an epic 1000 years in the making. the seljuk turks in 1055, a turkish leader captured baghdad and...
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Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asks western Europe for help against the Turks. Seeing an opportunity, Pope Urban II challenged Christians to join in a holy war at the Council of Clermont in –Offered forgiveness of sins for those who participated. The Council of Clermont (1095)TRANSCRIPT
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An epic 1000 years in the making…
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The Seljuk Turks
• In 1055, a Turkish leader captured Baghdad and claimed himself sultan, or “holder of power.”
• Under new Turkish leadership, the Arab Empire began to increase pressure on their neighbors, the Byzantine Empire…
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• Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asks western Europe for help against the Turks.
• Seeing an opportunity, Pope Urban II challenged Christians to join in a holy war at the Council of Clermont in 1095.– Offered forgiveness of
sins for those who participated.
The Council of Clermont (1095)
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Goals of the Crusades…1. Save the Byzantine Empire
-The Byzantine Empire were threatened by the Turks.2. Retake Jerusalem
-The Islamic Empire (and faith) had been spreading by 638AD it had captured the city of Jerusalem-By 1071AD the Seljuk Turks were persecuting Christians living there.
3. Spread Christianity 4. Increase the power of the Church and the Pope
-The Catholic Church knew that, if successful, the Crusades would bring power and prestige to the Church.
5. End the feudal wars among nobility-The Pope hoped that sending knights off to war would reduce the conflicts between nobles at home.
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So who joined?• The holy war
attracts both peasants and nobles– Why?
• Religious fervor• Adventure and a
change to fight• Wealth and
perhaps a title?– Overall, between
100,000 – 200,000 volunteer
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• Peasants and nobles from all over Western Europe make their way to Constantinople.– There, they must take an oath to Alexius I before
continuing.
To Constantinople!
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The First Crusade• Few members of the
Peasants’ Crusade ever reach Constantinople. – Pillaged, stole, and
murdered along the way.• The main Crusade led by
the nobles successfully takes Jerusalem in 1099.
• After, most of the crusaders returned home.– Some stay to establish the
Four Crusader States.– “Islands of Christianity in
a hostile sea of Islam”
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• Muslim forces recaptured Edessa in the 1140’s.
• Crusade sent to retake it fails miserably.– Gives Muslim
forces a confidence boost.
The Second Crusade
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• Muslim leader Saladin retakes Jerusalem in 1187.
• Crusade is sent to retake it– Is successful at first
• Capture Acre– Later misfortunes ruin
the Crusade• Do not recapture
Jerusalem– Establish a treaty with
Saladin to allow safe passage for pilgrims visiting Jerusalem.
– Richard the Lionhearted
The Third Crusade
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• Pope Innocent III tries to establish the Fourth Crusade as a holy cause– Instead, it is led by Venetians who sack
Constantinople in 1204.• Were an economic competitor
The Fourth Crusade
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And the rest…• There were several
other Crusades of varying focus and success.
• Children’s Crusades– Italian Children’s
Crusade is sent home by the Pope.
– French Children’s Crusade ends in tragedy.
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Goals of the Crusades… Accomplished?
1. Save the Byzantine Empire- Failed – Byzantine Empire is weakened and Constantinople is sacked in 1204!
2. Retake Jerusalem- Failed – Jerusalem remains in Muslim control.
3. Spread Christianity- Failed – Islamic world is left united and strengthened
4. Increase the power of the Church and the Pope- Success – Papacy gains much power (at first)
5. End the feudal wars among nobility-Success – Stops feudal warfare, unites kingdoms, and helps end feudalism overall