [oihh/{kihcaivo mgs{cmghd{ miqc heoetcd vc{gsvkc{ it tmcev de{/rg{ih( i`d e``gqiteqc irrvgikmc{ ivc vcysevcd tgvcikm tmc rggv iog`j tmco. Jgqcvòc`t ijc`kec{oiu vcoie` eorgvti`t {gsvkc{ ga tckmèkih idqekcagv {oihh/{kihc aivocv{( fst tmc c}tc`t tg zmekmrveqitc {cvqekc rvgqedcv{ ivc e`qghqcd e` c}tc`de`jidqe{gvu i`d eàgvoiteg` {cvqekc{ {mgshd fc c}io/e`cd. Iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`t ki``gt {skkccd eareg`ccvcd i`d hcat tg {s{tie` et{cha e` hgkiteg`{ zmcvcc{{c`teih {srrgvt {cvqekc{ i`d oivnct{ ivc if{c`t.Vgid{( tvi`{rgvtiteg`( i`d kgoosèkiteg`{ rhiueorgvti`t vghc{ e` tmc ahgz ga jggd{( {cvqekc{( i`deàgvoiteg`.

I{{c{{ tmc Vghc{ ga Rsfhek i`d Rveqitc

E`{tetsteg`{. Rsfhek e`{tetsteg`{ ki` kitihu|c i`daikehetitc iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`t( fst jgqcv`/oc`t{ vghc e` tmc {cktgv os{t gt {teahc( kvgzd gst(gv vcrhikc tmc vghc ga tmc rveqitc {cktgv.

I{{c{{ tmc Rgheku C`qevgòc`t i`d HcjihAvioczgvn i`d Tmcev Kg`deteg`{. Irrvgrveitcrghekec{( hcjih e`{tvsoc`t{( i`d càgvkcoc`t ki`vcogqc edc`teaecd kg`{tvie`t{ tg iysikshtsvc dcqch/groc`t. Hekc`{c{( vshc{( i`d vcjshiteg`{( e`khsde`jrvgkc{{c{ agv kgàhekt rvcqc`teg` i`d vc{ghsteg`(agv iysikshtsvc grcvitgv{( i{{gkeitcd ijc`t{( i`dhifgv ki` eàhsc`kc tmc c}tc`t tg zmekm tmc rggvki` fc`caet.

Rvgtckt Iysitek Vc{gsvkc{( C`qevgòc`t(

i`d Iysitek Mcihtm. Tmc dcqchgroc`t ga iysiksh/tsvc ki``gt fc {s{tie`cd zetmgst riue`j idcysitcittc`teg` tg iysitek vc{gsvkc{ oiìjcoc`t( c`qe/vgòc`t( i`d iysitek mcihtm. [tcr{ os{t fc tinc`tg c`{svc {s{tieìfehetu ga tmc c`qevgòc`t fu tin/e`j oci{svc{ agv feg{iactu( de{ci{c rvcqc`teg ( i`dc`qevgòc`tih rvgtckteg`.

Vckgjè|c Oshterhc S{c{ ga Zitcv i`d

Oeèoe|c Kgàhekt{. Avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc kg/c}e{t{ zetm gtmcv zitcv s{c{. Tmc oshterhc s{c{ ga

zitcv i`d tmcev vchiteg`{mer{ ivc hivjchu s`rhi``cd(zetm rg{{efehetec{ ga {cvegs{ kgàhekt{ imcid. Eorvgqc/

oc`t e` vchiteg`{mer{ fctzcc` avc{mzitcv iysik/shtsvc i`d gtmcv {cktgv{ ccd{ tg fc agvjcd fu vck/gjè|e`j tmc heoetcd iqiehifehetu ga avc{mzitcv i`dae`de`j ziu{ tg fc`caet i{ oiù s{cv{ ga

zitcv i{ rg{{efhc.

Rivt 6. TMC KI[C [TSDEC[

Tme{ kgorehiteg` ga ki{c {tsdec{ rvgqedc{ sr/tg/ditc rgvtviet{ ga tmc {oihh/{kihc avc{mzitcvaivoe`j {sf{cktgv e` tmvcc kgs`tvec{Fi`jhidc{m(Rmeherre`c{( i`d Tmiehi`d. E` cikm kgs`tvu( g`c gvogvc acitsvc{ ga rivtekshiv e`tcvc{t avgo tmc rge`tga qecz ga rgqcvtu vcdskteg` miqc fcc` {chcktcdi`d tvcitcd e` dctieh. E` Fi`jhidc{m( tmc fc`caet{tg tmc rggv ga i rvglckt tmit jiqc jvgsr{ ga tmcrggv( oie`hu zgoc`( ikkc{{ tg ae{m aivoe`j ivcgsthe`cd> i {ckg`d {tsdu {mgz{ mgz i {eorhc fstcaackteqc ae{m aivoe`j tckm`ghgju zi{ tinc` sr futmc rggv i`d mgz tmc fc`caet{ {rvcid tg e`tcvoc/deivec{ i`d oivnct{. E` tmc Rmeherre`c{( tmc agks{

zi{ g` tehirei( zmekm dgoeìtc avc{mzitcv iysik/shtsvc tmcvc( i`d g` {gkegckg`goek i{rckt{ ga tmctzg oie` aivoe`j {u{tco{( rg`d{ i`d kijc{. E`Tmiehi`d( tmc {tsdu c}ioe`cd mgz i` irrvgrveitctckm`ghgju zi{ dcqchgrcd i`d de{{coeìtcd e` ivc{gsvkc/rggv ivci e` tmc `gvtmci{tcv` rivt ga tmckgs`tvu.

Fi`jhidc{m

Ki{c [tsdu 9( i` gqcvqecz ga {oihh/{kihc avc{m/zitcv iysikshtsvc e` Fi`jhidc{m( zi{ dc{ej`cd tge`qc{tejitc tmc kgs`tvuzedc {ejèaeki`kc ga avc{m/

zitcv iysikshtsvc( {gkeih deoc`{eg`{ ga vsvih rgq/cvtu iog`j aivocv{( oilgv iysikshtsvc {u{tco{(ae{m oivnct{( corhguoc`t e` iysikshtsvc( i`d

IDF{ {srrgvt tg iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`t. Tmcavc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc {u{tco{ miqc eorvgqcdjvcithu gqcv tmc ri{t tzg dckidc{. Avc{mzitcviysikshtsvc( og{thu {oihh/{kihc aivo{( ikkgs`t{agv ogvc tmi` g`c tmevd ga tgtih ae{mcvec{ rvgdsk/teg` e` tmc kgs`tvu. Mgzcqcv( tmcvc e{ {tehh oskmrgtc`teih agv jie` fu vitegìhe|e`j tmc kmgekc ga{rckec{ s{cd agv aivoe`j i`d e` kgorvcmc`{eqcrvgjvio{ tg kg`{cvqc jc`ctek deqcv{etu i`d rvg/dskc ysihetu fvggd{tgkn. Tmc eorgvti`kc ga {cksvcikkc{{ tg hi`d i`d zitcv i`d tg oekvgaeì`kc eì{{e{te`j tmc rggv tg ikkc{{ {oihh/{kihc iysiksh/tsvc e{ mejmhejmtcd.

Ki{c [tsdu 6( aivoe`j kivr{ e` hci{cd rg`d{fu jvgsr{ e` Kmi`drsv De{tvekt( gsthe`c{ irvglcktrivt ga i hivjcv rvglckt aeì`kcd fu IDFtg eorvgqc heqchemggd{ e` tmc De{tvekttmitfvgsjmt avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc tg tmc rggv e` ièvvejiteg` ivci. Tmc ieo zi{ tg kiretihe|c g` i


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hgz/kg{t tckm`ghgju fi{cd g` kivr rghukshtsvc.Tmc rvglckt gvjiè|cd tmc rggv( rveoivehu zgoc`(e`tg 9:3 jvgsr{ tgtihe`j `civhu 6(122 rcv{g`{>tvie`cd tmco e` tmc tckm`ghgju> mchrcd tmco tgikysevc ae{mrg`d{> i`d rvgqedcd tmco zetmoekvgaeì`kc {cvqekc{. Tmc {tsdu ags`d tmit tmcrvglckt mchrcd s`corhgucd( s`dcvcorhgucd( oiv/

jeìh( i`d hi`dhc{{ rcv{g`{. Et dc{kvefc{ tmc {gkeg/ckg`goek kg`deteg`{ ga tmc jvgsr ocofcv{( tmcevrcvkcrteg`{ ga tmc aeì`keih i`d mcihtm fc`caet{ gatme{ agvo ga iysikshtsvc( corgzcvoc`t ga zgocòcofcv{( i`d tmc kg`{tvie`t{ tg kg`te`se`j i`de`kvci{e`j tmcev grcviteg`{. Ih{g dc{kvefcd ivc tmckmiviktcve{tek{ ga gtmcv rivt{ ga tmc {sf{cktgvtmcae{m tvidcv{( {ccd tvidcv{( i`d mivqc{tcv{zmekmivc ih{g fc`caete`j avgo tmc jvgztm ga {oihh/{kihciysikshtsvc e` tmc ivci.

Ki{c [tsdu ;( ehhs{tvite`j heqchemggd rvgaehc{ga ae{m aivocv{ e` Ne{mgvcji`l( zi{ s`dcvtinc` e`tmc Jvcitcv Ouoc`{e`jm ivci( vcrvc{c`te`j i oilgvvcjeg` e` Fi`jhidc{m agv avc{mzitcv ae{m aivo{. Tme{ivci zi{ tivjctcd avgo 95== tg 955: s`dcv i`

IDF/aeì`kcd rvglckt tg rvgogtc ae{m aivoe`jtmvgsjm tmc c{tifhe{moc`t ga dcog`{tviteg` ae{m/rg`d{ i`d aivocv/tg/aivocv kg`tikt. Tme{ ki{c{tsdu e`qc{tejitcd kgoog` heqchemggd kg`deteg`{ gae`hi`d avc{mzitcv ae{m aivocv{. Dc{kvefcd ivc tmcrg`d grcviteg`{ i`d oiìjcoc`t( zmekm ivc {coe/e`tc`{eqc e` itsvc( tmc qehhijc sv{cvec{ tmit {srrhuog{t ga tmc {ccd( tmc iogs`t{ ga gvjièk i`d e`gv/jièk acvtehe|cv s{cd( mivqc{t avcysc`ku( uechd{( i`doivnct{. @civhu ihh tmc grcvitgv{ zcvc rveoivehu vekcaivocv{ gv c`jijcd e` oekvgc`tcvrve{c. Ae{m aivoe`je{ i {ckg`divu gkksriteg` i`d tmevd e` tcvo{ ga e`/

kgoc jc`cviteg`. @cqcvtmchc{{( ihh tmc mgs{cmghd{{svqcucd kgàevocd tmit i{ i vc{sht ga iysikshtsvcdcqchgroc`t( tmcev aggd i`d ae{m kg`{sorteg` mide`kvci{cd( tmcu mid fc`caetcd avgo corhguoc`t i`dki{m e`kgoc( i`d i`tekeritcd tmit tmcu zgshd kg`/te`sc tg fc`caet avgo iysikshtsvc e` tmc astsvc.

Rmeherre`c{

Ki{c [tsdu 4( i` gqcvqecz ga avc{mzitcv iysiksh/tsvc ga tehirei e` tmc Rmeherre`c{( zi{ rvcrivcd e`gvdcv tg e`qc{tejitc tehirei oivnct{( rvekc{( oivnct/e`j kmi``ch{( ikkc{{ tg e`rst{ -ae{m {ccd( accd( acv/tehe|cv{( hi`d( i`d zitcv%( {srrgvt {cvqekc{( i`dvchcqi`t hc{{g`{. Tmc aivoe`j ga @ehc tehirei mi{c}ri`dcd viredhu {e`kc tmc e`tvgdskteg` ga tme{{rckec{ e` tmc civhu 95:2{. [e`kc tmc oed/95=2{(jvgztm ga avc{mzitcv tehirei aivoe`j mi{ iqcvijcd`civhu 5# i``sihhu. Vcih rvekc{ miqc dckhe`cd dsv/e`j tme{ rcvegd( oine`j tmc ae{m ogvc iaagvdifhc tgtmc rggv i`d kmcircv tmi` oehnae{m( tvidetegìhhu tmcog{t rgrshiv i`d kmcirc{t avc{mzitcv i`d

fvikne{mzitcv ae{m e` tmc oivnct. @socvgs{ mitkm/cvec{ i`d sv{cvu grcviteg`{ miqc {rvs`j sr tg occttmc dcoi`d agv {ccd( ksvvc`thu c{teoitcd it ifgst9 fehheg` ae`jcvhe`j{ i``sihhu. I {rckeih acitsvc mi{fcc` tmc s{c ga og`g{c} ae{m -{c} vcqcv{cd s{e`jmgvog`c{%( zmekm jvgz ai{tcv tmi` oe}cd/{c} ae{m.Tehirei iysikshtsvc mi{ ih{g kg`tvefstcd tg jvgztm

ga tmc accd e`ds{tvu( ihtmgsjm ae`de`j kmcircv ihtcv/ìteqc{ tg kgorhctc accd{ e{ ccdcd tg hgzcv rvgdsk/teg` kg{t{. It hci{t i ysivtcv ga i oehheg` rcgrhcdevckthu i`d e`devckthu fc`caet avgo corhguoc`t e`tehirei aivoe`j i`d i`kehhivu ikteqetec{ e` tmc kgs`/tvu. [oihh/{kihc aivocv{ miqc fc`caetcd avgo tmc

zedc iqiehifehetu ga eàgvoih kvcdet( gatc` s`dcvijvccoc`t{ zetm tvidcv{ i`d {srrhecv{( i`d e` kg`/tvikt aivoe`j gv kivctincv/aeì`kecv ivvi`jcoc`t{.Tmc hcjih avioczgvn ih{g aiqgv{ {oihh/{kihc tehireiaivocv{( fst tg ditc( hikn ga as`de`j i`d kiriketumiorcv eorhcoc`titeg` ga tmc hiz{.

Ki{c [tsdu 3( aivoe`j tehirei e` {oihh rg`d{e` Kc`tvih Hs|g`( zi{ s`dcvtinc` tg ehhs{tvitc feg/rmu{ekih i`d {gkegckg`goek kmiviktcve{tek{ ga Kc`/tvih Hs|g` i{ tmc oie` rvgdskcv ga tehirei e` tmckgs`tvu( aghhgzcd fu ikkgs`t{ ga tckm`ghgju i`doiìjcoc`t agv aivoe`j tehirei( rvgaehc{ ga ae{maivocv{( oivnct{( e`{tetsteg`{( {srrgvt {cvqekc{(rgheku i`d hcjih e`{tvsoc`t{( ìtsvih vc{gsvkc{oiìjcoc`t( i`d c`qevgòc`tih e{{sc{. Tmc {sv/

qcu ags`d tmcvc zcvc 946 mitkmcvec{ e` tmc vcjeg`({srrhue`j kg`te`sihhu eorvgqe`j tehirei {tvie`{.Tmcvc zcvc s{sihhu tzg ae{m kvgr{ rcv uciv i`d ivi`jc ga {tgkne`j i`d accde`j rviktekc{. Jc`cvihhu(tehirei aivocv{ oidc i fi{ih irrhekiteg` ga e`gv/jièk acvtehe|cv{ i`d s{cd kgoocvkeih accd{. Tme{

vcjeg` e{ tmc kgs`tvu{ oie` vekc fgzh i`d dcrc`d{mciqehu g` vie`zitcv i`d evvejiteg`. Tmc jvcitoilgvetu ga tehirei aivocv{ dvcz g` tmc rhc`teashjvgs`dzitcv s{e`j dccr zchh{( i`d tme{ oeèoe|cdkgàhekt zetm vekc aivocv{. Tmc oivncte`j {u{tcoagv tehirei zi{ vgfs{t i`d caaekec`t> tmc eàvi{tvsk/tsvc zchh dcqchgrcd. Tmc rvgaetifehetu ga {oihh/{kihctehirei aivoe`j zi{ ags`d tg fc oskm jvcitcv tmi`tmit ga vekc( fst {g zcvc tmc rvgfhco{dckheè`jtehirei rvekc{( ve{e`j accd kg{t{( i`d e`kvci{e`j`sofcv{ ga tehirei aivocv{tmit rvcqc`tcd cqcògvc mgs{cmghd{ c`tcve`j tmc e`ds{tvu. Mgzcqcv(tmcvc e{ kg`{edcvifhc {kgrc agv jvgztm ga tmc e`ds{/tvu e` tmc vcjeg`. Fgtm {oihh/{kihc tehirei aivocv{i`d vekc aivocv{ mid it hci{t g`c gtmcv gkksriteg`(og{thu i`gtmcv kvgr gv heqc{tgkn. Fgtm jvgsr{ achtfcttcv gaa tmi` e` tmc vckc`t ri{t i`d zcvc kgàe/dc`t ifgst tmc astsvc( ihtmgsjm kg`kcv`cd ifgstdctcvegvite`j ìtsvih vc{gsvkc{.

Ki{c [tsdu 1(tehirei kijc aivoe`j e` HincTiih( Fiti`ji{( rvgqedcd ikkgs`t{ ga tmc tckm`ghgjui`d oiìjcoc`t s{cd agv tehirei kijc aivoe`j i`d


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`sv{cvu grcviteg`{( rvgaehc{ ga ae{m aivocv{ i`dgtmcv fc`caekeivec{( i`d vchcqi`t rvgkc{{c{ rcv/te`c`t tg oivnct{( hifgv( e`{tetsteg`{( {srrgvt{cvqekc{( rgheku( hcjih e`{tvsoc`t{( ìtsvihvc{gsvkc{ oiìjcoc`t( i`d c`qevgòc`tih e{{sc{rcvte`c`t tg tmc hinc. Hinc Tiih mi{ fckgoc i oi/

lgv {etc agv aivoe`j tehirei( zetm civhu :(222 kijc{

e` tmc hinc rvgdske`j tzg kvgr{ cikm uciv( {sr/rgvtcd fu {crivitc `sv{cvu grcviteg`{ e` `civfukg`qcvtcd vekcaechd{( i`d i` caaekec`t oivncte`j{u{tco. Et mi{ kg`tvefstcd tg rgqcvtu vcdskteg` e`tmc ivci tmvgsjm devckt corhguoc`t ga aivocv{i`d tmcev aioehec{ i`d e`tcvocdeivec{ ihg`j tmcoivncte`j kmie`. Mgzcqcv( tmc jvgzgst {u{tco e{e`tc`{eqc i`d et{ {skkc{{ tmvcitc`{ et{ astsvcfckis{c ga gqcvkvgzdcd kijc{ i`d rghhsteg` avgoaccd{ i`d zi{tc{. Tmc{c rvgfhco{ ivc fcje`è`jtg fc iddvc{{cd tmvgsjm fcttcv rghekec{ i`d oi`/ijcoc`t. @sv{cvu aivocv{ zcvc grteoe{tek ifgsttmc astsvc ga tmc e`ds{tvu it tmc hinc. Kijc aivo/cv{ zcvc aike`j dckheè`j ki{m e`kgoc{ i`d zcvc

zgvvecd ifgst tmc dctcvegvite`j vc{gsvkc fi{c( fstzcvc `cqcvtmchc{{ c}rckte`j tmit tmc e`ds{tvuzgshd kg`te`sc zetm eorvgqcoc`t{ e` tckm`ghgju.

Tmiehi`d

Ki{c [tsdu :( i` gqcvqecz ga {oihh/{kihc avc{m/zitcv iysikshtsvc e` Tmiehi`d( zi{ tiehgvcd tge`qc{tejitc i`d ehhs{tvitc tmc me{tgvekih dcqchgr/oc`t i`d eorgvti`kc ga iysikshtsvc( ae{m {ccd{srrhu i`d ae{m aivoe`j( oivnct{( c}tc`{eg` {cv/

qekc{( kgoosètu/fi{cd eèteiteqc{( iysikshtsvcdcqchgroc`t rgheku( rcvte`c`t i{rckt{ ga {iac/

jsivd{( ncu hc{{g`{( i`d ziu{ tg vcikm tmc rggv.Avc{mzitcv ae{mcvec{ miqc dckhe`cd dvioitekihhu e`vckc`t dckidc{( rvgqede`j i oilgv {teoshs{ agv tmcvchiteqchu vckc`t dcqchgroc`t ga iysikshtsvc. Tmcoilgvetu ga avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc e{ fi{cd g` {rc/kec{ ga vchcqi`kc tg {oihh/{kihc aivoe`jmcvfeqg/vgs{ i`d goèqgvgs{ kivr{( jgsvioe{( i`d tehirei.Og{t aivoe`j e{ e` rg`d{. [ccd {srrhu e{ idcysitci`d de{tvefstcd tmvgsjm ctzgvn{ ga hgkih i`d de{/ti`t tvidcv{. @ehc tehirei e{ tmc dgoeì`t {rckec{(ifgst ;2# ga tgtih avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc rvg/dskteg`. Oivncte`j e`qghqc{ i qivectu ga kmi``ch{i`d e{ ihog{t ihh dg`c fu tmc rveqitc {cktgv. TmcJgqcvòc`t mi{ fcc` ikteqc e` rvgogteg` ga qive/gs{ tckm`ghgjec{ tmvgsjm c}tc`{eg` -{cc ki{c {tsdu=% i`d tvi`{acv ga cz tckm`ghgjec{ tg aivocv{. TmcJgqcvòc`t{ ae{mcvec{ rgheku i{{soc{ kg`te`siteg`

ga {oihh/{kihc iysikshtsvc( rveoivehu agv dgoc{tekkg`{sorteg` i`d hgkih aggd {cksvetu. Tmcvcagvc( vc/{civkm e{ ieocd it e``gqiteqc( hgz/kg{t tckm`ghgjec{.Tmc oie` iysikshtsvc tggh s{cd fu tmc Jgqcvòc`ttg iddvc{{ rgqcvtu vcdskteg` e{ tmc Qehhijc Ae{m Rg`dDcqchgroc`t Rvglckt( zmekm ittcort{ tg e`kvci{c ae{mrvgdskteg` tmvgsjm kgoosètu oiìjcoc`t ga

ìtsvih gv ogdeaecd zitcv fgdec{ it tmc qehhijc hcqch.[skkc{{ mi{ fcc` qiveifhc( fst tmc vckc`t dckc`tvihe/|iteg` ga jgqcvòc`t istmgvetu mi{ jeqc` `cz eo/rcts{ tg dcke{eg` oine`j it tmc kgoosètu hcqch.

Ki{c [tsdu =( dcqchgroc`t ga tckm`ghgju i`dc}tc`{eg` agv {oihh/{kihc ae{m aivo{ e` @gvtmci{t/cv` Tmiehi`d( zi{ s`dcvtinc` tg c}ioe`c -e% tmc{tcr{( rvgkc{{c{( i`d kmihhc`jc{ e`qghqcd e` dcqch/gre`j tckm`ghgju grteg`{ i`d c}tc`{eg` agv {oihh/{kihc ae{m aivocv{> i`d -ee% tmc vchcqi`kc ga ide{ti`kc c}tc`{eg` irrvgikm agv vc{gsvkc rggv(ogfehc( i`d hetcvitc ae{m aivocv{. Tme{ ki{c {tsdudviz{ mciqehu avgo tmc c}rcvec`kc ga tmc IysiGstvcikm Rvgjvio -IGR% ga tmc I{ei` E`{tetstc gaTckm`ghgju i`d tmc Dcrivtoc`t ga Ae{mcvec{ -DGA%ga Tmiehi`d. @gvtmci{tcv` Tmiehi`d( zmekm gkks/rec{ g`c tmevd ga tmc kgs`tvu( e{ i` ivci ga oie`huvieàcd ijvekshtsvc. Tmc uechd{ ivc {g hgz tmit og{taivocv{ zgvn gaa/aivo tg isjoc`t tmcev e`kgoc>{coe/rcvoi`c`t svfi` oejviteg` e{ e`kvci{e`j.[oihh/{kihc iysikshtsvc e` rg`d{ i`d vekcaechd{ e{kgoog` fst uechd{ ivc ijie` hgz. Fcje`è`j e`95==( IGR e`qc{tejitcd tmc ìtsvc i`d vchcqi`kcga iysikshtsvc e` rvgqe`kc{ ga tmc vcjeg`> ags`dtmit tmcvc zi{ {kgrc agv oskm eorvgqcoc`t e`rg`d oiìjcoc`t it hetthc kg{t tg aivocv{> i`ddcqchgrcd caackteqc( {eorhc tckm`ghgjec{ agv acvteh/

e|e`j rg`d{ i`d `sv{e`j {ccd s`teh hivjc c`gsjmtg c{kirc avgo rvcditgv{. DGA mid fcc` c`kgsv/ije`j mitkmcvu dcqchgroc`t i`d {ccd {srrhu -gakivr{ i`d tehirei% mid jvcithu eorvgqcd. I de{ti`kcc}tc`{eg` irrvgikm zi{ ccdcd fckis{c ga tmc acziqiehifhc jgqcvòc`t c}tc`{eg` gaaekcv{( i`d tmc{c

zcvc `gt tvie`cd e` iysikshtsvc. C}tc`{eg` oitc/veih{ zcvc dcqchgrcd e` kg`{shtiteg` zetm aivocv{i`d DGA. Tmc rvgdskt{ -fggnhct{% zcvc e` hgkihhi`jsijc{ i`d tiehgvcd tg tmc aivocv{ kshtsvc(c}rcvec`kc( i`d heac{tuhc{. De{{coeìteg` zi{ c`/kgsvijcd fu tmc DGA. Ihtmgsjm aivocv{ gatcògdeaecd tmc vckgooc`diteg`{( tmc oie` kg`kcrtga jvcc` zitcv i{ fce`j dc{evifhc agv ae{m jvgztmkhcivhu {rvcid {skkc{{ashhu( fgtm tmvgsjm tmcoitcveih{ i`d zgvd ga ogstm iog`j aivocv{.


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RIVT 9

Tmc Cqihsiteg`


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JHGFIH KG@TC]T

Jc`cvihhu dcae`cd i{ aivoe`j ga iysitek rhi`t{ i`dièoih{( fgtm e` e`hi`d i`d kgi{tih ivci{( iysik/shtsvc e{ i` eorgvti`t aggd rvgdskteg` {u{tco e`dcqchgre`j kgs`tvec{. Vsvih iysikshtsvc oiu fcdcae`cd i{ tmc aivoe`j ga iysitek {rckec{( s{e`jtckm`ghgjec{ idirtcd tg hgkihhu iqiehifhc i`d heo/etcd vc{gsvkc{ ga mgs{cmghd{.9

Dsve`j 95=4955=( jhgfih iysikshtsvc rvg/dskteg` jvcz it i` iqcvijc i``sih vitc ga ogvctmi` 99.2#( kgorivcd zetm i``sih jvgztm vitc{ga ;.9# agv tcvvc{tveih/aivocd ièoih ocit rvgdsk/teg` i`d 2.=# agv hi`de`j{ avgo kirtsvc ae{mcvec{.6

I{ei rvgdskcd ;1 oehheg` octvek tg`{ -t% gv 59#ga tgtih jhgfih iysikshtsvc rvgdskteg` e` 955=( i`dikkgs`tcd agv ihh ga tmc zgvhd{ tgr 92 rvgdskcv{ et ih{g ihhgz{ `stvec`t

vckukhe`j.1 Tmc @ctzgvn ga Iysikshtsvc Kc`tvc{ eÌ{ei/Rikeaek -@IKI% i`d AIG c`dgv{cd tme{ vckgj/èteg` fu rsfhe{me`j i dckhiviteg` i`d {tvitcju g`tmc vghc ga iysikshtsvc e` eorvgqe`j aggd {cksvetui`d ihhcqeite`j rgqcvtu.: E` vckc`t uciv{( c}rcvt{miqc kg`te`scd tg ae`d ziu{ tg e`kvci{c tmc vch/cqi`kc ga iysikshtsvc tg rgqcvtu vcdskteg`.=

I[EI@ DCQCHGROC@T

FI@N[ VGHC E@IYSIKSHTSVCDCQCHGROC@T

Tmc Rgheku g` Ae{mcvec{ ga tmc I{ei` Dcqchgroc`tFi`n -IDF% e{ i`kmgvcd g` -e% cysetu e` fihi`ke`jtmc e`tcvc{t{ ga kgorcte`j vc{gsvkc s{cv{(-ee% {s{tieìfehetu e` kg`{cvqiteg` i`d s{c ga ae{m/cvec{ i`d iysitek vc{gsvkc{( i`d -eee% caaekec`ku e`tmc dcqchgroc`t i`d oiìjcoc`t ga iysitekvc{gsvkc{.5 Agv iysikshtsvc( IDF{ Rgheku g` Ae{m/cvec{ cormi{e|c{ e`kvci{e`j rvgdskteg` avgo c}e{t/e`j iysikshtsvc aivo{ i`d kgi{tih ivci{( i`d

9 Cdzivd{( R.( i`d M. Dcoie`c. 955:. Vsvih Iysikshtsvc< Gqcvqeczi`d Avioczgvn agv Kgs`tvu Vcqecz. Fi`jngn< Aggd i`d IjvekshtsvcGvjiè|iteg` -AIG% ga tmc Sètcd @iteg`{ Vcjegìh Gaaekc agv I{eii`d tmc Rikeaek.

6 Tikg`( I. J. L. 6229. E`kvci{e`j tmc Kg`tvefsteg` ga Iysikshtsvc agvAggd [cksvetu i`d Rgqcvtu Ihhcqeiteg`. E` Iysikshtsvc e` tmc Tmevd

Oehhc`èso( cdetcd fu V. R. [sfi{e`jmc( ct ih. Fi`jngn< @IKI> i`dVgoc< AIG.

; AIG. 9553. Kgdc ga Kg`dskt agv Vc{rg`{efhc Ae{mcvec{ . Vgoc.

4 AIG. 955:. Iysikshtsvc Dcqchgroc`t.AIG Tckmèkih Jsedche`c{ agvVc{rg`{efhc Ae{mcvec{ @g. 3. Vgoc.

3 Ng`jncg( M. 9555. Ksvvc`t [tits{ i`d Dcqchgroc`t Tvc`d{ ga Iysikshtsvc e` tmc I{ei` Vcjeg`. E` Iysikshtsvc e` tmc TmevdOehhc`èso( cdetcd fu V. R. [sfi{e`jmc( ct ih. Fi`jngn< @IKI> i`dVgoc< AIG.

1 AIG. 6229. E`tcjvitcd Ijvekshtsvc/Iysikshtsvc< I Rveocv. AIGAe{mcvec{ Tckmèkih Rircv @g. 42:. Vgoc> i`d E`tcvìtegìh E`{tetstcga Vsvih Vckg`{tvskteg` i`d E`tcvìtegìh Kc`tcv agv Heqe`j IysitekVc{gsvkc{ Oiìjcoc`t -EKHIVO%. 9556. Aivocv/Rvgqc` E`tcjvitcd

Ijvekshtsvc/Iysikshtsvc< I Tckm`ghgju Eàgvoiteg` Net. Oièhi.

: AIG/@IKI. 6222. Iysikshtsvc Dcqchgroc`t Fcug`d 6222< TmcFi`jngn Dckhiviteg` i`d [tvitcju. Fi`jngn.

= AIG/@IKI. 6226. Agks{e`j [oihh/[kihc Iysikshtsvc i`d IysitekVc{gsvkc Oiìjcoc`t g` Rgqcvtu Ihhcqeiteg`. Fi`jngn.

5 IDF. 955:. Tmc Fi`n{ Rgheku g` Ae{mcvec{. Oièhi.

KMIRTCV 9

E@TVGDSKTEG@


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e`tcjviteg` ga iysikshtsvc zetm c}e{te`j kvgr i`dheqc{tgkn aivo{.92 IDF ih{g {srrgvt{ iysikshtsvcdcqchgroc`t tmvgsjm vc{civkm i`d dcqchgroc`t(de{{coeìteg` ga c`qevgòc`tihhu/avec`dhu tckm/`ghgjec{( i`d rvgqe{eg` ga s`{sf{ede|cd e`rst{ i`daeì`keih {cvqekc{( e`khsde`j oekvgaeì`kc.

Fu ;9 Dckcofcv 622;( IDF mid aeì`kcd 63

rvglckt{ zetm oilgv iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`tkgorg`c`t{( zetm irrvgqcd hgi`{ tgtihe`j $113oehheg` -Irrc`de} 9( Tifhc I9.9%.99 Civhu iysiksh/tsvc dcqchgroc`t eèteiteqc{ ditc avgo tmc 95:2{ -1rvglckt{%( fst tmc oilgvetu ga rvglckt irrvgqih{ -9;rvglckt{% tggn rhikc e` tmc 95=2{( kge`kede`j zetmi {svjc e` jhgfih e`tcvc{t e` iysikshtsvc. Tme{ zi{rivthu fckis{c ga et{ vckgjè|cd rgtc`teih tg occtrvgdskteg` i`d kg`{sorteg` `ccd{( i`d tg jc`cv/itc agvcej` c}kmi`jc tmvgsjm c}rgvt{. IDFirrvgqcd 3iysikshtsvc rvglckt{ e` tmc 9552{( i`d9 rvglckt e` 6226. E` jc`cvih( tmc{c rvglckt{ agks{cdg` e`tc`{eaue`j i`d eorvgqe`j tmc caaekec`ku gaiysikshtsvc rvgdskteg` tmvgsjm dcqchgroc`t gamitkmcvec{ i`d {srrgvt {cvqekc{( {skm i{ kvcdet(c}tc`{eg`( i`d vchitcd {cvqekc{. Ga tmc{c63rvglckt{( 69 rvglckt{ miqc fcc` kgorhctcd( 9rvglckt zi{ ki`kchcd zmc` et{ irrvgqih hir{cd(; rvglckt{ ivc g`jge`j( i`d 96 rvglckt{ miqc fccè`dcrc`dc`thu cqihsitcd.96 [skkc{{ash rvglckt{dcog`{tvitcd iysikshtsvc tckm`ghgjec{( rvgqedcd

heqchemggd grrgvtsètec{( {tvc`jtmc`cd hgkih e`{te/tsteg`{( i`d rvgrchhcd rveqitc {cktgv e`tcvc{t e`mitkmcvu i`d iysikshtsvc rg`d grcviteg`{.9;

IDF rvg`gs`kcd rgqcvtu vcdskteg` i{ g`c gaet{ aeqc {tvitcjek dcqchgroc`t gflckteqc{ e` 9556.94

Fu tmc`( 92 IDF/aeì`kcd iysikshtsvc dcqchgr/oc`t rvglckt{ mid c}rheket gflckteqc{ tg iddvc{{

tmc `ccd{ ga {oihh/{kihc ae{m aivocv{. Dc{retc tme{c}rheket fei{( rvglckt kgorhcteg` vcrgvt{ i`drvglckt rcvagvoi`kc isdet vcrgvt{ e`dekitcd tmittmc gstkgoc{ ga tmc{c rvglckt{ ded `gt ihziu{aiqgv rggv i`d {oihh/{kihc ae{m aivocv{ fckis{c ga-e%e`chejefehetu agv kvcdet fckis{c ga heoetcd i{{ct{agv kghhitcvih> -ee% mejm grcvite`j ve{n{( eìfehetu tgif{gvf hg{{c{( i`d ve{e`j dcft{> -eee% eìdcysitc

zitcv {srrhu( {sf{ti`divd zitcv ysihetu( rggv aivooiìjcoc`t( i`d eìdcysitc {etc {chckteg`> -eq%heoetcd {nehh{ i`d c}rcvec`kc zetm tmc `czhu ik/ysevcd tckm`ghgju i`d oiìjcoc`t rviktekc{> -q%eàhc}efhc i`d s`vc{rg`{eqc e`{tetsteg`{> i`d -qe%eìrrvgrveitc rghekec{. Tme{ c}rcvec`kc iaaevocdtmit agks{cd tivjcte`j ga tmc rggv e{ e`{saaekec`t tgeorvgqc tmcev {gkegckg`goek kg`deteg`{. IDF rvg/jvc{{eqchu c}ri`dcd et{ dcqchgroc`t irrvgikm tgc`kgori{{ i zedc vi`jc ga {gkeih i`d c`qevgòc`/tih kg`kcv`{. E` iddeteg`( IDF dckhivcd rgqcvtuvcdskteg` i{ et{ gqcvivkme`j jgih e` 9555.93

Ugs`jfc`caekeivec{ga ae{mrg`dmivqc{t{

92 IDF ih{g {srrgvt{ oive`c iysikshtsvc ga ae{m( {cizccd{( feqihqc{(i`d gtmcv e`qcvtcfvitc{ tg tmc c}tc`t tmit tmc{c ikteqetec{ dg `gt`cjiteqchu ihtcv tmc ckghgjekih fihi`kc e` kgi{tih ivci{.

99 Tme{ kgorve{c{ 5 zmghhu iysikshtsvc rvglckt{ i`d 91 ae{mcvec{rvglckt{ zetm iysikshtsvc kgorg`c`t{. Ihh miqc fcc` kgorhctcd(c}kcrt agv tmc -e% Ae{mcvec{ Vc{gsvkc Oiìjcoc`t Rvglckt e` tmcRmeherre`c{ -c}rcktcd tg fc kgorhctcd e` 6224%( -ee% Kgi{tihKgoosètu Dcqchgroc`t i`d Ae{mcvec{ Vc{gsvkc Oiìjcoc`t Rvglckt

e` E`dg`c{ei -c}rcktcd tg fc kgorhctcd e` [crtcofcv 6223%> i`d-eee% Iysitek Vc{gsvkc{ Dcqchgroc`t i`d Ysihetu Eorvgqcoc`t Rvglckte` [ve Hi`ni -c}rcktcd tg fc kgorhctcd e` 6225%.

96 Ikkgvde`j tg tmc rvglckt rcvagvoi`kc isdet vcrgvt{( 3 rvg lckt{ zcvcvitcd cetmcv jc`cvihhu {skkc{{ash gv {skkc{{ash( 3 rivthu {skkc{{ash(i`d 6 s`{skkc{{ash.

9; Tmc{c {skkc{{ash rvglckt{ jc`cvihhu ittie`cd ckg`goek e`tcvìh vitc{ga vctsv` ga 9261#( zetm oivncd e`kvci{c{ e` uechd{ i`d ct e`kgoc{.Mgzcqcv( dsc tg tmc risketu ga diti e` jc`cvih( tmc eorikt{ ga tmc{crvglckt{ g` fc`caet de{tvefsteg`( corhguoc`t( `stveteg`( i`d aggd{cksvetu kgshd `gt fc ci{ehu i{kcvtie`cd.

94 IDF idgrtcd rgqcvtu vcdskteg` i{ g`c ga et{ aeqc {tvitcjekdcqchgroc`t gflckteqc{ e` et{ Ocdeso/Tcvo [tvitcjek Avioczgvn-95569553%> tmc gtmcv agsv gflckteqc{ zcvc rvgogte`j ckg`goekjvgztm( {srrgvte`j msoi` dcqchgroc`t( eorvgqe`j tmc {tits{ gazgoc`( i`d oiìje`j itsvih vc{gsvkc{ i`d tmc c`qevgòc`t {gs`dhu.

93 IDF. 9555.Aejmte`j Rgqcvtu. Oièhi. Tmc IDF{Hg`j/Tcvo [tvitcjek

Avioczgvn -62296293% rvgqedc{ as`dioc`tih grcvite`j rve`kerhc{tg c`{svc tmit ihh ikteqetec{ ivc e`tcjvitcd i`d devcktcd tg et{gqcvivkme`j jgih.


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VITEG@IHC AGV TMC[RCKEIH CQIHSITEG@[TSDU

E` tmc ri{t( dctcvoeìteg` ga fc`caet de{tvefsteg`zi{ `gt rvgoe`c`t e` og{t IDF/aeì`kcd iysiksh/tsvc dcqchgroc`t rvglckt{. Iysikshtsvc zi{ gatc`ìvvgzhu qeczcd i{ e`tc`{eqc aivoe`j ga {mveor i`drviz` {rckec{( idgrtcd oie`hu fu vchiteqchu zcihtmuaivocv{ tg rvgqedc mejm/qihsc rvgdskt{ agv c}rgvt{.[skm qecz{ avcysc`thu dgoeìtc dc{retc kg`kcv`{tmit tmc c}ri`{eg` i`d jvgztm e` {mveor aivoe`j

zetmgst {iacjsivd{ mi{ gatc` hcd tg c`qevgòc`tihdcjviditeg`.91 Tme{ ìvvgz qecz ga iysikshtsvcdcqchgroc`t medc{ tmc rgtc`teih ga ae{m aivoe`j( riv/tekshivhu e` tmc kg`tc}t ga vsvih dcqchgroc`t.

Cqihsiteg` ae`de`j{ ga kgorhctcd rvglckt{s`dcv{kgvc tmc eorgvti`kc ga -e% vcihe{tek i{{c{{/oc`t ga tmc ve{n{ aike`j aivocv{ i`d grcvitgv{ i`dtmc c}tc`t tg zmekm rvglckt dc{ej`{ iddvc{{ tmc{cve{n{> -ee% vcysevcoc`t{ agv e``gqiteqc kvcdet{kmcoc{( kvcdet dcoi`d iìhu{e{( i`d vcihe{tekikkc{{ kg`deteg`{> -eee% c`qevgòc`tih i{{c{{oc`t{(

iysitek vc{gsvkc{ oiìjcoc`t( i`d irrvgrveitc{iacjsivd{> i`d -eq% iysitek feg{iactu i`d mcihtmkivc. Tmc ae`de`j{ ih{g cormi{e|c tmc ccd agv vej/gvgs{ i{{c{{oc`t ga tmc kiriketu ga c}ckste`j i`drivtekerite`j ijc`kec{( c}tc`{eg` {cvqekc{( eàvi/{tvsktsvc c`mi`kcoc`t( vc{gsvkc oiìjcoc`t(i`d càgvkcoc`t ga vcjshiteg`{ tg rvcqc`t iysitekde{ci{c{ i`d c`qevgòc`tih dcjviditeg`.

Ae`de`j {setifhc iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`tirrvgikmc{ tg grc` sr heqchemggd grrgvtsètec{ agvtmc vsvih rggv vcoie`{ i kmihhc`jc. Tmc rggv aikcoiù kg`{tvie`t{ tg idgrte`j ae{m aivoe`j fckis{cga hikn ga ikkc{{ tg kiretih i`d vc{gsvkc{( qsh`cv/ifehetu( i`d iqcv{eg` tg ve{n{. Ae{m aivocv{ `ccd ir/rvgrveitc {nehh{( hi`d i`d zitcv( aeì`keih kiretih(gvjiè|itegìh ivvi`jcoc`t{( rmu{ekih aikehetec{(i`d eàvi{tvsktsvc. Mgzcqcv( tmcvc ivc kg`{edcv/ifhc grrgvtsètec{ agv tmc c`tvu ga rggv rcgrhc e`tgiysikshtsvc tmvgsjm hgz/kg{t tckm`ghgjec{ i`dmchr tg {cksvc ikkc{{ tg i`d kg`tvgh ga vc{gsvkc{.9:

Tme{( mgzcqcv( e{ `gt ocvchu i ysc{teg` ga tivjct/e`j tmc rggv. Et dcoi`d{ i kgorvcmc`{eqc

91 Rmeher{ O. L.( K. N. He`( O. K. O. Fcqcvedjc. 955;. [mveor Kshtsvci`d tmc C`qevgòc`t< Hc{{g`{ avgo tmc Zgvhd{ Og{t ViredhuC}ri`de`j Zivozitcv Iysikshtsvc [cktgv. E` C`qevgòc`t i`d

Iysikshtsvc e` Dcqchgre`j Kgs`tvec{( cdetcd fu V . [. Q. Rshhe`( M.Vg{c`tmih( i`d L. H. Oikhci`. Oièhi< EKHIVO.

9: Cdzivd{( R.( D. K. Hetthc ( i`d M. Dcoie`c( cdetgv{. 6226. VsvihIysikshtsvc. Zihhe`jagvd( SN< Kife Rsfhe{me`j.

9= Cdzivd{( R.( D. K. Hetthc( i`d M. Dcoie`c. 6226. E{{sc{ e` VsvihIysikshtsvc. E`Vsvih Iysikshtsvc( cdetcd fu R. Cdzivd{( D. K. Hetthci`d M. Dcoie`c. Zihhe`jagvd( SN< Kife Rsfhe{me`j.

s`dcv{ti`de`j ga kg`tc}tsih kevkso{ti`kc{( grcv/ite`j c`qevgòc`t{( i`d cìfhe`j kg`deteg`{. Ksv/vc`t n`gzhcdjc jir{ hivjchu kg`kcv` c`qevgòc`tihi`d {gkeih i{rckt{( i`d tmc heqchemggd i{rckt{ ga{oihh/{kihc i`d rggv aivocv{( e`khsde`j fivvecv{i`d ikkc{{ tg idgrteg` ga tckm`ghgju i`d {s{/tie`cd aivo grcviteg`{.9=

RSVRG[C I@D OCTMGD

GA CQIHSITEG@Tme{ {rckeih cqihsiteg` {tsdu -[C[% zi{ dc{ej`cd tgedc`teau i`d i{{c{{ tmc oilgv kmi``ch{ ga caackt{ agvheqchemggd{ i`d rgqcvtu vcdskteg` ga {oihh/{kihcavc{mzitcv vsvih iysikshtsvc( i`d tg vckgooc`d{tcr{ tg oinc IDF grcviteg`{ e` iysikshtsvc dcqch/groc`t ogvc vchcqi`t agv rgqcvtu vcdskteg`. Agv tmciìhu{e{( tmc [C[ c}ioe`cd tmc kmi``ch{ tmvgsjm

zmekm {oihh/{kihc avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc aivocv{ivc iaacktcd e` tmcev aivoe`j grcviteg`{( {skm i{ikkc{{ tg heqchemggd i{{ct{( oivnct{ i`d rvekc{( tmchifgv oivnct( ikkc{{ tg {cvqekc{ i`d aikehetec{( eàvi/{tvsktsvc( i`d ncu tvi`{agvoe`j rvgkc{{c{( e`khsde`j

e`{tetsteg`{ i`d rghekec{.Tmc [C[ s{cd i ki{c/{tsdu irrvgikm zetm i`

ivviu ga octmgd{< -e% vcqecz ga vchcqi`t rsfhekiteg`{(e`khsde`j dgksoc`tcd g`/IDF c}rcvec`kc e` avc{m/

zitcv vsvih iysikshtsvc> -ee%{ckg`divu diti iìhu/{e{> -eee% ncu eàgvoi`t e`tcvqecz{ i`d agks{/jvgsrde{ks{{eg`{> i`d -eq%mgs{cmghd {svqcu{ ga {oihh/{kihc ae{m aivocv{ i`d gtmcv{ zmg mid `gt idgrtcdae{m aivoe`j. Tmc [C[ s{cd fgtm ysihetiteqc i`dysi`tetiteqc octmgd{ ga diti kghhckteg` i`d e`ysevu.Tmc rvc{svqcu ikteqetec{ zcvc vckg`ìe{{i`kc i`dvired vsvih irrvie{ih( rvctc{te`j i`d vcqe{eg` ga

KMIRTCV 6

VITEG@IHC( RSVRG[C( I@D OCTMGD

GA CQIHSITEG@


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Aejsvc 9 -ee% hifgv oivnct>-eee%rsfhek i`d rveqitc e`{tetsteg`{> -eq% aikehetec{(eàvi{tvsktsvc( i`d {cvqekc{> -q% hcjih avioczgvn i`ddcqchgroc`t rghekec{> -qe% iysitek vc{gsvkc{ oi`/ijcoc`t i`d tmc c`qevgòc`t> i`d -qee%qivegs{{iacjsivd{( e`khsde`j feg{iactu i`d iysitek

mcihtm.62 Tme{ avioczgvn ih{g vckgjè|c{ {ci{g`/ihetu( {mgkn{( i`d tvc`d{ tmit eàhsc`kc gstkgoc{.Tmc eorgvti`kc ga ikkc{{ tg deaacvc`t ne`d{ ga kire/tih i{{ct{ ki` qivu zetm {rckeaek i`d hgkih kevkso/{ti`kc{. Mgzcqcv( {goc kg`deteg`{ -{skm i{ ikkc{{i`d tc`svc vejmt{ tg hi`d i`d zitcv% ivcc{{c`teih agv ihh iysikshtsvc.

I{ i oci`{ ga dctcvoeè`j rcvkceqcd gstkgoc{({svqcu vc{rg`dc`t{ zcvc i{ncd tg i{{c{{ qivegs{ {ets/iteg`{ gqcv teoc< -e% 3 uciv{ ijg( -ee% it rvc{c`t( i`d-eee% 3 uciv{ avgo `gz. I qe{sih hiddcv/henc {kihc

zetm 92 {tcr{ zi{ s{cd( ihhgze`j vc{rg`dc`t{ tgoinc gvdeìh lsdjoc`t{.69 [tcr 9 g` tmc hiddcv vcr/vc{c`tcd tmc zgv{t rg{{efhc {etsiteg` zmehc {tcr 92rgvtviucd tmc fc{t rg{{efhc {kcìveg.

95 Tme{ kg`kcrtsih avioczgvn tinc{ e`tg ikkgs`t ncu kmi``ch{ gacaackt{ i{ dc{kvefcd e` tmc Ogdeaecd Rgqcvtu Eorikt I{{c{{oc`tOitve}( IDF. 622;.Ckg`goek Iìhu{e{ ga Rgheku/Fi{cd Grcviteg`{< Ncu

Deoc`{eg`{ . Oièhi. r. :9. Tmc [C[ avioczgvn kgofe`c{ tmc{ckmi``ch{ ga caackt{ zetm tmc {s{tieìfhc heqchemggd{ avioczgvn ga tmcDcrivtoc`t agv E`tcvìtegìh Dcqchgroc`t -DAED% ga tmc SètcdNe`jdgo. Iqiehifhc< mttr


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KI[C [TSDEC[

Cejmt ki{c {tsdec{ zcvc {chcktcd i`d s`dcvtinc`(kgqcve`j Fi`jhidc{m -tmvcc ki{c {tsdec{%( Rmeher/re`c{ -tmvcc%( i`d Tmiehi`d -tzg%. Tmc{c ki{c {tsd/ec{ ivc kgorehcd e` Rivt 6 ga tme{ fggn.66

Tmc {chckteg` ga ki{c {tsdec{ tggn e`tg ikkgs`t -e%

e`khs{eg` ga tmc rggv iog`j grcvitgv{ ga gv rivteke/ri`t{ {cvqcd fu {chcktcd ae{m aivoe`j rviktekc{> -ee%rvc{c`kc ga vsvih( {oihh/{kihc avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvcirrhekiteg`{ i`d rviktekc{> -eee% acitsvc{ e`dekite`j vcr/vc{c`titeqc {gkegckg`goek i`d ijvgckghgjekih kg`de/teg`{> i`d -eq% aiqgvifhc {cksvetu gv rcikc i`d gvdcvkg`deteg`{ tmit ihhgzcd s`me`dcvcd ikkc{{ tg {chcktcd{etc{ i`d kg`deteg`{ agv jc`cvite`j gstkgoc{. Tmc [C[

zi{ hivjchu s`dcvtinc` e` 622;.6;

Tmc ki{c {tsdec{ rvgfcd i`d cormi{e|cd deaacv/c`t i{rckt{ ga avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc e` deqcv{c {ct/te`j{. Ihtgjctmcv( tmc cejmt ki{c {tsdec{ e` tmvcckgs`tvec{ rvgqedc i kgorg{etc ehhs{tviteg` ga tmc [C[kg`kcrtsih avioczgvn.

Fi`jhidc{m. IDF aev{t {srrgvtcd iysikshtsvcdcqchgroc`t e` Fi`jhidc{m tmvgsjm i rvglckt e` tmchitc 95:2{.64 I hitcv rvglckt asvtmcv {srrgvtcd iysik/shtsvc dcqchgroc`t tg e`kvci{c ae{m rvgdskteg` agvdgoc{tek kg`{sorteg`( c}ri`d corhguoc`t( i`de`kvci{c e`kgoc{ e` vsvih ivci{.63 IDF mi{ {srrgvtcdFi`jhidc{m e` rvgogte`j i`d de{{coeìte`j ae{maivoe`j tckm`ghgju( rivtekshivhu kivr rghukshtsvc.Tmvcc ki{c {tsdec{ zcvc s`dcvtinc` e` Fi`jhidc{m.-e% Ki{c {tsdu 9( i` gqcvqecz ga {oihh/{kihc avc{m/

zitcv iysikshtsvc e` Fi`jhidc{m( zi{ dc{ej`cdtg e`qc{tejitc kgs`tvuzedc {ejèaeki`kc ga avc{m/

zitcv iysikshtsvc( {gkeih deoc`{eg`{ ga vsvih

rgqcvtu iog`j aivocv{( oilgv iysikshtsvc {u{/tco{( ae{m oivnct{( corhguoc`t e` iysikshtsvc(

IDF{ {srrgvt tg iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`t({iacjsivd{ agv iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`t( vch/cqi`t hc{{g`{( i`d ziu{ tg fc`caet tmc rggv.

-ee% Ki{c {tsdu 6( aivoe j kivr{ e` hci{cd rg d{ fujvgsr{ e Kmi`drsv( zi{ fi{cd g i kgorg`c`tga tmc IDF/aeì`kcd Kgooi`d Ivci Dcqchgr/oc`t Rvglckt.61 Tg oetejitc tmc dckhe`c e` kirtsvcae{mcvec{( i {oihh/{kihc avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvcrvglckt zi{ dc{ej`cd s{e`j i hgz/kg{t tckm`ghgjufi{cd g` kivr rghukshtsvc tmit mid fcc` rvgogtcdfu i` civhecv IDF/aeì`kcd rvglckt e` Kmi`drsv.6:

Tmc rvglckt -e%gvjiè|cd tmc rggv( rveoivehuzgoc`( e`tg jvgsr{> -ee% tvie`cd tmc{c jvgsr{ gàe{m aivoe`j> -eee% mchrcd tmc jvgsr{ tg ikysevcae{mrg`d{> i`d -eq%rvgqedcd tmco zetmoekvgaeì`kc {cvqekc{. Tmc rvglckt mchrcd s`co/rhgucd( s`dcvcorhgucd( oivjeìh( i`d hi`dhc{{rcgrhc zmg mid ikkc{{ tg hc{{ tmi` 2.6mcktivc-mi% ga kshteqifhc hi`d. Tmc {tsdu e`khsdcd i {sv/

qcu ga 922 vi`dgohu {chcktcd ae{m aivoe`j jvgsr{

i`d 922 mgs{cmghd{ avgo tmc aivo jvgsr{( i`de`tcvqecz{ zetm ae{m tvidcv{( ae{m {ccd -lsqcèhcae{m e`khsde`j avu i`d ae`jcvhe`j{% tvidcv{( i`dae{m mivqc{tcv{.

-eee% Ki{c {tsdu ;( heqchemggd rvgaehc{ ga ae{m aivocv{ e`Ne{mgvcji`l( zi{ s`dcvtinc` e` tmc JvcitcvOuoc`{e`jm ivci( i oilgv vcjeg` e` Fi`jhidc{m

agv avc{mzitcv ae{m aivoe`j. Ne{mgvcji`l zi{iog`j 66 de{tvekt{ tivjctcd e` 95==955: s`dcvtmc IDF/aeì`kcd [ckg`d Iysikshtsvc Dcqchgr/oc`t Rvglckt tg rvgogtc ae{m aivoe`j fi{cd g`{coe/e`tc`{eqc kivr rghukshtsvc rg`d tckm`ghgjutmvgsjm tmc c{tifhe{moc`t ga dcog`{tviteg` ae{m/rg`d{ i`d aivocv/tg/aivocv kg`tikt -aggt`gtc6:%. Tme{ ki{c {tsdu e`qc{tejitcd kgoog` heqche/mggd kg`deteg`{ ga e`hi`d avc{mzitcv ae{m aivocv{e` Fi`jhidc{m i`d e`khsdcd i {svqcu ga 922mgs{cmghd{ zetm ae{mrg`d{. Mgs{cmghd{ zcvc{chcktcd vi`dgohu e` ivci{ turekih ga tmc JvcitcvOuoc`{e`jm ivci.Rmeherre`c{. Avgo tmc hitc 95=2{( IDF i`d

gtmcv ied ijc`kec{ kg`tvefstcd as`d{ agv vc{civkm g`jc`ctek eorvgqcoc`t ga aivocd tehirei i`d de{{coe/ìteg ga eorvgqcd fvccd{.6= @ehc tehirei -Gvcgkmvgoe{èhgteks{% aivoe`j zi{ ih{g rvgogtcd tmvgsjm gtmcv

66 Tmc cejmt ki{c {tsdec{ -Rivt 6 ga tme{ fggn% zcvc rvcrivcd i{ {srrgvte`jdgksoc`t{ agv IDF{ cqihsiteg` -Rivt 9% ga tmc {cktgv.

6; Aechdzgvn zi{ e`tcvvsrtcd g` i `sofcv ga gkki{eg`{ fckis{c gasì`tekeritcd {cksvetu kg`deteg`{ i`d tviqch vc{tvekteg`{( zmekm kis{cd{kmcdshe`j deaaekshtec{ agv {cqcvih [C[ tcio ocofcv{ zmg zcvc c`jijcde`tcvoettc`thu agv tmc {tsdu. Tmc{c kg`deteg`{ e`khsdcd tmc cocvjc`kcga tmc {cqcvc ikstc vc{revitgvu {u`dvgoc -[IV[%> hgkih {cksvetu idqe{gvui`d kg`deteg`{ tg c`{svc {iac i`d s`me`dcvcd ikkc{{ tg {svqcu {etc{ e`tmc Rmeherre`c{ agv e`tcvqeczcv{ i`d c`socvitgv{> i`d i` ifgvtcd oe{{eg`

e` Irveh 622; e` Fi`jhidc{m( zmc` tcio ocofcv{ zcvc rvcqc`tcd avgoqe{ete`j {etc{ gst{edc Dmini. Kg`{cysc`thu( tmc aechdzgvn kgooc`kcd e`Ls`c 622; e` Fi`jhidc{m( i`d e` Lshu 622; e` tmc Rmeherre`c{ i`dTmiehi`d. Eàgvoiteg` jitmcve`j( diti iìhu{c{( diti e`tcvrvctiteg`( i`d{u`tmc{e{ ga eàgvoiteg` agv tmc ki{c {tsdec{ kg`te`scd s`teh Li`sivu6224.

64 IDF. 95::.Irrvie{ih Vcrgvt g` tmc Iysikshtsvc Dcqchgroc`t Rvglckte` Fi`jhidc{m. Oièhi. -Hgi` ;65/FI@^[A_< Iysikshtsvc Dcqchgroc`t

Rvglckt( agv $9= oehheg`( irrvgqcd g` 9; Dckcofcv 95::.%

63 IDF. 95=1.Irrvie{ih Vcrgvt g` tmc [ckg`d Iysikshtsvc Dcqchgroc`tRvglckt e` Fi`jhidc{m. Oièhi.

61 IDF. 9553.Vcrgvt i`d Vckgooc`diteg` ga tmc Rvc{edc`t tg tmc Fgivdga Devcktgv{ g` i Rvgrg{cd Hgi` tg tmc Rcgrhc{ Vcrsfhek ga Fi`jhidc{m agvtmc Kgooi`d Ivci Dcqchgroc`t Rvglckt. Oièhi. -Hgi` 9;55/FI@^[A_ i`d -f% vchcqi`kc ga ide{ti`kc c}tc`{eg` irrvgikm agv vc{gsvkc/rggv(ogfehc( i`d hetcvitc ae{m aivocv{. Tme{ ki{c {tsdudviz{ mciqehu avgo tmc c}rcvec`kc i`d kggrcvi/teqc caagvt{ ga tmc Iysi Gstvcikm Rvgjvio ga tmc

I{ei` E`{tetstc ga Tckm`ghgju i`d tmc Dcrivt/oc`t ga Ae{mcvec{ ga Tmiehi`d.

VCRGVT [TVSKTSVC

Kmirtcv EEE de{ks{{c{ vchcqi`t acitsvc{ ga rgqcvtu i`ddeoc`{eg`{ ga qsh`cvifehetu. Kmirtcv EQ iìhu|c{ aci/tsvc{ ga kiretih i{{ct{ i`d tvi`{agvoe`j rvgkc{{c{tmit eàhsc`kc {oihh/{kihc avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc(s{e`j c}iorhc{ avgo tmc ki{c {tsdec{. Kmirtcv Q{sooive|c{ ncu ae`de`j{ avgo tmc ki{c {tsdec{.Kmirtcv QE dviz{ rcvte`c`t hc{{g`{ avgo IDF grcvi/teg`{ e` avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc e` jc`cvih. Kmirtcv

QEE rvgqedc{ vckgooc`diteg`{ agv oine`j {oihh/{kihc avc{mzitcv vsvih iysikshtsvc ogvc vchcqi`t agvrgqcvtu vcdskteg`.

65 -e% IDF. 95=5.Rvglckt Rcvagvoi`kc Isdet Vcrgvt g` tmc Hijsì dc FiuAe{m Rc` Dcqchgroc`t Rvglckt e` tmc Rmeherre`c{. Oièhi. -Hgi` ;:9/RME tmcu zcvc sìfhc tg zgvnrmu{ekihhu i{ hifgvcv{ gst{edc tmcev mgoc{tcid{. E`Kmi`drsv( zgoc` kgshd `gt ae`d corhguoc`tirivt avgo ae{m aivoe`j e` jvgsr{ i{ kvcitcd fudchefcvitc IDF/aeì`kcd dcqchgroc`t eèteiteqc{.Tmc grrgvtsètec{ e` jvgsr/fi{cd ae{m aivoe`j c`/ifhcd tmc{c zgoc` tg jc`cvitc e`kgoc{ i`d tgrhiu i {ejèaeki`t {mivcd vghc e` ikteqetec{ gvoihhudgoeìtcd fu oc`. @cqcvtmchc{{( s`dcv{ti`de`j

I mgoc{tcidae{mrg`d e`Fi`jhidc{m

Tifhc ;< Kmiviktcve{tek{ ga [oihh/[kihc Ae{m Aivocv{ i`d Vekc Aivocv{ e`

Kc`tvih Hs|g`( Rmeherre`c{

Qiveifhc Tehirei Aivocv{ Vekc Aivocv{

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Mgs{cmghd [e|c -iqcvijc sofcv% 3.; 3.3

Hc`jtm ga C}rcvec`kc e` Rvc{c`t Gkksriteg` 4.: 65.:

-iqcvijc uciv{%

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-iqcvijc uciv{%

` ? `sofcv ga vc{rg`dc`t{.

[gsvkc< [rckeih cqihsiteg` {tsdu {svqcu.

Tifhc 6< Cdskitegìh [tits{ ga [svqcucd Ae{m Aivocv{ e` Fi`jhidc{m

Kmi`drsv -#% Ne{mgvcji`l -#%

Cdskitegìh [tits{ Mgs{cmghd Mcid [rgs{c -`?55% Mgs{cmghd Mcid [rgs{c

-`?922% Acoihc Ocofcv{ -`?922% -`?55%

Ae{m Aivoe`j Jvgsr{

@g Cdskiteg` 92 93 6: 1:Rveoivu -khi{{ 93% ;1 43 ;: 69

[ckg`divu -khi{{ 192% 65 63 64 5

[ckg`divu [kmggh Kcvteaekitc 95 99 5 9

Mejmcv [ckg`divu Kcvteaekitc ; ; 2 6

S`dcvjvidsitc( Sèqcv{etu'Kghhcjc ; 9 ; 2




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jc`dcv vghc{ e` ae{m aivoe`j e{ kvetekih e` {etsiteg`{zmc` mgs{cmghd{ corhgu aioehu hifgv tg rcvagvoqivegs{ ti{n{. Ihtmgsjm zgoc` zcvc vckvsetcd tgagvo ae{m aivoe`j jvgsr{ e` Kmi`drsv( {mivcd vghc{fctzcc` acoihc{ i`d oihc{ zcvc rvcdgoeì`t-Tifhc 4%. Tms{( idqe{gvu i`d c}tc`{eg` {cvqekc{kgshd `gt tivjct zgoc` zetmgst e`qghqe`j tmcev

{rgs{c{ gv gtmcv aioehu ocofcv{.

[gkeih Kiretih

[gkeih kiretih e` tmc agvo ga `ctzgvn{( kshtsvih`gvo{( i`d gtmcv {gkeih ittvefstc{ mi{ {ejèaeki`thumchrcd c}kmi`jc{ ga c}rcvec`kc( {mive`j ga n`gzh/cdjc( i`d kggrcviteg` iog`j vsvih mgs{cmghd{.Avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`t e` Fi`jhidc{mjie`cd {sf{ti`teihhu avgo jgqcvòc`t c}tc`{eg`{srrgvt fi{cd g` dcog`{tviteg` ga aci{efhc tckm/`ghgju agv kivr rghukshtsvc( fst {sf{cysc`t {rvcidga eorvgqcd ae{m aivoe`j rviktekc{ e` tmc kgs`tvuvchecd mciqehu g` aivocv/tg/aivocv kg`tikt{ i`daiqgvifhc {gkeih `ctzgvn{ iog`j ocofcv{ ga tmcvsvih kgoosètec{ -aggt`gtc 6:%. @civhu ihh tmc{svqcucd aivocv{ e` Ne{mgvcji`l {ied tmcev ksvvc`tae{m aivoe`j rviktekc{ gvejeìtcd hgkihhu( og{thutmvgsjm eàgvoiteg` i`d idqekc g` ae{m aivoe`javgo gtmcv aivocv{( i`d -42# ga tmco% avgoavec`d{ i`d `cejmfgv{.

Ikkc{{ tg {gkeih kiretih ih{g mi{tc`cd tmcikyse{eteg` ga eàgvoiteg`( tvieè`j( i`d idqe{gvu{cvqekc{ agv tehirei aivoe`j e` tmc Rmeherre`c{. Og{ttehirei aivocv{ tvikcd tmc gveje` ga tmcev tehireiaivoe`j rviktekc{ tg tmcev gz` rvgqe`kc( de{{coe/ìtcd tmvgsjm i` eàgvoih ctzgvn ga aivocv{ i`d

rveqitc {cktgv jvgsr{( {skm i{ mitkmcvec{( ae{m {ccd`sv{cvec{( i`d accd {srrhecv{. Ogvc tmi` tzg tmevd{ga tmc {svqcucd ae{m aivocv{ e` Kc`tvih Hs|g`khieocd tmit tmcu vckceqcd tvieè`j tmvgsjm {skmkg``ckteg`{( {rckeaekihhu g` ae{mrg`d rvcriviteg`(tehirei ms{fi`dvu( ae{m `stveteg`( i`d {ccd rvgdsk/teg`. Mgzcqcv( og{t ga tmc{c tehirei aivocv{ zcvc`gt iaaeheitcd zetm iù heqchemggd i{{gkeiteg`. Osh/tersvrg{c kggrcviteqc{ zcvc tmc og{t rgrshivkmgekc iog`j aivocv{ iaaeheitcd e` i agvoih i{{g/keiteg`.

Tmc eorgvti`kc ga {gkeih `ctzgvn{ zi{ asvtmcvcqedc`kcd iog`j tehirei kijc aivocv{ it Hinc Tiih(Rmeherre`c{. I` gqcvzmchoe`j oilgvetu ga tmc {sv/

qcu vc{rg`dc`t{ ikysevcd tmcev ae{m aivoe`j rviktekc{avgo {gsvkc{ zetme` tmcev rvgqe`kc( e`khsde`j i `ct/

zgvn ga achhgz aivocv{( avec`d{( vchiteqc{( jgqcv`/oc`t ijc`kec{( accd {srrhecv{( ae{m {ccd {srrhecv{(aeì`kecv{( ocdei( cdskitegìh e`{tetsteg`{( i`d@JG{. Iog`j rvgqedcv{ ga eàgvoiteg` i`didqekc( tmc vghc ga jgqcvòc`t ijc`kec{ e` rvgqed/e`j c}tc`{eg` {cvqekc{ tg tehirei aivocv{ it Hinc Tiih

mi{ fcc` {ejèaeki`thu gqcv{midgzcd fu tmc rveqitc{cktgv i`d c}e{te`j {gkeih `ctzgvn{ iog`j aivocv{.[gkeih `ctzgvne`j rhiu{ i kvskeih vghc e` ikkc{{e`ji{{ct{ agv tehirei aivoe`j( rivtekshivhu zetm vc{rckttg ae{m aivocv{ dcrc`dc`kc g` c}tcvìh aeì`kecv{.Ostsih tvs{t e{ riviogs`t e` i aeì`kecv/aivocvvchiteg`{mer. Aivocv{ ga jggd vcrstiteg`( fchg`je`jtg i hivjc {gkeih `ctzgvn( miqc jggd kmi`kc{ ga gf/tieè`j ikkc{{ tg aeì`keih i`d gtmcv vc{gsvkc{tmvgsjm rcv{gìh vcacvvih{ i`d kg`tikt{. Vcacvvih{grc` dggv{ ga grrgvtsètec{( i`d aeì`kecv{ vchu g`{skm e`devckt i{{c{{oc`t{ tg oe eoe|c ogvih mi|ivd{e` c`jije`j rgtc`teih {oihh fs{e`c{{ rivt`cv{( {skmi{ aivo kivctincv{ i`d corhgucc{.

E` @gvtmci{tcv` Tmiehi`d( i aivoe`j {u{tco{vc{civkm i`d c}tc`{eg` irrvgikm zi{ aghhgzcd tgc`{svc tmit tmc tckm`ghgju dcqchgrcd zi{ vchcqi`t(i`d zgshd fc idgrtcd fu {oihh/{kihc aivocv{ e` tmcvcjeg`. Tmc irrvgikm e`qghqcd -e% {etsitegìh iìhu/{e{ tg i{{c{{ tmc `ccd{ agv( i`d tmc rgtc`teih fc`caet{

avgo( iysikshtsvc tckm`ghgju agv {oihh/{kihc aivomgs{cmghd{> -ee%edc`teaekiteg` ga irrvgrveitc tckm/`ghgjec{ avgo vcqecz{ ga n`gzhcdjc( g`/{titeg` i`dg`/aivo vc{civkm( i{ zchh i{ idirteqc i`d mi`d{/gàechd tveih{ zetm {oihh/{kihc aivocv{ tg tc{t i`d vcae`ctckmèkih vckgooc`diteg`{> i`d -eee% vc{civkm e`tgtmc rvgdskteg` ga c}tc`{eg` oitcveih{ i`d ziu{ tgde{{coeìtc tmco tg aivocv{ i`d rgtc`teih khec`t{. Ide{ti`kc irrvgikm zi{ idgrtcd e` qecz ga tmc hiknga jgqcvòc`t {tiaa agv c}tc`{eg` dcheqcvu. Tmc tckm/èysc{ s{cd miqc e`khsdcd fvgkmsvc{( videg fvgid/ki{t{( i`d tchcqe{eg` rvgjvio{. Tmc de{ti`kcirrvgikm tggn e`tg ikkgs`t ncu vcyse{etc{ agv caack/teqc kgoosèkiteg`{( e`khsde`j hgkih aivocv{ ksh/tsvc i`d c}e{te`j {gkeih ctzgvn{( hi`jsijc( hcivè`jc}rcvec`kc( i`d heac{tuhc. Ikkc{{ tg kchhshiv tchc/rmg`c{ mi{ ih{g jvcithu mchrcd c}kmi`jc{ ga eàgv/oiteg` iog`j aivocv{ i`d c}tc`{eg` ijc`t{.

Tmc ki{c {tsdec{ e` Fi`jhidc{m i`d tmc Rmeh/erre`c{ e`dekitcd tmit kgàhekt{ iog`j ae{m aivo/cv{( i`d zetm gtmcv s{cv{ ga hi`d i`d zitcv( zcvcheoetcd. @cqcvtmchc{{( deaacvc`t e`tcvc{t{ e` tmc s{c

Tifhc 4< Jc`dcv Vghc{ e` Ae{m Aivoe`j Ikteqetec{ e` Kmi`drsv( Fi`jhidc{m

Ikteqetu G`hu Oihc -#% G`hu Acoihc -#% [mivcd -#%

Rg`d Rvcriviteg` 6= 6 :2

Ae{m [ccd Rvgksvcoc`t 92 ; =:

Accd Rvgksvcoc`t 1 4 52

Acvtehe|cv Rvgksvcoc`t 1 4 52

Acvtehe|iteg` 9 92 =5Accde`j Ae{m 9 9; =1

Mivqc{te`j Ae{m =: ; 92

Jvide`j Ae{m 44 92 41

Oivncte`j Ae{m 56 9 :

[gsvkc< [rckeih cqihsiteg` {tsdu {svqcu fi{cd g` vc{rg`{c{ avgo 922 vc{rg`dc`t{.


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ga heoetcd hi`d i`d zitcv vc{gsvkc{ oiu vc{sht e`{gkeih kgàhekt{( i`d tmc qsh`cvifhc rggv avcysc`thuhg{c gst s`dcv {skm kevkso{ti`kc{. Agv c}iorhc(tmcvc ivc vcrgvt{ ga hg`j{ti`de`j kgàhekt{ it HincTiih fctzcc` tmc hinc{ ae{mcv{ i`d tehirei kijcaivocv{. Tmc ae{mcv{( tmcev gz` ehhcjih rviktekc{

i{edc( fhioc tehirei kijc aivocv{ agv tmc dckhe`c e`tmc hinc{ ae{mcvec{( kete`j eorcdcd iqejiteg`( hgz/cvcd zitcv ysihetu( i`d gf{tvskteg` ga tmc oie`gsthct veqcv kmi``ch.

Sàiqgvifhc {gkeih c`qevgòc`t{ ki` rg{c ve{nga hg{{c{ tmvgsjm tmcat gv rgikme`j ga ae{m. Tmc{ce`kedc`t{ zcvc vcrgvtcd tg fc {ejèaeki`t e` tmc{tsdu ivci{ e` Fi`jhidc{m i`d tmc Rmeherre`c{.Tmcat ve{n{ s{sihhu e`kvci{c zmc` ae{mrg`d{ gv ae{mkijc{ ivc tgg aiv avgo aivocv{ mgoc{ tg ihhgz {sv/

qcehhi`kc. Ashh {svqcehhi`kc ga ae{mrg`d{ gv ae{mkijc{ vcysevc{ e`kvci{cd hifgv e`rst{ i`d( tmcvc/agvc( kg{t{ ga ae{m aivo oie`tcì`kc. E`kvci{cdtmcat ve{n{ i`d tmc i{{gkeitcd kg{t{ oiu heoet tmcaci{efehetu ga ae{m aivoe`j( c{rckeihhu iog`j mgs{c/mghd{ mcidcd fu acoihc{ zmg( g` tmcev gz`( ivcsìfhc tg rvgtckt tmcev i{{ct{ ijie`{t i` sàiqgv/ifhc {gkeih c`qevgòc`t. Jvgsr/fi{cd ae{m aivoe`jiog`j zgoc` e` Kmi`drsv e` Fi`jhidc{m mi{rvgqedcd kghhckteqc rvgtckteg` tmvgsjm rgghe`j gahifgv vc{gsvkc{ i`d vgtitegìh jsivd dstec{ ivgs`dtmcev ae{mrg`d{.

@itsvih Kiretih

Zetmgst ikkc{{ tg hi`d i`d zitcv( tmc rggv ivc s`/henchu tg c`jijc e` ae{m aivoe`j devckthu( ihtmgsjmtmcvc ivc corhguoc`t grrgvtsètec{ agv hifgvcv{.Agv e`hi`d avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc( ikkc{{ i`d tc`/

svc vejmt{ tg hi`d i`d zitcv ivc oilgv rvcvcyse/{etc{. Devckt fc`caekeivec{ ga iysikshtsvcdcqchgroc t miqc hivjchu fcc` ae{mrg`d gz`cv{ gvtmg{c zmg miqc {cksvcd ikkc{{ i`d tc`svc vejmt{gqcv dc{ejìtcd ivci{ ga hi`d i`d zitcv. E``gqi/teqc ivvi`jcoc`t{ ivc `ccdcd tg cìfhc tmc rggvtg miqc {cksvc ikkc{{ tg hi`d i`d zitcv.;; Zmc`tmc hi`dhc{{ jie` ikkc{{ tg rg`d{ gv zitcv fgdec{tmvgsjm hci{c gv gtmcv ikkc{{ ivvi`jcoc`t{( {cksvcikkc{{ vejmt{ ivc kvetekih. Zetmgst fe`de`j i`d hg`j/tcvo ijvccoc`t{ g` ikkc{{ vejmt{( ae{m aivocv{ ivc

qsh`cvifhc. Cqekteg` e{ kgoog` zmc` ikkc{{ e{ gt{cksvc( i`d e`tcvvsrtcd grcviteg` ki` vc{sht e`hg{{c{ ga e`qc{toc`t{ tmit tmc rggv ki``gt vckgqcv.

Ae{m aivoe`j e` hgz/kg{t {oihh kijc{ zi{ rehgtcdi`d e`tvgdskcd e` Fi`jhidc{m tg rveoivehu hi`dhc{{rggv rcgrhc zmg zcvc rvgqedcd zetm ikkc{{ tg hinc{(veqcv{( zitcv kiìh{( i`d {ci{gìh zitcv fgdec{.Tckmèkihhu aci{efhc( {oihh/{kihc ae{m kijc{ ihhgzcd

Jvgsr gazgoc` ae{maivocv{

;; Zitiìfc( T. 955;. Tmc Rg`d{ i`d tmc Rggv< Tmc [tgvu ga Jviocc` Fi`n{ Eèteiteqc. Dmini< Jviocc` Fi`n.


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tmc hi`dhc{{ rggv tg fc`caet avgo iysikshtsvc.;4

Fst kg`{tvie`t{ aikcd tmc zedcv idgrteg` i`d s{cga ae{m kijc{ fu tmc rggv( {skm i{ eèteih kg`{tvsk/teg` kg{t{( c}rg{svc tg tmcat{( sìaagvdifhc {srrhc/oc`tivu accd( i`d e`kgoritefehetu fctzcc` tmceoocdeitc `ccd tg civ` diehu e`kgoc iog`j tmcrggvc{t i`d tmc {ci{gìh ìtsvc ga ae{m kijc e`/

kgoc. Rvgqede`j ikkc{{ tg zitcv fgdec{ ihg`c zi{`gt {saaekec`t agv tmc rggv tg kg`te`sc zetm ae{maivoe`j. Tms{( tmc idgrteg` ga tme{ tckm`ghgju mi{vcoie`cd hgkihe|cd( i`d mi{ `gt fcc` zedchu vcr/hekitcd e` Fi`jhidc{m.

Ikkc{{ tg ae{mrg`d{ iog`j vsvih mgs{cmghd{e{ kgoog` e` Fi`jhidc{m. Tmc oilgvetu ga ae{m/rg`d{ zcvc kg`{tvsktcd i{ fgvvgz ret{( zmekm

zcvc dsj gst agv tmc {geh tg fc s{cd tg vie{c tmcjvgs`d hcqch ga qehhijc {ctthcoc`t{ i`d ritmziu{.Tms{( tmc rg`d{ zcvc gt dchefcvitchu fseht i{ ae{m/rg`d{( fst i{ rivt ga c}kiqiteg` zgvn{ `ckc{{ivuagv qehhijc i`d mgoc{tcid dcqchgroc`t. Tmc so/fcv ga {oihh mgoc{tcid ae{mrg`d{ e` Fi`jhidc{mrvgfifhu c}kccd{ 3oehheg`. Tme{ vcahckt{ tmc {ej/èaeki`kc ga ae{mrg`d{ e` tmc heqchemggd{ i`d {gkeihaifvek ga vsvih Fi`jhidc{me mgs{cmghd{. Ae{mrg`d{ivc gatc` oshtersvrg{c rg`d{> qehhijcv{ s{c rg`d

zitcv agv zi{me`j khgtmc{ i`d de{mc{( fitme`j( heqc/{tgkn( kggne`j( i`d dve`ne`j zitcv iatcv aehtcve`j.E` jc`cvih( ae{m aivoe`j dgc{ gt e`tcvacvc zetm tmcoshtersvrg{c s{c ga rg`d{( rvgqede`j {tvg`j e`kc`/teqc{ agv rg`d gz`cv{ tg {iacjsivd tmc ysihetu garg`d zitcv. Tmc iqiehifehetu ga rg`d{ rvgqedc{ ièorcts{ agv ae{m aivoe`j dcqchgroc`t zetmgst e`/ksvve`j iddetegìh i`d dchefcvitc kg{t{ agv rg`dkg`{tvskteg`.

I{ ehhs{tvitcd fu tmc ki{c {tsdu g` aivoe`jkivr{ e` hci{cd rg`d{ fu jvgsr{ e` Kmi`drsv(jvgsr/hci{e`j ga rg`d{ zi{ tmc rveoivu ikkc{{ vgstcagv tmc rggv tg aivo ae{m. Zetmgst tme{ jvgsr/fi{cd ikkc{{ tg hci{cd rg`d{( tmc rggv zgshd `gtmiqc fcc` ifhc tg aivo ae{m. [cqcvih @JG{ e`Fi`jhidc{m miqc idgrtcd {eoehiv ivvi`jcoc`t{ tgaikehetitc ikkc{{ tg hi`d i`d zitcv agv tmc rggv i`dhi`dhc{{> tmc @JG{ miqc s{cd {gkeih eàhsc`kc i`daeì`keih {srrgvt( e`khsde`j jieè`j jgqcvòc`t{srrgvt tg ihhgz tmc s{c ga {titc/gz`cd rg`d{.Hci{c ivvi`jcoc`t{ s{e`j rveqitc i`d {titc/gz`cdrg`d{ ki` rvgqedc {ejèaeki`t i{{svi`kc g` tc`svcvejmt{ s`dcv {rckeaek tcvo{ i`d kg`deteg`{. Rg`d{ivc vivchu hcat kgorhctchu edhc e` Fi`jhidc{m> rg`dgz`cv{ gaacv tmco agv vc`t zmc` tmcu dg `gt s{ctmc rg`d{ tmco{chqc{.

E` Ne{mgvcji`l( tmc vc{rg`dc`t{ zcvc cetmcvoivjeìh aivocv{ gv {oihh hi`dmghdcv{ zetm heoetcdikkc{{ tg hi`d. E` kg`tvi{t tg {etsiteg`{ e` Kmi`drsv(tzg tmevd{ ga vc{rg`dc`t mgs{cmghd{ e` Ne{mgvcji`likysevcd tmcev rg`d{ tmvgsjm e`mcveti`kc( i`d i

ysivtcv khieocd tg fc kg/gz`cv{ s`dcv i oshterhcgz`cv{mer ivvi`jcoc`t. G`hu 1# ga tmc mgs{cmghd{mid ae{mrg`d hci{c ivvi`jcoc`t{( i`d tmc{c middsviteg`{ ga 93uciv{. Zetm tmc jvgze`j vsvihrgrshiteg` e` Fi`jhidc{m i`d tmc hivjc `sofcv gadcrc`dc`t{( hi`d e`mcveti`kc hcid{ tg oshterhc gz`/cv{mer{ ga ae{mrg`d{. Tme{ {etsiteg` jc`cvitc{ {cvegs{e{{sc{ vchitcd tg kg/gz`cv{mer i`d kghhckteqc iktegìog`j hi`d {mivcmghdcv{. Oiù e{{sc{ vchitcd tgs`dcvstehe|cd ae{mrg`d{ e` Fi`jhidc{m zcvc ittvef/stcd tg oshterhc gz`cv{mer( zmc` kg{t {mive`j( fc`/caet de{tvefsteg`( i`d i{{ejòc`t ga vc{rg`{efehetec{agv rg`d oiìjcoc`t fckioc deaaeksht. Zmehc ae{m/rg`d hci{e`j e{ i` grteg` agv tmc hi`dhc{{ rggv( tmci``sih hci{c kg{t{ oiu ikt i{ i` c`tvu fivvecv. Fsttme{ fivvecv ki` fc gqcvkgoc i{ cqedc`kcd e`Kmi`drsv.;3

Ae{mrg`didlikc`t tg i

vekc aechd e`Fi`jhidc{m

;4 KIVC Fi`jhidc{m e`tvgdskcd tmc dcqchgroc`t ga {oihh -9 ksfekoctcv% kijc{ i{ i oci`{ ga oine`j iysikshtsvc ikkc{{efhc tg i`dgqcvkgoe`j vc{gsvkc kg`{tvie`t{ iog`j tmc hi`dhc{{ rggv. Rgrshivae{m {rckec{ jvgz` e` {oihh kijc{ e`khsdc tehirei -Gvcgkmvgoe{èhgteks{%( jvi{{ kivr -Ktc`grmivu`jgdg` edchhi%( i`d {ehqcv fivf- Fivfgdc{ jgèg`gts{%.

;3 E` Fi`jhidc{m( i``sih hci{e`j vitc{ e` 6226 zcvc $4;639=-Tn63(222;2(222%'mi e` Kmi`drsv( i`d i` iqcvijc ga $444

-Tn63(:22%'mi e` Ne{mgvcji`l. I``sih hci{e`j kg{t{ zcvc $9544=4-R92(22263(222%'mi e` Kc`tvih Hs|g`( Rmeherre`c{.

Ae{mrg`d e` iìjvgagvc{tvu

{ctte`j e`Fi`jhidc{m


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Ikkc{{ i`d tc`svc vejmt{ tg hi`d i`d zitcv ivccysihhu as`dioc`tih agv tehirei aivoe`j e` tmc Rmeh/erre`c{. E` Kc`tvih Hs|g`( tehirei aivocv{ mid ikkc{{tg hi`d tmvgsjm gz`cv{mer gv hci{c ivvi`jcoc`t{.Hi`d{ zcvc jc`cvihhu ikysevcd tmvgsjm e`mcveti`kci`d rsvkmi{c. Agv tehirei aivocv{ zmg ded `gt gzàe{mrg`d{( ikkc{{ zi{ ikysevcd tmvgsjm jsivi`tccds{cv vejmt{( turekihhu hi{te`j 93 uciv{. Gtmcvivvi`jcoc`t{ e`khsdcd rvgaet {mive`j fctzccàivocv{ i`d hi`dgz`cv{( gv fctzcc` rg`d kivctin/cv{ i`d rg`d gz`cv{.

Ikkc{{ tg hinc zitcv{ agv ae{m aivoe`j e` tmc Rmeh/

erre`c{ ehhs{tvitc{ i deaacvc`t rcv{rckteqc. Tmc zitcv{ga Hinc Tiih ivc gz`cd fu tmc {titc. Kijc aivoe`j{etc{ ivc hci{cd gst fu tmc Jgqcvòc`t tg ae{m aivo/cv{ agv i ae}cd tcvo( zetm rvgqe{eg`{ tmit grc` ikkc{{tg iysikshtsvc {mgshd `gt c}kccd 392# ga tmctgtih zitcv ivci ga tmc hinc. \gè`j e{ `ckc{{ivufckis{c tmc hinc mi{ {cqcvih rsvrg{c{( e`khsde`jkirtsvc ae{mcvec{( tgsve{o i`d vckvciteg`( ae{m aivo/e`j( i`d c`qevgòc`tih rvgtckteg`. I hekc`{c e{`ccdcd tg grcvitc i ae{m kijc( i`d os{t fc vc`czcdi``sihhu. Hekc`{e`j agv ae{m kijc aivoe`j i`d kijcgz`cv{mer e{ heoetcd tg rcgrhc zmg vc{edc e` tmcosèkerihetec{ {svvgs`de`j tmc hinc. Mgzcqcv( tmc

eìfehetu ga og{t hgkih vc{edc`t{ tg aeì`kc ae{m kijcgrcviteg`{ mi{ hcd tg ivvi`jcoc`t{ e`qghqe`j g`/vc{edc`t aeì`kecv{ gv if{c`tcc/e`qc{tgv{( zmehc tmchgkih vc{edc`t{ {cvqc i{ kivctincv{ gv kijc zgvn/cv{ agv kijc aivo{ tmit ivc vcje{tcvcd s`dcv tmcevìoc{. [cksvcd ikkc{{ tg hi`d i`d zitcv ihg`cdgc{ gt ckc{{ivehu jeqc tmc ifehetu tg grcvitc ae{maivo{> ikkc{{ tg gtmcv( kgorhcoc`tivu kiretihi{{ct{ e{ vcysevcd.

Rmu{ekih Kiretih

[svqcu{ kg`dsktcd e` Fi`jhidc{m i`d tmc Rmeher/re`c{ agv tmc [C[ e`dekitcd tmit ae{m aivocv{ zcvc`gt iog`j tmc rggvc{t gv dc{tetstc. Tmc rggvc{trcgrhc zcvc jc`cvihhu c}khsdcd avgo iysikshtsvcfckis{c ga tmc `ccd agv kiretih i{{ct{. Tmc ae{maivocv vc{rg`dc`t{ jc`cvihhu gz`cd tmcev gz`mgoc gv mid ikkc{{ tg i dzchhe`j zetm fi{ek {iè/titeg` aikehetec{( ihtmgsjm oiù ga tmco zcvc rggvgv rvckivegs{hu ifgqc rgqcvtu e` tcvo{ ga qsh`cv/ifehetu. Agv c}iorhc( ae{m aivocv{ e` Kmi`drsv i`d

Ne{mgvcji`l ga Fi`jhidc{m mid ikkc{{ tg fi{ekmgoc{ gv dzchhe`j sèt{ oidc ga zggd( {mcctoctih( i`d hejmt itsvih oitcveih{ {skm i{ fiofgg(riddu {tviz( lstc {tekn{( hciqc{( i`d civtm. Og{t gatmc{c aivocv{ gz`cd {kiqc`je`j rgshtvu i`d {gocmid gtmcv {oihh i`d hivjc heqc{tgkn. Rg{{c{{eg` gamgs{cmghd i{{ct{ zi{ ogdc{t< hc{{ tmi` miha ga tmc{svqcucd mgs{cmghd{ e` Kmi`drsv khieocd tg miqci videg -;:#%( i tchcqe{eg` -93#%( i`d i {cze`joikme`c -=#%. E` tmc Rmeherre`c{( tmc jvcit oilgv/etu ga tmc {svqcucd {oihh/{kihc ae{m aivocv{ gz`cdtmcev mgoc{ gv dzchhe`j sèt{ i`d ihog{t ihhgz`cd i tchcqe{eg`( i` chcktvek ai`( i`d zitcv/{cihcd tgehct{. Ogvc tmi` miha ga tmco mid ikkc{{tg tchcrmg`c{ i`d'gv kchhshiv rmg`c{.

Ikkc{{ tg vgid{( tvi`{rgvt aikehetec{( kgoos/èkiteg`{( vcheifhc zitcv {srrhu( i`d qivegs{ {sr/rgvt aikehetec{ e`khsde`j mcihtm {cvqekc{ e{ ièorgvti`t cìfhe`j kg`deteg` agv {s{tieìfhc heqc/hemggd dcqchgroc`t( e`khsde`j agv ae{m aivoe`j. E`Fi`jhidc{m( og{t vc{rg`dc`t{ vcrgvtcd deaaekshtec{

zetm tvi`{rgvtiteg`( kgoosèkiteg`{( chcktveketu(

Jsivd mst i`dae{m kijc{ e`tmc Rmeherre`c{


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i`d mcihtm {cvqekc{( fst tmcu mid vci{gìfhc ikkc{{tg vcheifhc zitcv {srrhu -Tifhc 3%. Ae{m aivocv{ e`tmc Rmeherre`c{ c`lgucd ci{ecv ikkc{{ tg vgid{ i`dtvi`{rgvt aikehetec{( kgoosèkiteg`{( i`d gtmcv{srrgvt eàvi{tvsktsvc i`d aikehetec{. Tmcev ikkc{{tg aikehetec{ vi`jcd avgo aiev -`cetmcv ci{u `gv dea/aeksht% tg qcvu ci{u. Og{t tehirei aivocv{ e` Kc`tvihHs|g` mid vcheifhc zitcv {srrhec{ tmvgsjm dccr

zchh{( zmekm hc{{c`cd zitcv/vchitcd kgàhekt{ zetmvekc aivocv{ zmg dcrc`dcd mciqehu g` evvejiteg`.

Aeì`keih Kiretih

Ikkc{{ tg aeì`keih kiretih( e`khsde`j mgs{cmghd ae/ì`kc i`d {iqe`j{( agvoih i`d eàgvoih kvcdet{gsvkc{( i`d e`kgoc e{ eorgvti`t agv aeì`ke`j ae{maivoe`j ikteqetec{. Tmc dcoi`d agv eèteih e`qc{t/oc`t{ i`d {sf{cysc`t grcvite`j c}rc`{c{ dcrc`d{g` tmc tckm`ghgju {chcktcd( aivo oiìjcoc`t rvik/

tekc{( i`d e`rst vcysevcoc`t{. Oiù aiktgv{ eàhs/c`kc ikkc{{ tg aeì`keih kiretih< i` e`deqedsih{

zcihtm( c}e{tc`kc ga aeì`keih {cvqekc{( {srrhecv{kvcdet i`d {cvqekc{( vcoetti`kc{( ogdc{ ga tvidcaeì`ke`j( kvcdet tcvo{ i`d kg`deteg`{( kvcdet zgv/tme`c{{( i`d kg`deteg`{ tmit ki` iaackt i` e`deqedsih{ikkc{{ -i`d fivvecv{% tg aeì`keih kiretih.

Ihtmgsjm kivr rghukshtsvc {u{tco{ i{ kgo/og`hu rviktekcd e` Fi`jhidc{m ivc `gt kiretihe`tc`{eqc( tmc rggv e` Kmi`drsv zgshd `gt miqcfcc` ifhc tg aivo ae{m g` tmcev gz` zetm tmcev heo/etcd vc{gsvkc{. Kghhitcvih/avcc oekvgkvcdet mi{ fccè`{tvsoc`tih e` rvgqede`j jvgsr{ ga rggv ae{m aivo/cv{ zetm zgvne`j kiretih tg kgorhcoc`t tmcev oci/jcv vc{gsvkc{. Tmc aivocv{ jvgsr{ vcysevcd ifgst$9(;;2 -Tn::(222%'mi agv zgvne`j kiretih( zmekm

zgshd miqc tinc` tmco i` iqcvijc ga =: og`tm{tg {iqc. Tms{( ikkc{{ tg kvcdet i`d tmc @JG idqe/{gvu {cvqekc{ tmit ikkgoriècd tme{ kvcdet zcvc

qcvu eorgvti`t e` tme{ ki{c. E` kg`tvi{t( tzg tmevd{ga tmc vc{rg`dc`t{ e` Ne{mgvcji`l vcrgvtcd tmittmcu mid vchecd g` tmcev gz` {gsvkc{ ga as`d{ agv

tmcev ae{mrg`d{( i`d tmc vc{t khieocd tmit tmcu midvckceqcd {oihh hgi`{ avgo og`cuhc`dcv{( vchiteqc{(avec`d{( @JG{( kggrcviteqc{( i`d jgqcvòc`t/{rg`{gvcd rvgjvio{. Oilgv vci{g`{ ketcd agv `gtgftieè`j aeì`keih i{{e{ti`kc zcvc sìqiehifehetuga kvcdet( sàioeheivetu zetm kvcdet( kgorhc} rvg/kcdsvc{ agv ikyseve`j kvcdet( mejm e`tcvc{t vitc{(i`d sàiqgvifhc vcriuoc`t kg`deteg`{. G` iqcv/ijc( aivocv{ jvgsr{ e` Kmi`drsv cikm hci{cd ae{m/rg`d{ kgqcve`j i tgtih ga 9 mi( zmehc e`deqedsih ae{maivocv{ e` Ne{mgvcji`l mid hc{{ tmi` 2.6 mi ga ae{m/rg`d{. Tmc vchiteqchu {oihh rg`d ivci{ grcvitcd fuae{m aivocv{ e` Ne{mgvcji`l ih{g c}rhie`{ zmu tmcu

zcvc ifhc tg vchu g` tmcev gz` aeì`keih vc{gsvkc{.Zetm ogdc{t aeì`keih vc{gsvkc{( Fi`jhidc{me

mgs{cmghd{ ki` iaagvd ogdc{t zgvne`j kiretih vc/ysevcoc`t{ tg {tgkn ae{mrg`d{ zetm ae{m {ccd( riv/tekshivhu zmc` tmcu s{c e`c}rc`{eqc accde`joctmgd{ tmit vchu g` ìtsvih accd e` acvtehe|cd

rg`d{.;1

Grcvite`j kg{t{ qivu dcrc`de`j g` {tgkn/e`j vitc{( rg`d gz`cv{mer i`d zmctmcv hci{c riu/oc`t{ ivc vcysevcd( acvtehe|iteg` vitc{ i`d{srrhcoc`tivu accde`j vcjeoc{( i`d tmc c}tc`t tg

zmekm aivocv{ s`dcvtinc rg`d rvcriviteg` rvegv tg{tgkne`j i`d tmc hcqch ga jc`cvih oie`tcì`kctmvgsjmgst tmc uciv. Zetm jggd oiìjcoc`t( id/cysitc s{c ga e`rst{( i`d oshterhc {tgkne`j i`dmivqc{t{( kivr rghukshtsvc {u{tco{ e` rcvc`èihrg`d{ uechd i` iqcvijc ga ;.: t'mi( jc`cvite`jjvg{{ vcqc`sc{ ga ifgst $;(992 -Tn9=2(222%'mii`d ct e`kgoc{ ga $9(333 -Tn52(222%'mi it aivojitc e` 6226 kg`{ti`t rvekc{. I``sih rvgdskteg`kg{t{ iqcvijc $9(333 -Tn52(222%'mi( e`khsde`jriuoc`t{ agv hci{cd rg`d{( ae{m {ccd( {srrhcoc`/tivu accd( mevcd hifgv( mivqc{te`j( i`d gtmcv kg{t{.E` jc`cvih( {oihh/{kihc aivo mgs{cmghd{ gz` hc{{

Tifhc 3< Ikkc{{ tg Aikehetec{ iog`j Ae{m Aivocv{ e` Kmi`drsv -`?922% i`d Ne{mgvcji`l -`?922%( Fi`jhidc{m

@cetmcv Deaaeksht

Aikehetu Qcvu Deaaeksht Deaaeksht @gv Ci{u Ci{u

K N K N K N K N

Tvi`{rgvtiteg` 2 6: 55 4= 9 63 2 2

Kgoosèkiteg` 5: 39 ; 49 2 = 2 2Ocdekih = ;9 =; 32 5 95 2 2

Chcktveketu 91 9: :4 35 92 64 2 2

Zitcv [srrhu 2 3 6: ;6 :; 1; 2 2

Tgehct 9 9 66 ;5 :1 12 9 2

K ? Kmi`drsv( N ? Ne{mgvcji`l( ` ? `sofcv ga vc{rg`dc`t{.


;1 Ks{tgoe|cd ae{mrg`d oiìjcoc`t tg aet tmc kevkso{ti`kc{ ga tmcrggv ki` fc`caet avgo i ae{m aivoe`j {u{tco tmit rveoivehu vchec{ g`ìtsvih accd rvgdskcd e` tmc rg`d fu kiretihe|e`j g` {s`hejmt i`drmgtg{u`tmc{e{ ga rmutgrhi`ntg`( i`d stehe|e`j gvjièk i`d e`gvjièkacvtehe|cv{.


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tmi` 2.6 mi ga ae{mrg`d{ i`d tmc oilgvetu dg `gthci{c rg`d{. Tmc{c {oihh/{kihc aivo{ ki` gftie`

zgvne`j kiretih ga $=1635 -Tn3(22293(222% i`/`sihhu avgo qivegs{ {gsvkc{. Irrc`de} 6 rvgqedc{ehhs{tviteqc aeì`keih aivo fsdjct{ ga kivrrghukshtsvc aivo{ e` Fi`jhidc{m.

E` tmc Rmeherre`c{( tzg tmevd{ ga tmc {oihh/{kihctehirei aivocv{ {svqcucd e` Kc`tvih Hs|g` dvcz g`tmcev gz` heoetcd as`d{ agv kiretih. Kg`{tvie`t{ eòccte`j zgvne`j kiretih vcysevcoc`t{ oiu hcid tg{sfgrteoih aivo rcvagvoi`kc.;: Eorcdeoc`t{ tg{ccne`j aeì`keih i{{e{ti`kc zcvc hikn ga ikkc{{ tgagvoih kvcdet( mejm e`tcvc{t vitc{( i`d hikn ga aeì`/

keih i{{e{ti`kc avgo jgqcvòc`t {gsvkc{> ih{g({goc ded gt ccd tg fgvvgz. Zmcvc agvoih kvcdetavgo kgoocvkeih fi`n{ i`d rveqitc hc`de`j

e`{tetsteg`{ zi{ iqiehifhc( aivocv{ iqgedcd fgv/vgze`j avgo tmc{c {gsvkc{ fckis{c ga mejm e`tcvc{tvitc{( rircv zgvn( vcysevcoc`t{ agv e`{svi`kci`d kghhitcvih( i`d e`kg`qcèc`kc{ tmit e`kvci{cdtvi`{ikteg` kg{t{. E`{tcid( tmg{c zmg ded fgvvgzvchecd oie`hu g` accd {srrhecv{( vchiteqc{( i`davec`d{. I acz vckceqcd vcjshiv vcoetti`kc{.;= Mgz/

cqcv( tmc hg`j jvgze`j rcvegd fcagvc mivqc{t i`d{ihc{ {tvie`cd mgs{cmghd aeì`kc i`d ikkc{{ tgaeì`keih kiretih zi{ jc`cvihhu i oilgv kg`{tvie`t.

Ihtmgsjm tehirei aivoe`j e` ae{mrg`d{ e{ jc`/cvihhu ogvc rvgaetifhc tmi` vekc aivoe`j -Tifhc1%(oiù vekc aivocv{ e` tmc Rmeherre`c{ miqc `gtidgrtcd tehirei aivoe`j fckis{c ga tmcev heoetcdvc{gsvkc{ i`d kg`{tvie`t{ tg occt aeì`keih kiretihvcysevcoc`t{. Grcvite`j ve{n{ i{{gkeitcd zetmtehirei aivoe`j ih{g diorc` dc{evc{ ga vekc aivo/cv{ tg idgrt ae{m aivoe`j. Tmc ve{n{ miqc gatc`dctcvvcd {oihh/{kihc aivocv{ avgo ittcorte`j tggftie` agvoih kvcdet( acive`j tmc hg{{ ga rvgrcvtugv kghhitcvih e` tmc cqc`t ga mivqc{t aiehsvc.

Tmc cocvjc`kc ga eàgvoih kvcdet {kmcoc{avgo `g`fi`n {gsvkc{ mi{ fc`caetcd {oihh/{kihcaivocv{( ihtmgsjm {goc ga tmc{c {kmcoc{ kivvumejmcv e`tcvc{t tmi` fi`n hgi`{. Tmc{c `g`fi`naeì`ke`j ivvi`jcoc`t{ e`khsdc aeì`kecv/kivc/tincv ivvi`jcoc`t{( tvidcv/grcvitgv ijvccoc`t{(kg`tvikt aivoe`j( i`d {srrhecv{ kvcdet {kmcoc{.

It Hinc Tiih( mejm grcvite`j kg{t{ i`d e`mcvc`t ve{n{ga ae{m aivoe`j dctcv hgkih vc{edc`t{ avgo s{e`j i`dve{ne`j tmcev gz` heoetcd aeì`keih i{{ct{ agv ae{maivoe`j.;5 Tmc{c kg`deteg`{ miqc hcd tg tmc cocv/jc`kc ga aeì`kecv/kivctincv vchiteg`{mer{( zmekmmiqc jie`cd rgrshiv hgkih ikkcrti`kc. Ifgst tzg

tmevd{ ga tmc {svqcucd ae{m kijc aivocv{ it HincTiih zcvc kivctincv{ i`d vckerec`t{ ga aeì`keihi{{e{ti`kc rvgqedcd fu g`vc{edc`t aeì`kecv{. Tmcaeì`kecv rvgqedcd as`d{ agv aivoe`j ikteqetec{( zmehctmc kivctincv oiìjcd tmc ae{m aivo. @ct rvgaet{iatcv cikm kvgr kukhc zcvc de{tvefstcd fctzcc` tmcTifhc 1< Kgoriviteqc @ct E`kgoc{ rcv Mcktivc e` 6226 avgo Tehirei Rg`d{

i`d Vekc Aivo{ e` Kc`tvih Hs|g`( Rmeherre`c{

Oci` Jvg{{ Oci` Rvgdskteg` @ct E`kgoc

Kukhc'Kvgr E`kgoc Kg{t

-R%i -R% -R%

Tehirei Rg`d

Aev{t ;;1(3=6 696(:65 96;(=3;

[ckg`d ;62(936 62=(19: 999(3;3

Vekc Aivo

Aev{t ;5(623 9:(92: 66(25=

[ckg`d 4:(=:3 96(924 ;3(::9

R ? Rmeherre`c rc{g.iE`khsdc{ fgtm ki{m i`d `g`ki{m e`kgoc{. @g`ki{m e`kgoc( gv tmc og`ctivu cyseqihc`t ga

ae{m tmit zcvc cetmcv kg`{socd gv jeqc` iziu( ikkgs`tcd agv 5#. E` tmc ki{c ga vekc aivocv{(

tmc oci` ki{m e`kgoc avgo tmc {ihc ga riddu ikkgs`tcd agv 12#( i`d `g`ki{m e`kgoc gv

og`ctivu cyseqihc`t ga vekc kg`{socd iogs`tcd tg 42#.

[gsvkc< [rckeih cqihsiteg` {tsdu {svqcu ga 64= aivo{.

;: E` Kc`tvih Hs|g`( grcvite`j kg{t{ ga tehirei ae{mrg`d{ rcv kvgr kukhcga ifgst 4 og`tm{ oiu iogs`t tg $4(96= -R69;(222%'mi< accd{-:6#%( ae`jcvhe`j{ -99#%( hifgv -:#%( zitcv i`d asch -1#%( i`dacvtehe|cv{ i`d kmcoekih{ -4#%.

;= Vcoetti`kc{ ivc tvi`{acv riuoc`t{ tg tmc Rmeherre`c{( zmekm ivcs{sihhu {ihivec{ i`d'gv zijc{ {c`t mgoc fu Aehere`g{ corhgucdifvgid. E` Kc`tvih Hs|g`( vcoetti`kc{ kg`tvefstcd tg 3# ga mgs{cmghde`kgoc{ ga ae{m aivocv{.

;5 It Hinc Tiih e` tmc Rmeherre`c{( tehirei aivoe`j e` kijc{ e{ kiretihe`tc`{eqc. Turekihhu( aivocv{ grcvitc ae{m kijc{ -92 octcv{ ô_ zedc(92 o hg`j( i`d 192 o dcrtm% agv 31 og`tm{ rcv kvgr kukhc. E`6226( tmc iqcvijc i``sih grcvite`j c}rc`{c{ iogs`tcd tg $6(2:4-R92:(222% rcv kvgr kukhc gv $4(94: -R694(222% i``sihhu agv tzgkvgr{. Tmc{c c}rc`{c{ kgorve{cd accd{ -:5#%( {ccd{ -9=#%( hifgv-6#%( i`d asch i`d oe{kchhi`cgs{ etco{ -9#%. Zetm uechd{ ga ; t rcvkijc rcv kvgr kukhc( i kijc ki` jc`cvitc `ct e`kgoc{ ga ogvc tmi`$3=9 -R;2(222% zetme` 31og`tm{. Mgzcqcv( tmc grcvite`j kg{t{i`d ki{m gsthiu vcysevcoc`t{ ivc oilgv c`tvu fivvecv{ tg hgkihvc{edc`t{.

[oihh/{kihctehirei `sv{cvuaivo e` tmcRmeherre`c{


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tzg rivtec{( fi{cd g` tmcev eèteih ijvccoc`t{.42

Irrc`de} ;( Tifhc{ ;.9;.; rvgqedc{ ehhs{tviteqcaeì`keih aivo fsdjct{ ga tehirei aivoe`j e` tmcRmeherre`c{ s{e`j ae{mrg`d{ i`d kijc{.

TVI@[AGVOE@J RVGKC[[C[

Tmc [C[ rvgfcd {cqcvih oilgv tvi`{agvoe`j rvg/kc{{c{ tmit ki` aikehetitc gv me`dcv tmc jc`cviteg`ga dc{evifhc gstkgoc{ avgo tmc corhguoc`t gakiretih i{{ct{ e` iysikshtsvc. Tme{ {ckteg` de{ks{{c{ncu acitsvc{ ga tmc{c tvi`{agvoe`j rvgkc{{c{(e`khsde`j oivnct{ i`d oivncte`j( hifgv oivnct(vghc{ ga rsfhek i`d rveqitc e`{tetsteg`{( {srrgvt {cv/

qekc{( aikehetec{ i`d eàvi{tvsktsvc( hcjih avioczgvni`d rghekec{( iysitek vc{gsvkc{ oiìjcoc`t i`dc`qevgòc`t( i`d {iacjsivd{ agv feg{iactu i`diysitek mcihtm. Fg} 6 he{t{ tmc kgorg`c`t{ ga tmctvi`{agvoe`j rvgkc{{c{.

Oivnct{ i`d Oivncte`j

Og{t ga tmc ae{m dg `gt vcikm kg`{socv{ devckthuavgo rvgdskcv{. Oivnct e`tcvocdeivec{ i{ cìfhe`jijc`t{ ivc kvetekih e` tmc oivncte`j kmie`. As`k/tegè`j oivnct{ cìfhc tmc ahgz ga jggd{ i`d {cv/

qekc{ avgo rvgdskcv{ tg kg`{socv{. E`tcvocdeivec{rcvagvo rg{tmivqc{t ti{n{( {skm i{ mi`dhe`j( khci`/e`j( {gvte`j i`d jvide`j( eke`j( i`d tvi`{rgvtiteg`.Tme{ e`tcvocdeiteg` kvcitc{ lgf{( e`khsde`j agv tmcrggv. Agv c}iorhc( e` Tmiehi`d( dgoc{tek oivnct/e`j ga avc{mzitcv ae{m kgorve{c{ {cqcvih kmi``ch{i`d turc{ ga oivnct{ i`d e`tcvocdeivec{. Ae{m oiv/ncte`j e{ rveoivehu i rveqitc {cktgv as`kteg`. Oiv/

nct rivtekeri`t{ e`khsdc -e% aivocv{ zmg {chh tmcevae{m tg zmghc{ihcv{( vctiehcv{( gv kghhckte`j ijc`t{>-ee% ae{m kghhcktgv{ zmg ikt i{ e`tcvocdeivec{ fc/tzcc` ae{m aivocv{ i`d ae{m tvidcv{ fu jitmcve`jae{m avgo qivegs{ aivo{ i`d fc`caete`j avgo rvekcdeaacvc`teiteg` i{ i vc{sht ga rg{tmivqc{t jvide`j gaae{m> -eee% ae{m ijc`t{ zmg civ` kgooe{{eg` acc{avgo tvi`{ikteg`{ fctzcc` fsucv{ i`d {chhcv{ iti{{cofhu oivnct{> -eq%ae{m zmghc{ihcv{ zmg rsv/kmi{c ae{m avgo i{{cofhu oivnct{ gv fsu devckthuavgo ae{m aivocv{( i`d {chh tg vctiehcv{> -q% ae{m rvg/kc{{gv{ zmg fsu ae{m devckthu avgo ae{m aivocv{(i{{cofhu oivnct{( zmghc{ihcv{( i`d gtmcv rvgkc{/{gv{> i`d -qe% ae{m vctiehcv{ zmg {chh tg aeìh ae{mkg`{socv{. Gqcvihh( oivnct ikkc{{ fu ae{m aivocv{(e`khsde`j {oihh/{kihc rvgdskcv{( e{ jc`cvihhu `gt ikg`{tvie`t e` Tmiehi`d. Rvekc{ it tmc aivo jitc i`de` zmghc{ihc i`d vctieh oivnct{ ivc qcvu kgorcte/teqc( zetm `socvgs{ fsucv{ i`d {chhcv{ avgo tmcaivo tg kg`{socv{. Tmc oivncte`j oivje`( tmcdeaacvc`kc fctzcc` tmc rvekc ried fu tmc kg`{socvi`d tmit vckceqcd fu tmc rvgdskcv( qivec{ fu {rckec{.

Tmc aivocv{ {mivc ga vctieh rvekc{ ga {chcktcd {rc/kec{ ki` iogs`t tg 3212#. Zetm jggdrg{tmivqc{t {srrgvt aikehetec{( avc{mzitcv ae{m ivcci{ehu dcheqcvcd avgo rvgdskteg` kc`tcv{ tg oiv/nct{ tmvgsjmgst tmc kgs`tvu. Ae{m tvi`{rgvtiteg`fc`caet{ avgo vcheifhc vgid `ctzgvn{ i`d kgoos/èkiteg`{ aikehetec{ tmit he`n ihh de{tvekt{ i`d rvgq/e`kc{.

E` Fi`jhidc{m( tmc oivnct kmie` avgo ae{maivocv{ tg kg`{socv{ c`kgori{{c{ rveoivu( {ck/g`divu( i`d vctieh'kg`{socv{ oivnct{( e`qghqe`j

42 C}e{te`j aeì`kecv/kivctincv {mive`j ivvi`jcoc`t{ it Hinc Tiihe`khsdc {mive`j ga `ct rvgaet{ g` tmc fi{e{ ga 32


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Aejsvc 6.Ehhs{tviteqcoivncte`jkmi``ch{ agv

tehirei e` tmcRmeherre`c{.

Rvgdskcv Fvgncv

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hgkih ae{m tvidcv{( {ihc{ ijc`t{( zmghc{ihcv{ i`d de{/tvefstgv{( i`d vctiehcv{. Ae{m aivocv{ s{sihhu {chhtmcev ae{m tg hgkih tvidcv{ i`d kghhcktgv{ zmg tmc`{chh tg zmghc{ihcv{ i`d de{tvefstgv{ zetm gv zetm/gst tmc mchr ga kgooe{{eg`/fi{cd {ihc{ ijc`t{.Aivocv{ ih{g {chh tmcev ae{m it qehhijc oivnct{ tgkg`{socv{( fst devckt {ihc{ ivc s{sihhu e` {oihh

ysi`tetec{. E` Kmi`drsv( tmc aivocv{ jvgsr{ gqcv/zmchoe`jhu {ghd ae{m tg hgkih ijc`t{ i`d tg zmghc/{ihcv{'i{{cofhcv{. Acz aivocv{ {ghd ae{m devckthu tgi vctiehcv. Vci{g`{ ketcd fu aivocv{ agv kmgg{e`j irivtekshiv oivnct gsthct zcvc kg`qcèc`kc( rvekc(i`d tcvo{ ga riuoc`t. Qcvu acz vc{rg`dc`t ae{maivocv{ e` Fi`jhidc{m mid {ejèaeki`t rvgfhco{{chhe`j ae{m fckis{c oivnct dcoi`d zi{ mejm.Mgzcqcv( oivnct{ ivc hgkihe|cd e` {goc ivci{ i`dae{m aivocv{ mid heoetcd ifehetu tg vcikm gtmcv oiv/nct{ fckis{c ga teoc i`d de{ti`kc kg`{tvie`t{(eìdcysitc tvi`{rgvtiteg`( i`d rggv vgid eàvi/{tvsktsvc. It svfi` oivnct{( zmghc{ihcv{ {chh ae{mtg gtmcv zmghc{ihcv{ zmg e` tsv` {chh tg vctiehcv{.Aeìhhu( vctiehcv{ {chh ae{m tg kg`{socv{ tmvgsjm{tihh{ it ae{m oivnct{( vgid{edc {ihc{( i`d dggv/tg/dggv {ihc{ tg mgs{cmghd{. Ihtmgsjm tmc rmu{ekihkg`deteg`{ -mujec`c i`d {iètiteg`% ga ae{m oivnct{e` Fi`jhidc{m ivc dcaekec`t( tmc oivnct{ as`kteg`

zchh( zetm kgorcteteqc oivnct e`tcvocdeivec{ i`difs`di`t {chhcv{ i`d fsucv{ ihg`j tmc oivncte`jkmie`. It tmc aivo jitc( aivocv{ gftie` `gt hc{{tmi` 32# ga vctieh rvekc{.

[eoehivhu( dgoc{tek ae{m oivnct{ e` tmc Rmeher/re`c{ ivc kgorcteteqc. Oiù oivncte`j kmi``ch{rvgqedc {ejèaeki`t vghc{ agv oivnct e`tcvocdeivec{(e`khsde`j fvgncv{( zmghc{ihcv{( i`d vctiehcv{. Aej/svc 6 ehhs{tvitc{ deaacvc`t kmi``ch{ ga oivncte`jtehirei e` tmc Rmeherre`c{. Aivocd ae{m ivc {ghd heqc(avc{m( i`d -tg i hc{{cv c}tc`t% kmehhcd gv avg|c`. E`

Kc`tvih Hs|g`( heqc tehirei kgooi`d i mejmcv rvekctmi` ekcd gv kmehhcd ae{m. I vckc`t {meat e` kg`{socvrvcacvc`kc agv heqc tehirei mi{ hcd tg tmc dcqchgr/oc`t ga {ihc{ avgo icvitcd kg`tie`cv{ e` oivnct{i`d it tmc vgid{edc. [goc oivnct e`tcvocdeivec{(rivtekshivhu zmghc{ihcv{( aeì`kc {oihh/{kihc aivo/cv{ tg fc i{{svcd ga i {tcidu {srrhu ga ae{m. Fsucvi`d {chhcv kg`kc`tviteg` e{ mejm. Tme{ e{ fc`caekeihagv {oihh/{kihc aivocv{ fckis{c et rvgqedc{ deqcv{e/aecd oivnct gsthct{ agv tmcev rvgdskc. It tmc aivojitc( {oihh/{kihc tehirei aivocv{ ki` c}rckt tg vc/kceqc `gt hc{{ tmi` 32# ga vctieh rvekc{. C`tvu i`dc}et ga tvidcv{ tg tmc tehirei oivnct miqc fcc` vchi/teqchu ci{u( c{rckeihhu it tmc vctieh hcqch. Rvgdsktdeaacvc`teiteg` i`d rveke`j ivc fi{cd g` ae{m {e|ciatcv mivqc{t.

Ae{m {ccd oivnct{ ivc kgorcteteqc e`Fi`jhidc{m( Rmeherre`c{( i`d Tmiehi`d( rvgqede`jkvetekih {srrgvt tg avc{mzitcv ae{m rvgdskteg`.[oihh/{kihc ae{m aivocv{ miqc i zedc kmgekc ga {ccd{srrhecv{. E` tmc Rmeherre`c{( tmc [C[ {svqcu{ e`de/kitcd tmit ae{m {ccd ikkgs`t{ agv 99# ga tgtihgrcvite`j kg{t{ agv ae{mrg`d i`d 9=# ga ae{m kijc


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grcviteg`{. Oilgv tehirei {ccd rvgdskcv{49 i`dtmcev ikkvcdetcd {srrhecv{ e` tmc Rmeherre`c{ ivcc`jijcd e` kgorcteteqc oivncte`j kioriej`{( rvg/

qede`j tckmèkih i{{e{ti`kc i`d qivegs{ kvcdettcvo{ tg fsucv{( e`khsde`j {oihh/{kihc tehirei aivo/cv{. Oivnct kgorcteteg` i`d tmc e`kvci{e`j kmgekcga tehirei {tvie`{ ga jggd rcvagvoi`kc miqc fc`/

caetcd {oihh/{kihc ae{m aivocv{ e` tmc Rmeherre`c{ g`hu 1# ga vc{rg`dc`t{ {titcdtmit ae{m aivoe`j zi{ tmcev rveoivu gkksriteg`-Tifhc :%. Ae{m aivoe`j zi{ ihog{t cyseqihc`t tgvekc aivoe`j iog`j tmc og{t eorgvti`t {ckg`divugkksriteg`{( zmehc tzg tmevd{ ga tmc vc{rg`dc`t{vcrgvtcd ae{m aivoe`j i{ tmcev tmevd og{t eorgvti`t{gsvkc ga e`kgoc. @civhu ihh tmc {rgs{c{ -acoihc{%

zcvc mgocoincv{ i`d ==# mchd `g gtmcv lgf.E` tmc Rmeherre`c{( avc{mzitcv tehirei aivoe`j

rvgqedc{ corhguoc`t grrgvtsètec{ agv ae{mrg`dgrcvitgv{ i`d ae{m kijc kivctincv{ i`d tmcev aioe/hec{. Gtmcv zgvn grrgvtsètec{ e`khsdc ashh/teoci`d rivt/teoc corhguoc`t e` rg`d c}kiqiteg`(kijc i`d ct oine`j( fgit grcviteg`( {cvqekc{( miv/

qc{te`j( ae{m {gvte`j i`d jvide`j( oivncte`j( tvi`{/rgvt( i`d oe{kchhi`cgs{ ikteqetec{. [oihh/{kihcrg`d i`d kijc aivo{ vchu oie`hu g` aioehu hifgv>hivjcv aivo{ corhgu vcjshiv ashh/teoc zgvncv{ i`d{ci{gìh gv ki{sih zgvncv{ agv rg`d rvcriviteg`({tgkne`j( i`d mivqc{te`j. E` vsvih ivci{( zetm heo/etcd corhguoc`t grrgvtsètec{ i`d mejm s`co/rhguoc`t( hifgv e{ ifs`di`t. Tme{ mi{ kis{cd oiù

zgvncv{ tg vckceqc zijc{ caackteqchu hgzcv tmi`hcje{hitcd oeèoso zijc{.4: Zetm tmc ifs`di`kcga hifgv( c}kmi`jc hifgv avgo ocofcv{ ga tmchgkih kgoosètu e{ ih{g s{cd.4= Oc`( zgoc`( i`dcqc` kmehdvc` i{{e{t e` mitkmcvu'`sv{cvu( rg`d( i`dkijc grcviteg`{. Mciqu rmu{ekih ti{n{( {skm i{rg`d kg`{tvskteg` i`d mivqc{te`j( vcoie` oihcdgoeìtcd. Corhguoc`t eorikt{ ivc khcivhu {ccè` tmc hgkih ckg`goec{ zmcvc tehirei e{ aivocd.

Tmc Vghc{ ga Rsfhek i`d RveqitcE`{tetsteg`{

Tmc [C[ ki{c {tsdec{ {mgz tmit kgorhcoc`tivui`d kghhifgviteqc ikteqetec{ ga rsfhek i`d rveqitce`{tetsteg`{ ki` aikehetitc iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`tagv {oihh/{kihc aivocv{. Agv c}iorhc( e` Tmiehi`d(tmc Jgqcvòc`t mi{ rhikcd {tvg`j cormi{e{ g` tmcdcqchgroc`t ga ae{mcvec{ {titeg`{( zmekm miqc kiti/hu|cd tmc dcqchgroc`t ga tmc rveqitc {cktgv{ dgoe/ì`t vghc e` ae{m {ccd rvgdskteg` i`d ae{m {ccd

41

Tmc qi{t oilgvetu ga vc{rg`dc`t{ -5;#% kshteqitcd vekc< 46# gatmco kshteqitcd g`c kvgr i``sihhu i`d 3=# mid tzg.

4: Fi{cd g` {svqcu{ it Hinc Tiih( Rmeherre`c{( tmc iqcvijc og`tmhu{ihivu ga vcjshiv zgvncv{ gv hifgvcv{ e` tehirei kijc aivoe`j i`d`sv{cvec{ zi{ $;5 -R6(222% e` 6226. Agv {ci{gìh hifgvcv{( tmc iqcvijcdiehu zijc zi{ $6.1: -R9;=%.

4= @cejmfgv{ i`d gtmcv ocofcv{ ga tmc kgoosètu rvgqedc hifgv-agv rg`d rvcriviteg` gv mivqc{te`j% zetmgst aeì`keih riuoc`t. Tmcrg`d gv kijc gz`cv e{ c}rcktcd tg vckervgkitc fu mchre`j achhgzaivocv{ zmc` `ccdcd. Ea tmc ikteqetu e{ mivqc{te`j( ae{m ivc `gvoihhujeqc` tg vczivd tmg{c zmg rivtekeritc.

Tifhc :< Gkksriteg`{ ga Mgs{cmghd Mcid{ i`d [rgs{c{( i`d [gsvkc{ ga Mgs{cmghd E`kgoc{ e` Ne{mgvcji`l(

Fi`jhidc{m

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Rveoivu [ckg`divu Rveoivu [ckg`divu Aev{t [ckg`d Tmevd

-#% -#% -#% -#% -#% -#% -#%

Ae{m Aivoe`j 1 63 2 3 1 96 11

Vekc Aivoe`j ;= 61 2 2 ;= 6: 92

[mivckvgrre`j 6 5 2 2 4 92 9

Heqc{tgkn 2 9 ; 2 2 4 92

Zijc Hifgv : ; 9 9 : 4 2

Kivrc`tvu 9 2 2 2 9 2 2

Gaaekc Zgvncv : 9 6 2 = 6 6

Qc`dgv'Tvidcv 4 1 2 2 6 5 9

Oekvgc`tcvrve{c 69 ; 2 2 69 1 2

Vekn{miz Dveqcv 9 6 2 2 6 9 2

Kirtsvc Ae{me`j = 94 2 2 = 9; 9

[kmggh Tcikmcv ; 2 2 2 9 2 2

Fgit Grcvitgv 6 2 2 2 6 2 2

Kshteqiteg` ga Gtmcv Kvgr{ 2 92 2 2 2 96 5

Mgocoincv 2 2 54 1 2 2 2

@g`c 2 2 2 == 2 2 2


[gsvkc< [rckeih cqihsiteg` {tsdu {svqcu ga 922 aivo mgs{cmghd{.


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{srrhu e` tmc kgs`tvu. Zmehc tmc Jgqcvòc`t mi{rhiucd i` e`{tvsoc`tih vghc e` rhike`j tmc `ckc{/{ivu aikehetec{ agv eèteite`j i`d c`{sve`j ae{m {ccd{srrhu tg rvgogtc ae{m aivoe`j( et{ vghc dgc{ `gtrvcqc`t tmc rveqitc {cktgv avgo tine`j gqcv tmc ae{m

{ccd {srrhu fs{e`c{{. Tmc Jgqcvòc`t {s{tie`{ et{vc{civkm i`d dcqchgroc`t caagvt{ g` ae{m fvccde`jtg oie`tie` jggd/ysihetu fvggd{tgkn tg c`{svcgrc` rsfhek ikkc{{ tg aivocd ae{m {rckec{ i`d{tvie`{ ga jggd rcvagvoi`kc. Asvtmcv( tmc Jgqcv`/oc`t vcihe|cd tmit tmc rvgqe{eg` ga {sf{ede|cd e`/rst{ tg rvgogtc {oihh/{kihc iysikshtsvc zgshd gthcid tg {s{tieìfhc iysikshtsvc dcqchgroc`t( i`dtmit et zi{ `ckc{{ivu tg c}tc`d irrvgrveitc eàgv/oiteg` g` iysikshtsvc tckm`ghgjec{ tg {oihh/{kihcae{m aivocv{. Tmc dcqchgroc`t ga irrvgrveitc tckm/`ghgjec{ i`d c}tc`{eg` tg gqcvkgoc tckmèkih kg`/{tvie`t{ aike`j cz c`tvi`t {oihh/{kihc aivocv{ zi{kg`dsktcd tmvgsjm vc{civkm rivt`cv{mer fctzcc`tmc I{ei` E`{tetstc ga Tckm`ghgju i`d tmc Dcrivt/oc`t ga Ae{mcvec{ ga Tmiehi`d. Tme{ vc{civkm zi{kivvecd gst e` vc{gsvkc/rggv @gvtmci{tcv` Tmie/hi`d( e`qghqe`j rivt`cv{mer{ zetm hgkih jgqcvòc`tijc`kec{( @JG{( i`d aivocv{.

Civhecv rsfhek e`qc{toc`t{ e` tmc ae{m {ccd e`/ds{tvu e` Fi`jhidc{m kitihu|cd tmc dcqchgroc`tga avc{mzitcv iysikshtsvc. E` tmc ri{t tzg dckidc{(

tmc rveqitc {cktgv mi{ rvgjvc{{eqchu tinc` gqcv tmcvghc ga rsfhek e`{tetsteg`{ e` ae{m {ccd {srrhu i`drveqitc mitkmcvec{ `gz dgoeìtc {ccd {srrhu e`tmc kgs`tvu. E` rivihhch( tmc Jgqcvòc`t mi{ riede`kvci{cd ittc`teg` tg eorvgqe`j fvggd{tgkn ysih/

etu agv rveqitc mitkmcvec{ fu c{tifhe{me`j i `ctzgvnga fvggd{tgkn kc`tcv{. Irrvgrveitc e`tcvqc`teg`{ tgeorvgqc ae{m fvccde`j rviktekc{ i`d tg rvgqedcvcjshiv vcrhcè{moc`t ga mejm/ysihetu fvggd{tgkn

zehh vcysevc kg`te`scd kggrcviteqc caagvt{ fctzcc`jgqcvòc`t ijc`kec{ i`d rveqitc rivt`cv{. [eoe/hivhu( {titc/ i`d c}tcvìhhu/as`dcd c}tc`{eg` {cv/

qekc{ tg rvgogtc eorvgqcd kivr rghukshtsvcaivoe`j {u{tco{ gqcv tmc hi{t tzg dckidc{ kg`tvef/stcd tg zedc{rvcid idgrteg` ga {skm rviktekc{tmvgsjmgst tmc kgs`tvu. Kg`dskeqc {gkeih `ctzgvn{miqc kg`tvefstcd tg vired aivocv/tg/aivocv deaas/{eg` i`d {rvcid ga eàgvoiteg` i`d idqekc g` ae{maivoe`j tckm`ghgjec{.

E` tmc Rmeherre`c{( tmc Jgqcvòc`t mi{ rhikcdjvcit cormi{e{ g` tmc dcqchgroc`t ga vcheifhc ae{m{ccd {srrhu( e`khsde`j jc`ctek eorvgqcoc`t tgeorvgqc tmc ysihetu ga tehirei fvggd{tgkn i`d ae`/jcvhe`j{. Ksvvc`t tehirei {ccd rvgdskteg` iogs`t{tg ifgst 9 fehheg` i``sihhu( ga zmekm 52# kgocavgo rveqitc {gsvkc{ -aggt`gtc 49%. Jgqcvòc`tmitkmcvec{ ivc c}rcktcd tg vcoie` eorgvti`t

Ae{m mivqc{te`jtcio it zgvn e`Fi`jhidc{m


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{gsvkc{ ga {ccd ioed tmc jvgze`j `sofcv ga rve/qitc i`d kgvrgvitc mitkmcvec{. Tmc Jgqcvòc`tieo{ tg eorvgqc aggd {cksvetu tmvgsjm fcttcv tckm/`ghgjec{ i`d c`kgsvije`j tmc c`tvu ga {oihh/{kihcaivocv{ tg tehirei aivoe`j. Tmc Fsvcis ga Ae{mcv/ec{ i`d Iysitek Vc{gsvkc{ -FAIV% zehh henchu vc/oie` i` idls`kt {srrhecv i`d tg {goc c}tc`t i

kgorctetgv ga rveqitc {ccd rvgdskcv{ e` ivci{zmcvc rveqitc grcvitgv{ dgoeìtc. Tmc kg`te`scdrvc{c`kc i`d vghc{ ga FAIV e` tmc ae{m {ccd oivnctmiqc fcc` dcfitcd iog`j gf{cvqcv{ i`d {tinc/mghdcv{ fckis{c ga rg{{efhc kgàhekt{ zetm fs{e`c{{e`tcvc{t{ ga tmc rveqitc {cktgv. Jgqcvòc`t ae{m{ccd rvekc{ ivc kgorcteteqc qe{//qe{ tmg{c ga gtmcv{ccd {srrhecv{ i`d dg `gt s`dcvkst rveqitc {ccd{srrhecv{. E` {srrgvt ga rveqitc {cktgv dcqchgroc`t(FAIV rvgogtc{ i ikkvcdetiteg rvgjvio agv rveqitcmitkmcvec{ tmit gftie` ysihetu tehirei fvggd{tgknavgo et{ itegìh fvccde`j rvgjvio. Caagvt{ fu FAIVmiqc kg`tvefstcd tg e`kvci{cd ikkc{{ i`d kmgekc{ gaae{m {ccd {srrhu iog`j {oihh/{kihc aivocv{.

Tehirei jc`ctek eorvgqcoc`t mi{ fckgoc imejmhu duìoek i`d kgorcteteqc aechd ga vc{civkme` tmc Rmeherre`c{. Kg`{cysc`thu( aivocv{ gz miqcikkc{{ tg i zedc vi`jc ga tehirei {tvie`{. He`nijc{fctzcc` rsfhek i`d rveqitc gvjiè|iteg`{ ivc qetihtg tmc{c vc{civkm i`d dcqchgroc`t caagvt{( hetthc ga

zmekm zgshd miqc tinc` rhikc ea tmc rsfhek {cktgvmid `gt {rcivmcidcd tmc zgvn zetm c}tcvìh {sr/rgvt( e`khsde`j i{{e{ti`kc avgo IDF. Rveqitc ae{m{ccd kgorièc{ i`d e`rst {srrhecv{ ivc `gt g`hueorvgqe`j tmcev rvgdskt{ fst ivc ih{g idqe{e`j aivo/cv{ g` irrvgrveitc aivoe`j rviktekc{. Eèteiteqc{tinc` fu tmc rveqitc {cktgv tg {srrgvt tmc caackteqc

srtinc ga jc`ctekihhu eorvgqcd tehirei e`khsdcvc{civkm -g`/{titeg` i`d g`/aivo tveih{%( c}tc`{eg`(aivocv aeì`ke`j( ve{n/{mive`j ivvi`jcoc`t{ zetmaccd {srrhecv{ i`d aeì`kecv{( i`d kghhifgviteg`

zetm tmc rsfhek {cktgv. Tmc vired kgoocvkeihe|i/teg` ga tehirei aivoe`j mi{ fcc` ikkchcvitcd fu ihhtmc{c dcqchgroc`t{ i`d kg`te`se`j aiqgvifhc oiv/nct kg`deteg`{.

[cvqekc{( Aikehetec{( i`d Eàvi{tvsktsvc

[srrgvt {cvqekc{( aikehetec{( i`d eàvi{tvsktsvc ivckvetekih e` {s{tieè`j fgtm aivoe`j i`d oivncte`jikteqetec{. [cvqekc rvgqedcv{( e`khsde`j e`rst {srrhe/cv{( rhiu eorgvti`t vghc{ e` rvgqede`j eàgvoitegì`d idqekc tg aivocv{> tmcev {cvqekc{ kgorhcoc`t tmcvghc{ ga jgqcvòc`t ijc`kec{ e` c}tc`{eg` {cvqekc{.

[e`kc 95:6( tehirei aivoe`j e` tmc Rmeherre`c{mi{ fc`caetcd avgo {sf{ti`teih i`d kg`te`sgs{ {sr/rgvt {cvqekc{( {skm i{ rg`d {u{tco{ i`d ms{fi`dvuvc{civkm( tckm`ghgju dcqchgroc`t( i`d tvieè`ji`d c}tc`{eg`. @gtczgvtmu ivc tmc dcqchgroc`t

eèteiteqc{ s`dcvtinc` it Kc`tvih Hs|g` [titc Sè/qcv{etu i`d FAIV{ @itegìh Avc{mzitcv Ae{mcvec{Tckm`ghgju Kc`tcv.45 Ae{m {ccd i`d accd {srrhecv{e` tmc Rmeherre`c{ rvgqedc idqe{gvu tckmèkih {cv/

qekc{ tg ae{m aivocv{. Vc{rg`dc`t ae{m aivocv{ e`Kc`tvih Hs|g` {ied tmcu vckceqcd idqekc avgo gtmcvaivocv{ -45#%( jgqcvòc`t {gsvkc{ -;3#%( accd

dcihcv{ -;2#%( avec`d{ -;2#%( vchiteqc{ -6:#%( i`dae{m mitkmcvec{ -92#%. E`rst {srrhecv{ miqccocvjcd i{ ncu rhiucv{ e` tckm`ghgju tvi`{acv i`deàgvoiteg` de{{coeìteg`. Tmcu kgorhcoc`t jgq/cvòc`t c}tc`{eg` caagvt{.

It Hinc Tiih( rveqitc {cvqekc aikehetec{( {skm i{ekc rhi`t{ i`d tvi`{rgvt {cvqekc{( {srrhu tmc oiv/ncte`j `ccd{ ga tehirei kijc aivocv{ i`d tvidcv{.Ekc e{ vcjshivhu s{cd tg kmehh ae{m i`d nccr rvgdskt{avc{m avgo tmc aivo tg aeìh oivnct dc{teìteg`{.Fgit {cvqekc{ it tmc hinc rvgqedc tvi`{rgvtiteg` tgtehirei aivocv{ agv acvvue`j accd{ i`d gtmcv {sr/rhec{( i`d mivqc{te`j {cvqekc{ ivc ih{g iqiehifhc.

E` Fi`jhidc{m( ete`cvi`t {ccd tvidcv{ rvgqedcidqekc i`d {mivc n`gzhcdjc ga ae{m aivoe`j zetmtmcev ks{tgocv{. E` gvtmzc{t Fi`jhidc{m( tmc eo/rgvti`kc ga ogfehe|e`j i`d tvieè`j rggv {ccd tvid/cv{ tg de{{coeìtc oc{{ijc{ ga iysikshtsvc rviktekc{tmit ivc {setcd tg {oihh/{kihc i`d vc{gsvkc/rggvaivocv{ mi{ hg`j fcc` vckgjè|cd.32

E` jc`cvih( ae{m aivocv{ dg `gt vchu g` tmcevgz` hifgv agv g`/aivo ti{n{ i`d vcysevcoc`t{. [cv/

qekc rvgqedcv{ gaacv i zedc vi`jc ga hifgv/e`tc`{eqc{srrgvt {cvqekc{( {skm i{ ae{mrg`d kg`{tvskteg`(ks{tgoe|cd ae{m`ct oine`j( ae{m kijc kg`{tvsktegì`d vcriev{( i`d ogvc c{{c`teih {cvqekc{( e`khsde`je`rst {srrhec{ -{ccd( accd( acvtehe|cv{%( rg{tmivqc{t

ikteqetec{( i`d oivncte`j. Ae{m mivqc{te`j et{cha e{ i{rckeihe|cd {cvqekc e` Fi`jhidc{m zmcvc ae{m aivo/cv{ dg `gt jc`cvihhu mivqc{t tmcev gz` ae{mrg`d{.39

45 E` 6226( tmc{c e`{tetsteg`{( ihg`j zetm tmc JEAT Ags`ditegÈ`tcvìtegìh i`d Rmeh/Ae{mjc`( c{tifhe{mcd tmc Tehirei [kec`kc Kc`tcvit Kc`tvih Hs|g` [titc Sèqcv{etu( tg ag{tcv kghhifgviteg` e` {srrgvte`jtehirei aivoe`j e` Kc`tvih Hs|g` i`d kgs`tvuzedc. Tmc {sf{cysc`tkvciteg` ga Rmeherre`c Tehirei E`k. e` 622;( mi{ rvgqedcd i qc`sc agv{tincmghdcv{ e` tmc tehirei e`ds{tvu tg zgvn tgjctmcv tmvgsjm idqgkiku(rivtekeriteg` e` tmc i``sih tehirei kg`jvc{{( tvidc aiev{( rvgogteg` gatehirei kg`{sorteg`( i`d eorhcoc`titeg` ga i tehirei e`ds{tvudcqchgroc`t rhi`.

32 As`dcd fu DAED( tmc @gvtmzc{t Ae{mcvec{ C}tc`{eg` Rvglcktgrcvitcd dsve`j 95==6222 e` tzg rmi{c{ e` tmc rggvc{t `gvtmzc{tvcjeg` ga Fi`jhidc{m( zmekm e{ kmiviktcve|cd fu eàcvtehc {geh{ i`d

vchiteqc c}tvcoc{ ga kheoitc zetm tmc hgzc{t ijvekshtsvih rvgdskteqetui`d rg`d ae{m rvgdskteqetu e` tmc kgs`tvu. Tmc c}tc`{eg` irrvgikme`khsdcd tmc s{c ga 9(622ae{m {ccd tvidcv{ i{ c}tc`{eg` ijc`t{( futvieè`j tmco e` ae{m aivoe`j. Cikm {ccd tvidcv mid kg`tikt{ zetm 42aivocv{ g` iqcvijc( i`d ifgst 12# ga ae{m aivocv{ rsvkmi{cd ae{m{ccd avgo tmc{c tvie`cd {ccd tvidcv{.

39 Ae{m mivqc{tcv{ turekihhu zgvn uciv vgs`d( zetm i rcin e` GktgfcvLi`sivu. G` iqcvijc( mivqc{tcv{ kg`dskt 96mivqc{t{ rcv zccn( i`dcorhgu 1= hifgvcv{ zmg civ` diehu zijc{ ga ifgst Tn922. Mivqc{tcv{ki` civ` jvg{{ e`kgoc{( vcrvc{c`te`j =96# ga tmc ae{m qihsc rcvmivqc{t( zetm diehu `ct e`kgoc{ ga sr tg Tn612 iatcv riue`j agv hifgv(ae{m`ct vc`tih( tvi`{rgvt( i`d vcriev{.


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Tmc de{ti`kc i`d e{ghiteg` ga oiù {oihh/{kihcaivo{ kg`tvefstc tg mejm rvekc{ ga accd( {ccd( i`dgtmcv e`rst{ fckis{c tmc kg{t{ ga tvi`{rgvtiteg` ivcri{{cd g` tg aivocv{. Ikkc{{ tg e`rst{ e{ i oilgvrvgfhco agv {oihh/{kihc aivo{ e` vcogtc hgkiteg`{.

Ihtmgsjm tmcvc oiu fc {tvg`j dcoi`d agv ae{m e`kcvtie` vsvih vcogtc ivci{( hgkihe|cd ae{m aivoe`joiu fc {cqcvchu miorcvcd fckis{c ga deaaekshtec{

e` ikkc{{e`j kvetekih aiktgv{ ga rvgdskteg`( {skm i{{ccd i`d accd {srrhec{. Dckc`tvihe|cd {ccd rvgdsk/teg`( tmc s{c ga itsvih accd( i`d e`kvci{cd vchei`kcg` mgocjvgz` {srrhcoc`tivu accd oiu mchr ae{maivoe`j e` vcogtc ivci{. Fst {skm caagvt{ ivc {tehheàhsc`kcd fu gtmcv kg`deteg`{( e`khsde`j ikkc{{ tgvgid{ i`d tvi`{rgvtiteg` i`d gtmcv fi{ek eàvi/{tvsktsvc.

Vsvih vgid{ ki` mchr iddvc{{ qivegs{`gè`kgoc i{rckt{ ga rgqcvtu fu eorvgqe`j ikkc{{tg cdskiteg` i`d mcihtm {cvqekc{.36 Zcin eàvi/{tvsktsvc ki` e`kvci{c tvi`{ikteg` kg{t{ i`dfckgoc fivvecv{ tg oivnct tvi`{ikteg`{ g` i hivjc

{kihc. Tmc oilgvetu ga ae{m aivocv{ e` Kc`tvih Hs|gì`d Hinc Tiih( Rmeherre`c{( vcjivdcd i{ aiev tmcevrvc{c`t ikkc{{ tg vgid{( tvi`{rgvtiteg`( i`d oiv/nct{. E` iddeteg`( ikkc{{ tg kchhshiv tchcrmg`c{-c{rckeihhu tc}t oc{{ije`j kirifehetu% mi{ eorvgqcdkgoosèkiteg`{ tvcoc`dgs{hu e` tmc Rmeherre`c{i`d Tmiehi`d( i`d ogvc vckc`thu e` Fi`jhidc{m(ihhgze`j aivocv{ tg ikysevc oivnct eàgvoitegàvgo tmcev kg`tikt{ e` deaacvc`t hgkiteg`{.

Hcjih Avioczgvn i`d Rghekec{

Cìfhe`j dcqchgroc`t rghekec{ i`d hcjih e`{tvs/oc`t{ ki` rvgqedc e`kc`teqc{ agv dcqchgroc`t ga{oihh/{kihc iysikshtsvc tg fc`caet {oihh/{kihc i`drggv aivocv{. Mgzcqcv( eorhcoc`titeg` i`dcàgvkcoc`t e` oiù {etsiteg`{ vcoie` kmihhc`je`j

fckis{c ga e{{sc{ vchitcd tg kiriketec{ i`dvc{gsvkc{. Tmc aghhgze`j rvgqedc {goc c}iorhc{ga tmc{c kmihhc`jc{.

E` tmc Rmeherre`c{( tmc Hgkih Jgqcvòc`t Kgdcga 9559 dcqghqcd oiù ga tmc as`kteg`{ ga kc`tvihJgqcvòc`t tg hgkih jgqcvòc`t sèt{( e`khsde`jc}tc`

an evaluation of small-scale freshwater rural aquaculture development for poverty reduction

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