an elementary grammar of the greek langu

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A S

E L E M E N T A R Y

G R A M M A R

O F T H E

G R E E K L N G U G E

B Y

D R . R A P H A E L

K U H N E R ,

C O - R E C T O R

O P

T H E L Y C E U M

A T H A N O V E R .

I W < 7 > ; « A

T R A N S L A T E D B Y

J O H N

H .

M I L L A R D ,

s t .

J o h n ' s c o l l e g e , C a m b r i d g e l a t e s e c o n d c l a s s i c a l m a s t e r a t

m i l l - h i l l

g r a m m a r

s c h o o l .

N E W E D I T I O N .

L O N D O N

L O N G M A N , B R O W N , G R E E N ,

L O N G M A N S ,

& R O B E R T S .

1 8 5 9



L O N D O N

P U N T f i f ) B Y S P O r r i . V W O O T > E A N D C O

N E W - S S T K E I v T 8 Q U A R B .



r R E P A C E

D r . K t j H N E E , t h e a u t h o r

o f

t h e p r e s e n t w o r k , b e l o n g s

t o

t h e

m o s t

m o d e r n

a n d

p h i l o s o p h i c a l

s c h o o l

o f

G e r

m a n G r a m m a r i a n s , H e

a d o p t s

t h e s y s t e m o f G r i m m ,

H u m b o l d t , B e c k e r ,

a n d

G r o t e f e n d . T h e f i r s t

p a r t

o f

h i s C o p i o u s G r a m m a r o f t h e G r e e k L a n g u a g e

a p p e a r e d

i n 1 8 3 4 ,

t h e r e m a i n d e r i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e

f o l l o w i n g

y e a r , I t i s

c o n s i d e r e d , i n

G e r m a n y , f a r

s u p e r i o r t o

a n y

o t h e r w o r k

o f

t h e k i n d ; a n d a f f o r d s

a

s t r i k i n g

i l l u s t r a t i o n

o f t h e

a d v a n t a g e

o f

a p p l y i n g

t o

l a n g u a g e

t h e s a m e p r i n c i p l e s

o f

a n a l y s i s , g e n e r a l i

s a t i o n , a n d i n d u c t i o n , a s a r e e m p l o y e d i n s c i e n t i f i c

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .

S e v e r a l

o f

i t s

v e r y e x c e l l e n c i e s , h o w e v e r , r e n d e r

i t

u n s u i t a b l e

f o r g e n e r a l u s e , a s t h e a u t h o r h i m

s e l f a p p e a r s

t o h a v e

f e l t ;

a n d , a c c o r d i n g l y ,

i n

1 8 3 6 ,

h e

p u b l i s h e d

a n a b r i d g e m e n t

o f

i t ,

e n t i t l e d

A

S c h o o l - G r a m m a r o f t h e G r e e k L a n g u a g e . T h i s i s

p r e c i s e l y s u c h a w o r k a s m i g h t h a v e b e e n e x p e c t e d

f r o m t h e p e n o f a n a u t h o r , n o t l e s s e x p e r i e n c e d a s

a t e a c h e r , t h a n e m i n e n t

a s

a s c h o l a r . I t

c o m b i n e s

t h e o r y

a n d p r a c t i c e i n t h e

m o s t h a p p y

p r o p o r t i o n s ,

a n d ,

w h i l e t h e a d v a n c e d

s t u d e n t

w i l l f i n d i t

q u i t e

s u f f i c i e n t f o r e v e r y p u r p o s e , t h e m e r e b e g i n n e r

w i l l

b e

a b l e t o u s e i t

w i t h

a d v a n t a g e .

I n

1 8 3 7

h e

p u b l i s h e d

a

s t i l l

f u r t h e r a b r i d g e m e n t ,

p r e p a r e d e x p r e s s l y f o r t h e u s e o f y o u n g b e g i n n e r s , a

A

2



i y

T R E F A C E .

s e c o n d e d i t i o n o f w h i c h w a s c a l l e d f o r i n 1 8 4 1 , a n d i s

t h e o r i g i n a l o f t h e p r e s e n t t r a n s l a t i o n . H e c o m m e n c e s

h i s

p r e f a c e

t o

t h e

f i r s t

e d i t i o n

w i t h

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

r e

m a r k s

—

I n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e a n c i e n t

l a n g u a g e s h a s a

t w o - f o l d o b j e c t : — t h e l e a r n i n g o f t h e l a n g u a g e s

t h e m

s e l v e s ,

a n d

t h e c o m p r e h e n s i o n o f t h e w o r k s w r i t t e n i n

t h e m .

T h e m e r e l e a r n i n g o f

t h e a n c i e n t l a n g u a g e s h a s

b e e n f o r c e n t u r i e s r e c o g n i s e d a s

t h e b e s t

d i s c i p l i n e o f

t h e y o u t h f u l m i n d — a s t h e s i m p l e s t

a n d

s u r e s t m e t h o d

o f

a w a k e n i n g ,

e x e r c i s i n g ,

a n d

f o r m i n g

t h e

i n t e l l e c t u a l

p o w e r s

o f

t h e b o y f o r t h e m o s t v a r i e d p u r p o s e s ;

w h i l e a n a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h t h e g r e a t

m a s t e r - w o r k s

w h i c h a r e

c o m p o s e d i n

t h e s e

l a n g u a g e s

— t h e c o n

t e m p l a t i o n a n d

f a m i l i a r

v i e w o f t h a t g r a n d

s t y l e

o f

a c t i o n w h i c h e v e r y w h e r e a p p e a r s m o s t

s t r i k i n g l y

i n G r e c i a n a n d R o m a n a n t i q u i t y — p o s s e s s e s t h e a d

d i t i o n a l

p r o p e r t y

o f

f a s t e n i n g

u p o n

t h e

m i n d

a n d

h e a r t o f

y o u t h m o r e s t r o n g l y

t h e n

t h e s t u d y

o f

a n y

o t h e r

b r a n c h o f

h u m a n

k n o w l e d g e ,

a n d o f i n s p i r i n g

t h e m w i t h i d e a s o f t h e n o b l e , t h e b e a u t i f u l , a n d t h e

g r a n d .

T h o s e w h o c o i n c i d e

i n t h e s e s e n t i m e n t s w i l l

b e

p l e a s e d t o f i n d , t h a t t h e t a s k

o f

g u i d i n g t h e f i r s t

s t e p s

o f

y o u t h

i n

s u c h a

c o u r s e

h a s

b e e n

u n d e r t a k e n

b y

o n e

s o w e l l q u a l i f i e d

i n

e v e r y r e s p e c t , a n d

t o

k n o w ,

t h a t h i s E l e m e n t a r y G r a m m a r , w h i c h i s

n o w r e n d e r e d a v a i l a b l e

t o

t h e E n g l i s h p u p i l , r e t a i n s

a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e x c e l l e n c i e s

o f h i s

l a r g e r w o r k s .

O f t h e s e e x c e l l e n c i e s t h e f o l l o w i n g , a m o n g o t h e r s ,

d e s e r v e

p a r t i c u l a r

n o t i c e .

1 .

I t

i s

d i s t i n g u i s h e d

b y

a

r e m a r k a b l e

a p t n e s s

a n d

a m p l i t u d e o f i l l u s t r a t i o n . T h i s r e m a r k a p p l i e s i n a

g r e a t m e a s u r e t o t h e E t y m o l o g y , b u t e s p e c i a l l y t o



P R E F A C E .

V

t h e

S y n t a x .

T h e

p a r a d i g m s

c o n t a i n

m u c h

m o r e

n u m e r o u s

a n d c o m p l e t e

e x e m p l i f i c a t i o n s o f

d e c l e n

s i o n

a n d

c o n j u g a t i o n

t h a n

a n y

o f

o u r

c o m m o n

s c h o o l -

g r a m m a r s

; w h i l e

t h e S y n t a x a b o u n d s w i t h i n s t a n c e s

o f

e v e r y

v a r i e t y o f

c o n s t r u c t i o n . I n f a c t , n o t h i n g

i s s t a t e d w i t h o u t b e i n g e l u c i d a t e d b y o n e

o r

m o r e

a p p r o p r i a t e e x a m p l e s ; s o t h a t i t i s s c a r c e l y

p o s s i b l e

f o r

t h e r e a d e r n o t

t o

u n d e r s t a n d c l e a r l y ,

a n d r e t a i n

t e n a c i o u s l y , w h a t t h e a u t h o r a i m s t o

c o m m u n i c a t e .

T h e

i m p o r t a n c e

o f

t h i s

f e a t u r e

o f

t h e

w o r k

w i l l

b e

b e s t u n d e r s t o o d b y t h o s e w h o h a v e h a d m o s t

e x

p e r i e n c e i n

t e a c h i n g .

2 . T h e i n f l e x i o n a l

s y l l a b l e s

o f

n o u n s a n d

v e r b s a r e

d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m t h e s t e m , o r t h a t p a r t t o w h i c h

t h e s e s y l l a b l e s a r e a t t a c h e d , f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f m o d i

f y i n g

t h e g e n e r a l i d e a

e x p r e s s e d b y t h e w o r d .

T h i s

w i l l

b e

f o u n d

a s

u s e f u l

i n

p r a c t i c e

a s

i t i s

c o r r e c t

i n t h e o r y .

F o r

t h e p u p i l , b y b e i n g a c c u s t o m e d t o

o b s e r v e t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n a t t h e v e r y c o m m e n c e m e n t ,

w i l l

b e

a b l e ,

i n

a

m u c h

s h o r t e r

t i m e t h a n u s u a l ,

t o

g i v e

a

c o r r e c t

a n a l y s i s o f

a n y

f o r m

h e

m a y m e e t

w i t h

i n h i s G r e e k r e a d i n g , a n d t o

e x p r e s s w i t h

p r e

c i s i o n , b y t h e i n v e r s e

p r o c e s s

o f s y n t h e s i s , w h a t e v e r

m o d i f i c a t i o n

o f

n u m b e r ,

c a s e ,

m o o d ,

t e n s e ,

& c ,

m a y

b e r e q u i r e d

i n

c o m p o s i t i o n p r o v i d e d h e b e

w e l l

a c q u a i n t e d

w i t h

t h e l a w s w h i c h r e g u l a t e t h e v a r i o u s

c h a n g e s o f t h e l e t t e r s . A b o y t h u s t r a i n e d w i l l b e

p r e s e r v e d f r o m m o r e t h a n h a l f t h e e r r o r s

a n d

d i f f i

c u l t i e s

t o w h i c h

t h o s e

d i f f e r e n t l y

t a u g h t a r e

c o n

s t a n t l y l i a b l e w h e n

c a l l e d u p o n t o d e c l i n e

o r

c o n j u g a t e

o t h e r

w o r d s

t h a n

t h o s e

g i v e n

i n

t h e i r

G r a m m a r ,

t h o u g h , p e r h a p s , p e r f e c t l y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e m o d e l s

p r e s c r i b e d . H e w i l l b e a t n o l o s s t o p e r c e i v e , e . g . ,

A 3

P R E F A C E .

t h a t t h e

t r a n s i t i o n f r o m

r p i ^ - S a v t o

6 p i £ l , o r f r o m

K s w r - m v t o X s o u e n , i s

a s

s t r i c t l y

c o n f o r m a b l e t o r u l e ,

a s

t h a t

f r o m

Q y p - i b v

t o

O ^ p - a - i ;

a n d

w i l l

e a s i l y

u n d e r

s t a n d h o w T i - d p o f i - f i c t i

a n d

T e - 9 p u < £ - f l a i a r e o b t a i n e d

f r o m S p 6 7 T T - m ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e v e r y s a m e

l a w

o f

i n f l e x i o n

a s / 3 e * / 3 o u X e u - j U . a «

a n d

0 s - $ o o X e u - a - 5 a « f r o m

0 o u X s u ' * a > . I n t h i s w a y h e w i l l g r a d u a l l y

g a i n

a

c l e a r

i n s i g h t i n t o

t h e n a t u r e

o f

i n f l e x i o n , a n d , a t t h e s a m e

t i m e ,

b e f o r m i n g

t h o s e h a b i t s o f o b s e r v a t i o n ,

r e f l e c

t i o n ,

c o m p a r i s o n ,

a n d

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ,

w h i c h

o u g h t

e v e r

t o b e r e c k o n e d a m o n g t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e r e s u l t s o f a

g o o d e d u c a t i o n .

3 . I n o r d e r t o s e c u r e t h e s e i m p o r t a n t a d v a n t a g e s ,

D r . K i i h n e r h a s w i s e l y d e v i a t e d f r o m t h e p l a n p u r

s u e d b y p r e c e d i n g G r a m m a r i a n s , w h e n e x h i b i t i n g

t h e c o n j u g a t i o n o f t h e v e r b , a n d

h a s c h o s e n

a

p u r e

v e r b

a s

t h e

m o d e l

o f

r e g u l a r

i n f l e x i o n .

H e

i s

t h u s

e n a b l e d t o d i s p l a y t h e s t e m t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e

p a r a d i g m , u n a f f e c t e d b y t h o s e c h a n g e s t o

w h i c h

i t

i s o f t e n s u b j e c t w h e n

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e t t e r

i s

a

c o n s o n a n t .

4 . T h e S y n t a x i s a d m i r a b l e f o r i t s p e r s p i c u i t y a n d

c o m p l e t e n e s s . I t c o n t a i n s a f u l l

a c c o u n t

o f t h e d i f

f e r e n t

k i n d s

o f

s e n t e n c e s ,

t h e

c o n s t i t u e n t

e l e m e n t s

o f

e a c h , a n d t h e

w a y i n

w h i c h

t h e y a r e

a f f e c t e d b y t h e

u s a g e s

o f

t h e l a n g u a g e . T h i s

p a r t o f

t h e w o r k w i l l

b e o f

e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e t o

t h o s e w h o a r e

r e a d i n g a n

a u t h o r .

5 .

T h e a r r a n g e m e n t i s l o g i c a l , n a t u r a l ,

a n d

c l e a r .

T h e

a u t h o r ' s

l i s t

o f

i r r e g u l a r

v e r b s i s a r e m a r k a b l e

i n s t a n c e o f

s c i e n t i f i c

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

;

a n d ,

i f

n o t

a b s o

l u t e l y

p e r f e c t , i s ,

i n

t h e

o p i n i o n

o f s e v e r a l

d i s t i n

g u i s h e d

s c h o l a r s , h i t h e r t o

u n r i v a l l e d .



P R E F A C E .

v i i

S u c h a r e

s o m e o f

t h e m o s t

p r o m i n e n t

f e a t u r e s

o f

t h i s

v a l u a b l e

w o r k , w h i c h w i l l b e f o u n d o n e o f t h e

b e s t i n t r o d u c t i o n s

t o

t h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e , i f u s e d i n

t h e

w a y

t h e a u t h o r

i n t e n d e d .

H i s p l a n i s

a s

f o l l o w s —

A s s o o n a s

t h e

p u p i l

h a s a c q u i r e d a

k n o w l e d g e o f

t h e

l e t t e r s ,

t h e s i g n s

o f

t h e b r e a t h i n g s , a n d t h e m o s t

c o m m o n r u l e s o f

a c c e n t u a t i o n

( o m i t t i n g , f o r t h e p r e

s e n t , § 6 , 7 , 8 . 1 1 . a n d 1 3 . t o 1 7 . , w h i c h a r e d i s t i n

g u i s h e d b y t h e m a r k ( f ) ) , l e t h i m l e a r n t h e p r e s e n t

t e n s e ,

i n d i c a t i v e , i m p e r a t i v e ,

a n d

i n f i n i t i v e ,

a c t i v e a n d

m i d d l e , o f

f i o v X e i i w t o g e t h e r

w i t h

t h e

t h i r d

p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r

a n d p l u r a l

o f

t h e

p r e s e n t a n d

i m p e r f e c t i n

d i c a t i v e , t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r a n d p l u r a l o f t h e

i m p e r a t i v e ,

a n d t h e p r e s e n t i n f i n i t i v e o f t h e v e r b e i j u Y .

H e w i l l t h u s b e

a b l e

a t o n c e

t o

t r a n s l a t e s h o r t

s e n

t e n c e s

f r o m

G r e e k i n t o

E n g l i s h , a n d

v i c e

v e r s a . T h e s e

s h o u l d

b e g i v e n

h i m

a t

e v e r y s t e p

o f h i s

p r o g r e s s

t h r o u g h t h e E t y m o l o g y , i n i l l u s t r a t i o n

o f

w h a t

h e

l e a r n s .

D r .

K i i h n e r t h i n k s

t h a t t h e p u p i l ,

b y t h u s

c o n t i n u a l l y a p p l y i n g

t o p r a c t i c e

w h a t

h e a c q u i r e s ,

w i l l h a v e

i t m o r e d e e p l y

r o o t e d i n h i s

m i n d ,

a n d b e

p l e a s e d t o

f i n d

t h a t h e i s

p e r c e p t i b l y

g a i n i n g g r o u n d .

I f

t h i s

m e t h o d

b e

a d o p t e d , a n d m o s t o f

t h a t w h i c h i s

p r i n t e d

i n s m a l l

t y p e

b e

o m i t t e d

a t

f i r s t ,

t h e

w o r k

w i l l

b e

f o u n d

t o a n s w e r a d o u b l e p u r p o s e ; s e r v i n g

b o t h a s a m a n u a l f o r b e g i n n e r s ,

a n d

a s a b o o k o f

r e f e r e n c e

f o r

s u c h

a s a r e i n h i g h e r c l a s s e s .

I t n o w o n l y r e m a i n s t o b e o b s e r v e d , i n r e f e r e n c e t o

t h e

t r a n s l a t i o n ,

t h a t i t h a s

b e e n

t h e o b j e c t

o f

t h e t r a n s

l a t o r , t o m a k e i t

e x p r e s s

t h e m e a n i n g

o f

t h e a u t h o r ,

w i t h o u t

m u t i l a t i o n

o r a d d i t i o n ,

a s l i t e r a l l y a s t h e i d i o m s

o f t h e t w o

l a n g u a g e s

w o u l d p e r m i t

;

a n d r e s e m b l e ,

a s

f a r

a s

p o s s i b l e ,

n o t m e r e l y t h e s u b s t a n c e , b u t a l s o



V l l l

P R E F A C E .

t h e f o r m

o f t h e o r i g i n a l .

T h i s

h a s

b e e n

d o n e

f r o m

t h e c o n v i c t i o n , t h a t s u c h a m o d e

o f

p r o c e d u r e w o u l d

b e b o t h

m o r e

e q u i t a b l e t o t h e

a u t h o r ,

a n d

m o r e

s a t i s f a c t o r y t o t h e p u b l i c . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h o s e

n o u n s w h i c h a r e d e c l i n e d a t f u l l l e n g t h i n t h e p a r a

d i g m s

o f

t h e o r i g i n a l

( t h o u g h s o m e

o f

t h e m a r e

n e v e r

f o u n d

i n t h e d u a l o r p l u r a l ) a r e g i v e n s i m i

l a r l y i n t h e t r a n s l a t i o n , w i t h o u t

a n y

a t t e m p t t o s u b

s t i t u t e o t h e r a n a l o g o u s

w o r d s a n d

t h e L a t i n w o r d s

a n d

p h r a s e s ,

w h i c h

o c c u r

m o r e

p a r t i c u l a r l y

i n

t h e

S y n t a x , h a v e b e e n l e f t u n t r a n s l a t e d , w h e r e v e r t h e

a u t h o r h a s n o t

t h o u g h t

p r o p e r t o t r a n s l a t e

t h e m

i n t o

G e r m a n .

N o v . 1 8 1 3 .

T A B L E O F

C O N T E N T S .

E T Y M O L O G Y .

C H A P . I . —

O n

t h e

L e t t e r s a n d

A r t i c u l a t e S o u n d s .

§ 1 .

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

o f t h e L e t t e r s

P a g e

2 .


o f

t h e V o w e l s —

D i p h t h o n g s

-

- - 1

3 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e C o n s o n a n t s 2

4 .

S p i r i t u s

l e n i s

a n d S p i r i t u s a s p e r 3

§ 5 . A l p h a b e t . . . P a g e 4

f 6 . S i g n o f C r a s i s a n d E l i s i o n 5

7 .

M o v e a b l e C o n s o n a n t s a t t h e e n d

o f a W o r d - - - 5

t 8 . C h a n g e o f C o n s o n a n t s i n

I n f l e x i o n

a n d D e r i v a t i o n -

-

6

C H A P I I . —

O n S y l l a b l e s .

9 . O n t h e

Q u a n t i t y

o f

S y l l a b l e s 1 0

1 0 . Q u a n t i t y

o f

o , a n d v

i n

t h e P e

n u l t i m a t e - -

-

1 1

1 1 .

O n

t h e A c c e n t u a t i o n o f

S y l l a

b l e s - - - - 1 3

f

1

2 . A l t e r a t i o n

a n d

R e m o v a l o f t h e

A c c e n t i n I n f l e x i o n a n d

C o n

t r a c t i o n -

- -

1 4

\ 1 3 . A l t e r a t i o n a n d

R e m o v a l

o f t h e

A c

c e n t i n c o n n e c t e d D i s c o u r s e 1 6

f 1 4 . A t o n e s , o r P r o c l i t i c s - - 1 7

f 1 5 . E n c l i t i c s - - - - 1 7

f

1 6 .

R u l e s

f o r

t h e I n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e

A c c e n t

- -

-

- 1 8

1 7 .

E n c l i t i c s

a c c e n t e d - - 9

1 8 . D i v i s i o n o f S y l l a b l e s - - 2 0

1 9 . T h e

S t o p s -

- -

-

2 0

C H A P

I I I . — O n

t h e S u b s t a n t i v e

a n d A d j e c t i v e .

2 0 .

N a t u r e

a n d


o f

S u b

s t a n t i v e s - - - 2 0

2 1 . G e n d e r o f S u b s t a n t i v e s - 2 1

2 2 . N u m b e r , C a s e , a n d

D e c l e n s i o n

2 1

2 3 . N a t u r e

a n d

G e n d e r

o f

t h e A d j e c

t i v e - - - - 2 2

2 4 . F i r s t D e c l e n s i o n

-

-

- 2 3

2 5 . T e r m i n a t i o n s o f t h e F i r s t D e c l e n

s i o n -

- -

2 3

2 6 . F e m i n i n e s o f F i r s t D e c l e n s i o n 2 3

2 7 . M a s c u l i n e s o f F i r s t D e c l e n s i o n 2 6

2 8 . S e c o n d D e c l e n s i o n

-

-

2 7

2 9 .

C o n t r a c t i o n o f

t h e

S e c o n d

D e c l e n

s i o n

-

- -

- 2 8

3 0 .

T h e A t t i c S e c o n d

D e c l e n s i o n 3 0

3 1 .

T h i r d D e c l e n s i o n - - 3 1

3 2 .

R e m a r k s

u p o n t h e C a s e - e n d i n g s

o f t h e T h i r d D e c l e n s i o n - 3 1

S 3 . G e n d e r , Q u a n t i t y ,

a n d A c c e n t u a

t i o n o f t h e T h i r d D e c l e n s i o n

3 2

A .

N o u n s

w h i c h

h a v e a

C o n s o n a n t

B E F O R E T H E

E n D I N O

O F T H E G E N I

T I V E S i n g u l a r .

3 4 .

N o u n s

w h o s e

N o m i n a t i v e

S i n g u l a r

s h o w s t h e p u r e S t e m

-

3 3

3 5 . N o u n s w h o s e N o m i n a t i v e S i n g u l a r

l e n g t h e n s t h e

s h o r t f i n a l V o w e l

o f

t h e S t e m

-

-

-

3 4

3 6 .

S y n c o p a t e d

N o u n s

-

-

3 6

3 7 .

N o u n s

w h o s e N o m i n a t i v e S i n g u l a r

a f f i x e s s t o t h e S t e m

- 3 7

3 8 . N o u n s w h o s e S t e m e n d s i n a

T - s o u n d - - - - 3 8

3 9 . N e u t e r N o u n s w h o s e S t e m e n d s

i n t o r

k t

-

-

- 3 9

4 0 . N o u n s

w h o s e

S t e m e n d s i n v

o r v r

4 0

B .

N o u n s w h i c h

h a v e a

V o w e l b e

f o r e t h e

C a s e - E n d i n g o f

t h e

G e n i t i v e S i n g u l a r .

4 1 . S u b s t a n t i v e s i n

t v s , o u s ,

o v s -

4 1

4 2 . N o u n s i n i j s , « i - - - 4 2

4 3 . N o u n s i n m

(

G .

< o o s )

a s

a n d

a

( G . o o j ) - -

-

4 4

4 4 . N o u n s

i n

a s

( G . o o s ) a n d

o s

( G .

c o s )

- - - - 4 5

4 5 .

N o u n s

i n t j ,

v s ,

v - - 4 6

4 6 . N o u n s i n

t y ,

u y , v

- -

4 6

4 7 . I r r e g u l a r S u b s t a n t i v e s o f t h e

T h i r d D e c l e n s i o n -

-

4 8

4 8 . I r r e g u l a r A d j e c t i v e s

-

- 4 9

4 9 .

C o m p a r i s o n o f

A d j e c t i v e s

-

5 0

5 0 .

A .

F i r s t

F o r m

o f

C o m p a r i s o n

5 0

5 1 . B . S e c o n d F o r m o f C o m p a r i s o n 5 3

5 2 A n o m a l o u s

F o r m s o f

C o m p a r i

s o n - - -

-

5 3



X

T A B L E O F

C O N T E N T S .

C H A P . I V . — O n t h e A d v e r b .

§ S 3 . N a t u r e , C l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a n d F o r m - § 5 4 . C o m p a r i s o n o f

A d v e r b s P a g e

5 5

a t i o n

o f

A d v e r b s

-

P a g e

5 4

C H A P . V .

—

O n

t h e

P r o n o u n .

5 5 . N a t u r e o f t h e P r o n o u n

-

5 6

5 6 . P e r s o n a l

P r o n o u n s - - 5 6

5 7 . R e f l e c t i v e P r o n o u n s

- -

5 7

5 8 . R e c i p r o c a l

P r o n o u n s -

-

5 8

5 9 . A d j e c t i v ^ r p e r s p n a l o r p o s s e s s i v e

P r o n o u n s

- - -

5 8

6 0 .

D e m o n s t r a t i v e P r o n o u n s

- 5 9

6 1 . R e l a t i v e P r o n o u n s -

-

6 0

6 2 . I n d e f i n i t e

a n d

I n t e r r o g a t i v e

P r o

n o u n s - -

-

- 6 0

6 3 . C o r r e l a t i v e

P r o n o u n s

- - 6 1

6 4 .

L e n g t h e n i n g

o f P r o n o u n s - 6 2

C H A P .

V I .

—

O n

t h e N u m e r a l s .

6 5 . N a t u r e a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e 6 8 .

D e c l e n s i o n

o f t h e

F i r s t

F o u r

N u m e r a l s - -

-

6 3 N u m e r a l s - -

-

6 6

6 6 .

N u m e r a l

S i g n s -

-

r

6 4

6 9 . N u m e r a l A d v e r b s . -

6 6

6 7 .

S u r v e y

o f

C a r d i n a l s

a n d

O r d .

6 4

C H A P .

V I I . — O n

t h e V e r b .

— N a t u r e a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o p V e r b s .

7 0 . K i n d s o f

V e r b s

a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e i r

S i g n i f i c a t i o n -

- -

6 7

7 1 .

K i n d s

o f

V e r b s

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e i r

F o r m - -

-

- 6 8

7 2 . T e n s e s o f t h e V e r b

- -

6 8

7 3 . M o o d s o f t h e V e r b - - 6 9

7 4 . O n t h e P a r t i c i p i a l s . — I n f i n i t i v e

a n d

P a r t i c i p l e

- - 6 9

7 5 . N u m b e r s

a n d P e r s o n s

o f t h e

V e r b - . . - 6 9

7 6 . C o n j u g a t i o n

o f

t h e V e r b

-

7 0

7 7 . S t e m , A u g m e n t , a n d

R e d u p l i c a

t i o n . — C h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e

V e r b

- -

-

- 7 0

7 8 .

I n f l e x i o n a l

E n d i n g s

o f

t h e

V e r b .

— T e n s e - C h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a n d

E n d i n g -

- - -

7 1

7 9 .

P e r s o n a l

E n d i n g s

a n d

M o d a l

V o w e l

-

- - - 7 2

8 0 . R e m a r k s u p o n t h e P e r s o n a l

E n d

i n g s a n d

M o d a l V o w e l

- 7 3

8 1 . C o n j u g a t i o n o f t h e r e g u l a r

V e r b

i n

w

- - - - 7 4

8 2 .

R e m a r k s

u p o n t h e

T a b l e o f

C o n

j u g a t i o n - - - 8 0

8 3 . R e m a r k s u p o n t h e ( s o - c a l l e d )

A t t i c

F u t u r e

-

-

8 1

8 4 . A c c e n t u a t i o n

o f t h e V e r b - 8 2

8 5 . M o r e p a r t i c u l a r D e f i n i t i o n o f t h e

A u g m e n t

a n d R e d u p l i c a t i o n .

—

S y l l a b i c

A u g m e n t

«

8 3

8 6 .

T e m p o r a l A u g m e n t - - 8 4

8 7 .

R e m a r k s

o n

P e c u l i a r i t i e s

o f

A u g

m e n t

- -

- -

8 5

8 8 .

R e d u p l i c a t i o n - - -

8 5

8 9 . A t t i c R e d u p l i c a t i o n - - 8 7

9 0 .

A u g m e n t i n C o m p o s i t i o n - 8 8

9 1 .

R e m a r k s

o n P e c u l i a r i t i e s

o f

A u g

m e n t i n C o m p o u n d V e r b s 8 9

9 2 .


o f V e r b s i n a t a c

c o r d i n g

t o

t h e i r

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c

L e t t e r

-

> -

-

9 0

I .

P u r e

V e r b s .

9 3 .

F o r m a t i o n

o f

t h e

T e n s e s

o f

P u r e

V e r b s - -

-

-

9 1

9 4 . P u r e V e r b s w h i c h r e t a i n t h e s h o r t


V o w e l

i n t h e

F o r m a t i o n

o f

t h e i r T e n s e s 9 2

9 5 . F o r m a t i o n o f t h e

A o r .

a n d F u t .

P a s s i v e , a n d

P e r f .

a n d

P l u p e r f .

M i d d l e

o r

P a s s i v e w i t h

a

9 3

9 6 . C o n t r a c t e d P u r e V e r b s - 9 4

9 7 . R e m a r k s

u p o n

t h e C o n j u g a t i o n

o f C o n t r a c t e d V e r b s

-

9 8

9 8 . C o n t r a c t e d V e r b s w h i c h r e t a i n t h e

s h o r t


V o w e l

i n

t h e F o r m a t i o n o f t h e i r T e n s e s

1 0 0

9 9 . P a r a d i g m s o f t h e l a s t m e n t i o n e d

V e r b s

-

.

-

1 0 2



T A B L E O F

C O N T E N T S . x i

I I . I m p u r e V e r b s .

§ 1 0 0 .

G e n e r a l R e m a r k s . —

P u r e a n d

I m p u r e

S t e m .

—

T h e m e

1 0 2

1 0 1 .

S t r e n g t h e n i n g o f

t h e S t e m 1 0 4

1 0 2 .

C h a n g e

o f t h e S t e m - V o w e l

1 0 4

1 0 3 . R e m a r k s

u p o n

t h e F o r m a t i o n

o f t h e S e c o n d

T e n s e s

- 1 0 5

A . M o t e V e r b s .

1 0 4 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f M u t e V e r b s 1 0 6

1 0 5 .

O b s e r v a t i o n s

o n

M u t e

V e r b s 1 0 7

1 0 6 . T e n s e - F o r m a t i o n o f

M u l e

V e r b s

1 0 8

P a r a d i g m s

o f

M u t e V e r b s .

1 0 7 .

V e r b s

w h o s e

S t e m

i s

a

P - s o u n d .

—

P u r e

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c $

1 0 9

1 0 8 .

I m p u r e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c ; m r i n

t h e P r e s e n t a n d I m p e r f e c t 1 1 0

1 0 9 . V e r b s

w h o s e


i s

a

K - s o u n d

-

- 1 1 1

1

1 0 .

V e r b s w h o s e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a

T - s o u n d

. - - 1 1 2

B . L i q u i d V e r b s .

1 1 1 . T e n s e -

F o r m a t i o n

o f

L i q u i d

V e r b s

- - -

-

1 1 8

1 1 2 . P a r a d i g m s

o f

L i q u i d

V e r b s

1 1 5

1 1 3 . S h o r t e r P a r a d i g m s o f L i q u i d

V e r b s


t h e

S t e m -

V o w e l

o f t h e F u t u r e ; V e r b s

w i t h

a i n t h e

F u t u r e

- 1 1 7

1 1 4 . L i q u i d V e r b s w i t h c i n t h e F u

t u r e - -

- -

1 1 8

1 1 5 . L i q u i d

V e r b s

w i t h o r

5 i n

t h e

F u t u r e - -

-

1 1 8

1 6 . S p e c i a l P e c u l i a r i t i e s o f s o m e

V e r b s , P u r e

a n d I m p u r e 1 1 9

1 1 7 . S y n c o p e a n d M e t a t h e s i s - 1 2 0

1 1 8 .

A n o m a l o u s

V e r b s

-

-

1 2 1

A , A n o m a l o u s V e r b s i n

H .

9 .

V e r b s

w h o s e p u r e

S t e m i s

s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e P r e s e n t

a n d

I m p e r f e c t ,

b y

t h e I n s e r t i o n

o f

v

b e f o r e t h e E n d i n g

-

1 2 2

1 2 0 . V e r b s w h o s e p u r e S t e m i s

s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e P r e s e n t

a n d I m p e r f e c t ,

b y

t h e

I n s e r

t i o n

o f

t h e S y l l a b l e v t

b e f o r e

t h e E n d i n g . . . 1 2 3

1 2 1 .

V e r b s

w h o s e

p u r e

S t e m

i s

s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n

t h e P r e s e n t

a n d I m p e r f e c t , b y t h e I n s e r t i o n

o f o r o r

a w b e f o r e t h e

E n d i n g

1 2 3

§ 1 2 2 , V e r b s

w h o s e

p u r e S t e m i s

s t r e n g t h e n e d ,

i n t h e P r e s e n t

a n d

I m p e r f e c t ,

b y

t h e

A d d i t i o n

o f

b k

o r

u r n

-

-

P a g e

1 2 5

1 2 3 .

V e r b s w h o s e p u r e

S t e m

i s

s t r e n g t h e n e d ,

a t

t h e B e g i n

n i n g , b y R e d u p l i c a t i o n - 1 2 7

1 2 4 . V e r b s

w h i c h

h a v e t h e p u r e S t e m

i n t h e P r e s e n t a n d

I m p e r f e c t ,

b u t i n t h e r e m a i n i n g T e n s e s

s u p p o s e a S t e m

w i t h f

a s t h e

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c -

-

1 2 8

1 2 5 .

V e r b s

t o w h o s e

p u r e S t e m

t i s

a d d e d i n

t h e P r e s e n t a n d I m

p e r f e c t

•

- .

1 3 0

2 6 .

V e r b s w h o s e

T e n s e s

a r e

d e r i v e d

f r o m d i f f e r e n t

R o o t s

c o n n e c t e d

i n

S i g n i f i c a t i o n

o n l y - 1 3 1

B . V e r b s i n M I .

1 2 7 . C o n j u g a t i o n o f V e r b s i n 1 3 2

1 2 8 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f V e r b s i n f u 1 3 3

1 2 9 .

M o d a l V o w e l o f

V e r b s i n

f u 1 3 4

3 0 . P e r s o n a l E n d i n g s o f V e r b s i n f i t

1 3 5

T e n s e -

F o r m a t i o n

o f V e r b s

i n M I .

1 3 1 . F i r s t

C l a s s

o f

V e r b s

i n

a u

•

1 3 8

1 3 2 .

S e c o n d

C l a s s

o f V e r b s i n f i t 1 3 9

3 3 . P a r a d i g m s o f

V e r b s

i n f i t - 1 4 0

1 3 4 .

R e m a r k s

o n t h e

P a r a d i g m s

o f

V e r b s

i n f i t -

-

- 1 4 6

S u r v e y o f V e r b s i n M I .

1 3 5 . V e r b s i n f u

w h i c h

j o i n t h e P e r

s o n a l E n d i n g s

i m m e d i a t e l y

o n

t o

t h e S t e m - V o w e l . — V e r b s

i n a

- - -

1 4 6

1 3 6 .

V e r b s i n f i t w h o s e S t e m e n d s

i l l

f

- - -

1 4 9

1 8 7 .

E i / i l ,

I a m ,

a n d

e t f i t ,

I

g o -

1 5 0

1 3 8 . V e r b s

i n f u w h i c h

a f f i x

t h e P e r

s o n a l E n d i n g s ,

a f t e r t h e A d

d i t i o n o f t h e S y l l a b l e w i o r v i i

t o

t h e S t e m - V o w e l -

1 5 1

1 3 9 . V e r b s w h o s e S t e m e n d s i n a

V o w e l a n d t a k e s - v v v - 1 5 2

1 4 0

V e r b s

w h o s e

S t e m e n d s

i n a

C o n s o n a n t a n d t a k e s - v i i 1 5 4

1 4 1 .

I n f l e x i o n o f K s l f i a t a n d f i f i a i 1 5 5

1 4 2 .

V e r b s i n u w h i c h

f o l l o w

t h e

A n a l o g y

o f

V e r b s

i n

f u

i n

t h e

A o r i s t l l .

A c t . a n d

M i d . 1 5 6

1 4 3 . O T S o ,

/ k n o w - - - 1 5 9

1 4 4 . D e p o n e n t s a n d A c t i v e V e r b s

w i t h

M i d d l e F u t u r e F o r m 1 5 9

x i i

T A B L E

O F

C O N T E N T S .

S Y N T A X .

C H A P .

I .

—

O h

t h e

P r i n c i p a l

E l e m e n t s

o f

t h e

S i m p l e

S e n t e n c e .

§ 1 4 5 . N a t u r e o f a

S e n t e n c e .

—

S u b

j e c t — P r e d i c a t e

-

P a g e 1 6 2

1 4 6 . O n C o n c o r d

- -

- 1 6 4

1 4 7 . E x c e p t i o n s t o t h e g e n e r a l R u l e s

o f C o n c o r d - - - 1 6 5

1 4 7 . C o n c o r d i n t h e C a s e o f s e v e r a l

S u b j e c t s

- -

1 6 7

1 4 8 . O n t h e

A r t i c l e

- - 1 6 8

i 1 4 9 .

O n

t h e K i n d s

o f V e r b s - 1 7 5

1 5 0 .

R e m a r k s

o n

t h e

K i n d s o f

V e r b s

1 7 6

1 5 1 . T e n s e s

a n d M o o d s

o f V e r b s 1 8 1

1 5 2 .

A .

O n t h e T e n s e s

o f V e r b s ,

i n

D e t a i l - - - 1 8 1

1 5 3 .

B .

O n

t h e

M o o d s

o f V e r b s , i n

D e t a i l

-

-

- -

1 8 6

C H A P .

I I . —

1 5 4 . O n t h e A t t r i b u t i v e

C o m b i n a t i o n , p a g e

1 9 0 .

C H A P .

I I I .

—

1 5 5 . O n t h e O b j e c t i v e C o m b i n a t i o n .

O n t h e C a s e .

1 5 6 .

I . G e n i t i v e -

-

-

1 9 2

1 5 7 .

A .

L o c a l

S e n s e . —

S e p a r a t i v e

G e n i t i v e -

- - 1 9 3

1 5 8 .

B . C a u s a l S e n s e -

-

1 9 3

1 5 9 .

I I .

A c c u s a t i v e -

-

1 9 9

1 6 0 . D o u b l e A c c u s a t i v e - - 2 0 2

1 6 1 . I I I . D a t i v e

-

- 2 0 4

1 6 2 .

O n

t h e P r e p o s i t i o n s - 2 0 6

A .

P r e p o s i t i o n s

w i t h

O n e

C a s e .

1 6 3 .

I .

P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i

t i v e o n l y . . . 2 0 7

1 6 4 . 2 . W i t h t h e D a t i v e o n l y - 2 0 8

1 6 5 .

3 . W i t h

t h e A c c u s a t i v e o n l y 2 0 9

B . P r e p o s i t i o n s

w i t h

T w o

C a s e s .

1 6 6 . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e

a n d

t h e A c c u s a t i v e

5 h £ ,

H a r d ,

x n r i p - - -

-

2 1 1

C . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h

T h r e e

C a s e s .

1 6 7 .

P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e ,

D a t i v e , a n d A c c u s a t i v e i f J b p t ,

i r e p i ,

& r ( ,

y u e T c l , i r a p d , i r p < J s ,

v r r 6

2 1 2

R e m a r k s u p o n t h e

C o n s t r u c t i o n

o f V e r b a l A d j e c t i v e s

i n

t 4 o s ,

T e ' a ,

T e ' o v , a n d o f t h e C o m p a r a

t i v e

a n d

S u p e r l a t i v e -

2 1 7

R e m a r k s u p o n t h e U s e o f t h e

P r o n o u n s - - - 2 1 8

O n t h e I n f i n i t i v e -

• 2 2 2

A .

I n f i n i t i v e

w i t h o u t

A r t i c l e

2 2 2

1 7 2 .

N o m i n a t i v e ,

G e n i t i v e ,

D a t i v e ,

a n d

A c c u s a t i v e , w i t h t h e

I n

f i n i t i v e

- -

- 2 2 3

1 7 3 .

B .

I n f i n i t i v e w i t h A r t i c l e 2 2 5

7 4 . O n t h e P a r t i c i p l e

-

- 2 2 6

1 7 5 . A .

P a r t i c i p l e a s t h e C o m p l e

m e n t o f a V e r b a l

I d e a

- 2 2 7

B . T h e P a r t i c i p l e a s t h e E x

p r e s s i o n o f A d v e r b i a l R e l a t i o n s

a n d

A c c e s s o r y

I d e a s

-

2 3 0

O n t h e

A d v e r b - -

2 3 2

1 6 8 .

1 6 9 .

1 7 0 .

1 7 1 .

1 7 6 .

1 7 7 .

S y n t a x

o f

t h e C o m p o u n d

S e n t e n c e ,

o r

A c c o u n t o f

t h e

C o n n e x i o n o f

S e n t e n c e s .

C H A P . I V .

—

1 7 8 .

A .

C o - o r d i n a t i o n ,

p a g e

2 3 5 .

C H A P . V .

—

B . S u b o r d i n a t i o n .

1 7 9 . P r i n c i p a l a n d A c c e s s o r y S e n

t e n c e 2 3 8

1 8 0 . I .

S u b s t a n t i v e -

S e n t e n c e s

-

2 3 9

1 8 1 . F i n a l

S u b s t a n t i v e - S e n t e n c e s

i n

t r o d u c e d

b y

i t t ,

h a ,

& c .

-

2 4 1

1 8 2 .

I I .

A d j e c t i v e -

S e n t e n c e s -

2 4 2

1 8 3 . I I I . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s - 2 4 7

1 8 4 . a . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s e x p r e s s

i n g t h e C a u s e

-

-

2 5 0

1 8 5 . b .

C o n d i t i o n a l - -

2 5 0

1 8 6 . c . C o n s e q u e n c e o r E f f e c t

-

2 5 8

1 8 7 .

O n

I n t e r r o g a t i v e

S e n t e n c e s

2 5 4

1 8 8 .

O n

t h e F o r m o f O b l i q u e o r I n

d i r e c t

S p e e c h - -

2 5 7



E L E M E N T A R Y

G R E E K G R A M M A R .

E T Y M O L O G Y

C H A P .

I .

O N

T H E

L E T T E R S

A N D

A R T I C U L A T E

S O U N D S .

§

1 .

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e

L e t t e r s .

T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s f o u r a n d

t w e n t y

l e t t e r s

f o r

t h e

i n d i c a t i o n o f i t s s o u n d s ,

v i z .

s e v e n v o w e l s a n d s e v e n t e e n

c o n s o n a n t s .

§ 2 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

o f

t h e V o w e l s . — D i p h t h o n g s .

e

( s h o r t

e ,

E p s i l o n )

a n d

o ( s h o r t o , O m i c r o n ) a r e

a l w a y s

s h o r t , r j ( l o n g

e , E t a )

a n d

a ( l o n g o ,

O m e g a )

a r e a l w a y s

l o n g , a ( a , A l p h a ) , i ( i , I o t a ) , a n d v ( m , U p s i l o n ) , a r e e i t h e r

l o n g o r

s h o r t .

T h e

s h o r t

a r e

i n d i c a t e d

b y

(

) ,

t h e

l o n g

b y

(

)

a s

a ,

a .

T h e

m a r k (

-

) s h o w s t h a t t h e v o w e l m a y b e u s e d l o n g o r

s h o r t , a s :

a .

B

2 L E T T E R S

A N D

A R T I C U L A T E S O U N D S .

| c h a p . l

T h e

G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g d i p h t h o n g s

—

a t , « , 0 1 , v i ,

a v , e v , i / l / , o v

b e s i d e s

a , g , a n d

 , w i t h t h e I o t a s u b s c r i b e d ( I o t a s u b s c r i p t u m ) .

T h e s e t h r e e d i p h t h o n g s , w h i c h a r e c a l l e d i m p r o p e r , a r e p r o

n o u n c e d l i k e s i m p l e v o w e l s ;

t h u s :

a

■ =

a , & c .

R e m a r k

1 . I n

c a p i t a l l e t t e r s t h e I o t a

s u b s c r i p t u m

i n

a ,

y , i f

i s s o m e t i m e s

p l a c e d

b y

t h e s i d e o f t h e v o w e l s a s

A t

q . H i y , Q i n > .

R e m a r k 2 .

W h e n

t w o v o w e l s ,

w h i c h

r e g u l a r l y

f o r m

a d i p h t h o n g , a r e

t o

b e

p r o n o u n c e d

s e p a r a t e l y ;

t h i s

i s

i n d i c a t e d

b y

t w o

p o i n t s

( p u n c t a

d i t e r e s i s ) o v e r t h e s e c o n d v o w e l ( « , v ) ,

a s

« ' / , o Y , a v .

§ 3 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e C o n s o n a n t s .

1 . T h e c o n s o n a n t s a r e d i v i d e d , f i r s t l y ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e o r

g a n s o f s p e e c h b y w h i c h t h e y

a r e p r o n o u n c e d ,

i n t o G u t t u r a l s

7

( g , G a m m a ) ,

k

( h , K a p p a ) ,

^ ( c h , C h i ) L i n g u a l s 8

( d ,

D e l t a ) , t ( t ,

T a u ) ,

0 ( t h , T h e t a ) , X ( I ,

L a m b d a ) ,

v

( n ,

N u ) ,

p ( r , 8 h o ) ,

a

( s , S i g m a ) L a b i a l s

/ 9

( b , B e t a ) ,

t t ( p ,

P i ) , < p

( p h , P h i ) , f i ( m ,

M u ) .

2 .

S e c o n d l y ,

t h e

c o n s o n a n t s

a r e d i v i d e d ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

g r e a t e r

o r l e s s i n f l u e n c e

o f t h e o r g a n s o f

s p e e c h

i n t h e i r f o r m

a t i o n i n t o

—

a . S e m i v o w e l s , v i z . X , f i , v , p , w h i c h a r e

c a l l e d

l i q u i d s ,

a n d t h e s i b i l a n t < r .

b . M u t e s ,

v i z . / 3 , 7 ,

B ,

i t ,

k , t , < f > ,

0 . T h e s e n i n e m u t e s

a r e d i v i d e d a )

a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e o r g a n s o f s p e e c h , i n t o t h r e e

g u t t u r a l s , t h r e e l i n g u a l s , a n d t h r e e

l a b i a l s

/ S ) a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e i r

n a m e s ,

i n t o

t h r e e K - , t h r e e

T - ,

a n d t h r e e P - s o u n d s

l a s t l y ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

m o d e

o f

p r o n u n c i a t i o n ,

i n t o

t h r e e

s m o o t h ( t e n u e s ) , t h r e e m i d d l e

( m e d i o ? ) ,

a n d t h r e e a s p i r a t e s

( a s p i r a t c e ) , t h u s : —

§ 4 . ]

3

R E A T H I N G S .

S m o o t h ,

U n i t e s .

M i d d l e .

A s p i r a t e s ,

a s p i r a t e .

e d i a .

G u t t u r a l s

K

7

X

K - s o u n d s .

•

L i n g u a l s

T

a

e

T - s o u n d s .

L a b i a l s

7 T

< 8

4 >

P - s o u n d s .

F r o m t h e

b l e n d i n g o f

t h e

m u t e

c o n s o n a n t s

w i t h

< r ,

a r i s e

t h r e e

d o u b l e c o n s o n a n t s

—

y f r

( p s ,

P s i )

f r o m

i r a ,

f t c r ,

( f j c r .

£ ( x , X i )

f r o m

k < t ,

y t r , ^ < r .

f ( z , Z e t a ) f r o m e r B .

§ 4 . S p i r i t u s l e n i s a n d

S p i r i t u s

a s p e r .

1 .

E v e r y

v o w e l

i s

u t t e r e d

w i t h

a

b r e a t h i n g

t h i s

b r e a t h

i n g

i s e i t h e r s m o o t h

o r r o u g h .

T h e s m o o t h i s r e p r e s e n t e d

b y

t h e s i g n

( ' ) ;

t h e r o u g h , b y t h e

s i g n

( ' ) . B o t h s i g n s a r e p l a c e d

o v e r

t h e

f i r s t v o w e l

o f t h e

w o r d ; a s :

c b o v , o v u m ,

U r r o p i a ,

h i s -

t o r i a .

T h e

r o u g h

b r e a t h i n g

c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e E n g l i s h a n d

L a t i n

h ;

t h e s m o o t h

i s j o i n e d

t o

e v e r y v o w e l w h i c h i s n o t

p r o n o u n c e d w i t h

t h e r o u g h .

2 . I n

d i p h t h o n g s ,

t h e

s i g n

o f t h e

b r e a t h i n g

t a k e s

i t s p l a c e

a b o v e t h e s e c o n d

v o w e l a s o l o s , s v O v s , a v r i K a . B u t i n

t h e

i m p r o p e r


q ,

r j ,

p , w h e n i n c a p i t a l l e t t e r s , t h e s i g n

o f t h e

b r e a t h i n g

i s p l a c e d o v e r t h e f i r s t v o w e l

a s

v V t S ^ s

f o r

q B r j s ,

H a d e s .

T h e l i q u i d

p

w a s p r o n o u n c e d w i t h

t h e

r o u g h b r e a t h i n g ,

a n d h e n c e h a d t h e

s i g n

o f t h e b r e a t h i n g

a t

t h e b e g i n n i n g o f

t h e w o r d a s p a f i B o s . W h e n t w o p ' s c a m e t o g e t h e r

i n

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

a

w o r d ,

t h e

f o r m e r

w a s

p r o n o u n c e d

w i t h

t h e

s m o o t h ,

t h e

l a t t e r w i t h

t h e r o u g h ,

b r e a t h i n g

t h e

f o r m e r

r e c e i v e d t h e

l e n i s ,

t h e l a t t e r t h e

a s p e r

; a s

H v p p o s , P y r r h u s .

B 2

4 L E T T E R S

A N D

A R T I C U L A T E

S O U N D S .

[ c h a p . i .

§

5 .

A l p h a b e t .

F O R M . P R O N U N C I A T I O N .

N A M E S .

A

a a

A l p h a A X t p a

B

b

B e t a

B f j r a

r

7

g

G a m m a

T d / M f J t a

A

8 d

D e l t a

A £ \ r a

£

8

e s h o r t E p s l l o n

* E

■ \ f r l \ 6 u

z

r

z

Z e t a

Z i r y r a

H

V

e

l o n g

E t a * H r a

e

e

t h

T h e t a

© T j T a

i

i

i

I o t a

' l & r a

K

K

k

K a p p a

K a 7 T 7 r a

A

X

i

L a m b d a

A d p f i S a

M

( *

m

M u

M v

N

V

n

N u

N f J

a

X

X i

B l

o

0

o s h o r t

O m i c r o n

* O f U K p O V

n

I t

P

P i

m

p

p

r

R h o

r P w

s

a , s B

S i g m a

T T

t

T a u

T a O

T

V

u

U p s i l o n

*

4 >

p h P h i

< P l

X

X

c h

C h i

X I

■ 9

*

p s

P s i

a a

o l o n g

O m e g a

R e m a r k 1 . T h e S i g m a ( V ) , a t t h e e n d

o f a

w o r d , t a k e s t h e f o r m g ;

a s

o u a p o g . T h i s

l a t t e r

£ i s a l s o s o m e t i m e s u s e d i n t h e m i d d l e o f c o m p o u n d

w o r d s , w h e n t h e

f i r s t p a r t o f

t h e c o m p o u n d c o n s i s t s

o f

a w o r d e n d i n g i n

a

S i g m a

a s

j r p o g f

i p u .

R e m a r k 2 . y , b e f o r e y k

%

? > s o u n d s l i k e

n

a s d y y c X o g , a n g e h i s ;

' A y x ' f f l f )

A n c h i s e s ;

c i r y K o n i i ,

s y n c o p e ; \ d p v y £ ,

l a r y n x .

M O V E A B L E

C O N S O N A N T S .

5

t § 6 . S i g n o f C r a s i s a n d E l i s i o n . ( C o r o n i s . — A p o s t r o p / i e . )

1

T h e

s i g n o f C r a s i s a n d E l i s i o n

i s

l i k e t h a t o f t h e s o f t

b r e a t h i n g .

2 .

W h e n t w o w o r d s ,

o n e

o f w h i c h

e n d s a n d t h e o t h e r b e g i n s

w i t h

a

v o w e l ,

c o m e

t o g e t h e r ,

i t

o f t e n h a p p e n s

t h a t

b o t h

t h e s e

v o w e l s a r e c h a n g e d

i n t o

o n e l o n g v o w e l - s o u n d .

T h i s

u n i o n i s

c a l l e d

C r a s i s ,

a n d

t h e

s i g n o f i t C o r o n i s . T h e

C o r o n i s

t a k e s i t s

p l a c e

a b o v e t h e v o w e l - s o u n d

f o r m e d

b y

c r a s i s ,

a n d ,

w h e n

t h i s

i s

a

d i p h t h o n g , a b o v e

t h e

s e c o n d v o w e l b u t i t i s o m i t t e d

w h e n

t h e w o r d b e g i n s

w i t h

t h e

v o w e l - s o u n d

a s

t o

o v o f i a

—

T o v v o f i a , t o h r o s = t o v t t o s , t o

d y a d d

— r a r / a d d .

R e m a r k . T h e I o t a s u b s c r i p t u m i s u s e d

i n c r a s i s ,

o n l y w h e n

t h e

b e l o n g s t o t h e

l a t t e r

o f t h e t w o

v o w e l - s o u n d s

t h u s m e r g e d i n t o

o n e

a s K a i i l r a = K f r a

b u t

l e a l

l i r u r a

—

K & i r t i T a .

3 . E l i s i o n

m u s t b e

c a r e f u l l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m C r a s i s . I t

c o n s i s t s i n t h r o w i n g a w a y a s h o r t v o w e l a t t h e e n d o f a w o r d

b e f o r e a n o t h e r b e g i n n i n g

w i t h

a v o w e l ,

w i t h o u t

f u r t h e r c h a n g e .

T h e s i g n o f t h i s i s c a l l e d A p o s t r o p h e

e .

g .

t o v t o

1 < t t w

— t o u t

e a r i v .

A p o s t r o p h e

i s

o m i t t e d

i n

t h e

c o m p o s i t i o n o f

w o r d s

a s

a T r e < p e p o v f r o m d v o i c f y s p o v .

| §

7 .

M o v e a b l e

C o n s o n a n t s

a t t h e e n d o f a W o r d .

A n o t h e r

m e a n s o f

a v o i d i n g t h e c o n c u r r e n c e

o f t w o v o w e l s

i n t w o

s u c c e s s i v e

w o r d s , c o n s i s t s i n

a f f i x i n g a

c o n s o n a n t

t o t h e

f i n a l v o w e l o f

t h e f i r s t

w o r d .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t s a r e u s e d

f o r

t h i s p u r p o s e .

a .

T h e

v

( i < j > s K i c v a T i i c 6 v ) ,

w h i c h

i s

a f f i x e d

—

a )

t o

t h e

D a t .

p l u r .

i n

< r i

;

t h e

t w o

a d v e r b s ,

i r i p v a i ,

l a s t

g e a r ,

i r a v r d i r a v i ,

a l t o g e t h e r

; a n d a l l a d v e r b s o f

p l a c e

i n a i

a s

i r d a L v s K s ^ a ,

i j T l X a r a t u a i v r f / £ j i o v ( a

B 3

6

L E T T E R S

A N D A R T I C U L A T E

S O U N D S .

[ c h a p .

i .

/ 3 )

t o

t h e i l l p e r s . s i n g , a n d p l u r . i n < n ; a s r v i n o v a i v

i f j J ,

r U S t ^ r a ) i v

t { ) T p a n r i ^ Q

7 ) t o

t h e i n .

p e r s . s i n g ,

i n

e ; a s : e n n r r s v i j i i ;

8 ) t o t h e n u m e r a l u k o c t i , b u t n o t a l w a y s ; a s e X k o c t l v f i v h p s s

a n d s ' I k o c t o

a v S p e s .

R e m a r k . I n A t t i c

p r o s e t h e v I ^ i K k v u t i k o v

s t a n d s

r e g u l a r l y a t t h e

e n d

o f a n e n t i r e s e c t i o n , a n d o f t e n b e f o r e l o n g

s t o p s .

b . T h e s i b i l a n t s , w h i c h

i s

a f f i x e d t o t h e w o r d o v t c o , t h u s ,

a s o v r m s h r o i r j c r s v ; o f t e n a l s o t o t h e w o r d s f i ^ X P 1 , a n 0 - ^ X P l >

u n t i l ;

a n d

t o t h e p r e p o s i t i o n I k , e x ,

w h i c h

t h e n

b e c o m e s

i £ , a s

e l p r j v r ) ; , b u t

s k T r j s

e l p r j v r j s s o a l s o i n c o m p o s i t i o n , a s i £ -

e K a v v s i v , b u t i m s K e i v .

c . L a s t l y , k ,

w h i c h

i s

a f f i x e d

t o

t h e

n e g a t i v e o v , a s

o w e

a l a - x p o s , b u t o v

k o X o s

s o a l s o , a f t e r

t h e

a n a l o g y

o f

o i i k s t i ,

f i 7 ) K S T i

( = f i f j

e n ) . B u t k i s n o t a f f i x e d w h e n

o v

i s

f o u n d

a t

t h e

e n d o f

a

s e n t e n c e o r

s i g n i f i e s N o ;

a s o v -

a \ \ d , & c .

( N o ;

b u t ,

& c . )

f § 8 .

C h a n g e

o f C o n s o n a n t s i n I n f l e x i o n a n d D e r i v a t i o n .

1 .

A

T - s o u n d

( t , 8 , 0 ) b e f o r e a

T - s o u n d

b e c o m e s t r .

l v t ' S - 9 t i v

( f r . T T i l B i a ) b e c o m e s

i i r t f o 9 t ] v

n u B - r i o Q

( f r .

T r t i ' f l w )

—

■ j r e i a r i o g

i i p u $ - 9 r ) V

( f r .

i p e i d u i )

—

r i p u o Q r i v .

2 . A P - s o u n d

( i r ,

< f > ) b e f o r e

f i

b e c o m e s

f i .

A K - s o u n d

( / c , 7 , % )

b e f o r e f i b e c o m e s 7 .

A

T - s o u n d ( t , S ,

8 )

b e f o r e f i

b e c o m e s

< r .

a )

P - s o u n d s T i r p i j i - p a i ( f r . r p i / 3 w ) b e c o m e s r h p i / i / t a t

\ e \ e n r - p , a i ( f r . X u t t o i ) —

X e X e i / i / x a i

y e y p a f - f i a i ( f r . y p a Q u ) — y e y p a f i f i a i .

f f ) K - S O U n d s

i r t i r \ e i c - f t a i

( f r . 7 r X e i c a > ) b e c o m e s m i r X i y f i a i

\ i \ i y - p . a i ( f r . X s y w ) r e m a i n s X i X t y / i a i

f 3 s j 3 p ( x m l l a t

( f r - P p ^ X 1 0 )

b e c o m e s

( U f i p i y i x a i ,

§ 8 . ]

C H A N G E

O F C O N S O N A N T S . 7

y ) T - s o u n d s r j v v r - p a t ( f r .

a v v T t a )

b e c o m e s y v v a f i a i

■ q p u S - f U u ( f r . i p t i d i o ) — i j p e u r p a i

i r t i r a Q - j i a i

( f r .

t t M i S )

—

■ n i i r t w u c u

K t K o f i i l - f i m ( f r . K O f i i l m ) — K u c u p i o p a i .

3 . A P - e o u n d

( t t ,

/ S , < j > ) w i t h < r

f o r m s ^ .

A K - s o u n d

( / c ,

7 ,

w i t h

c r f o r m s f .

A T - s o u n d ( t , 8 , 5 ) b e f o r e c r i s d r o p p e d .

a ) P - s o u n d s X e i V - f f u ( f r . X e i V w ) b e c o m e s X t t y w

r p i ( 3 - f f i o ( f r . r p / / } w ) — r p i y p t o

y p a $ - a < o

( f r .

y p a ^ w )

—

y p d - J / c j .

/ ? ) K - s o u n d s 7 r X e i c - < r w ( f r . 7 r X t / c w ) b e c o m e s 7 r X e £ w

X « y - f f w ( f r . X f y ( f r . j S p E ^ w ) j S j O t ^ W .

y ) T - s o u n d s

a v v T - o u

( f r .

a v v r w )

b e c o m e s

d i / i i < r w

i p e i S - f f u t

( f r .

t p t i d t o )

— i p t t a i a

w t i O - a u ) ( f r .

i r t i O w )

—

w i i a u >

i w i d - o w ( f r .

t X 7 r ( ? w )

—

i X f l - i V w .

R e m a r k

1 .

T h e

p r e p o s i t i o n

t e

b e f o r e

f o r m s

a n

e x c e p t i o n

a s

i i c -

4 .

N

b e f o r e a P - s o u n d ( i r , y 3 , c £ , i j r ) b e c o m e s f i .

N — K - s o u n d ( « , y ,

f t

£ ) — 7 .

N

—

T - s o u n d ( t , 8 , 0 ) r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d .

i v - i r t i p i a

b e c o m e s h p n r t i p i a . t w v - K a \ e u ) b e c o m e s a v y x a X i u i .

i v - f i a X K u — i / i / 3 d X X ( r K i a — o v y y i y v w a K t o ,

i v - t j > p u > v

—

t p < p p u v .

c v v - x p o v o q

—

a v y x p o v o g .

t v - t y v x p Q

—

t f i i p v x o g . f f i / v - C e w

—

a v y ^ t b ) .

B u t ( T V V T t l v t o , ( T V v H ( O t O V v Q ' t b ) ,

E x c e p t i o n s .

T h e e n c l i t i c s a s o v i r t p ,

r o v y t .

5 . N b e f o r e a l i q u i d i s c h a n g e d i n t o t h a t l i q u i d , t h u s a v v -

X c y i ' f a ) b e c o m e s

a v K K x r / L ^ w , o w - f i e r p i a b e c o m e s

o - u / A f i e r p i a ,

c r v v - p h r t r w b e c o m e s c r v p p h r r a .

E x c e p t i o n ,

i v

b e f o r e p

a s

I v p i i r r u .

6 . N

i s a l w a y s d r o p p e d b e f o r e

£ ,

a n d

b e f o r e

< r

i n

i n f l e x i o n ,

a n d

i n t h o s e

c o m p o u n d w o r d s

i n

w h i c h

a n o t h e r c o n s o n a n t

B 4

8

L E T T E R S

A N D A R T I C U L A T E

S O U N D S . [ c h a p .

L

f o l l o w s

a . T h e

p r e c e d i n g n a t u r a l l y s h o r t

v o w e l r e m a i n s

s h o r t , a f t e r

t h e

o m i s s i o n o f v

b e f o r e

a .

< r v v - £ v y t a

=

a v ^ v y ' i a ^

d a i p . o v - f f i

=

S a i f i o t r i j a v v - < r r r ) f i a

—

a u a r r j f i a .


' E v ,

a s

I v o i r i i p w , i v Z , t v y v v p . i

i r a X i v , a s i r a X i v a K i o Q s o m e

f o r m s o f

i n f l e x i o n

a n d d e r i v a t i o n

i n

a m a n d t r i e ,

a s

i r i f a v a a i , f r . 

a n d

s o m e f e w s u b s t a n t i v e s i n i v q

a n d w c .

T h e v i n o v v b e c o m e s a i n

c o m p o s i t i o n b e f o r e o

a n d

a

v o w e l

a s a v a a i i X , t a i n s t e a d

o f o v v o u Z w .

7 . I f , i n t h e

i n f l e x i o n

o f a v e r b , a t e r m i n a t i o n b e g i n n i n g

w i t h a d b e a f f i x e d t o a s t e m e n d i n g i n a c o n s o n a n t , a

i s d r o p p e d ;

t h u s

X s K s L i r - a Q m v

( f r .

X s w r w )

b e c o m e s

\ s \ e i < } ) 0 c o v ,

r j y y i X - c r O a i

b e c o m e s

f j < r y £ \ 0 a i .

8 . W h e n t h e l i q u i d v c o m e s b e f o r e a T - s o u n d a n d a , t h e v

a n d

t h e

T - s o u n d f a l l

a w a y , t h e

p r e c e d i n g s h o r t v o w e l ( a , t , o r

v ) i s m a d e l o n g , e

i s

c h a n g e d i n t o s i , a n d

o

i n t o

o v ;

t h u s :

i r a v T - a i

b e c o m e s

i r a o i . r v i p Q i v r - o i

b e c o m e s r v Q O t i & i .

e X f i i v Q - c r i —

e X p i m . a i r k v S - a t a

— o i r t i a u ) .

S t i K v v v r - a i

—

S t i K v v f f i , X k o v T - f f i — \ k o v a t .

9 .

M u t e

c o n s o n a n t s o f

o n e

s p e c i e s

a r e

j o i n e d

t o

o t h e r s

o f

t h e s a m e s p e c i e s . T h e r e a r e t h r e e s p e c i e s o f m u t e c o n s o n a n t s

( § 3 , 2 . ) : t h e s m o o t h ( f a m e s ) , i t , k , t ; t h e m i d d l e ( m e d i a e ) , { } ,

7 , 8

a n d

t h e

a s p i r a t e s ( a s p i r a t e s ) ,

< f > ,

^ 0 .

W h e n ,

t h e r e f o r e ,

i n i n f l e x i o n

o r d e r i v a t i o n ,

m u t e s

o f

d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s c o m e

t o

g e t h e r , t h e f i r s t

i s

c h a n g e d i n t o o n e o f t h e s a m e s p e c i e s a s

t h e

s e c o n d ,

a n d h e n c e w e h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g

r u l e s .

a )

A

P - s o u n d

( n r ,

/ 3 ,

< £ )

o r

a

K - s o u n d

( k ,

7 ,

% ) ,

b e f o r e

a

T - s o u n d , m u s t b e

o f

t h e s a m e

s p e c i e s

a s t h e T - s o u n d ; s o t h a t

7 T o r k

i s

j o i n e d t o r , @ o r 7 t o S , a n d o r ^ t o

0 .

b e f o r e r b e c o m e s

a s :

( f r . r p i / 3 o ) ) T e r p i f i - T a i

= T S T p l T T T a t .

*

—

r

—

—

( f r . y p a t p o i )

y t y p a t p - r a t

= y i y p a T T T a i .

r

—

r

—

K

—

( f r .

X i y u i )

\ t X i y - r a i — X i X t K T C U .

X

—

T

—

K

—

( f r . j 3 p i X o > )

f & f i p t X - T a i =

f i i ( 3 p t K T a i .

*

—

i

—

f i

—

( f r .

P A I I )

p a i r - d o c = p a f i l o e .

—

I

—

( 3

—

( f r .

y p a t y t a )

y p a f - d i j v

=

y p a ( 3 S n v .

K .

—

i

—

y

—

( f r . 5 t X c k w )

i r X t K - S n v

=

T r X k y S n v ,

X

—

i

—

—

( f r . / 3 p ^ x « 0

P p k x - S n v

=

P p e y d r i v .

w

—

0

—

*

—

( f r . ; r £ / j 7 r < d )

i i r i f i w - B t i v

C H A N G E

O P C O N S O N A N T S .

9

/ 3 b e f o r e 9 b e c o m e s a s ( f r . r p i f S b ) ) l r p i j 3 - 9 r i v =

h p t y G r i v .

K — 9 — x — ( f r - w X t K i u )

i i r \ i K - 9 r i v

=

s j r X i x & J v .

Y

—

9

—

x

—

( f r -

X f y w )

t \ i y - 9 j ) V

=

I X i x O r i v .

R e m a r k 2 . T h e p r e p o s i t i o n

I k r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d

a s U S o v v a i ,

U B u v m ,

& e . , n o t i y l o v v a i , t y O i h n u .

f t ) T h e

s m o o t h

m u t e s

( y r ,

k , t ) , b e f o r e

a n a s p i r a t e b r e a t h

i n g ,

a r e

c h a n g e d

i n t o t h e i r

k i n d r e d a s p i r a t e s

( < f > ,

6 ) ,

n o t

o n l y i n

i n f l e x i o n

a n d d e r i v a t i o n , b u t a l s o i n

s e p a r a t e

w o r d s

t h e

m i d d l e

m u t e s ,

h o w e v e r ,

u n d e r g o

c h a n g e

o n l y i n t h e i n

f l e x i o n

o f

v e r b s ;

t h u s

a n ' o i b e c o m e s a < $ > o v ;

i i r r i p t p o Q

( f r . l i r i ,

r i p i p a )

= l f r ) f i f p o £ ; l i r v f a i m ( f r .

« 7 r t = i t p v Q a i v h j j r i r v r r - a = T s r v t p a ^

o i / K v a i c j c

=

o i / % 6 ( T i ' w c ;

S a n j / i t p o s

( f r . l i x a ,

r ' l p f p a ) =

i t x ' i p t p o g a v r '

w v = a v f f

u v

( f r .

a v r l i )

;

a v r i X K u i

=

a v 9 t \ K O t

a \ o y - a —

u X o x a b u t X k y ' i r i p a v ( n o t ,

\ i \ i r i p a v ) =

T i T p u j i a b u t

r p i / 3 ' o v t w s

( n o t ,

r p ' t t t f

o D r w f ) .

R e m a r k 3 . T h i s c h a n g e a l s o t a k e s p l a c e i n

C r a s i s

a s 9 a r i p a

f r o m

t A

i r e p a ( § 6 , 2 . ) . I f t w o s m o o t h m u t e s

p r e c e d e

a n a s p i r a t e , t h e y

m u s t

b o t h b e c h a n g e d i n t o a s p i r a t e s ,

a s

i t p 9 i ) p i p o c i n s t e a d o f i n H i p t p o g ( f r .

i i r r a , r i j i k p a ) , v > x 9 ' o X i j v

i n s t e a d

o f

v v k t

o \ i j v .

1 0 . T h e r e

a r e c e r t a i n d e v i a t i o n s f r o m t h e r u l e

t h a t

m u t e s

o f t h e s a m e s p e c i e s

a r e

j o i n e d t o g e t h e r , w i t h r e g a r d t o w h i c h

t h e

f o l l o w i n g r u l e s

p r e v a i l

—

a ) T w o a s p i r a t e s a r e n o t

f o u n d

i n i m m e d i a t e c o n n e x i o n

w i t h e a c h

o t h e r

; b u t t h e f i r s t i s c h a n g e d

i n t o

i t s k i n d r e d

s m o o t h :

2 a 7 r $ f t > , B a « ^ o s ,

' A t O i s ; b u t n o t ^ a c f x p a i , B a ^ o * ,

A . 6 6 i s .

f t ) I f ,

i n

t h e r e d u p l i c a t i o n o f

v e r b s

w h o s e s t e m b e g i n s

w i t h

a n

a s p i r a t e ,

t h e

a s p i r a t e

i s t o b e

r e p e a t e d ,

t h e f i r s t

a s p i r a t e

i s

c h a n g e d i n t o t h e k i n d r e d s m o o t h ; t h u s :

t p i - ( p i \ i } K a . ( f r . ^ t X s w )

b e c o m e s

f f t ^ i X i j i c o .

X t - x V K a ( f r -

X ' )

— K t x v i c a .

8 t - 9 v K a ( f r . 6 v w ) —

r i 9 v K a .

9 i - 9 r i p i ( s t e m 6 E ) — r i 0 i j / i i .

T h e

t w o v e r b s ,

9 v u v , t o s a c r i f i c e ,

a n d

n d e v a i ( s t e m 8 E ) , t o s e t ; f o l l o w

t h i s r u l e

i n t h e c a s e

o f

p a s s i v e

t e r m i n a t i o n s

b e g i n n i n g w i t h

9 , t h u s

i r i - 9 t ) v , r u - 0 q < r o / M « ,

M - 9 t ] v ,

T f 9 t ) a o p a i , i n s t e a d o f i 9 v - 9 i j v , W i - G y v .

1 0

£ c h a p . n .

N S Y L L A B L E S .

7 ) W o r d s

w h o s e s t e m b e g i n s a n d e n d s w i t h a n a s p i r a t e

c h a n g e t h e f o r m e r a s p i r a t e

i n t o

t h e k i n d r e d s m o o t h ,

u n l e s s

t h e l a t t e r i s

c h a n g e d i n t o a n

u n a s p i r a t e d c o n s o n a n t ,

i n

c o n s e

q u e n c e o f c o m i n g

b e f o r e

a , t , a n d f i ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o

N o . 3 ,

8 ,

a ) ,

a n d 2 . , w h e n

i t

r e m a i n s u n c h a n g e d . H e n c e w e h a v e t h e

f o l l o w i n g v a r i a t i o n s

—

r p i ( p - u ) ( s t e m 0 P E 4 > ) ,

9 p l \ j m > ,

B p i w - r r i p , O p i p f i a .

r a f q ( s t e m 8 A * ) , 9 d \ p o j , 9 a i r - T w , T i d a p p a i .

r p v i j i o Q ( s t e m 0 P Y 4 > ) , 9 p v > j / u > , 9 p v T T T U > , r i 9 p v p p . a t .

r p e x - u

( s t e m

0 P E X ) ,

9 p k i , o f i a t

—

r p i x - o Q

( s t e m

6 P I X ) ,

9 p i t ,

9 p i £ t v .

r a x v s ( s t e m

9 A X T ) b e c o m e s

i n t h e

c o m p a r a t i v e

Q a a o m v .

R e m a r k 4 . T p t 0 w , 9 & v t u > , a n d 9 p v i r r t j i , d o n o t c h a n g e e i t h e r o f

t h e a s p i r a t e s i n

t h e i r s t e m

b e f o r e a

p a s s i v e t e r m i n a t i o n b e g i n n i n g

w i t h

9 ; a s :

i - 9 p i f - 9 ^ v , 9 p t ( p - 9 i j v a t , 9 p e ( p - 9 i j a i a 9 a t .

l - 9 a < p - 9 r i V y

O a f - O t i c ,

Q a Q - O r f a o p a i ,

T i - 9 d < p - 9 a u

R e m a r k

5 . I n

t h e

I m p e r a t i v e t e r m i n a t i o n o f

t h e

A o r .

1 .

P a s s .

( 9 i ) 9 C ) ,

w h e r e b o t h t h e f l e x i o n s s y l l a b l e s b e g i n w i t h 9 , t h e l a t t e r , a n d n o t t h e

f o r m e r ,

a s p i r a t e

i s

c h a n g e d

i n t o

i t s

k i n d r e d

s m o o t h

a s

T v < p 9 t j T i .

1 1 .

L a s t l y ,

i t s h o u l d

b e o b s e r v e d , i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e l i

q u i d

p ,

t h a t i t

i s

d o u b l e d :

—

a ) o n p r e f i x i n g t h e a u g m e n t ,

a s :

s p p e o v —

b )

i n

c o m p o s i t i o n ,

w h e n a

s h o r t v o w e l g o e s

b e f o r e ,

a s :

d p p r j K T o s , f i a B v p p o o s ; b u t s v - p a a r o s ( f r . s v + p w v w f i t ) .

C H A P . H .

O N

S Y L L A B L E S .

§

9 . O n

t h e

Q u a n t i t y

o f S y l l a b l e s .

L

A

s y l l a b l e

i s

s h o r t

b y

n a t u r e

w h e n

t h e

v o w e l

i n

i t

i s

s h o r t , v i z .

e , 0 , a , t ,

v ,

a n d

f o l l o w e d b y a

v o w e l

o r

s i m p l e

c o n s o n a n t ,

a s : ' e v o f i c o - d , ' h r v d s T o .

§ 1 0 . ]

1 1

U A N T I T Y I N

T H E P E N U L T I M A T E .

2 . A s y l l a b l e i s l o n g b y n a t u r e w h e n i t c o n t a i n s e i t h e r

a

s i m p l e

l o n g

v o w e l ,

r j ,

e o ,

a ,

I ,

v ,

o r

a

d i p h t h o n g ,

a s

' i j p w s ,

K p l v w ,

y s ( j ) v p a , l a x j u p o v s ,

i r a t S s v ^ s ; h e n c e t h o s e s y l l a b l e s a r e

a l w a y s l o n g ,

i n

w h i c h t w o v o w e l s

a r e c o n t r a c t e d i n t o o n e ,

a s :

' a / c o w ( f r .

a s t c m > ) ,

f t o r p v ? ( f r .

f i o r p v a s ) .

3 . A

s y l l a b l e

w i t h a

s h o r t

v o w e l

b e c o m e s

l o n g b y p o s i t i o n

( i . e . t h e p l a c i n g o f t h e v o w e l ) , i f t w o o r m o r e c o n s o n a n t s , o r

a

d o u b l e c o n s o n a n t ( £ f ,

y j r ) ,

f o l l o w

t h e

s h o r t v o w e l , a s

' i f c o T f W e i ) , T v y f r a v r e s , i c o p a l ;

( j c o p a i c o s ) ,

r p a T r i ^ a .

R e m a r k . T h e p o s i t i o n o f

a

m u t e

w i t h a

l i q u i d

g e n e r a l l y

d o e s

n o t

m a k e

a s h o r t v o w e l l o n g

a s o t i k v o q ,

d i r ? i r X o c , ' a « 7 * f j , ( S o r p u j ,

S i d p a x p o g .

B u t i n t w o

c a s e s

a s h o r t v o w e l i s t h u s m a d e l o n g — a )

i n

c o m p o u n d s

a s ' t K v t p t a — 6 ) w h e n o n e o f t h e m i d d l e m u t e s y , S ) c o m e s b e f o r e

o n e o f t h e t h r e e l i q u i d s , X , p , v a s

/ 3 I / 3 X o f M S p o c , i r i i r X l y p a i .

§

1 0 .

Q u a n t i t y

o f

a ,

i ,

a n d

v ,

i n

t h e

P e n u l t i m a t e .

I n o r d e r

t o

a

c o r r e c t

p r o n u n c i a t i o n , i t i s o f

i m p o r t a n c e

t o k n o w , w i t h

c e r t a i n t y , t h e q u a n t i t y o f t h e

d o u b t f u l

v o w e l s ( a , v )

i n

t h e p e n u l t i m a t e

o f w o r d s o f t h r e e o r m o r e s y l l a b l e s . T h e f o l l o w i n g s u r v e y w i l l c o m p r i s e ,

w i t h i n a

s m a l l

c o m p a s s ,

a l l

t h e p r i n c i p a l

c a s e s .

T h e p e n u l t i m a t e i s l o n g —

1 .

I n s u b s t a n t i v e s i n

a u v

( G . a o v o g o r a m v o g ) i n s u b s t a n t i v e s o f

t w o

o r

m o r e s y l l a b l e s i n i w ( G .

w v o q

b u t i w v , G . X u v o q )

a n d

i n

c o m p a r a t i v e s

i n

i ( o v , T o v ,

a s

d i r d t o v ( a ) , ~ ^ i a \ d t a v

( a )

—

K t u w

( Z ) ,

j S p a ^ t ' w r

( I ) ,

' A p t y i u t v

( I ) ,

—

K a W i u i v

( I ) ,

i c d W t o v .


T h e t w o o x y t o n e s

y t j l i l i v

( I ) , t h e s h o r e , a n d ( u s u a l l y )

% i i i v ,

s n o w .

H o m e r u s e s c o m p a r a t i v e s

i n

u a v , u > v , a l w a y s a s s h o r t .

2 . I n o x y t o n e p r o p e r

n a m e s

i n d v o g , i n

s u b s t a n t i v e s

i n

d a o g

( w i t h t h e

e x c e p t i o n

o f

B i a a o s ) ,

I v o g , v o o c i n

c o m p o u n d s

i n d y o g ( f r . a y w , I l e a d ,

a n d

a y v v j i i ,

I

b r e a k ) , d v i a p ,

a n d

K p d v o g a s : ' A a i d v o g , \ o x d y 6 g ,

a l e a d e r

o f

a t r o o p ,

v a v d y o g , n a u f r a g u s ,

B i d v t a p

( a ) ,

r p u c p d v i i g .

3 .

I n

a d j e c t i v e s

i n

a i j s

( F e r n ,

d i e ) ,

d e r i v e d

f r o m

v e r b s

i n

a m

i n

p r o p e r

n a m e s i n d r n g ( a ) i n s u b s t a n t i v e s i n i V i j s ( 7 ) ( F e m . T r i g ) , a n d v r t i g ( y ) o f

t h e

f i r s t

d e c l e n s i o n ( F e m . i n c )

a n d

i n

p r o p e r n a m e s

i n t r i j

( I ) ,

a s :

S v a d r i s ( a ) , E i i p p d r t i g ( a ) ,

M t 9 p i 8 a T t ) g

( a ) i r o X i r i j f ( I ) ( F e m . i r o \ i T i g )

w p e < 7 / 3 u V i ; s

( v ) ' A ^ p o i i r i j ( I ) , ' A p f i T p i r t ) ( • ) .

1 2

[ c h a p . I I .N S Y L L A B L E S .

E x c e p t i o n s , a . T o p r o p e r n a m e s i n a r n g

r a X d r r / g

( « ) , A a X / t a r i ; ; ( « ) ,

Z a p n a r r i Q ( a ) a l l

i n

j i a r n e a n d ( p d r r j g , a n d c o m p o u n d s f r o m v e r b a l s t e m s

a s : S w e p d r i j c ( a ) .

—

b .

K p X r r j g , a j u d g e , f r o m

t h e

s h o r t s t e m i c p l , c r i n f c , a

f o u n d e r , a n d

0 u V » ; c

( S ) ,

a

s a c r i f t c e r .

4 . I n p r o p a r o x y t o n e s i n I X o c , I X o v ,

I v o c , I v o r

i n t h o s e i n I v n , I v a , v v n ,

v v a i n

t h o s e i n

v v o g ,

w h e n

a

g o e s b e f o r e

t h e e n d i n g

i n p r o p a r o x y t o n e s

i n

v p a ,

a n d

a d j e c t i v e s i n v p o g , w i t h a

p r e c e d i n g

l o n g s y l l a b l e a s

6 o f i t X o g ,

a

m u l t i t u d e . S w r i v t j ( I ) ,

a g i f t .

i c i v S v v o g , d a n g e r .

i r i S C X o v ,

a s h o e , s a n d a l . A X y l v a .

y t y v p a ,

a b r i d g e ,

y K a j i i v o Q , a s t o v e . a l o ~ x v v n ( y ) , s h a m e . i a x v p o g , s t r o n g .

o k X l v o v ,

p a r s l e y ,

d f i v v a ,

a

f e n c e .

( b u t

o x v p o g . )

R e m a r k 1 .

T o p r o p a r o x y t o n e s

i n I v o g

a n d

v p a m a y

b e

a d d e d o x a W o c ,

a

b r i d l e ,

i p i v i o g , a

w i l d J i g - t r e e , a n d K o X X v p a ( y ) , c o a r s e b r e a d .


t l X a v i v t

( I ) , a

f e a s t ,

a n d

c o m p o u n d s

i n y v v o g ( f r . y v v r ) ,

a w o m a n )

a s

d v d p o y v v o g , a n d K o p v v n ( y ) , a c l u b .

5 .

I n

s u b s t a n t i v e s i n v r o g , a n d i n

c o m p o u n d

a d j e c t i v e s i n d a i c p v r o g

a n d

T p v r o g ( f r . S a i c p v w ( i i ) ,

r p u ' w

( £ ) ) i n s u b s t a n t i v e s i n v p a , v y n , a n d 5 y ,

a n d

a d v e r b s

i n v B o v a s

K t u K v r o g , l a m e n t a t i o n . ' i S p v / i a ,

a

s e a t .

o X o X v y w v

( £ ) , u l u l a t u s .

d S d i c p v T o g ,

t e a r l e s s .

S X o X v y f i ,

u l u l a t u s .

( S o r p v l o v ,

i n

c l u s t e r s ,

a r p v r o g ,

i n d e s t r u c t i b l e .

E x c e p t i o n , i i a p i i a p v y r ) , s p l e n d o u r .

6 .

I n

d i s s y l l a b i c o x y t o n e s i n I X o g , I p o g , I v o g , X 6 g , v X 6 g , v p o g , v v o g , a n d

p a r o x y t o n e s

i n

i p n ( y ) , i v r / ( y ) a s - :

4 > i X i g , b a l d . l o g ,

a v i o l e t .

B v p o g ,

t h e

m i n d .

X v p n

( v ) , d i s g r a c e .

6 X Z f t o g , h u n g e r . 6 x ^ ° s , s a p . d B v / w g , & c . f i v v r , ( y ) , a p r e t e x t .

p i v o g ,

t h e

h i d e .

6 p v p o g ,

a

p o l e . % v v o g , c o m m o n .

E x c e p t i o n s . f S i o g , a b o w

;

i r X v v o g , a w a s h i n g - t r o u g h .

7 . I n d i s s y l l a b l e s i n d o g a n d d v o g ( o x y t o n e s ) , a n d d i s s y l l a b l e s i n l a ,

w h i c h b e g i n

w i t h

t w o

c o n s o n a n t s a s

v d o g ,

a

t e m p l e ; Q d v o c ,

b r i g h t

a r i a

( I ) , a

p e b b l e ; < j > X i d ,

a

d o o r - p o s t .

R e m a r k 2 . T o d i s s y l l a b l e s i n i a m u s t

b e

a d d e d x a X l d ,

a

n e s t , d v i a

( ? ) ,

s o r r o w , K o v i a ( 7 ) , d u s t ;

a n d

t o t h o s e i n d o g , t h e v a r i a b l e ' i X a o g ,

a n d

p r o p e r

n a m e s

i n d o g a s ' A / K j i u i p d o g

b u t O i v 6 / i d o g .

E x c e p t i o n s , r a m g o r r a o g , t h e p e a c o c k , a i c i d , a s h a d o w .

T h e f o l l o w i n g s i n g l e w o r d s

a r e a l s o

w o r t h y

o f r e m a r k —

I .

d .

a i c p d r o g , u n m i x e d . v t d v i g , a y o u n g m a i d e n . n d p a . ( a ) , a t u r b a n ,

d v t d p o g , t r o u b l e s o m e . o i r d l o g , a c o m p a n i o n . < p d X d p o g , b r i g h t .

a u O d S n g ( a ) , s e l f - p l e a s i n g , o - i v d m , m u s t a r d . 6 < p X v d p o g ,

p r a t t l e .

§

1 1 . ] A C C E N T U A T I O N

O P

S Y L L A B L E S . 1 3

P r o p e r N a m e s .

' A p a o i c ,

A v a i r o c ' A p d r o t ,

A q / i a p a r o £ , O c a v u , ' I a a u v

( a ) ,

n p i a x o f , Z a o a i r i s , S e r a p i s , S r v p i p a X o g , S > a p o a X o £

n .

i .

I t p f f i p o c , s t r o n g . i v l j t - T ) , s c o l d i n g . i r a p B t v o i r i i r n c ( I ) , o n e w h o

t o r d p i x o c ,

p i c k l e d J i s h .

6

x f X I f l w v ,

a s w a l l o w .

l o o k s a f t e r

v i r g i n s .

A n d

t h e s e p r o p e r

n a m e s ' A y x ' ^ ' J C ( < ) >

r p < * v i * o e ,

E v p i i r o c ,

K a i i c o c ( r ) ,

O f f l p i f , B o v o l p i Q . T h e

d i s s y l l a b l e s

r l p i ) , h o n o u r , a n d v i i c n ( < ) , v i c t o r y ,

a r e

w o r t h y

o f

r e m a r k o n a c c o u n t o f t h e i r c o m p o u n d s .

i n . v .

u p v j i i o v ( v ) , u n b l a m a b l e . i p v K t o ( v ) , t o

k e e p

f r o m . X a f v p o v , b o o t y .

d a v X o v ,

a n

a s y l u m .

i X v o s ,

a

l u r k i n g - h o l e . i r a v v p o c ,

p a p y r u s ,

a v r r i

( £ ) ,

a

c r y . i y v v r ) ( i ) ,

t h e

h o c k .

i t i r v p o v ,

b r a n .

A n d t h e s e p r o p e r n a m e s A f i v d o s , ' A p x v r a t ( J ) , B i f i w o ' c , A t o v v a o g , K a / i -

f i v o n s

( ) >

K i p i c v p a ,

K u i c t i r o c ,

w i t h T p v x v , t h e

s o u l .

§ 1 1 . O n t h e A c c e n t u a t i o n o f S y l l a b l e s .

1 .

A c c e n t c o n s i s t s i n r a i s i n g t h e t o n e o f o n e s y l l a b l e , i n

w o r d s o f

t w o

o r m o r e , w h i l e t h e o t h e r s a r e

p r o n o u n c e d

i n a

d e p r e s s e d o r d e e p e r t o n e , a s s p e a k i n g , i m m o r t a l . M o n o s y l l a

b l e s s h o u l d a l s o b e a c c e n t e d i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y a p p e a r

e n t i r e , i n c o n n e c t e d d i s c o u r s e . T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e

f o l l o w i n g m a r k s

o f


—

a )

T h e

a c u t e

( '

) ,

t o

d e n o t e

t h e

s h a r p

t o n e ,

a s :

\ 0 7 0 s .

b ) T h e c i r c u m f l e x

( ) , t o

d e n o t e

t h e

l e n g h t e n e d

t o n e ,

a s :

< r & f i a .

c )

T h e

g r a v e ( ) , t o d e n o t e a s o f t e n e d a c u t e o n t h e l a s t

s y l l a b l e o f a

w o r d

i n

c o n n e c t e d d i s c o u r s e ( § 1 2 , 1 . ) .

S e c o n d l y ,

t h e g r a v e i s u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e a c u t e

t o

d i s t i n g u i s h c e r t a i n

w o r d s , a s :

r h ,

a l i q u i s , a n d

t o ,

q u i s ?

R e m a r k

1 .

A l t h o u g h

t h e

a c c e n t s

a r e

o f

l i t t l e

o r

n o

s e r v i c e t o

t h e

E n g l i s h

p u p i l

a s

g u i d e s t o p r o n u n c i a t i o n ,

y e t t h e y a r e d e s e r v i n g

o f h i s

a t t e n t i o n o n o t h e r g r o u n d s e s p e c i a l l y i f h e w i s h e s t o w r i t e G r e e k c o r

r e c t l y .



1 4

[ c h a p . n .

N

S Y L L A B L E S .

R e m a r k 2 . I n


t h e a c c e n t s t a n d s

u p o n

t h e s e c o n d

v o w e l

a n d ,

a t

t h e b e g i n n i n g o f w o r d s c o m m e n c i n g

w i t h

a v o w e l , t h e

a c u t e

a n d

g r a v e

a r e

p l a c e d

a f t e r

t h e

b r e a t h i n g

b u t

t h e c i r c u m f l e x

a b o v e

i t

a s

a j r o i , a f X e i o f , t v p o c , a l f i a . B u t i n c a p i t a l l e t t e r s , t h e a c c e n t a n d b r e a t h i n g

s t a n d u p o n

t h e

f i r s t v o w e l o f

t h e


a , y , t p a s

A i i ^ c . I n

d i a e r e s i s ( § 2 . R e m . 2 . ) , t h e a c u t e a c c e n t s t a n d s b e t w e e n , a n d t h e c i r c u m

f l e x a b o v e , t h e

p o i n t s

a s i t l i j c ,

k X i j V J i .

2 .

T h e

a c u t e

s t a n d s

u p o n o n e o f t h e l a s t t h r e e

s y l l a b l e s ,

w h e t h e r

s h o r t

o r

l o n g , a s

K a k o s ,

a v O p a n r o v ,

t r o k s f j u o s ;

b u t o n

t h e a n t e p e n u l t i m a t e , o n l y w h e n t h e v o w e l o f t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e

i s

s h o r t ,

o r

l o n g

b y

p o s i t i o n

m e r e l y ,

a s :

a v O p a m o s ,

b u t ,

a v O p d y r r o v .

3 . T h e c i r c u m f l e x

s t a n d s

o n l y o n o n e o f

t h e l a s t

t w o s y l

l a b l e s ,

w h i c h

m u s t b e l o n g b y

n a t u r e ,

a s , r o d , a & f i a a n d

o n

t h e

p e n u l t i m a t e ,

o n l y w h e n t h e l a s t

s y l l a b l e

i s s h o r t , o r l o n g

b y p o s i t i o n m e r e l y , a s t s Z ^ o s , y p q i u i , i r p a f y s , a v k a % ( G . c l k o s ) ,

K a X a v p o i f r . E v e n I a n d v b e f o r e £ o r a r e t r e a t e d a s s h o r t ,

t h u s

t p o l v l ^

( G .

I k o s ) ,

K r j p v t j ;

b u t ,

8 w p a % .

R e m a r k 3 . W o r d s r e c e i v e t h e

f o l l o w i n g

a p p e l l a t i o n s a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

a c c e n t u a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l s y l l a b l e s —

a ) O x y t o n e s , w h e n t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e h a s t h e

a c c e n t

a s r e r v Q w e ,

b o k o ' s ; ,

B r i p ;

V )

P a r o x y t o n e s ,

w h e n t h e p e n u l t i m a t e h a s t h e a c u t e

a s

r v t r r u i

c )

P r o p a r o x y t o n e s ,

w h e n t h e a n t e p e n u l t i m a t e h a s t h e a c u t e a s

a v 9 p u > 7 r o £ , r u 7 r r J / i f v o c , d v B p o i i r o t , T v i t T O f j u v o i

d ) P e r i s p o m e n a , w h e n t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e h a s t h e c i r c u m f l e x a s k o k u q

e )

P r o p e r i s p o m e n a ,

w h e n

t h e

p e n u l t i m a t e h a s

t h e

c i r c u m f l e x

a s

i r p a y p a , i p i k o v a a

f ) B a r y t o n e s , w h e n t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e i s u n a c c e n t e d a s i r p a y f i a r a

■ n p a y n a .

| §

1 2 .

A l t e r a t i o n a n d R e m o v a l o f t h e A c c e n t i n I n f l e x i o n

a n d

C o n t r a c t i o n .

1 . W h e n a

w o r d

i s a l t e r e d

b y

i n f l e x i o n , e i t h e r

i n t h e

q u a n

t i t y

o f

t h e

l a s t s y l l a b l e ,

o r t h e n u m b e r

o f

s y l l a b l e s , a

c h a n g e

§ 1 2 . ]

1 5

L T E R A T I O N

A N D R E M O V A L O F A C C E N T .

o r r e m o v a l o f t h e a c c e n t t a k e s

p l a c e g e n e r a l l y a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e a b o v e r u l e s .

a )

B y

t h e

l e n g t h e n i n g o f

t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e , t h e

f o l l o w i n g

c h a n g e s

a r e

p r o d u c e d : —

a ) A p r o p a r o x y t o n e ,

a s t t o K s ( u i s , b e c o m e s

a p a r o x y t o n e ,

a s i r d k i f w v .

/ S ^ A p r o p e r i s p o m e n o n ,

a s T e t ^ o y ,

b e c o m e s a p a r o x y t o n e ,

a s : r s L ) ( p v s .

y ) A n

o x y t o n e ,

a s :

6 s 6 s , b e c o m e s

a p e r i s p o m e n o n ,

a s :

6 s o v . T h i s

c h a n g e ,

h o w e v e r ,

i s

l i m i t e d t o p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s . ,

S e e

§

2 6 ,

5 , a ) .

b )

B y

t h e s h o r t e n i n g

o f

t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e , a p a r o x y t o n e ,

a s :

 , b e c o m e s a

p r o p e r i s p o m e n o n ,

a s , f a v y e .

c ) B y

t h e i n c r e a s e

o f s y l l a b l e s a t

t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a

w o r d ,

t h e a c c e n t

g e n e r a l l y m o v e s t o w a r d s

t h e b e g i n n i n g ,

a s :

f a v y a ) ,

s f c v y o v o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b y t h e i n c r e a s e o f s y l l a b l e s

a t

t h e

e n d

o f a w o r d ,

i t g e n e r a l l y m o v e s

t o w a r d s t h e

e n d , a s :

t v 7 t t d i ) a 6 / M e 9 a .

R e m a r k 1 . T h e p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s o f r e m o v a l o f a c c e n t i n i n f l e x i o n ,

a n d

t h e

d e v i a t i o n s

f r o m

g e n e r a l

r u l e s ,

w i l l

b e

n o t i c e d

w h e n w e c o m e t o t r e a t

o f t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n o f t h e s e v e r a l p a r t s o f

s p e e c h .

2 . W i t h r e g a r d t o c o n t r a c t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g r u l e s p r e

v a i l : —

1 )

W h e n

n e i t h e r

o f

t h e

t w o

s y l l a b l e s

a b o u t

t o

b e

c o n t r a c t e d

i s a c c e n t e d , t h e c o n t r a c t e d s y l l a b l e i s a l s o u n a c c e n t e d a n d

t h e s y l l a b l e w h i c h h a d t h e a c c e n t b e f o r e c o n t r a c t i o n r e t a i n s i t

a f t e r w a r d s , a s < j > i \ , e e — < j > i k e t , ( b u t , ( p i X s e t — < f > i X s l ) , y s v s l —

y d v s i ( b u t , y s v s a v r = y s v a v ) .

2 ) B u t

w h e n o n e

o f

t h e

t w o

s y l l a b l e s

a b o u t

t o

b e

c o n

t r a c t e d i s

a c c e n t e d , t h e

c o n t r a c t e d

s y l l a b l e i s a l s o

a c c e n t e d

a n d ,

a ) I f i t b e t h e a n t e p e n u l t i m a t e o r p e n u l t i m a t e , i t h a s

t h e

a c c e n t u a t i o n w h i c h

t h e

g e n e r a l

r u l e s r e q u i r e ,

a s :

1 6

[ c h a p .

I I .

N S Y L L A B L E S .

d y a i r d o f i a t = d y c n r u f t a i .

t a r a o r o Q

=

i a r u i T o g .

v X i j t o o a

=

v \ r j a a a .

t p i K t o f i f v o c =

< [ > i \ o v p e v o c .

d p Q o o v f f i = b p O o v a u

T t f i a O V T U ) V

=

T l f l t d V T U t V .

b ) I f i t b e t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e , i t h a s

a )

t h e a c u t e , w h e n t h e s e c o n d o f t h e s y l l a b l e s a b o u t

t o

b e c o n t r a c t e d h a s t h e a c u t e , a s s a r a c o s — i a r c o s

/ 3 ) t h e c i r c u m f l e x ,

w h e n

t h e f i r s t

o f t h e s e

s y l l a b l e s i s

a c

c e n t e d ,

a s v f x p ' i =

r y x p i .

R e m a r k

2 . T h e e x c e p t i o n s

t o t h e s e r u l e s

w i l l b e n o t i c e d

w h e n w e

t r e a t

o f

t h e

c o n t r a c t e d

d e c l e n s i o n s

a n d

c o n j u g a t i o n s .

t

§ 1 3 .

A l t e r a t i o n a n d R e m o v a l

o f t f i e

A c c e n t

i n

c o n n e c t e d

D i s c o u r s e .

1 .

I n

c o n n e c t e d

d i s c o u r s e

o x y

t o n e s

h a v e

t h e

s i g n

o f t h e

g r a v e

a c c e n t ,

t . e . t h e s h a r p t o n e i s w e a k e n e d o r d e p r e s s e d b y t h e c l o s e j u n c t i o n o f t h e

w o r d s t o o n e a n o t h e r

b u t

t h e a c u t e

m u s t b e

r e t a i n e d b e f o r e e v e r y l o n g

s t o p ,

a s t h e

p e r i o d

o r c o l o n ,

a n d

o f t e n e v e n b e f o r e t h e

c o m m a , i f i t m a k e s

a r e a l b r e a k i n t h e t h o u g h t

a s

6 f i i v K S p o c , W e p a a t r h v n o r a / i o v , o l S i

T o X i p u H c n r i t p v y o v , C y r u s c r o s s e d t h e r i v e r ; b u t t h e e n e m y f l e d .

E x c e p t i o n ,

r i e

r l q i u s f q u i d f a l w a y s

r e m a i n s

o x y t o n e .

2 . C r a s i s ( §

6 . )

H e r e t h e

f o l l o w i n g

r u l e p r e v a i l s —

T h e a c c e n t o f t h e f i r s t w o r d f a l l s a w a y , a n d t h e w o r d f o r m e d o u t o f t h e

t w o

h a s t h e a c c e n t

o f

t h e s e c o n d a s

t & d y a 9 d

=

r a y a B a , r o v o v p a v o v

=

r o v p a v o v , r y f i p t p q .

=

B f / f i t p q , r b o v o f i a = r o v v o p a b u t

t h e

l o n g v o w e l -

s o u n d f o r m e d b y c r a s i s t a k e s t h e c i r c u m f l e x i n s t e a d o f t h e a c u t e , w h e n

t h e s e c o n d w o r d i s

a d i s s y l l a b i c

p a r o x y t o n e w i t h

a s h o r t

f i n a l s y l l a b l e ,


( §

1 1 , 3 . ) , a s 7 - 6 w o e = r o u 7 r o f , t & d W a = r a X K a , t o e p y o v =

T o v p y o V ) r d o i r \ a — 6 u n r \ a .

3 . E l i s i o n . H e r e

w e h a v e

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

r u l e .

T h e

a c c e n t o f t h e

e l i d e d v o w e l

g o e s

a s

a n

a c u t e u p o n t h e p r e c e d i n g s y l l a b l e b u t i t i s e n

t i r e l y

l o s t ,

i f

t h e

a p o s t r o p h i s e d

w o r d

i s

a


o r

o n e

o f

t h e

p a r t i c l e s

d \ \ a , o i S i , f i n d s , o r

o n e

o f t h e e n c l i t i c s n v d a n d w o r k , i n c a s e t h e y a r e

i n c a p a b l e o f i n c l i n a t i o n

o n

a c c o u n t o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n a s

§ 1 5 . ]

1 7

N C L I T I C S .

7 r o X X d t i r a O o v =

7 r c X \ '

i i r a d o v .

B e i v c l s p u r g e =

S e t v ' i p i a r ^ Q .



=

Q > i n '

l y < > .

m a x p a t \ e £ a £ = a l c r x p ' i k t Z a g .

i i r r c t f / a a v . = e V r ' r ) < t a v .

i r d p d I f i o v = r e a p '

l / i o v .

d w b i a V T O v j = a < p ' e a V T O v .

d X A d

t y w

=

d X Y

t y w .

f § 1 4 . A t o n e s ,

o r

P r o c l i t i c s .

C e r t a i n

m o n o s y l l a b i c

w o r d s

w h i c h ,

i n

c o n n e c t e d

d i s c o u r s e ,

a r e s o c l o s e l y j o i n e d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d a s t o b l e n d

w i t h

i t , a s i t w e r e , a n d

l o s e

t h e i r a c c e n t ,

a r e

c a l l e d a t o n e s . T h e y

a r e

t h e f o l l o w i n g —

a )

T h e

f o r m s

o f

t h e a r t i c l e 6 ,

f j ,

o i ,

a l ;

b ) T h e p r e p o s i t i o n s : k v , i n , s i s ( i s ) , i n , i / c ( i f ) , e x , c o y . a d ;

c ) T h e c o n j u n c t i o n s a > s , a s , t h a t , i n o r d e r t o , w h e n , e l , s i ;

d ) o i ( o v k , 0 1 % ) , n o t ; b u t a t t h e e n d

o f

a

s e n t e n c e ,

a n d i n

t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n n o , i t h a s t h e a c c e n t o v ( o v k ) .

f

§

1 5 . E n c l i t i c s .

E n c l i t i c s

a r e c e r t a i n w o r d s o f o n e a n d t w o s y l l a b l e s , w h i c h ,

i n c o n n e c t e d

d i s c o u r s e ,

a r e s o m e t i m e s s o c l o s e l y

u n i t e d

t o t h e

p r e c e d i n g

w o r d ,

t h a t

t h e y

e i t h e r

l o s e

t h e i r

a c c e n t ,

o r

t h r o w

i t

o n t o t h e

p r e c e d i n g w o r d ; a e $ t \ o s

n s ,

t r o X s f i o s

n s .

T h e y

a r e t h e

f o l l o w i n g —

a )

T h e v e r b s e l / i l , I a m ,

a n d f i i p i ,

I s a y , i n t h e p r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e ,

e x c e p t

t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r

c l ,

t h o u a r t , a n d < p r j g , t h o u s a y e s t .

b ) T h e f o l l o w i n g

f o r m s o f t h e t h r e e

p e r s o n a l

p r o n o u n s —

n . P .

S .

a o v

( T O

I I I . P . S . o i

e

D u a l ,

a t p w i v .

P l u r .

t r i p l e t

( y ) .

I . P .

S . p o v

f i t

c ) T h e i n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n r i g , r i , t h o u g h o u t a l l t h e c a s e s a n d n u m b e r s ,

t o g e t h e r

w i t h

t h e s h o r t e n e d

f o r m s

t o v

a n d r i p

( b u t n o t a r r a i n s t e a d o f

•

C

1 8

[ c h a p . n .

N

S Y L L A B L E S .

r i f r i )

a n d

t h e i n d e f i n i t e a d v e r b s i r u g , w < i , t t i / , i r o i i , i r o 9 i , i r o B ' t v ,

v o l ,

t t o t K

O n

t h e

o t h e r

h a n d , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n t e r r o g a t i v e s a r e

a l w a y s a c c e n t e d

a s

r * c ,

W ,

n u g , & c .

d ) T h e f o l l o w i n g p a r t i c l e s r e ,

r o t ,

y e , v v v , t r i p ,

O i j v ,

a n d

t h e i n s e p a r a b l e

S i , w h e t h e r i t e x p r e s s e s t h e d i r e c t i o n w h i t h e r , a s E p e j i o t r S e , t o E r e b u s , o r

s e r v e s

t h e

p u r p o s e o f

a

s t r e n g t h e n i n g p a r t i c l e

a s

r o o o o t i i .

t §

1 6 .

R u l e s f o r

t h e I n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e

A c c e n t .

1 . A n

o x y t o n e

u n i t e s w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g e n c l i t i c i n s u c h a

m a n n e r t h a t , i n t h e m i d d l e o f a s e n t e n c e , t h e c u s t o m a r y

s o f t e n e d a c u t e ( § 1 3 , 1 . ) a g a i n a s s u m e s i t s o r i g i n a l

f o r c e

a n d

f o r m ;

a s :

9 i ) p r i g i n s t e a d o f B r j p r i g . K a X o g i a r i i n s t e a d o f i c a X & g l a r i

K a i

r t v t g —

K a i

r i v k g .

n o r a f i o g

y e

— i r o r a f i b g y e .

K a \ 6 g

r e

— K a X b g r e . i r o r a p o i T i v t g — T r o r a f i o i r t v i g .

2 .

A

p e r i s p o m e n o n

u n i t e s w i t h t h e

f o l l o w i n g e n c l i t i c w i t h

o u t f u r t h e r

c h a n g e

o f

a c c e n t ;

a s

0 < 3 c

t i

i n s t e a d

o f

 g

r l .

f i X e i

r i g

i n s t e a d

o f ^ i X e l

r i g .

0 i i £ i a r i

—

Q i i g t o r i .

K a \ o v

r t v o g

— k o X o v n v o g .

L o n g s y l l a b l e s

i n e n c l i t i c s a r e r e g a r d e d

a s s h o r t

i n

r e f e r e n c e

t o

a c c e n

t u a t i o n h e n c e o i v r i v o t v , ( m j v t i v w v , f / K o v a d r t v M V ,

3 . A p a r o x y t o n e u n i t e s w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g e n c l i t i c

o f

o n e

s y l l a b l e

w i t h o u t

f u r t h e r

c h a n g e

o f

a c c e n t ,

b u t

t h e

i n c l i n a t i o n

o f a d i s s y l l a b i c e n c l i t i c

s h o u l d

b e a v o i d e d a s

?

< p i \ o g

f w v i n s t e a d

o f ( p i \ o g

f i o v b u t < p l \ o £ t o r i , < p i X o i

< p a o i .

a X X o g T T i a g

— a K k o g

i r & g —

a \ \ o £

T r o r f , a X X w j / T i v u t v .

4 . A p r o p a r o x y t o n e a n d a p r o p e r i s p o m e n o n u n i t e w i t h t h e

f o l l o w i n g e n c l i t i c , a n d t a k e a n a c u t e u p o n t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e ;

a s :

a v O p a n r o g r i g

i n s t e a d

o f a p Q p t a i r o g r i g , o w p a r t i n s t e a d o f a w f i a r i .

& v 9 p u ) i r o i

n v t g

—

a v B p u i r o i

r i v i g .

a u / t d

t a r t

—

a S / i a

t o r i .

R e m a r k . I f s e v e r a l e n c l i t i c s

f o l l o w

o n e a n o t h e r , e a c h g e n e r a l l y t h r o w s

i t s

a c c e n t

u p o n

t h e p r e c e d i n g a s e i

r i g y i

p o i

< p i ) < r i i r o r t .

§ 1 7 - ]

1 9

N C L I T I C S A C C E N T E D .

t

§

1 7 . E n c l i t i c s

a c c e n t e d .

T h e e n c l i t i c s r e t a i n t h e i r a c c e n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g

c a s e s ,

e v e n w h e n t h e

p r e c e d i n g w o r d m i g h t r e c e i v e i t —

1 . T h e v e r b t i p i r e t a i n s

i t s

a c c e n t i n

a l l

f o r m s o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e m o o d ,

w h e n i t i s

n o t a m e r e

c o p u l a ,

b u t

h a s t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f

t o

b e

p r e s e n t , t o

e x i s t , t o s u b s i s t , & c , a n d t h e n ,

i n

t h e t h i r d p e r s . s i n g . , d r a w s t h e

a c c e n t f r o m

t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e t o t h e

p e n u l t i m a t e t h u s

t i a l 8 t o i ,

t h e r e

a r e

g o d s ,

o r g o d s

e x i s t ; b u t o

Q t o g

i a n

a o t j > 6 g

i a r i v o v r w g , s i c

s e

h a b e t

r e s ; —

i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e I n f i n i t i v e i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f i ^ t a n , l i c e t ; a s ' :

i a r i v

U S u v

—

g e n e r a l l y ,

w h e n

i t

s t a n d s

a t

t h e

b e g i n n i n g o f

a s e n t e n c e

a s

i a r i

a o $ 6 g o f i r o g 6 a v r j p , s i a i o o Q o i o t i r o i

o i

d v S p t g —

l a s t l y , t a r t i s

a c c e n t e d a f t e r o w ,

o r a c o n j u n c t i o n a t t h e

b e g i n n i n g o f

a s e n t e n c e ,

a n d

a f t e r t h e p r o n o u n r o O r ' a s o A k i a r i v , a X X ' i a r i v , t i i a r i v , w g

i a n ,

x a i i a n ,

r o v r i a r i v .

2 .

a n d

t h e r e m a i n i n g p e r s o n s o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e

r e t a i n

t h e

a c c e n t

w h e n

t h e y a r e s e p a r a t e d

f r o m

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

w o r d b y a s t o p ; a s : i a r i v

d v r j p d y a O o g , ( p r j f l i .

3 .

T h e

e n c l i t i c

p e r s o n a l

p r o n o u n s ,

a o v ,

a o i ,

o i ,

o f ,

a < p a i

r e t a i n

t h e i r

a c c e n t

i n t h e

f o l l o w i n g

c a s e s

—

a ) W h e n a n a c c e n t e d p r e p o s i t i o n g o e s b e f o r e t h e m ; a s : n a p a a o v ,

f i t r d . a s , t r p b g a o i .

I n

t h i s c a s e , t h e o x y t o n e l o n g e r f o r m s o f t h e p r o n o u n

i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n a r e u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e e n c l i t i c a l a s

w a p '

I f i o v

( n o t i r a p d f t o v ) .

x p b g i p o i ( n o t i r p o g f i o i ) .

t e a r i f i i ( n o t K a r a p . s ) . n s p i

i f i o v

( n o t

i r t p i

/ * o t » ) .

R e m a r k . T h e u n a c c e n t e d p r e p o s i t i o n s

a r e j o i n e d

t o

t h e

e n c l i t i c a l

f o r m s a s : t K

f t o v ,

i v p o t ,

e g a t ,

i g f i t , I k a o v , i v a o i .

V )

I n

g e n e r a l ,

w h e n

t h e

p r o n o u n s

a r e

e m p h a t i c ,

e . g .

i n

a n t i t h e s e s .

c ) T h e f o r m s o i , o i , i a r e o x y t o n e , o n l y w h e n t h e y

h a v e

t h e f o r c e o f

t h e

r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n

( o f h i m s e l f ,

& c ) .

d ) T h e p r o n o u n s a r e

a l w a y s

a c c e n t e d a t t h e

b e g i n n i n g

o f

a s e n t e n c e .

4 .

I n c l i n a t i o n i s

o m i t t e d

w h e n

t h e

a c c e n t o f

t h e

e n c l i t i c

h a s

f a l l e n

a w a y

b y

e l i s i o n

a s K a K b g f I a r i v ,

b u t

t c a X b g S i l a r t v i r o X X o i $ ' t i a i v ,

b u t

9 r o X \ o i 5 s

t l a t v .

c 2

2 0 T H E

S U B S T A N T I V E

A N D A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p . m .

t §

1 8 .

D i v i s i o n o f

S y l l a b l e s .

1 . F u n d a m e n t a l R u l e .

S y l l a b l e s

e n d w i t h

a

v o w e l , a n d b e g i n

w i t h a

c o n s o n a n t .

W h e n ,

t h e r e f o r e ,

a

c o n s o n a n t

s t a n d s

b e t w e e n t w o v o w e l s ,

i t

b e l o n g s

t o

t h e

f o l l o w i n g s y l l a b l e

a s

7 r o - r a - ^ o f , o - i # / o - / » m .

E x c e p t i o n .

A c o m p o u n d w o r d ,

o r a w o r d w i t h

a n

i n f l e x i o n a l o r

d e

r i v a t i v e e n d i n g , i s d i v i d e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e c o m p o u n d

a S

< W V - € K t p b > V t ] f f l Q 9

T V T T - T U ) .

2 . S e c o n d R u l e . W h e n t w o l i k e

c o n s o n a n t s ,

a s r r i r , X X , & c , o r

a

s m o o t h m u t e w i t h i t s k i n d r e d a s p i r a t e ( n f , k x , t O ) ,

s t a n d

t o g e t h e r , o r

w h e n

a

m u t e

c o n s o n a n t

f o l l o w s

a

l i q u i d ,

t h e

c o n s o n a n t s

a r e

s h a r e d

b e

t w e e n t h e

t w o s y l l a b l e s

a s r d r - r u , j i a x - x o g ,

i p - y o v

b u t a - i i v i j .

t § 1 9 . T h e S t o p s .

T h e c o l o n a n d

s e m i c o l o n a r e d e n o t e d b y a

p o i n t o n

a

l e v e l w i t h

t h e

t o p o f t h e l i n e a s e v t X t ^ a e ' i r d v n g y a p a i / t o X o y j j f f a v . T h e n o t e o f i n t e r

r o g a t i o n

i s

l i k e o u r s e m i c o l o n a s

r i c r a v r a i n o i t j t r t v w h o

d i d t h i s f

T h e

p e r i o d , c o m m a , a n d n o t e o f e x c l a m a t i o n a r e t h e s a m e a s o u r s .

C H A P .

I I I .

O N

T H E


A N D

A D J E C T I V E .

§ 2 0 . N a t u r e a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f S u b s t a n t i v e s -

T h e s u b s t a n t i v e

i s

t h e

e x p r e s s i o n o f

a t h i n g o r o b j e c t .

T h e r e

a r e

t w o

c l a s s e s

o f

s u b s t a n t i v e s :

—

a ) t h e

n a m e s

o f

l i v i n g

b e i n g s , a s m a n , w o m a n ; — b ) t h e n a m e s o f t h i n g s , a s : e a r t h ,

g a r d e n .



§ 2 2 . ]

2 1

U M B E R , C A S E , A N D D E C L E N S I O N .

§

2 1 .

G e n d e r

o f

S u b s t a n t i v e s .

T h e g e n d e r

o f s u b s t a n t i v e s ,

w h i c h

i s

t h r e e f o l d

a s i n L a t i n ,

i s d e t e r m i n e d p a r t l y b y t h e i r s i g n i f i c a t i o n , a n d p a r t l y b y t h e i r

t e r m i n a t i o n . W e s h a l l n o t i c e t h e l a t t e r m o d e o f d e t e n n i n i n g

i t u n d e r

t h e

s e v e r a l

d e c l e n s i o n s .

I n r e f e r e n c e

t o t h e f o r m e r ,

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

r u l e s p r e v a i l

—

F i r s t R u l e .

T h e

n a m e s o f m e n , m o s t m a l e a n i m a l s , m o n t h s ,

r i v e r s ,

a n d

w i n d s ,

a r e

o f

t h e m a s c u l i n e

g e n d e r .

S e c o n d R u l e . T h e n a m e s

o f

w o m e n , f e m a l e a n i m a l s ,

c o u n

t r i e s , i s l a n d s ,

a n d m o s t

t o w n s ,

t o g e t h e r w i t h m o s t t r e e s a n d

p l a n t s , a r e o f t h e f e m i n i n e g e n d e r .

T h i r d R u l e . T h e n a m e s o f f r u i t s d i m i n u t i v e s , w i t h t h e

e x c e p t i o n o f

f e m a l e

p r o p e r

n a m e s i n t h e

f o r m o f d i m i n u t i v e s ,

a s

1 7

A e o v t i o v t h e

n a m e s

o f a l p h a b e t i c a l l e t t e r s t h e I n f i

n i t i v e

m o o d

;

a n d

e v e r y

w o r d

c o n s i d e r e d

a s

a

m e r e

i n d i c a t i o n

o f s o u n d ,

a s

t o f i r j r r j p ,

t h e w o r d m o t h e r

a r e

o f t h e

n e u t e r

g e n d e r .

F o u r t h

R u l e . T h o s e

n a m e s o f l i v i n g b e i n g s , w h i c h

h a v e

o n l y o n e f o r m b o t h

f o r

t h e m a s c u l i n e a n d f e m i n i n e g e n d e r s ,

a r e c o m m o n ,

a s 6 j J

d s o s ,

a g o d

o r

g o d d e s s .

§

2 2 .

N u m b e r , C a s e , a n d D e c l e n s i o n .

1 . T h e s u b s t a n t i v e a n d

a d j e c t i v e

h a v e t h r e e n u m b e r s , t h e

s i n g u l a r ,

d u a l ,

a n d

p l u r a l

a n d

t h r e e

c a s e s ,

v i z .

a ) t h e g e n i t i v e , t o e x p r e s s w h e n c e , a s : o f o r f r o m t h e

f a t h e r ;

b )

t h e

d a t i v e , t o

e x p r e s s

w h e r e , a s i n t h e

w o o d

;

c )

t h e a c c u s a t i v e ,

t o e x p r e s s w h i t h e r ,

a s

t o t h e s h e p h e r d .

T w o o t h e r f o r m s a r e r e c k o n e d w i t h t h e c a s e s , v i z .

c

3

2 2 T H E S U B S T A N T I V E A N D A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p . h i .

a )

t h e n o m i n a t i v e ( t h e c a s e

o f

t h e

s u b j e c t ) ,

a s

t h e f a t h e r

w r i t e s

;

f t ) t h e v o c a t i v e ( t h e c a s e o f c a l l i n g t o ) , a s t a k e c a r e ,

b o y .

R e m a r k . S u b s t a n t i v e s a n d a d j e c t i v e s o f

t h e n e u t e r g e n d e r

h a v e t h e

n o m i n a t i v e , a c c u s a t i v e , a n d v o c a t i v e a l i k e i n t h e t h r e e n u m b e r s . T h e

d u a l h a s

o n l y t w o f o r m s

t h e o n e f o r t h e

n o m i n a t i v e , a c c u s a t i v e , a n d

v o c a t i v e , t h e o t h e r f o r t h e g e n i t i v e a n d d a t i v e .

2 . T h e r e a r e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s a c c o r d i n g t o

w h i c h

s u b s t a n t i v e s a n d a d j e c t i v e s

a r e i n f l e c t e d i n

G r e e k , d i s t i n

g u i s h e d

a s

t h e

f i r s t ,

s e c o n d ,

a n d

t h i r d

d e c l e n s i o n s .

§

2 3 .

N a t u r e a n d G e n d e r o f t h e A d j e c t i v e .

1 . T h e

a d j e c t i v e

e x p r e s s e s

a q u a l i t y , w h i c h

i s c o n s i d e r e d

e i t h e r

a s a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g i n a n o b j e c t , a s :

t h e

r e d r o s e ; o r

o n l y

a t t r i b u t e d

t o

i t ,

a s

t h e r o s e

i s

r e d .

I n

b o t h

c a s e s ,

t h e

a d j e c t i v e

i n

G r e e k ,

a s i n L a t i n ,

a g r e e s

w i t h

i t s

s u b s t a n t i v e

i n

g e n d e r ,

c a s e ,

a n d n u m b e r ,

a s :

6 a y a d o s d v O p a n r o s , b o n u s

h o m o ,

6 d v O p a n r o s a y a O o s s o t i v , h o m o b o n u s e s t ,

1 7

K a \ r j

M o v o ~ a , p u l c h r a M u s a ,

1 7

M o v c r a K a X r j h a r i v , M u s a

p u l c h r a

e s t .

2 . H e n c e t h e a d j e c t i v e , l i k e t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , h a s a t h r e e

f o l d g e n d e r . N o t a l l a d j e c t i v e s , h o w e v e r , h a v e s e p a r a t e f o r m s

f o r

t h e

t h r e e g e n d e r s , b u t m a n y h a v e o n l y t w o t e r m i n a t i o n s ,

o n e

f o r

t h e

m a s c u l i n e

a n d f e m i n i n e g e n d e r s , t h e o t h e r

f o r

t h e

n e u t e r ,

a s :

6 r / a v ^ o s a v r ) p , t r a n q u i l l u s v i r , r ) r j a v % o s

y w r ) , t r a n q u i l l a m u l i e r ,

t o ^ c r

v %

o v

t £ k v o v ,

t h e q u i e t

c h i l d ;

a n d s o m e h a v e o n l y o n e t e r m i n a t i o n b y w h i c h t h e y g e n e r a l l y

d e n o t e o n l y

t h e

m a s c u l i n e a n d

f e m i n i n e , r a r e l y t h e n e u t e r

g e n d e r ,

a s : 6

< j > v y a s d w j p ,

t h e

f l e e i n g

m a n , t j

< f > v y a s y v v r f ,

t h e f l e e i n g

w o m a n .

3 .

T h e d e c l e n s i o n

o f a d j e c t i v e s

a g r e e s w i t h

t h a t

o f

s u b

s t a n t i v e s ,

w i t h f e w

e x c e p t i o n s .

§ 2 6 . ]

2 3

F E M I H I J V E S .

§ 2 4 . F i r s t D e c l e n s i o n .

T h e

f i r s t

d e c l e n s i o n

h a s f o u r e n d i n g s , d , 1 7 ( o r a ) , a s a n d

r ) s , o f w h i c h a a n d

» 7

a r e f e m i n i n e , a s a n d 1 7 s m a s c u l i n e .

§

2 5 .

T e r m i n a t i o n s .

S i n g u l a r .

P l u r a l .

D u a l .

N o m .

a ;

a o r

V

a s

o r

V s

a i d

G e n .

t j s ;

a s

1 ) 3

o v

i c o p

a w

D a t .

y >

a

V

f

V

a w

a i v

A c c .

d v ; a »

7 ] V

d v

r p >

a s

a

V o c .

a ;

a

V

d

V >

0 .

a t

d

r

P A R A D I G M S .

§ 2 6 . I . F e m i n i n e s .

1 . a ) T h e

n o m i n a t i v e e n d s i n a o r

a ,

a n d t h e a r e m a i n s

t h r o u g h a l l t h e c a s e s , i f a p , s , o r

t ,

p r e c e d e s i t a s % o i > p a , a

c o u n t r y , i Z i a , a f o r m ,

a o < f > i a ,

w i s d o m , x p s i a , a d v a n t a g e . W i t h

. t h e s e

a r e

c o m p r i s e d

s o m e


i n

a ,

a s :

a k a \ d ( d ) ,

a

w a r - c r y ; a n d s o m e p r o p e r n a m e s , a s ^ A v B p o / j J S d , A r j S d , < f > t X o -

f i r j X d , g e n . a y . d a t . a . — b ) T h e

n o m i n a t i v e

e n d s i n d , a n d t h e

a

r e m a i n s o n l y

i n

t h e a c c u s a t i v e

a n d

v o c a t i v e ,

a n d c h a n g e s

i n t o 1 7 i n t h e

g e n i t i v e

a n d d a t i v e s i n g u l a r i f a X , X X , v ,

a ,

a a

( t t ) , f , f

o r y j r p r e c e d e s

i t . — c ) I n a l l o t h e r c a s e s ,

t h e

n o m i n a t i v e

e n d s i n

9 7 ,

w h i c h r e m a i n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e

s i n g u l a r .

2 .

I f a o r e p r e c e d e s

t h e a , l a

i s i n s o m e w o r d s c o n t r a c t e d

i n t o 7 7

a n d

d a

i n t o

a ;

a n d

t h e

l a s t s y l l a b l e r e m a i n s

c i r c u m -

f l e x e d t h r o u g h a l l

t h e

c a s e s .

C 4

2 4

T H E

S U B S T A N T J V E

A N D

A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p . i n .

a .

r j

t h r o u g h a l l t h e c a s e s o f t h e s i n g u l a r .

j u s t i c e .

h o n o u r .

a n

o p i n i o n .

a

f i g - t r e e .

S i n g . N o m .

T i p r j

y v c o f i T ]

< r v K ( i a ) r )

G e n .

T t ] S 8 l K - 7 ) S

r i p r j s

r y v d o f i r j s

a ~ U K - r ) s

D a t .

n p . f i

o v K - r j

A c c .

T T J V 8 U - 1 ) V

T L f l r j V

V o c . &

S l K - T }

T l f i r j O V K - 7 )

P l u r .

N o m .

a i h i / c - a t , T i p a i

< y v a > p c u

a v i c - a i

G e n .

r & v

S o k - w v

T l f l & V

y v w p x o v

a v K - S > v

D a t

r e u s S i K - a i s

T i p a i s

y v c o p a i s

c r v K - a i s

A c c .

T a s S l x - c i s

r i p d s ( d )

y p a i p d s a v K - a s

V o c .

&

h i K - a i

r i p a l

y v w p a i

a v K - a l

D u a L N . A V .

r d h U - a T i / j u i ( a ) y v m p d

a v K - a

G . D .

r a i v

S I k - m v

T L p C U V

a v K - a l v

b . a t h r o u g h a l l

t h e

c a s e s . c . a ,

G .

i ? s .

a ) l o n g a .

* )

s h o r t a .

a

s h a d o w ,

a

c o u n t r y , a m i n a .

a

h a m m e r ,

a

M u s e .

a

l i o n e s s .

S .

N .

f

< T K L - a

% < o p d p v ( d a ) d

c r t p v p d

M o v c r d

X s a L v d

G .

T T j S

< T K i - a s ^ m p d s

p / v - d s

c r i p v p d s

M . 0 V ( 7 7 j S

k e a l v r j s

D .

T J J

< T K l - a y & p q p v - a

a - ( f ) v p a

M o v c r r ) X s a i v r ]

A

T T J V

c r K i - d ' v

y a t p d v p v - d v

c r < f > v p d v M o v c r d v

\ 6 c u v d v

V .

•

U K i - a

y ( i > p d

p v - d

o ~ $ v p d

M o v c r d

X j a i v d

P .

N . a i ( T K i - a L y & p a i

P ' V - a i

a < f > v p a i M o v a a i

b J c u v c u

G .

T & V

t n e i - & p

y a s p S s v

p v - 5 > v

< T < f > V p S > V

M o v c r m v

X s a i v a t v

D .

r a t s a K i - a l s x ^ > P a l s

p v - a l s

< T ( p v p a c s

M - O V C T M S

X s a t v a t s

A .

r a s a i c i - a s ^ p a p d i

p v - d s

< r ( f > v p d s M o v a d s \ s a i v d s

V .

t j K i - a L y G i p a t , p . v - a l

o ~ < f > v p a i

M o v c r a i X i a i v a i

D .

T d c r K i - a y m p d p v - d c r ( p v p d

M o v c r d

X s a i v d

r a i v

< T K i - a i v

x c o p a i p

p v - a l v

< T ( f > v p a i v

M o v c r a i v

X s a i v a i v

§ 2 6 . ]

2 5

E M I N I N E S .

R e m a r k . T h e

f e m i n i n e

o f a l l a d j e c t i v e s o f t h r e e t e r m i n a t i o n s f o l l o w s

t h e

a b o v e

p a r a d i g m s a s : y x a \ t j

T t / i ) j ,

t h e n o b l e

h o n o u r ,

x P v f > ( f T -

X p v a t a ,

l i k e

t r v i c k a

—

o v i c i f )

t r r o X r j ,

t h e

g o l d e n

r o b e ,

r i j g

x P v f f W G

f f r o X ^ c ;

l \ Q p a x ^ p a ,

t h e h o s t i l e

c o u n t r y , r t j Q

l x ® P < * £

X ^ p a Q -

3 . T h e q u a n t i t y

o f t h e

e n d i n g s i s

g i v e n i n § 2 5 .

4 .

W i t h

r e g a r d t o t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s m a y

b e

m a d e

—

a ) T h e

e n d i n g

o f

t h e

p l u r a l

o i

i s

c o n s i d e r e d s h o r t

w i t h r e s p e c t t o

t h e

a c c e n t h e n c e \ t m v a i ( n o t X t a i v m ) , M o v a n t ( n o t M o v o a i )

6 ) T h e a c c e n t r e m a i n s u p o n t h e a c c e n t e d s y l l a b l e o f t h e n o m i n a t i v e a s

l o n g

a s t h e r u l e s

o f


p e r m i t .

E x c e p t i o n s , a ) t h e v o c a t i v e J s o - i r o r a , f r . l e a i r a r n s , a m a s t e r

p )

I n

a d j e c t i v e s i n o f , ( a ) , o v , t h e


o f t h e f e m i n i n e i s

c o n f o r m e d t o

t h a t o f t h e m a s c . a s o f t e n a s t h e n a t u r e

o f

t h e

l a s t s y l l a b l e

p e r m i t s t h u s t h e p l u r a l o f t h e f e m i n i n e n o m i n a t i v e o f / 3 e / 3 a u > c , t \ c v 0 t p o g ,

a v i p p w i T i v o g , i s a c c e n t e d o n

t h e a n t e p e n u l t i m a t e

/ 3 e / 3 a i o i , / }

i

/ 3

a t

a

£ \ f « 0 f p o i , I X t v O e p a t , d v B p i i i r i v o t ,

d v Q p u i r i v a t , a l t h o u g h

t h e f e m i n i n e i n

s i n g u l a r i s a p a r o x y t o n e , o n a c c o u n t o f t h e l o n g

e n d i n g

q a n d a v i z .

f S t f } a i d , i \ e v 9 t p a ,

d v d p i a m v n

y )

T h e

g e n i t i v e

p l u r a l

i n

t h e

f i r s t

d e c l e n s i o n

h a s

t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e ,

w ,

c i r c u m f l e x e d a s \ i m v S v f r o m \ i a t v a , v t a v i d v f r o m v e a v i a g . T o t h i s ,

h o w e v e r ,

t h e r e

a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g e x c e p t i o n s — 1 ) T h e f e m i n i n e o f

a d

j e c t i v e s

a n d

p a r t i c i p l e s i n

o g ,

n ( a ) ,

o v

h a s t h e s a m e a c c e n t u a t i o n a s t h e

m a s c u l i n e

a s r w v

K a X k i a T o i v M o u o w , f r o m K a X k u r r o g , K a K K i a T t ) , j c o X A h t t w ,

p u l c h e r r i m u s ,

a ,

u m ; b u t t h e f e m i n i n e

o f o t h e r

a d j e c t i v e s

a n d p a r t i c i p l e s

i s

p e r i s p o m e n o n a s : f i a p v g , f i a p t i a , j 3 a p v , G e n . p l . j i a p i o i v , ( 3 a p t i d v . —

2 )

T h e


x p v a T 1 £ i a u s u r e r ,

a ^ v t i ,

a n

a n c h o v y , i r q a i c u ,

t r a d e -

w i n d s ,

a n d

% k o v v 7 ] q ,

a w i l d

b o a r ;

w h i c h

r e m a i n

p a r o x y t o n e

i n t h e

g e n i t i v e

p l u r a l .

5 . T h e a c c e n t o f t h e n o m i n a t i v e c h a n g e s ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e q u a n t i t y o f

t h e

l a s t s y l l a b l e ,

i n t h e

f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r —

a ) O x y t o n e s a r e , i n t h e g e n .

a n d

d a t . o f a l l t h r e e n u m b e r s , p e r i s p o m e n a

a s T i p i j s , y , w v , a l v , a i g ( t h i s h o l d s g o o d i n t h e 2 d

d e c l e n s i o n

a l s o )

V )

P a r o x y

t o n e s r e m a i n a s s u c h t h r o u g h

a l l

t h e c a s e s ( w i t h t h e

e x

c e p t i o n

o f t h e

g e n . p i . , w h i c h i s a l w a y s

p e r i s p o m e n o n ) , i f t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e

i s l o n g b u t b e c o m e p r o p e r i s p o m e n a , i f t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e i s s h o r t w h i c h

i s

t h e

c a s e i n

t h e n o m .

p i .

a s

- / v d / i t i ,

y v d p a i , ' A r p t i S t i g , ' A r p t l S a i

c )

P e r i s p o m e n a

b e c o m e

p a r o x y t o n e s , i f

t h e

l a s t s y l l a b l e

b e c o m e s

l o n g

a s M o u f f a , M o u V i / e

d )

P r o p a r o x y t o n e s b e c o m e

p a r o x y t o n e s , i f t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e

b e c o m e s

l o n g a s \ t t u v a , X t a i v t / g .

Τ Η Ε β υ Β β Τ Δ Ν Τ Ι Υ Ε Α Ν Π

Α ϋ Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε .

[ Ο Η Α Ρ . π ι .

§

2 7 . I I . Μ α . 8 ο η Ι ί η ε 3 .

Μ α β ο υ ΐ ΐ η ο β

η α ν ο ί η ο ^ ο η ΐ ί ϊ ν ο ϊ η ο υ ΐ η ο δ β ί η α ς

Γ β ί α ΐ η

ί η β

α , α η χ ΐ

ί Η ο β ο

ί η - η ς ,

Ι η β

η , ΐ η

ί η ο

ά α ί ΐ ν ο

α η ( 1

α ο ο α β α ί ΐ ν Θ

β ΐ η -

§ η 1 α τ . Τ Η β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β ο ί ΐ η ο β β ΐ η η ς β η ά β ΐ η ά —

1 ) ΐ η α ΐ ΐ ΐ η τ η ε , Ο 8

τ ο ξ ό τ η ς ,

V . τ ο ξ ό τ ά , π ρ ο φ ή τ η ς ,

V .

τ τ ρ ο -

φ ή τ α — 2 ) ΐ η α ϊ ο ο π ι ρ ο υ η ά ο ί ΐ ο ί α δ ΐ ι β β ί α η ί ΐ ν ο α η ά α

\ & ύ > ,

α β

γ ε ω μ έ τ ρ η ς ,

V . η ε ω μ & τ ρ α ,

μ υ ρ ο τ τ ώ λ η ς , α ε α Ι ν ε - Β β Ι Ι β τ , V .

μ υ ρ ο -

τ τ ω λ α — 3 ) ΐ η ς ο η ί ΐ ΐ β η ο η η β ΐ η η ν , α β : Τ Ι έ ρ ο - η ς , α Ρ β τ & ί α η ,

V .

Τ ί έ ρ σ ά . —

Α 1 1

ο ί Ι ι β Γ β

η α ν β

ί ΐ ι β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β ΐ η η , Ά Ά : Π , έ ρ σ η ς ,

Ρ β τ $ β $ ,

V .

Τ Ι έ ρ σ η .

Τ η ο

ρ ΐ υ π ϋ

ο £

Ε ο α β ο ι ι Ι ΐ η Θ δ

ά ο ο 8 η ο ί

ί τ ο ι η

ί Η α ί ο ί ί ο η ι ΐ η ΐ η ε β .

1 .

δ β ν β Γ ί ΐ Ι ο ί Λ β π ΐ £ ΐ 8 θ ΐ ι 1 ί η 6 3

ϊ η

α ς Ι ι β , ν β

Λ ο

ϋ ο ή ο

ϊ η α , ν ϊ ζ . π α τ ρ α λ ο ί α ς , α ρ α ΐ Ύ ί ϋ ί ά ε , μ η τ ρ α Χ ο ί α ς , α η ι α ί τ ί ο ί ά ε , ό ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ς , α

ύ ί τ ά ο α & Ι ΐ ί Γ

; & 1 δ θ 8 β ν 6 Γ 8 ΐ

ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ η α π ΐ 6 8 ,

ι »

Σ υ λ λ α ς ,

Ο τ .

Σ ν λ λ ο

ί ΐ ι β ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι ί η α ς , β ο ρ ρ ά ς , ί τ ο ι η β ο ρ ι ά ς .

Ρ Α Κ Α Ο Ι & Μ 8 .

α ο ΐ ΐ ΐ ζ ο η .

τ τ ο \ ί τ η ς ( ΐ )

Μ β Γ 0 1 1 Γ 7 . & 7 ° Ν Ϊ ΐ ΐ ·

Ά 1 ) Ϊ Γ < 1 ο α 1 ; ο 1 ΐ 6 Γ .

Ν .

· \ ν ΐ η ( 1 .

ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ ά ς β ο ρ ρ ά ς

. Ν .

' Έ , ρ μ ( ε α ς ) ή ς ν ε α ν ί ά ς

Ο τ . τ τ ο λ ι τ ο ΐ ί

Ε ι ρ μ ο ύ

ν ε α ν ί ο υ ο ρ ν ι β ο θ ή ρ ά

β ο ρ ρ ά

ϋ .

Τ Γ ό λ , ί Τ Τ )

Έ ρ μ η

ν ε α ν ί α

ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α

β ο ρ ρ ά

Α .

• π ο λ , ί τ η ν

Έ ρ μ η ν

ν ε α ν Μ , ν

ό ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ ά ν β ο ρ ρ ά ν

ν . , τ τ ο λ ΐ τ α

Έ ρ μ η

'

ν ε α ν ί α


β ο ρ ρ ά

Ρ . Ν .

τ τ ο \ 1 τ α ι Έ ρ μ ο ι

ν ε α ν ί α ι ,

ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ι

α .

τ τ ο λ ί τ ώ ν

Έ ρ μ ω ν

ν ε α ν ί ώ ν ό ρ ν ι θ ο θ η ρ ώ ν

Β .

τ τ ο λ ί τ α ΐ ϊ

Έ ρ μ α ϊ ί

ν ε α ν ί Μ ΐ ς

ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ι ς

Α .

τ τ ο λ ι ' τ ά ϊ

Έ ρ μ α ς ν ε α ν ί ά ς ο ρ ν ί θ ο θ ή ρ ά ί

V .

τ τ ο λ ί τ α *

Έ ρ μ α ΐ

ν ε α ν ί α ι

ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ι

Β .

τ τ ο λ ι τ ά

Έ ρ μ α ν ε α ν ί α


τ τ ο λ ι τ α ί ΐ /

Έ ρ μ α ΐ ν

ν ε α ν ί α ι ν

ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ι ν

Ι η

Ι η ϊ β

ι η & η η β Γ

α ά ) θ θ ί ί ν ο 8

ο ί

ο η β

ί β Γ Π ΐ ϊ η α ί ϊ ο η ΐ η

η ς

& η ά

α ς

8 Γ β ( Ι β ο ΐ ϊ η β ά ;

α β : ε θ ε λ ο ν τ ή ς

π ο λ ί τ η ς , α

ι ν ί Ι Ι ί η §

ϋ ί ΐ ί ζ ΐ η , ί θ ί λ ο ν τ ο ν π ο λ ί

τ ο υ , ί θ ί λ ο ν τ α ΐ τ τ ο λ ΐ τ α ι ; μ α ν ί α ς « α ν ί α ς , α ί ο Ι Ο α τ τ / ι / ο ι ι ( Ι ι ,

μ ο ν ί υ υ

ν ι α ν ί ο υ , μ ο ν ί ΐ } ν ι α ν ί ΐ } .

§ 2 8 . ]

2 7

Ε Ο Ο Ν Ο Ο Ε 0 1 Ε Ν 8 Ι Ο Ν .

§ 2 8 . 8 β ο ο η ά Ώ β ο ΐ ε η ή ο η .

Τ ΐ ι β 8 β ο ο η ( 1 ι ΐ β ο ί β η β ί ο η Κ α β ί \ ν ο ε η < ϋ η § 8 , ο ϊ α η ά ο ν ; ΐ Κ β

£ ο ι · π ΐ 6 Γ ο £ \ ν ι ί ο 1 ι Ϊ 8

σ β η ο Γ α Ι Ι ^

π ΐ ί ΐ δ ο α ί ϊ η θ , β ο ι η β ί ί ι ι ΐ Θ Β ί β π ι ΐ η ϊ η Θ ;

ί ΐ ι β Ι & ί ί β Γ η β ι ι ί β Γ , β χ ο β ρ ί ί η ί ί β ι η α ΐ β ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ η α π ι β δ ο £ Ά ( ϋ π π η ι ι -

ί ϊ ν ε £ ο π η ϊ η ο ν , Ά 8 ή Τ \ υ κ έ ρ ι ο ν .

Ε Ν Β Ι Ν Ο 8 .

0 ·

* ^ ΐ ΐ 1 ί \ Γ · Ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι

Ώ α α ΐ .

Ν .

Ο ϊ

ο ν

ο ι

ά ω

α .

ο υ

ω ν

ο ί ν

ΐ > .

Ψ

0 1 5 ο ι ν

Α .

ο ν

ο υ ε

ά

ω

V .

Ο ϊ

& Ι

κ ϊ

ε ο ν

ο ι α

ω

Ρ Α Κ Α Β Ι 6 Μ 8 .

Ά

Τ Υ Ό Κ ΐ .

& η

ΐ β ί β , ι ι ά .

α § ο < 1 .

&

Π 1 6 8 8 6 η § β Γ .

α .

8 . Ν .

δ

λ ό γ - ο ί

9 7 ν η σ ο ί

δ θ ε ό ς

δ

ά τ γ ε λ ο ϊ τ ο σ ΰ κ ο ν

α .

τ ο υ λ ό γ - ο υ τ η ί ν ή σ ο υ τ ο υ θ ε ο ΰ

α γ γ έ λ ο υ

τ ο υ σ ύ κ ο υ

ϋ .

τ ω λ ό γ - ω

τ τ ; ν ^ σ ω

τ ω

θ ε ώ

ά γ γ έ \ ω

τ ω

σ ύ κ ω

Α .

τ ο ν λ ό γ - ο ζ /

τ η ν ν η σ ο ν τ ο ν θ ε ό ν

α γ γ ε ~ \ ο ν

τ ο σ ΰ κ ο ν

V .

ώ λ ό γ - ε

ω

ν η σ ε

ω θ ε ό ς

ά γ γ ε λ ε

ω σ ΰ κ ο ν

Ρ . Ν .

ο ι λ ό γ - ο ί .

α ϊ

ν ή σ ο ι

ο ι

θ ε ο ί

ά γ γ ε λ ο ι

τ α σ ΰ κ α

α

τ ω ν λ ό γ - ω ν

τ ω ν

ν ή σ ω ν τ ω ν

θ ε ώ ν

α γ γ έ λ ω ν

τ ω ν

σ ύ κ ω ν

ϋ .

τ ο ί ϊ λ ό γ - ο / / ϊ

τ α ΐ ϊ

ν ή σ ο ί ί τ ο ι ς θ ε ο ΐ ί ά γ γ έ λ ο ι ς

τ ο ι ς σ ύ κ ο ΐ ί

Α .

τ ο υ ϊ λ ό γ - ο ι ί ϊ

τ α ϊ ν ή σ ο υ ς τ ο ύ ϊ

θ ε ο ύ ς ά γ γ ^ λ ο υ ϊ

τ α

σ ΰ κ α

V .

ώ λ ό γ - ο ί

ώ

ν ή σ ο ι

ω θ ε ο ί

ά γ γ ε λ ο ι

ω σ ΰ κ α

ϋ .

τ ω

λ ό γ - ω

τ α ν ή σ ω τ ω θ ε ώ

α γ γ έ λ ω τ ω

σ ύ κ ω

τ ο ΐ ν λ ό γ - ο ί ζ '

τ α ΐ ν ν ή σ ο ι ν τ ο ΐ ν

θ ε ο ΐ ν

ά γ γ έ λ ο ι ν

τ ο ΐ ν

σ ύ κ ο ι ν

Β β τ η α τ λ ϊ . Τ ΐ ι β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β

ο ί

ί ? ο Γ ( ΐ 8 ϊ η ο ς υ β ι ι β ί ΐ ^ ε η ά δ ί η £ , 1 ) η Ι β ο ι η β -

ί ί ι η β δ ϊ η ο ς & 8 ώ ^ ί λ ε α η < 1 ω ψ ι λ ό ς α \ ν α ν δ ω θ ι ό ς .

Β ε ι π α τ ί 2 . \ ν ί Λ Γ β ^ α ι - ά ί ο Ι ΐ ι ο α ο ο β η ί υ α ί ί ο η , ί ΐ ι β ί ο 1 ο ι ν ί η < ;

δ Η ο ι ι Ι ά 1 ) Θ

ο Ι ) 8 β Γ ν ο ( 1 — Τ ΐ ι β

α ο ο β η ί ΐ ' ο η ι α ϊ η β ο η

Λ ο Β ^ Π ί Λ Ι β

\ γ Ι . ι ί ι : 1 ι ϊ β

α ι χ , ι ο ι ί ο ι ΐ

ΐ ι ι

Ι ΐ ι ο

Τ Η Ε 8 ϋ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ Ι Υ Ε Α Ν ϋ Α Γ Χ Τ Ε Ο Ή Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ι π .

η ο ι η Ί η α ί ί ν ο , 3 3 1 ο η < * 3 3 ί ΐ ι β φ ΐ 3 η ί ΐ ί ) τ ο ί Ι η β Ι ω ί δ γ Ι Ι ί ΐ Μ Θ ρ ο π η ϊ ί β θ χ ο β ρ ί

Ι η β ν ο ο α ί ΐ ν β ά δ ί λ φ ε

ί τ ο ι η

α ί ί λ ^ ο ς - , α Ι τ ο ί Η ε τ . Τ η β

Ι β π η ΐ η α ΐ ϊ ο η

ο ι ΐ η ί η β

ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι ,

Ι & β

α ϊ

ΐ η

ί η β

β Γ 8 ΐ

ι ΐ ε ο ί β η δ ΐ ο η ,

Ϊ 8

ο ο η δ ΐ ά β Γ β ά

β Ι ι ο Γ ί

\ τ ϊ 1 1 ι

Γ β ί β Γ β η ο β

ί ο

α ο ο β η ί α α ΐ ί ο η .

Τ ΐ ι β

ο ΐ ι α η ^ β ο ί

Λ β

α ο ο ο η ΐ Ϊ 8 Ι ΰ ί β Λ α ΐ

ϊ η

Λ β 6 Γ 8 4 ά β ο ί β η -

β ί ο η , τ τ ΐ ΐ ΐ ι Λ β β χ ο ε ρ ί ϊ ο η ο ί Λ β

β β η ϊ ί ΐ ν θ

ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι , \ ν ι β Γ β Λ β α ο ο β η ΐ Γ β ί α ί η β

Λ β

ρ ΐ α ο β

τ τ Η ί ο Ι ι ϋ

ο ο ο υ ρ ί β Λ

ϊ η

Λ β

η ο π ι ϊ η α ΐ ί ν β . 8 β β

Λ β ρ α ρ α ά ϊ ^ ι ι ι β .

Κ ε π ι α τ Τ ι 3 . Α φ ' θ Ο ί ί ν ε δ ΐ η ο ς , η ( α ) , ο ν , Ά π α ΐ η ο ς ( ω & δ ο ι ι ΐ ΐ η β α η ά Γ β ι η ί -

η ϊ η β ) α η ά

ο ν ( η β η ΐ β ρ ) , ί ο ΐ ΐ ο ν τ Ι η β α ΐ ι ο ν β

ρ 3 Γ & ( ϋ § η ΐ 8 , ΐ η ΐ Η β

η α α δ ο α ί ϊ η β

α η ά

η β ν ι ί β Γ ;

3 3 : α γ α θ ό ς , α γ α θ ή ,

α γ α θ ό ν , § ο ο ά ;

6 α γ α θ ό ς λ ό γ ο ς , ί ΐ ι , β

£ 0 ο ά

υ ι ο τ ά ; τ > α γ α θ ό ν τ ί κ ν ο ν , Ι ί ι β ξ ο ο ά Μ ί α ; π ά γ κ α λ ο ς , π ά γ κ α \ ο ν ,

ν ε τ ί /

1 > β α η Κ / η Ι ; ο π ά γ κ α λ ο ς λ ό γ ο ς , Ι ΐ ι β

· ν ε η ) ί ε α υ ί ί / η ΐ

β ρ β β α ί ι ; ή π ά γ κ α λ ο ς

μ ο ρ φ ή ,

Ι ΐ ι β ν ε τ ι / Τ > β α η Ι ί / υ Ι

/ ο τ τ η

;

τ ο

π ά γ κ α λ ο ν

τ ί κ ν ο ν , ϋ ι β ν β Γ ΐ / Ι ι β α υ ί ί ^ υ ΐ

ΰ ΐ ι ί ΐ ά .

Τ Κ β α ά ] β ο Ι ΐ ν θ 8 ο Γ Ι τ τ ο Ι β ι · η ι ί η α Ι ΐ ο η 3 3 Γ β α ΐ η ι ο δ ί & 1 1 ο ο η α ρ ο ι ι η ά α ά -

§ 2 9 . ϋ ο η ί Γ α ο ί ί ο η ο / ί Η β 8 β ο ο η ά Ό β ο ί β η β ί ο η .

1 . Α

β η ι & Ι Ι

η ι ι π Λ β Γ

ο ί

8 ΐ ι Ι > δ ί α η ί ΐ ν 6 8 , ί η

\ ν ι ΐ ο 1 ι

ο Ο Γ ε

β ί α η ά β

ί Κ β

ο α δ β - 6 η ( ϋ η § , β ι ι θ β Γ ο ο η ί Γ α ο ϋ ο η .

Ρ Α Ε Α ϋ Ι β Μ δ .

&

ν ο

ι ^ ί Ι ^ Θ φ

α ~ ν ο γ Ά £

2 Γ Ο ΐ ι η ά .

& 1 ) ο η β .

8 .

Ν .

ό τ τ λ ό ο ϊ

τ τ λ ο ΰ ϊ ό

τ τ ε ρ ά τ τ λ ο ο ί

τ τ ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ν ί

τ ο ο σ τ έ ο ν ο σ τ ο ΰ ν

α .

τ τ λ ό ο ι ;

τ τ λ ο ΰ

π ε ρ ι τ τ λ ό ο υ

π ε ρ ί π λ ο υ

ο σ τ έ ο ν

ό σ τ ο ΰ

ο .

τ τ λ ό ω

τ τ λ ω

τ τ ε ρ η τ λ ό ω

π ε ρ ί τ τ λ ω

δ σ τ έ φ

ό σ τ ω

Α .

τ τ λ ό ο ν

τ τ λ ο ΰ ζ '

Ί τ ε ρ ί π λ ο ο ν

π ε ρ ί π λ ο υ ν

ο σ τ έ ο ν

ο σ τ ο ΰ ν

ν . π \ ό ε

τ τ λ ο ΰ

τ τ ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ε


ο σ τ έ ο ν

ο σ τ ο ΰ ν

Ρ .

Ν .

π λ ό ο ι , τ τ λ ο ΐ

• π ε ρ ι π λ ο ο ι

π ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ι .

ο σ τ έ α

9 η

ο σ τ ά

α .

• π λ ό ω ν

π λ ω ν

π ε ρ π τ λ ό ω ν

• π ε ρ ί π λ ω ν

ό σ τ έ ω ν ο σ τ ώ ν

ϋ .

π λ ό ο ί

τ τ λ ο ΐ ϊ

τ τ ε ρ π τ λ ό ο ΐ ί

π ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ΐ ί

ο σ τ έ ο ι ε ο σ τ ο ΐ ί

Α .

π λ ο ο υ χ

τ τ λ ο ΰ ί

τ τ ε ρ ι π τ λ ό ο υ ε

π ε ρ ί π \ ο ν ί

ό σ τ ε α ο σ τ ά

V .

π λ ό ο ί

τ τ λ ο ΐ

• π ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ο ι ,

π ε ρ ί π λ α ι ο σ τ έ α

ο σ τ ά

ϋ .

π λ ό ω τ τ λ ά

π ε ρ ν π λ ό ω π ε ρ ί π λ ω

ό σ τ έ ω

ο σ τ ώ

τ τ λ ό ο ι ν

' Ζ Γ λ β ί Ι '

τ Γ ε ρ η τ λ ό ο ι ν

π ε ρ ί π ' λ ο ν ν

ο σ τ έ ο ι ν ό σ τ ο ΐ ν

? 2 9 . ] Ο Ο Ν Τ Κ Α Ο Τ Ι Ο Ν Ο Γ Τ Η Ε 8 Ε Ο Ο Ν Β Ό Ε Ο Ι , Ε Ν δ Ι Ο Ν .

2 9

Ρ , ε τ η α τ λ

1 .

Τ ο Λ β 8 β β ε ί ο η σ

—

α ) π π ι ΐ ί ΐ ρ ΐ ί ο & ΐ ϊ ν β β φ ' β ο ί ί ν β β ϊ η ό ο ς ( ο υ , , · ) ,

& > Ι Ο Ο ι ° ο ν ( ρ ν ν )

ω

α ' τ τ λ ο ί ς , η ,

ο ϋ ν , ί ί τ η ρ ί ε

;

—

V )

α φ ε ο ί ϊ ν ε β

ο ί ί ν ο ί β τ -

ϊ η ϊ η α ΐ ϊ ο η ί

ΐ η ο ο ς

( ο υ ς )

τ η α δ ο ι ι ΐ ί η β 8 η < 1

ί β ι η ΐ η ί η ε , α η ά

ο ο ν

( ο ν ι ϊ ) η β ι ι ί β Γ

3 8

ό ή ί ϋ ν ο υ ς , τ ο

ι ϋ ν ο υ ν ,

υ ι β ί ΐ ά ί φ ο β β ά ;

\ τ ι ί ο 1 ι

( Ι ί δ β Γ ί τ ο ι η

Λ β

ά β ο ί β η δ ϊ ο η ο Γ

8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ΐ α η Ι ί ν θ 8 ,

ο η ΐ ^

ϊ η η ο ΐ α ο η ΐ Γ α ο ί ϊ η § ο α ί η

Λ β

η ε ι ι ί β Γ ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι α β

τ α

ι ν ν ο α τ ί κ ν α ; — ΰ )

& ( 1 ) 6 θ Ι ϊ ν β 8 , ν τ ί ι ϊ ο ΐ ι ( Ι β η ο ί β

3 ,

τ η α Ι ο Η α Ι ,

ϊ η ι ό ς ( ο υ ς ) ,

ί ί ϊ ( ή ) , ι ό ν ( ο ϋ ν ) 8 3 χ ρ ΰ σ ί ο ς χ ρ υ σ ο ύ ς , χ ρ ι ι σ έ ά χ ρ υ σ ή , χ ρ ύ α ί ο ν χ ρ υ σ ο ϋ ν ,

£ θ Ι ά β π . Ι ί

Ά ν ο \ τ β 1

Ο Γ

ρ

ρ Γ β ο β ( 1 β 8 Λ β

ί β π ι ϊ η ί η β ί β Γ η ι ϊ η α Ι ϊ ο η

ί α ,

ϊ ί Ϊ 8

ο ο η -

ί Γ α ο ί β ά ΐ η ΐ ο

α ,

η ο ί ή ( § 2 6 , 1 . ) α 8 ϊ ρ έ - ι ο ς ί ρ ι ο ν ς , ί ρ ί - ί ά έ ρ £ α , ί ρ ί - ι ο ν

ΐ ρ ε ο ν ν ,

υ ΐ ο ο ί ΐ β η ; ά ρ γ ΰ ρ - ί ο ς α ρ γ ύ ρ ο υ ς , ό ρ γ υ ρ - ί ά α ρ γ υ ρ ά , ά ρ γ ΰ ρ - ι ο ν ά ρ - γ ν ρ -

ο ν ν ,

ή Ι ν β Γ , Ί .

β . π ι α ά β

ο / ί ί ΐ ν β τ .

Ρ Α Κ Α ϋ Ι ( Ϊ Μ 8 .

£ 0 1 ά β η .

β ΐ ι η ρ ί β .

8 . Ν .

χ ρ ύ σ ε - ο ί

χ ρ υ σ έ - α χ ρ ύ σ ε - ο ν

ά π λ ό - ο ϊ

ά τ τ λ ό - » ;

ά π λ ό - ο ν

χ ρ υ σ ο υ ί χ ρ υ σ ή χ ρ υ σ ο ϋ ν

α τ τ λ ο ΰ ί

α τ τ λ ^

ά · π · \ ο ΰ ν

Ο .

χ ρ υ σ ο ύ

χ ρ υ σ ή ί χ ρ υ σ ο ύ

ά τ τ λ ο ί ) ά τ τ λ ^ ϊ

ά π λ ο ΰ

Β .

χ ρ υ σ ώ

χ ρ υ σ ί )

χ ρ υ σ ώ

ά τ τ λ ω

ά τ τ λ ^

ά π λ ω

Α .

χ ρ υ σ ο ϋ ν

χ ρ υ σ ή ν


ά τ τ λ ο ΰ ζ /

ά π \ ή ν

ά π λ ο ΰ ν

V .

χ ρ υ σ ο υ ί

χ ρ υ σ ή


ά π λ ο υ ϊ

ά τ τ λ ή

ά π Χ ο ΰ ν

Ρ . Ν .

χ ρ υ σ ο ί χ ρ υ σ ο ί

χ ρ υ σ ά

α τ τ λ ο ΐ

ά τ τ \ α ΐ

α π λ ά

α . χ ρ υ σ ώ ν

χ ρ υ σ ώ ν

χ ρ υ σ ώ ν

ά τ τ λ ω ζ /

α π λ ώ ν α π λ ώ ν

Β .

χ ρ υ σ ο ΐ ί

χ ρ υ σ α ΐ ί

χ ρ υ σ ο ΐ ί

ά τ τ λ ο ί ϊ

ά π λ α ΐ ί

ά π λ ο ΐ ϊ

Α . χ ρ υ σ ο υ ί χ ρ υ σ ά ί

χ ρ υ σ ά

ά τ τ λ ο ΰ ϊ

ά π λ ά ϊ α π λ ά

V .

χ ρ υ σ ο ί

χ ρ υ σ ο ί

χ ρ υ σ ά

ά τ τ λ ο ΐ

ά π λ α ΐ

α π λ ά

ϋ .

χ ρ υ σ ώ χ ρ υ σ ά

χ ρ υ σ ώ

ά τ τ λ ά α π λ ά

ά π λ ώ

χ ρ υ σ ο ΐ ν

• χ ρ υ σ α ΐ ν

χ ρ υ σ ο ΐ ν ά τ τ \ ο ΐ ν ά π λ α ΐ ν

ά π Κ ο ϊ ν

Α β β χ ο β ρ ί ϊ ο η β

Ι ο

Ι ΐ ι β

Γ ΐ ι ΐ ο β

^ ί ν β η § 1 1 ,

2 . , Λ β

α τ β τ τ ο Γ ί Ι ι

γ

ο ί

η ο ΐ ϊ ο β

— α ) π λ ό ω ^ π λ ω , ό σ τ ί ω = ό σ τ ώ , ϊ η δ ί ο α ά ο ί π λ ω ,

ό σ τ ώ — ί )

ο ο ι η ρ ο ι ι ι κ ί β α η ά

ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ η α ι η β β

ο ί η α Ο Γ β ί ΐ ι & η ο η β δ ^ ΐ ΐ α ο ΐ β ,

τ τ Η ϊ ο Ι ι Ι ι β β ρ

Λ β α ο ο θ η ί

ι ι ρ ο η Λ β

ρ ε η τ ι ΐ ΐ ΐ ι η α ί ε ,

ε ν β η

τ τ Η β η

Ι ί

ο υ § 1 ι Ι

ί ο

§ ο 8 8

α

ι · ϊ ι · ( : π υ ι Ι 1 ο

Μ

τ ι ρ ο η

Λ θ

Ο θ η ί Γ » ο 4 8 ( 1

δ ^ ΐ ΐ α ο ΐ β α β

π ε ρ ι π λ ό ο υ

—


ο ί

ι τ ί ρ ι π λ ο ί ) , ί ΰ ν ό ψ

= ι ϋ ν ψ

( ΐ η δ ί ε α ά ο ί

ι ΰ ν φ ) ;

— ο ) τ α κ ά ν ι ο ν

=

( ί η β ί β α ά

ο ί κ α ν ό ν ι / ) , α ί α β ί ι β ί ;

π ι κ ί

α ί β ο α ( 1 ) ε ο ( ϊ τ 6 8 ί η

κ » ; ,

έ ά , Ε ο ν ; α β

3 0

Τ Η Ε

Β Ι Ι Β δ Τ Λ Ν Τ ί ν Ε

Α Ν Ο

Α Ο Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε .

[ Ο Η Α . Ρ .

ή ι .

χ ρ ν σ ε ο ζ = χ ρ ν σ ε ο ν ς , χ ρ υ σ έ α — χ ρ υ σ ί ; ,

χ ρ ύ σ ε ο ν

=

χ ρ ν σ ο ν ν

—

8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ΐ £ ΐ η Ι ϊ ν β 3 ί η

ί ό ς = ο υ ς ω

ά ΐ ι λ φ ι ί ί ό ς

= ά ί ί \ φ ι ί ο ϋ ς , α η β ρ Α β ί ϋ .

§ 3 0 .

Τ ί ι β

8 β € ο η ά Ό ε ο ί β η ε ί ο η .

8 ΐ ι Ι » 8 ί & η ΐ ΐ ν β 8 α ι κ ί α ά ] β ο ί ί ν β 8

Ι ι α ν β

Λ β

β ι κ ϋ η ^ β

( π ΐ 8 8 θ .

α η ά

£ β ι η . )

& η ά

ω ν

( η β ι ι ί . )

ΐ η β ί ε α ά

ο ί

ο *

& α ά

ο ν ,

Γ β ί α ϊ η ί ΐ ι β

ω

ί ΐ Γ θ υ § 1 ι ο ΐ ΐ ί Η β ο α β β β ΐ η β ί β α ά ο £ Λ β ν ο λ ν β ΐ β α η ά

( ϋ ρ Κ ί 1 ι ο η § 8 ο ί ΐ ΐ ι β ο Γ ά ΐ η α Γ ^ 8 β ο ο η < 1 ά β ο ί β η β ί ο η , α η ά 8 ΐ ι Ι » 8 θ Γ ί Ι ) 6

ι

ί ο

ί Η β

ω

- « Ί ι β Γ β ί Ι ΐ Θ

Γ β § υ 1 ί ΐ Γ £ ο π η

Η α 8

ψ Ο Γ ο ι , ; ί Η ι ι β ο ν ,

ε ,

α η ά

α 1 ) β < 3 θ π ι β

ω ; ο ε , ο ν , α η ά

ό ν ε 1 ) β ο ο ι η β , ω ϊ , ω ν ,

& η ( 1 ω $ ; ο ι ,

ο ί ϊ , α η ά ο ι ν 1 ) β ο ο ι η ο ,

ψ ,

ψ $ ,

α η ά ψ ν ;

ω , φ ,

α η ά

ω ν Γ β ι η α ΐ η

υ η α Ι ί ο Γ β ά .

Τ ΐ ι ο

ν ο ο α ί ΐ ν β ά ο ε β

η ο ί

( 1 ΐ £ Ρ β Γ £ τ ο ι η

ί ΐ ι ο

η ο ι η ί -

η α , ί ί ν β .

Ρ Α Ε Α Ο ΐ α Μ Β .

ί Ι ΐ Θ ρ β ο ρ ί β .

3 ,

Γ Ο ρ β .

Ά Ι ΐ α Γ Θ .

8 , Η α Ι Ι .

8 . Ν .

ό λ ε - ώ ϊ 5 7 Λ α λ - ω ϊ ό λ α γ - ώ ϊ

τ ο ά ν ώ γ ε - ω ν

α . λ ΐ - ώ

κ ό λ - ω λ α γ - ώ

ά ζ / ώ γ ε - ω

Ρ .

λ ε - ώ

« ά λ - ω λ α γ - ω

ά ν < ό γ ε - ω

Α .

λ ε - ώ ν

« ά λ - ω ν

λ α γ - ώ ν

ά ν ώ γ ε - ω ζ /

V . λ ε - ώ ϊ « ά λ - ω ί

λ α γ - ώ ϊ

ά ϊ / ώ γ ε - ω ζ /

Ρ .

Ν .

λ ε - ω

/ ί ά λ - ω

λ α γ - ω

ά ι / ω γ ε - ω

α

λ ε - ω ν κ ά λ - ω ν

λ α γ - ώ ν ά ζ / ώ γ ε - ω ν

ϋ .

λ ε - ω ϊ « ά λ - ω ϊ

λ α γ - ώ ί

ά ι / ώ γ ε - ω ϊ

Α .

λ ε - ώ ϊ

« ά λ - ω ϊ

λ θ 7 - ώ ϊ

ά ι » ώ γ ε - ω

V .

λ ε - ω

κ ά Χ - φ

λ α γ - ω ά ν ώ γ ε - ω

ϋ .

λ ε - ώ

κ ά \ - ω

λ α γ - ω

ά ν ώ γ ε - ω

λ ε - § 5 ν κ ά \ - φ ν

λ α γ - ω ν

ά ν ω γ ε - ω ν

§ 3 1 . ]

3 1

Η Ι Ε Β

Β Ε Ο Ι , Ε Ν δ Ι Ο Ν .

δ ΐ η ^ α Ι θ Γ .

Ρ ΐ ι ι τ α ΐ . Β α α ΐ

Ν .

ό η

' ΐ λ ε ω ε

τ ο Τ λ ε ω ν

* « ι * ν \ β * · \

ο ι

α ϊ λ έ ω τ α ί λ ε ω τ ω τ α .

τ ω ΐ \ ε ω

α

τ ο υ τ η ί τ ο υ ί ' λ ε ω τ ω ν ι λ έ ω ν

τ ο ΐ ν τ α ΐ ν

τ ο ί ν

ί ' λ ε ω ι /

Β .

τ ω

τ ϊ ] τ ω ί ' λ ε ω

τ ο ί ί τ α ΐ ί τ ο ΐ ί ι λ ε ω ?

τ ο ΐ ν

τ α ί ν

τ ο ΐ ν

ΐ \ ε φ ν

Α . τ ο ν τ η ν τ ο ' ί \ ε ω ν

τ ο ύ ί

τ ά ί

Γ λ ε ω ϊ τ α Γ λ ε ω

\

^

\

« / ^

τ ω τ α τ ω

ί λ ε ω

V .

Ι ΰ ί β ί η β η ο ι η .

1 < ο ί 1 ι

ο ι ΐ ι

η .

Η ΐ ί β Ι ΐ ι β

η ο ι η .

Κ ε π ι α τ λ 1 . 8 ο ι η 6 τ τ θ Γ ( ΐ 3

ο ί

Λ β ι ι ι ; ι ~ ι · ι ι Ί η ο α η ( 1 ί β ι η ϊ η ϊ η β § β η ά β Γ ά τ ο ρ

Ι ΐ β ν ο ί Λ β 3 θ θ ΐ ΐ 3 α ΐ ί ν β δ ί η σ υ ΐ α τ ; ν ϊ ζ . ό λ α γ ώ ι - , ( Ι ι ε Ι ι α Γ ε ; τ ο ν λ α γ ώ ν Ά τ \ ά

λ α γ ώ ,

& η ά

ι ΐ Β ΐ ι α Ι Ι ^ ή

' έ ω ς ,

Ο ι β ά α ι ν η , ή

ά λ ω ς , α & Γ ε « ί ι ί ι ι ^ - β ο ο τ , ή

Κ έ ω ; ,

ή Κ , ύ ς , ό Α θ ω ς , ή Τ έ ω ς , 3 1 1 ( 1 ί Η 6 & ά ] β θ ί ΐ ν β 8 ά γ ή ρ ι κ ς , η ο ί £ Γ θ υ > ϊ τ ΐ £ ο ί α ,

' ' · ' / , ύ π ί ρ χ ρ ι ω ς , ι η < 1 ι · 1 > 1 .

2 . Α ο κ ε η ί υ α ί ί ο η .

Ρ τ ο ρ ω - ο χ τ ί ο η β δ Γ β ί α ϊ η Λ β α ο ο ε η ΐ η ρ ο η

Λ β

α η Ι β ρ β η π Ι ΐ ί ι η & Ι , Θ ί Η τ ο υ ^ Ι ι

β ΐ ΐ Λ β ο α δ θ δ ο ί & 1 1

^ ι β η ι ι η ι Ι ) θ Γ 8 , δ ί η ο ο

Λ β

ί \ τ ο δ ^ Ι Ι α Μ β β έ ω ς

Β α Λ

ί ω ν ,

& ο . ,

α τ β Γ ε ο ΐ ί ο η β ί ΐ

α β

ο η ε . Ο χ ^ ΐ ο η β β ϊ η ω ς

Γ Ο η ΐ Γ , ί η 5 ΐ ΐ ί · 1 ι , ε ν β η ΐ η Λ β ^ β η ϊ ΐ ΐ ν β δ ί η ^ ι ι Ι ϋ Γ 0 8 λ ί ώ .

§

3 1 .

Τ Μ τ ά Ό ε ο ί β η ί ϊ ο η .

Τ Η β ί η ί τ ά ά ε ο ΐ ο η β ί ο η

η α β Ι η ε

£ ο 1 1 ο · 5 ν ΐ η § ο α β ε - β η ά ΐ η ^ β —

Ρ ΐ υ κ ι ΐ .

ε ? Ν β υ ί .

ά

ω ν

σ ϊ ( « 0

Β α β ί .

Ν .

Θ .

Β .

Α .

V .

6

ϊ

υ ι ν

ο ι ν

ε

ε

Ί Ί ι β β β β η ά ΐ η § δ & Γ β α ί Ε χ β ά ί ο Λ β ι ι η » 1 ( ; β Γ β ά δ ί ε ι η ο ί ΐ Η ε λ τ ο ΐ ' Λ ; 8 3 :

ό ί ή ρ , α η ή ΐ ά α η ί τ η α ΐ ; & . θ η ρ - ό ς .

§

3 2 .

Κ β ΐ τ ι α τ Τ ί Β

υ , ρ ο η

ΐ Η β

€ α $ β - Ε η ά ί η ρ 8 .

1 . Τ ΐ ι β

η ο ι η ί η α ΐ ϊ ν β

δ ϊ η ^ Ί ΐ & τ ο ί

Λ 6

π ϋ β ο ι ι Ι ί η Θ α η ά ί β ι η ϊ η ϊ η ε ,

ί ΐ β Ι ΐ ι ε ρ ι ι τ β δ ί ο π ι ο Γ ΰ ι β ι τ ο π ΐ α Ι ί Ο Γ β ά . Τ 1 ι Ϊ 8 ι η ί ΐ ^ α ^ α ϊ η

1 ) β

ί ο ι ι η ά ,

3 2 T H E S U B S T A N T I V E A N D A D J E C T I V E . c h a p .

m .

t a k i n g a w a y

t h e

s i g n

o f t h e g e n i t i v e

c a s e

o g

a s 6 / c o p o ? , t h e r a v e n , G .

K o p a K - o g .

2 .

N e u t e r s

e x h i b i t

t h e

p u r e

s t e m

i n

t h e

n o m i n a t i v e

s i n g u l a r .

B u t

t h e

l a w s

o f e u p h o n y i n t h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e

d o

n o t

a l l o w

a

w o r d

t o

e n d

i n

r .

H e n c e ,

i n

t h i s

c a s e , t h e

r i s e i t h e r a l t o g e t h e r

d r o p p e d ,

o r c h a n g e d

i n t o

t h e k i n d r e d

c o n s o n a n t

a

a s

S t e m w t j r t p i , S . N . i r i i r t p X , p e p p e r , G . > r f 7 r e p i - 0 f , o r i - o g .

( r t o f i a r

—

t r u t f i a , a

b o d y , — a w f i a r - o g .

r t p a r — r i p a g , a p r o d i g y , — r t p a r - o g .

3 . T h e a c c u s a t i v e

h a s t h e

f o r m

i n v , i n t h e

w o r d s o f

t h e

m a s c u l i n e a n d

f e m i n i n e g e n d e r e n d i n g i n i g a n d v g , a v g a n d o v g , w h o s e s t e m e n d s i n v ,

a v ,

a n d

o v a s

S t e m j t o X i , S . N .

v o \ i g ,

A . j r o X i v . S t e m f i o r p v ,

S .

N . ( l o r p v g , A . f i o r p v v .

v a v —

v a v g ,

— v a v v . —

f l o v ,

— f i o v g , —

f i o i i v .

T h e a c c u s a t i v e

h a s t h e o t h e r

f o r m

i n a w h e n t h e s t e m e n d s i n a c o n

s o n a n t a s ^ X c / 3 , ( f i d ^ , < p \ E ( 3 - a K o p a i c , K o p a Z , K o p a i c - a X a f i w a S , X a / n r a g ,

X a f t w d S - a .

B a r y t o n e s , h o w e v e r , o f m o r e t h a n

o n e

s y l l a b l e , w h o s e s t e m e n d s i n a

T - s o u n d ,

t a k e

t h e

f o r m

i n v ,

i n p r o s e , i n s t e a d

o f

t h a t i n

a a s

i p i S ,

S . N .

i p i g , A . I p i v K o p v B ,

S . N . K o p v g , A . x o p v v x a P ' r > S . N . x P f >

4 . T h e v o c a t i v e i s e i t h e r

l i k e

t h e n o m i n a t i v e o r t h e s t e m .

S e e

t h e

p a r a d i g m s .

5 .

U p o n

t h e v

t y i k K v o T i K b v i n

t h e

d a t i v e p l u r a l ,

s e e § 7 . a .

§

3 3 .

G e n d e r ,

Q u a n t i t y ,

a n d

A c c e n t u a t i o n

o f

t h e

T h i r d

D e c l e n s i o n .

1 . G e n d e r . T h e g e n d e r o f

t h e t h i r d

d e c l e n s i o n

w i l l

b e b e s t

l e a r n t b y

p r a c t i c e .

T h e f o l l o w i n g

r u l e s ,

h o w e v e r , m a y b e

n o t i c e d —

a ) T h e s e s u b s t a n t i v e s a r e m a s c u l i n e — a ) T h o s e e n d i n g i n a v , v v , a g

( G .

a v o g ,

a v r o g ) , t v g ,

n v , t i p

( e x c e p t x P i

^ e

h a n d ) ,

u p ( e x c e p t r o i r u p ,

f i r e ) , o v g ( e x c e p t r i o 2 s , t h e e a r ) ; — / 3 ) T h o s e

e n d i n g

i n t o v , i j p , < o p ,

t j g

( G . i / r o f ) , u g ( G .

w r o s ) , w i t h

s o m e

e x c e p t i o n s .

b )

T h e s e


a r e

f e m i n i n e ;

—

a )

T h o s e

e n d i n g

i n

d g

( G .

d S o g ) ,

a v g ,

t v g ,

v v g , i >

a n d

i l i g ( G .

o v g ) ,

o r t j g , v r i } g ,

t i g ( e x c e p t

6 K m c ,

a

c o m b ) —

/ 3 ) T h o s e

e n d i n g i n i g ,

i v , v g , w v ( G . o v o g )

w i t h s o m e

e x c e p t i o n s . T h o s e

i n 5 f l u c t u a t e b e t w e e n t h e

m a s c u l i n e - a n d

f e m i n i n e g e n d e r s .

N O M I N A T I V E S I N G U L A R .

3 3

c )

T h e s e s u b s t a n t i v e s a r e n e u t e r v i z . a l l e n d i n g

i n

a , o p , u p , o g ,

a p ( e x c e p t d i f / d p ,

a

s t a r l i n g ) , a n d a g

( G .

a r o g , a o g ,

e x c e p t

6 X d g , a s t o n e ) ,

a n d

c o n t r a c t s

i n

r i p .

2 .

Q u a n t i t y . W o r d s

w h o s e

n o m i n a t i v e

e n d s

i n a f ,

i | ,

u f , a t f / , 1 ^ 1 , v r f / ,

t g ,

a n d v g , h a v e t h e p e n u l t i m a t e , i n t h e c a s e s , l o n g o r

s h o r t ,

a c c o r d i n g a s t h e

v o w e l o f t h e s e

e n d i n g s

i s

l o n g

o r s h o r t b y n a t u r e a s

d

B u p d S ,

a

c o a t

o f

m a i l , G . & k o s i f p i ' i / / ( 7 ) , a r e e d ,

p i i r S g

d x r i g

( I ) ,

a

r a y ,

G .

I v o g b u t

j 3 & \ a £ , a c l o d ,

a K o g I X i r i g ( i ) , h o p e , G . i S o g ( 1 ) .

3 . A c c e n t u a t i o n ,

a )

T h e

a c c e n t

c o n t i n u e s t o s t a n d u p o n

t h e

s y l l a b l e

w h i c h i s a c c e n t e d i n t h e

n o m i n a t i v e , a s

l o n g

a s

t h e

q u a n t i t y

o f t h e l a s t

s y l l a b l e

a l l o w s

a s r b i r p d y p a , a n a c t i o n , t r p d y p a T o g ( b u t

i r p a y p d r u v )

d

X « X i £ w v ,

a

s w a l l o w ,

x t X i ^ d v o f .

T h e

p a r t i c u l a r

e x c e p t i o n s

w i l l

b e

n o t i c e d

h e r e a f t e r . — 6 ) M o n o s y l l a b l e s a r e a c c e n t e d o n t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e i n t h e

g e n i t i v e a n d

d a t i v e o f

a l l

n u m b e r s

a n d

t h e l o n g s y l l a b l e s

u v a n d

o i v a r e

c i r c u m f l e x e d

a s

d B l i p , a w i l d

a n i m a l , B n p - 6 g , B r / p - i ,

B n p - o i v ,

S i j p w v ,

O t j p c r i

( y ) .


T h e f o l l o w i n g

m o n o s y l l a b l e s a r e

p a r o x y t o n e

o r

p r o p e r i s p o -

m e n o n

i n t h e

g e n i t i v e p l u r a l a n d g e n i t i v e a n d d a t i v e

d u a l 8 < f g ,

a t o r c h

d I p i i g , a s l a v e ; B u g , a j a c k a l ; r b o v g ( G . u r 6 g ) , t h e e a r ; 6 w a X g , a c h i l d ;

6

T p w f ,

a T r o j a n

( j x p g ( G .

< p < p l o g ) ,

a

b l i s t e r c a u s e d b y b u r n i n g

;

t o t p d g

( G . 0 w 7 o e ) , l i g h t s a s i r m S i a v , i r a i l o t v .

I n

a d d i t i o n

t o

t h e s e , m a y b e

m e n t i o n e d

t t d g ,

a l l , e v e r y , G . t r a v r o g ,

D .

i r a v r i , b u t i r d v T t n v ,

t r a m

( y )

6

I l d v , G .

I I o W c ,

b u t , r o i g

H a m ( v ) .

A .

W O R D S

W H I C H H A V E

A C O N S O N A N T

B E F O R E

T H E

E N D

I N G 0 9 I N T H E G E N I T I V E S I N G U L A R , I . e . W O R D S

W H O S E S T E M E N D S I N

A

C O N S O N A N T .

§ 3 4 . I . T h e N o m i n a t i v e S i n g u l a r e x h i b i t s t h e p u r e S t e m .

T h e

c a s e - e n d i n g s a r e a f f i x e d t o t h e n o m i n a t i v e s i n g u l a r

w i t h o u t

a n y

c h a n g e .

S t e m s

e n d i n g

i n

v r

( S e v o ( j > & v r )

a n d

p r ( r j S d f i a p r ) m u s t d r o p t , a c c o r d i n g

t o

§

3 2 ,

2 . ; t h u s E e f o -

( f x b v ,

G .

S i V T - O S .

D



3 4

Τ Η Ε Β υ Β δ Τ Λ Ν Τ Ι Υ Ε Α Ν Ο Α Ο ί Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . π ι .

9 , Μ τ α Γ - 8 ο η ε .

α ε ν η τ η .

Χ β η ο ρ Κ ο η . Ά

ι η ο η ί η .

η ο ο ί α ι · .

8

Ν .

ό

π α ι α ν

ό α ι ώ ν

ό Ξ ε ν ο φ ώ ν ό

μ η ν

τ ο

ν έ κ τ α ρ

Ο .

τ τ α ι ά ν - ο ί

9 Μ

Ξ ε ϊ Ό φ ώ ι τ - ο ϊ

μ η ν - ό ί

ν έ κ τ α ρ - ο ί

ϋ .

• π α ι α ν - ί

α ι ω ν - ι

Ξ ε ί Ό φ ώ ν τ - ι μ η ν - ί ν έ κ τ α ρ - ι

Λ .

• π α ι α ν - α

α ι ώ ν - α Ξ ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - α μ ή ν - α

ν έ κ τ α ρ

V . τ τ α ι α ν

α ι ώ ν ' κ ε ν ο φ ώ ν

μ η ν ν έ κ τ α ρ

Ρ .

Ν .

* τ α ι ά ν - ε ε

α ί ώ ν - ΐ ί Ά ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - ε ε

μ η ν - ε ί

ν έ κ τ α ρ - α

0 .

τ τ α ι α ν - ω ν

α ί ώ ν - ω ν Κ ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - ω ν

μ η ν - ώ ν

ν ε κ τ ά ρ - ω ν

ϋ .

τ τ α ι ά - σ ι ( ν ) *

α ι ώ - σ ι ( ν ]

* Έ ε ν ο φ ώ - σ ι *

μ η - σ ί ( ν ]

*

ν έ κ τ α ρ - σ ι ( ν )

Α .

τ τ α ι α ν - α ί

α ι ω ν - α ί

5 ε ϊ Ό φ ώ ν τ - α ί

μ ή ν - α ε

ν έ κ τ α ρ - α

V .

π α ι α ν - ε

α ι , ω ν - ε $

Ξ ε ζ Ό φ ώ ζ τ - ε ϊ

μ η ν - ε ί ν έ κ τ α ρ - α

ϋ .

π α ι α ν - ε

α ί ώ ν - ε

Έ , ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - ε

μ ή ν - ε

ν έ κ τ α ρ - ε

τ τ α ι α ν - ο ι ν α κ α ν - ο ι ν

κ ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - ο ι ν

μ η ν - ο ΐ ν

ν ε κ τ ά ρ - ο ι ν

1 .

Τ Η β

ί ο ΐ ί ο λ ν ί η »

Ι Ι ΐ Γ β β - ν ν ο Γ ί Ι δ

ΐ η ω ν ,

β .

ω ν ο ς

Α π ό λ λ ω ν ,

Π ο α ί ΐ ί ω ΐ ' , ή ί ί λ ω ν ,

α β ο ο Γ ,

ΐ ΐ ί Ά γ 1 ) β ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι ε ι ΐ η

Ι ΐ ι ο

α ο ο υ β ί ΐ ΐ ϊ ν β δ ϊ η ; ; . & ί Ι ε Γ

Λ 6 ε ΐ ί δ ί ο η ο ί Λ ο ν ΐ ΐ ι ι ΐ δ Ά π ό λ λ ω , Π ο σ ί ΐ ί ώ , ί ί λ ω .

—

Α π ό λ λ ω ν , Π ο σ ι ι ί ώ ν ,

α η Λ

σ ω τ ή ρ ,

α

ά ά ί ν α τ ε τ ,

Ι ι α ν β

ϊ η

Ι ΐ ι β

ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β ,

ώ

Α π - ο λ λ ο ΐ ' , Ι ΐ ό α ί ΐ ΰ ο ν ,

σ ώ τ ε ρ .

Ι ί β η ι α τ ί ι 2 .

Τ ΐ ι β η β η Ι β Γ β Ι ^ ο ΐ ο η ^ ϊ η » ί ο Λ Ϊ 8 ο α 3 3

& 1 1

θ η ά ΐ η ρ ( α ρ ,

ο ρ ,

ω ρ , υ ρ ) τ ο

τ τ ϋ ρ

( Ο ί τ τ ί ρ - ο Έ ) , β η , 1 α 8 Λ β

υ

Ι ο η ^ ,

ο ο η ί Γ α ρ γ

Ι ο

§

3 2 ,

2 .

§ 3 5 . I I .

Τ / ί β

Ν υ η ι ί η α ΐ ί ν β

Λ α «

ΐ Η β ί ΐ ι ο τ ί β η α ΐ

Υ ο ι ο ε ί

ο / Ι ΐ ι β

8 ΐ ε τ η ,

ε ο τ

ο , Ι ΐ η ς / ΐ ΐ ι ε η ε ά

ΐ η ΐ ο

η

ο τ

ω .

Τ Η ο β β

β ί ο ι η β

^ ν ΐ ι ί ο ΐ ι

β η ά

ΐ η

ν τ

ι η ι ι β ΐ ; ί Ι ί Γ Ο λ ν Ά ν τ & γ ί ΐ ι β

τ

ί η

ί η β

β ί η § .

η ο ι η . 8 , ο ο ο Γ ( ϋ η § ί ο

§

3 2 ,

2 .

α β :

\ έ ω ν

ί η β ί ε α ά

ο £

\ ε ω ν τ .

Ά 8 η β ρ η β Γ ( 1 . Ά ( ΰ ν ϊ η ΐ ί

^ .

Ά Ι ΐ ο η .

ί Η β 8 Β ί 1 ΐ β Γ .

Ά β ρ β α Ι ί β Γ .

8 .

Ν .

ό

τ τ ο ι μ ή ν

ό δ α ί μ ω ν

ό λ ε ω ν

ό α ί θ ή ρ

ό

ρ ή τ ω ρ

α .

π ο ι μ έ ν - ο ε

Β α ί μ ο ν - ο ί

λ ε ο ι τ - ο ϊ

α ί θ έ ρ - ο ί

ρ ή τ ο ρ - ο

ο .

τ τ ο ι μ έ ν - ι

δ α ί μ ο ν - ι

λ ε ο ζ τ - ι

α ί θ έ ρ - ι

ρ ή τ ο ρ - ι

Α ·

τ τ ο ι μ έ ν - α Β α ί μ ο ν - α

\ έ ο ν τ - α

α ί θ έ ρ - α

ρ η τ ο ρ - α

ν .

τ τ ο ι μ ή ν Β α ΐ μ ο ν λ ε ο ν

α ί θ ή ρ

ρ η τ ο ρ

*

Ι η β ί β ί κ ΐ

ο Γ

π α ι ά ν α ι , α ΐ ω ν σ ι ,

Ά

6 α η ά 7 .

ρ ώ ν τ σ ι , μ η ν σ ί ,

α ο ο ο Γ ά ΐ η §

ί ο ξ 8 ,

§ 3 5 . ]

3 5

Ο Μ Ι Ν Α Τ Ι Λ Έ Β Ι Ν Ο υ ΐ , Α Κ .

Ρ . Ν .

π ο ι μ έ ν - ε ε

8 α ί μ ο ν - ε ς

λ ε ο ι τ - ε ϊ α ι θ έ ρ - ε ς

ρ ή τ ο ρ - ε ί

α

π ο ι μ ε ν - ω ν δ α ι μ ό ν - ω ν

\ ε ό ν τ - ω ν

α ί θ έ ρ - ω ν

ρ η τ ό ρ - ω ν

ϋ .

Τ Γ θ ΐ μ έ - σ ι ( ν ) *

δ α ί μ ο - σ - ι

( ν ) *

λ ε ο υ - σ ί ( ν ) *

α £ θ έ ρ - σ ι ( ν )

ρ ή τ ο ρ - σ ι , ( ι

Λ .

• π ο ί μ ε ν - α ς

Β α ί μ ο ν - α , ϊ

Χ ε ο ν τ - α ϊ α ί θ έ ρ - α ς '

ρ ή τ ο ρ - α ί

V .

τ τ ο ι μ έ ν - ε ί Β α ί μ ο ν - ε ί

Μ ο ν τ - ε *

α ί θ έ ρ - ε ί

ρ ή τ ο ρ - ε ί

Β .

• η τ ο ι μ έ ν - ε

Β α ί μ ο ν - ε

\ ε ο ν τ - ε

α ί θ έ ρ - ε

ρ ή τ ο ρ - ε

• τ τ ο ι μ έ ν - ο ι ν

δ α ι μ ό ν - ο ι ν

\ ε ό ν τ - ο ι ν α ί θ έ ρ - ο ι ν ρ η τ ό ρ - ο ι ν

1 .

Ο χ ^ Ι ο η β Β ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ΐ & η ί Ι ν β 3

ο ί

Λ Ϊ 3

ο ΐ β β β Γ β ί α ί α Λ β

ν ο τ τ β ΐ

( ι ; ,

ω )

ί η

Λ β

ν ο ο α ί ί ν ο

Λ ι ΐ 3

ώ

π ο ι μ ή ν

ε χ ο ε ρ ί

Ι ΐ ι ο

ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β

Ι ά ι ρ ,

ί ' ι · ο ι ι ι ί α ί / ' ρ , α Τ > Γ ο ΐ Η β Γ - ϊ η - Ι α υ } , Ο . ί α ί ρ ο ς , τ τ ΐ ι ΐ ο ΐ ι Ϊ 3 & 1 8 Ο τ τ Ο Γ ί Ι ι ^ ο Γ Γ β π ι α Γ ί ε ,

ο η α ο ο ο ι ι η ί ο ί

Λ θ

ά β ν ΐ α ΐ ϊ ο η ο ί

ϊ ί β α ο ο ο η ί α & ί , ϊ ο η ή · ο π ι

Ι ΐ ι β ί ι ι η ά & ω β η ΐ & ΐ

Γ > ι 1 β ( } 3 3 , I I I , α ) . Τ Η Ϊ 3 ά ε ν ϊ α ί ί ο η α ί β ο Ι Λ ο β ρ ΐ α ο ε ί η Ι ΐ ι β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν ο ο ί

Α μ φ ί ω ν , ί ο ν ο ς , Ά γ α μ ε μ ν ω ΐ ' , ό ν ο ς Ά μ φ ι ο ν , Ά γ ά μ ε μ ν ο ν .

Ά κ τ η α τ ί ι 2 . Τ Η β β ν Λ δ ί & η ί ϊ ν β , χ * ί ρ , Ο ι « Ι ι α η 4 ,

Ο . χ ί φ - ο ' ο ,

& ο . , Ι ι α β

ϊ η

Λ θ ά α ΐ ί ν β ρ 1 ι ΐ Γ 8 ΐ

α η ά

( Ι υ η ΐ , χ ι ρ σ ί

( ν ~ ) ,

χ ε ρ ο ϊ ν .

Κ ε η κ ί Γ ΐ ι

3 .

Τ η ε ί ο 1 1 ο ν τ ί ι ι § ί η ω ν , & . ό ν ο ς ,

1 θ 3 β

Ι ΐ ι β ν ί η δ ο ι η ε 0 0 5 8 8 , & η ( 1

8 ΐ ι £ Γ β Γ ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι ϊ ο η

ή

ι ί κ ώ ν , α η

ί π ι α β β ,

( τ . ι ΐ κ ό ν ο ς α η ά

ε ί κ ο ύ ς , ϋ . « / κ α ν ί , Α .

ε ι κ ό ν α

α η ά

ε ϊ κ ώ ,

Α .

Ρ 1 .

ι ί κ ό ν α ς

Ά α ά

ι ΐ κ ο ύ ς

( \ τ η β Γ 8

Λ β

Ϊ Γ Γ β ^ ι ι Ι ω

α ο ο β η ΐ ι ι α ί ΐ ο η

Ϊ 8

τ τ ο Γ ί η γ ο ί

Γ β ι η α τ ί Ε )

ή α η δ ώ ν , Ο ι β

η ί ^ Μ ί η ^ α , Ι α ,

6 .

ά η ί ό ν ο ς α η ά ά η δ ο ϋ ς ,

Ό .

ά η δ ο ί η χ ε λ ι ί ώ ν , ϊ Η β 8 ΐ ν α Ι Ι ο ι ν , ( τ . χ ε λ ι δ ό ν α ς , & ο . , Ι ) . χ ί λ ι ί ο Γ .

Κ ε π ι α τ ί ί 4 . Τ ο ΐ Η ί δ ο α 8 3 Ι ι β 1 ο η § —

α ) Τ Η β

ί ν τ ο α ( Ι ) ε ο Ι ί ν β 3 , ό ή ά π ά τ ο ι ρ ,

τ ο ά π α τ ο ρ , / α Ο ι β Γ ί ε β β ,

α η < 1 ά μ ή τ ω / ι , ά μ ή τ ο ρ , τ η ο < Λ « Γ / β ί « ,

ί τ . ο ρ ό ς ; —

ί )

Τ ΐ ι β

α ά ) β ο ΐ ν ε , ο ή

ά ρ ρ η ν ,

Γ Ο ά ρ ρ ε ν , ι ι ι ι ι / < ; Ο τ . ά ρ ρ ε ν ο ς ; — ε ) Τ Η 6 α ά ] 6 θ ΐ ί ν β 8 ί η

ω ν ( η ι α β ο ι ι ΐ ϊ η β

α η ά

ί ε η ι ί η ϊ η β ) ,

ο ν

( π ε π ί ε ρ )

Ο 3

ό ή

ί ύ ο α ί μ ω ν ,

τ ο ( ϋ ο α ι μ ο ν ,

/ ο τ ΐ υ , η α ί ί ; α η ά ο ο ι η ρ α Γ α ΐ ί ν ο β ί η ω ν , ο ν , Ο Γ Ι ω ν ,

ϊ ο ν .

Τ η β δ β ο ο η ι ρ α τ α ΐ ί ν β δ

δ ΐ ι ί Γ ε Γ ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι ί ο η ί η ί Η β

α ο ο η β α ΐ ϊ ν β β ί η ^ π ί α τ ,

α η ά ί η Ι η ε η ο π ι ί η α ί ΐ ν β , α ο -

ο ι ι β α ί ί ν ε ,

α η ά

ν ο ο α ί ί ν β


α ί ΐ ε Γ

1 θ 8 Ϊ η §

Ι η ο ν .

Ι η Ι ΐ ι β

ν ο ο α ί ί ν ο ,

Λ ε

α ο ο β η ΐ ι ι α ί ΐ ο η ά β ν ί α ΐ β δ Λ - ο ι η ί η ε

π ι ΐ ε ( §

3 3 , I I I , α ) . Β ι ι ί

ο ο η ι ρ ο ι ι η ά β

ί η

ψ ρ ω ν ί ο ΐ ί ο τ τ ΐ η θ Γ ΐ ι ΐ β Ο 8 κ ρ α τ ι ρ ό φ ρ α ν , ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν ε κ ρ α τ ι ρ ό ψ ρ ο ν .

*

Ι η ί Ί β α ά ο ί

π ο ι μ ί ν σ ί ,

ο α ί μ ο ν α ι ,

λ ε ό ν τ π ι .

ί ο ε $

8 . 6 ί ΐ η ά

7 .



3 6

Τ Ι Ι Ε

8 υ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ Ι Υ Ε Α Ν Ο Α ϋ σ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ι π .

£ θ Γ ί ι ι η α ί β .

Π Ι Ο Γ Θ ΐ η ί ι η ΐ ο α ί .

^ Γ β α ί β Γ .

8 . Ν .

ε υ δ α ί μ ω ν ε ΰ Β α ι , μ ο ν

ε χ θ ί ' ω ν ί γ θ ί ο ν

μ ε ί ζ ω ν

μ ε ί ζ ο ν

α .

ε ί ι ο α ί μ ο ν ο ί

ε · χ θ ί ο ν ο ί

μ ε ί ζ ο ν ο ε

Β .

ε ύ δ α ί μ ο ν ι

έ χ θ ί ο ν ι

μ ε ί ξ ο ν ι ·

Λ . ε ν δ α ί μ ο ν α ε ΰ δ α ι , μ ο ν

ε γ θ ί ο ν α ε · χ θ ι ο ν

μ ε ί ζ ο ν α μ ε ί ζ ο ν

ε χ θ ί ω ί γ θ ι ο ν

μ ε ί ζ ω μ ε ί ζ ο ν

V .

ε ΰ δ α ι μ ο ν

ε - χ θ ι ο ν

μ ε ί ζ ο ν

Ρ .

Ν .

ε ύ δ α ί μ ο ν ε ε ε ϋ δ α ί μ ο ν α έ χ θ ί ο ν ε ε έ χ θ ί ο ν α

μ ε ί ζ ο ν ε ε μ ε ί ζ ο ν α

έ χ θ ί ο ν ε ε χ θ ί ω

μ ε ί ζ ο υ ε

- μ ε ί ζ ω

α .

ε ύ δ α ι μ ό ν ω ν

έ χ θ ί ό ν ω ν

μ ε ί ζ ό ν ω ν

Ό .

ε ύ δ α ί μ ο σ ι , ( ν )

ε χ θ ί ο σ ι ( ν )

μ ε ί ζ ο σ ί ( ν )

Δ .

ε ύ δ α ί μ ο ν α ε ε ν δ α ί μ ο ν α

έ χ θ ί ο ν α ε έ χ θ ί ο ν α

μ ε ί ζ ο ν α ε μ ε ί ζ ο ν α

έ - χ θ ί ο ν ε ε χ θ ί ω

μ ε ί ζ ο υ ε

μ ε ί ζ ω

V .

Ι ϋ β

ί Η β

η ο ι η . Ι ΐ ΐ ί θ ί ΐ ι β η ο η ι . Ι ϊ ΐ ί β

ί Η β η ο ι η .

Ό .

ε ύ ί α ί μ ο ν β

ε χ θ ί ο ν ε μ ε ί ζ ο ν ε

ε ΰ Β α ι μ ό ν ω ν

ε - χ θ ί ό ν ο υ ν

μ ε ι ζ ό ν ο ι ν

§ 3 6 . Τ ο

ί η ο

α Ι ) ο ν θ

ρ α Γ α ( ϋ § η ΐ 8

1 ) β 1 ο η §

ϋ ι β ί Ό Ι Ι ο ν τ ί η ^ 8 υ Ι > -

β ί & η ί ί ν β β

ί α η ρ :

6

π α τ ή ρ ,

α β ι ί / ι β τ ,

ή

μ η τ η ρ ,

α

τ η ο ί Π ε τ ,

η

θ ι η ά -

τ η ρ , α ά α ν , ζ / Η ί β Γ , ή γ α σ τ ή ρ ,

ί ΐ ι β

ύ ε ΐ ΐ τ / , η Δ η μ ή τ η ρ , ϋ β τ ε $ , α η ά

ό α ν ή ρ , α π ι α η , τ ν Η ί ο Ι ι ά ί ί ϊ β Γ £ τ ο π ι ί ΐ ι ε ι η ο ι ι ΐ γ

ΐ η

ο ι η ΐ ί ί ΐ η §

ί ΐ ι β

ε

ϊ η

ί η β § β η ί ί ΐ γ β α η ά ά α ί ΐ ν β 8 Ϊ η § υ 1 α Γ α η ά

ά α ί ΐ ν β

ρ ΐ υ τ α ΐ , α η ά

ί η -

β β Γ ί ΐ ι ι ^

α ο ε ί ο ι β Ι η β ο ο 8 β - 6 η ( ϋ α § ( σ ί ) ο ί ' ί ΐ 6 Ι α β ί , ί ο Γ ί ΐ ι β ρ υ τ -

ρ ο β β

ο £

8 θ ί ί β η ΐ η §

ί Η β ρ Γ ο η υ η ο ΐ α ί ΐ ο η .

Τ ΐ ι β \ ν ο Γ ά

α ν ή ρ ( δ ί β ι η

ά ν ε ρ ) ο τ η ΐ ΐ β

ί Η ε

ε ΐ η & 1 1

ί Η β ο α β ε β ο ί

3 , 1 1

ΐ Η β

η α η ι Ι ) β Γ 8 , · ν ν ί ΐ η

ί η β β χ ο β ρ ΐ ί ο η ο ί ί η β

ν ο ο α , ί ί ν β 8 Ϊ η § α 1 & Γ ,

ϋ υ . 1

ΐ η δ Θ Γ ί β

α δ

ί ο

β ο £ ί ε η

ί Η β

ρ Γ ο η α η ο ϊ α ί ί ο η .



§ 3 7 . ]

3 7

Ο Μ Ι Ν Α Τ Ι Υ Ε

Ά ί & ί Ι ΐ β Γ .

&

ι η ο ί Η β Γ .

α

ά α υ § Ι ι ί β Γ .

ι η : ι ι ι .

8 . Ν . ό π α τ ή ρ

η μ ή τ η ρ

η θ ν γ ά τ η ρ ό ά ν η ρ

α .

τ τ α τ ρ - ό ί μ η τ ρ ό ε θ υ γ α τ ρ ό ε ά ν - δ - ρ ό ε

Β .

• π α τ ρ - ί

μ η τ ρ ί

θ ν γ α τ ρ ί

ά ν - Β - ρ ί

Α .

τ τ α τ έ ρ - α

μ η τ έ ρ α

θ υ γ α τ έ ρ α

ά ν - Β - ρ α

V .

• π ά τ ε ρ

μ ή τ ε ρ

θ ύ γ α τ ε ρ α ν ε ρ

Ρ .

Ν .

• π α τ έ ρ - ε ε

μ η τ έ ρ ε ε

θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ε ς

α ν - δ - ρ ε ί

α

τ τ α τ έ ρ - ω ν

μ η τ έ ρ ω ν

θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ω ν

ά ν - Β - ρ ώ ν

Ό .

τ τ α τ ρ - ά - σ ι ( ν ) μ η τ ρ ά σ ι ( ν ) θ υ γ α τ ρ ά σ ί ( ν )

ά ν - 8 - ρ ά σ ι ( ι > )

Α .

π α τ έ ρ - α ε

μ η τ έ ρ α ε

θ υ γ α τ έ ρ α ε

ά ν - Β - ρ α ε

V . τ τ α τ έ ρ - ε ε μ η τ έ ρ ε ε

θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ε ς

α ν - Β - ρ ε ε

ϋ .

• π α τ έ ρ - ε

μ η τ έ ρ ε

θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ε

α ν - Β - ρ ε

• π α τ έ ρ - ο ι ν

μ η τ έ ρ ο ι ν

θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ο ι ν

ά ν - Β - ρ ο ΐ ν

Τ ΐ ι β

ν τ Ο Γ ά ο α σ τ ή ρ , ε ρ ο ς , α ί ί α τ , τ τ ΐ ι ΐ ϋ ΐ ι

Ϊ 8

η ο ΐ β ^ η ο ο ρ & ΐ β ά

ί η

ο & 3 6 ,

ΐ > β 1 ο η £ 3 ί ο ί Μ 5 ο 1 α 3 3 , ο η

β , ο ο ο α η ί ο ί

Λ β ά α ί ϊ ν ο ρ 1 ν ΐ Γ & 1

ά σ τ - ρ ά σ ι .

Τ ΐ ι β

Ί Τ Ο Γ ( 1

ή

Δ η μ ή τ η ρ

1 θ 3

Ά

ν β , Γ ^ ί η ^

α ο ο β η ΐ η & ί ί ο η ,

τ ΐ ζ .

Δ ή μ η τ ρ α ς ,

Δ η μ η τ ρ

ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β Δ ή μ η τ ί ρ ,

1 ) ι ΐ ί Ο Ο Ο Π δ α ί ί ν β Δ η μ η τ ί ρ α .

§

3 7 .

I I I . Τ Η β Ν ο η ι ί η α ί ϊ υ β

α β ΐ χ β β

ε ( ο

ί Η β

8 ί β η ι ,

α ) Τ Η β

β ί β ι η β η ά β

ί η

α Ρ - Ο Γ

Κ - β ο υ η ά

—

β , Ί Γ , φ ;

γ γ ,

κ , χ . Ι Ι ρ ο η

ί ΐ ι β

1 ) 1 β η ά ΐ η § ο ί ί ΐ ι β β β \ ν ΐ ί Η σ

ΐ η ί ο

· ψ - α η ά ξ

β β β

§ 8 ,

3 .

α β ί ο π η .

α

Γ α ν ε η . ί ΐ ι ε

ί Η Γ ο α ί .

8 . Ν .

η λ α ί λ α - ψ -

ό κ ό ρ ά ξ ό \ ά ρ υ γ ξ

α .

λ α / λ α τ τ - 0 5

κ ό ρ ά κ - ο ί

\ ά ρ υ γ γ - ο ε

ϋ .

λ α ί λ ά τ τ - ί

κ ό ρ ά κ - ι

\ ά ρ ν γ γ - ι

Α ,

\ α ί \ α τ τ - α

κ ό ρ ά κ - α \ ά ρ υ γ γ - α

V .

λ α ΐ λ α · ψ · κ ό ρ ά ξ

\ ά ρ υ γ ξ

Β 3

3 β

Τ Η Ε

8 υ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε

Α Ν ϋ Α Ο ί Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .

Ι Π .

Ρ . Ν .

\ α ί \ α π - ε $

κ ό ρ ά κ - ε ν

\ ά ρ υ γ γ - ε ς

α .

\ α ι \ α π - ω ν

κ ο ρ ο ί

κ - ω ν \ α ρ ύ γ γ - ω ν

Ό .

\ α ί \ α · ψ · ί ( ν ) κ ό ρ ά ξ ι ( ν )

\ ά ρ ν γ ξ ι ( ν )

Α .

λ α ι λ α τ τ - α ϊ κ ό ρ ά κ - α , ί

λ ά ρ υ γ γ - α ϊ

V .

λ α ^ λ α τ τ - ε ϊ

κ ό ρ ά κ - ε ς \ ά ρ υ γ γ - ε ε

ϋ . λ α ί λ α τ τ - ε

κ ό ρ ά κ - ε

λ ά ρ υ γ γ - ε

\ α ι \ ά ' π - ο ι ν

κ ό ρ ά ' κ - ο ι ν

\ α ρ ύ γ γ - ο ι , ν

Τ ο Λ Ϊ 8 ο ί α β β Μ ο η η ; α ά ] ο ο ΐ ϊ ν θ 3 ϊ η £ ( β . γ ο , κ ο ς , χ ο ς ) α η < 1 ψ

( € τ .

π ο ς )

3 3

ό

ή

ά ' ρ ϊ τ α ί ,

& .

ά γ ο ς ,

τ α ρ α χ

;

ό

ή

> ] λ ι £ ,

6 .

ι κ ο ς · ,

( ε η η α ΐ ϊ ί

;

ό

» /

μ ώ ν ν ΐ , ( τ . ν χ ο ς , ί ί π ξ ί ε - ΐ ι ο ο ^ β ά ; ό ή α ί γ ί λ ι ψ , Ο . ι π ο ς ,

§ 3 8 .

1 > )

Τ Η β Β ί β ι η ε η ά β ί η

Ά

Τ - β ο υ η ά — δ ,

τ ,

κ τ , θ , ν θ .

Ί Ι ρ ο η

ί ΐ ι β α ο ο τ α β α ί ΐ ν β β ΐ η ^ υ Ι α Γ

ΐ η

α 8 ΐ ΐ ( 1 ν 8 6 6 § 3 2 , 3 .

£ 1 ΐ Ο Γ Ο Γ Ι ·

&

Η ε ί π ι β ί .

Ά 1 ) 1 Γ ( 1 .

α Μ η δ

α λ ν ο π η .

8 . Ν . η \ α μ τ τ ά ί * ή κ ό ρ υ ε * ό ή ο ρ ν ϊ ί * ό

ά ν α ξ *

η ε \ μ ι ν ε *

α

λ α μ τ τ ά δ - Ο ϊ

κ ό ρ ύ θ - ο ί ο ρ ν ί θ - ο ί ά ν α κ τ - θ ί

ε \ μ ι , ν θ - ο ς

ϋ .

λ α / Α τ τ ά δ - ί

κ ό ρ ν θ - ι ο ρ ν ϊ θ - ί

ά ν α κ τ - ι

ε \ μ ι ν θ · ι

Α .

λ α / ^ τ τ ά δ - α κ ό ρ ν θ - α

ό ρ ν ι θ α

α ν α κ τ - α

ε \ μ ι ν θ - α

κ ό ρ υ ν ο ρ ν ι ν

V .

λ α / ϋ τ τ ά ϊ

κ ό ρ ν ς

»

α ν α ξ

& α ν ά ε \ μ ι ν $

Ρ . Ν .

λ α μ τ τ ά δ - ε ϊ

κ ό ρ υ θ - ε ς ο ρ ν ϊ θ - ε ς ά υ α κ τ - ε ί

ε \ μ ι ν θ - ε ε

α .

λ α / ^ τ τ ά δ - ω ι ;

κ ο ρ ύ θ - ω ν

ο ρ ν ΐ θ - ω ν

α ν ά κ τ - ω ν

έ λ , μ ί ν θ - ω ν

Β .

λ α / / , τ τ ά - ί 7 ί *

κ ό ρ υ - σ ι * ο ρ ν ϊ - σ ι ( ν ) * ά ν α ξ ι ( ν ) *

ε ' λ . μ ϊ - σ ί ^ ν ) *

Α .

λ α / ^ τ τ ά δ - α ί

κ ό ρ ν θ - α ί ο ρ ν ι θ - α ε

ά ν α κ τ - α ε

ε \ μ ι ν θ - α ε

ν .

λ α / ϋ τ τ ά δ - ε ϊ

κ ό ρ υ θ - ε ε δ ρ ν ϊ θ - ε ε ά ν α κ τ - ε ε

ε \ μ ι ν θ - ε ε

Ό .

\ α μ · 7 τ ά δ - ε

κ ό ρ ν θ - ε

ο ρ ν ϊ θ - ε

α ν α κ τ - ε

ε \ μ ί ν θ - ε

\ α μ π ά Β - ο α >

κ ο ρ ν θ - ο ι ν ο ρ ν ΐ θ - ο ι ν ά ν ά κ τ - ο ι ν

ε \ μ ί ν θ - ο ι , ν

& ο . 8 θ β § 8 , 3 . .

*

Ι η β ί ο α ά

ο ί

λ α

μ π ά ί ς ,

κ ο ' ρ υ θ ς ,

ψ ν ι θ ς , Ά ν α κ τ ς , ' έ λ μ ι ν θ ς ; Τ > .

ρ ΐ , Χ α μ π ά δ σ ι ,

§ 3 9 . ]

3 9

Ο Μ Ι Ν Α Τ Ι Υ Ε

Κ ε π ι α τ ί ι

1 .

Τ η β τ ν Ο Γ ί Ι ο

ή π α ι ς , α Μ ί α , Ο . τ τ α ι ί ο ' ί - , η α β π ά ϊ ί η Ι η β

ν ο ο α ί ί ν β .

Έ ΐ β τ η α τ ί ι 2 .

Τ ο

ί ΐ ι ί β

ο 1 θ 8 3

1 ) 6 ΐ ο η £

8 , < 3 ) ε ο Ι ϊ ν ε 8

ί η

ι ς

α η ( 1

β .

ι ί ο ς ,

ι ι - ο ς ,

& 3

ή ( δ χ α ρ ι ς , τ ο ί ΰ χ α ρ ι ,

( τ . Ι Τ Ο Γ ,

α Ι ί Γ α ο Ι ί ν β ; Λ θ 8 6

ϊ η

α ς , β . ά ί ο ς , β ε : ό ή

φ υ γ ά ς , β . ά ί ο ς , β ΐ β ί η ξ ί Λ θ 8 β ί η

η ς ,

Ο . ή τ ο ς , 8 8 : ο ή « ρ γ > ; Ί · , & . ή τ ο ο , ι κ ΐ ι ί ΐ ι ι ;

ί ΐ ι ο δ β ϊ η ω ς , & . ώ τ ο ί , η » ά γ ν ώ ς - , Ο . ώ ζ ο ς , ν ι Α η ο ι ν ι ι ; Λ Ο Β Ο ϊ η ΐ ί · , 6 . ι ί ο ς ,

3 3 ό ά ν ά λ κ ι ς , Ο . ι ί ο £ , ρ ο « . ΐ £ τ Ι β 5 3 ; ή π α τ ρ ί ς ( γ ι ; η π ά β η ΐ υ ο ά ) , ( τ . ί ί ο ς ,

Ζ α τ ί ί / , · Λ Ο Β Ο ϊ η

Β ς · , β .

ί ί ο ς , 0 8

ό

ή ν ί η λ υ ς ,

Ο .

ι / ί ο ς ,

/ ( < / < · / / /

ί α λ β η .

§ 3 9 . Τ Η β

8 ΐ β η ΐ 8

ο £

ΐ Η β η ο ι ι ί β Γ β 1 ) β 1 ο η § ί η §

ί ο

ί ΐ ι ΐ β

ο ί α β β

ΐ η

τ α η ά

κ τ . Β ι ι ί

δ ί η ο β ί Η β

1 α \ ν 8

ο ί

ο α ρ Η ο η ^ α 1 ο \ ν

ι ι β ί ί Ι ι β Γ τ

Π Ο Γ κ τ ί ο 1 ) β α ί Ι ΐ ι β β η ά ο ί α , \ ν ο Γ ά , ί ΐ ι ο γ

& Γ β

ε ΐ ί Ι ι β Γ ο ι η ΐ ί ί β ά , Ο Γ

ί ΐ ι β τ Ϊ 8 ο ΐ Ε ΐ η § θ ( 1 ί η ί ο ί . Ι η Λ β β ί ε ι η β γ ο ζ / α τ α η ( 1 δ ο ρ α τ , ί ΐ ι ο α

ο ί ί ΐ ι β Ι α δ ί 8 ^ Π α Ι » 1 β ΐ β ο Η α η § ο ι Ι ί η ΐ ο υ ί η Ι η β η ο η ι ί η α ί ϊ ν β δ ί η -

ί η β

1 ) 0 ^ . ί η 3 - Κ Γ 1 6 0 ·

ι η ΐ ΐ ΐ ν .

α ,

ρ Γ θ ά ί £ 7 .

ί η β ε α η

8 . Ν .

τ ο σ ώ μ α

τ ο γ ό ι α » τ ο γ ά λ α τ ο

τ ε ρ α ί

Τ Ο Ο Ζ ^ Ϊ Ι

α

σ ώ μ α τ - ο ί < γ ό ν α τ - ο ί

γ ά λ α Λ Τ - ο ί

τ έ ρ α τ - ο $ ώ τ - 0 5

Β .

σ ώ μ α τ - ί

< γ ό ν α τ - ι γ ά λ α « τ - 4

τ ε ρ α τ - ί

ώ τ - ί

Α . σ ώ μ α < γ ό ν ν γ ά λ α

τ ε ρ α ί

θ δ ί

Ρ . Ν .

σ ώ μ α τ - α

< γ ό ν α τ - α

γ ά λ α κ τ - α τ ε ρ α τ - α

ώ τ - α

α .

σ ω α ά τ - ω ν

γ ο ν ά τ - ω ν

γ ά λ ά κ τ - ω ν

τ ε ρ ά τ - ω ν

ω τ - ω ν

Β .

σ ώ μ α - σ ί ( ν ) * < γ ό ν α - σ ι ( ν ) * γ ά λ α ^ ί ( ζ / ) * τ έ ρ α - σ ι ( ν )

* ' /

Λ *

Α . σ ώ μ α τ - α

γ ό ν α τ - α

γ α λ α / ί τ - α τ ε ρ α τ - α

ώ τ - α

Ό .

σ ώ μ α τ - ε

γ ό ν α τ - ε

γ ϋ λ α ^ τ - ε τ ε ρ α τ - ε

ώ τ - ε

σ ω μ ά τ - ο ι ν ' γ ο ν ά τ - ο ι ν < γ α \ ά κ τ - ο ι ν τ ε ρ ά τ - ο ι ν

ω τ - ο ι ν

τ ο

τ ί ρ α ς ,

α

ρ τ ο ά ί & ι / ,

Ϊ 8

υ δ ΐ ι α ί ΐ ^ ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί β ι

ί η

Λ ο ρ ΐ η ρ ο ί ,

ο π ι ϊ ΐ ΐ ϊ η » τ , ί η ί ο

τ ί ρ α , τ ε ρ ώ ν . τ ο

γ ί ρ α τ , α

τ β ι κ α τ ά , τ ο γ ί ) ρ α ς · , ο ί α α £ β ,

τ ο

κ ρ ' . α ς , β ε ι ί ι ,

α η ά

τ ο

κ έ ρ α ς ,

α

Λ Ο Γ Π ,

ο π ι ϊ ί

Λ ο

τ

ί η

β 1 1 _

η υ η ι ο ο Γ β ,

& η < 1

8 ΐ ι ί Γ β Γ

* Ι η β ί ο α ί ΐ ο ί ο ύ μ α τ σ ι , γ ό ν α τ σ ι , & 0 . , 8 Θ β § 8 , 3 .

Ι η 8 ΐ ο α χ 1 ο Γ ώ ι . · .

ο

4

4 0

Τ Η Ε

8 Ι Ι Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε

Λ Ν Β Λ Ι Χ Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ι π .

ι · : ι ι · ι ι η ΐ η Λ ο £ 6 η Η ί ν β α η ά ά α ΐ ϊ ν β δ ϊ η ^ ι ι Ι β Γ , α η ά Λ β ν τ Η ο Ι β ο ί Λ β ά υ α ΐ

Λ η Λ

π

π ι ( β χ ο β ρ ί Λ β

ά α ί ί ν β

ρ ΐ α τ » )

ί η κ έ ρ α ς , Η ο \ ν β ν 6 Γ ,

Λ β

Γ β § ι ι Ι α Γ

η · ι ι ι . ί « · 1 1 1 1 τ ι ν Ο 3 ν , Ο 3 κ Γ Ο Π ΐ ' ; ι < - | ( ' <

8 . Ν .

τ ο κ έ ρ α $

τ ο κ ρ έ α ί

Ο .

κ έ φ α τ - ο ί

ί ΐ η ά ( κ φ α - ο ί ) κ έ ρ ω χ

( κ ρ έ α - ο ί ) κ ρ έ ω ς

Β .

κ ε ρ α τ - ι

α η ά

( κ έ ρ α - ΐ ) κ έ ρ α

( κ ρ έ α - ϊ ) κ ρ έ α

Α .

κ έ ρ α »

κ ρ έ α $

Ρ . Ν . κ έ ρ α τ - α Ά η ά ( κ έ ρ α - α ) κ ε ρ ά

( κ ρ έ α - α ) κ ρ έ α

α .

κ ε ρ ά τ - ω ν α η ά

( κ ε ρ ά - ω ν )

κ ε ρ ω ν

( κ ρ ε ά - ω ν )

κ ρ ε ώ ν

Β .

κ έ ρ α - σ ι ( ν ) κ ρ έ α - σ Ί , ( ν )

Α .

κ ί ρ α τ - α £ ΐ η ( 1 ( κ έ ρ α - α ) κ ε ρ ά ( κ ρ έ α - α ) κ ρ έ α

ϋ .

κ έ ρ α τ - ε α η ά

( κ ί ρ α - ε )

κ ε ρ ά

( κ ρ έ α - ε ) κ ρ έ α

κ ε ρ ά τ - ο ι ν Ά η ά ( κ ε ρ ά - ο ι , ν ) κ ε ρ ω ν

( κ ρ ε ά - ο ι ν ) κ ρ ι ώ ν

§

4 0 .

Τ Κ β

β ί β ι η

ε η ά β

ί η ν

Ο Γ

ν τ .

Λ β

Π 0 8 6 . Ά

ά ο Ι ρ Μ η .

& § ΐ α η ί .

Ά

ί ο ο ί Η .

8 .

Ν .

η ρ ΐ ε * δ

Ο £ λ Φ ΐ · ί

_ ^

ό

ό δ ο υ ϊ

*

α

ρ ι ν - ό ε

ο ε λ χ ζ )

ν ν ~ ο

3

γ ι / / α ν τ - ο ϊ

ό δ ό ι ^ · - θ ϊ

Β .

ρ ί ν - ί

Β ε λ φ ΐ ν - ι 7 ί 7 « ν τ - ί ό δ ό υ τ - ί

Α .

ρ ϊ ν - α

δ ε λ ψ ΐ ν - α γ ν γ α ν τ - α

ο δ ό ι τ - α

V .

ρ ΐ ν

& λ ψ ? * ( ? ν )

γ ί η ά ν

ό δ ο ι ί ϊ

Ρ . Ν .

ρ ΐ ν - ε ς

δ ί λ φ ί Ζ Λ - 6 5

Ύ ί γ α ν τ - ε ε

ο δ ό ζ τ - ε ϊ

α

ρ ϊ ν - ώ ν

Ο £ λ ( ί ) ύ

ν ~ ( ύ ν

η ν γ α ν τ - ω ν

ό δ ό κ τ - ω ι /

Β .

ρ Ι - σ ί ( ν ) *

θ £ Λ > ( ί ) Λ ~ ί Γ ί

V )

7 ΐ γ 5 - σ ί ( ϊ / ) *

ό δ ο ί ) - σ ί ( » *

Α .

ρ ΐ ν - α ς

δ έ λ φ ΐ ν - α ε

Ύ λ Ύ Λ ν Τ ^ Λ ί

ο δ ό ν τ - α ϊ

V .

ρ ΐ ν - ε ί

δ ε λ φ ΐ ν - ε ϊ

Ύ / · Ύ ί ΐ ΐ ' ' Τ ' ~ ε 5 ό δ ό ν τ - ε ί

Ρ .

ρ ΐ ν - ε

δ ε λ φ ΐ ν - ε

/

ό δ < 3 ΐ π · - ε

ρ ι ν - ο ΐ ν ί ί έ λ φ ί

ν - ο ι ν

γ ι γ ά ν τ - ο α »

ό δ ό ι τ - ο ι ζ '

*

Ι η 8 ί θ 8 , ( 1 ο ί

ρ ί ν ς

( ΐ ) ,

ι ) , γ ί γ α ν τ ς ,

ό δ ό ν τ ς ,

& 0 . , 8 β β § 8 , 6 & 7 .

§ 4 1 . ]

4 1

Ε Ο Ι . Ε Ν 8 Ι Ο Ν .

Τ ο Λ Ϊ 3 ο 1 α 3 9 1 ) β 1 ο η § — α )

Τ Η β

ί ν τ ο

α ^ β ο ί ϊ ν β δ

ί η

α ς ,

α ί ν ο , α ν μ έ λ α ς ,

α ι ν α , α ν , ύ ΐ α ο ί ι , & .

μ ί λ α ν ο ς ,

α ί ν η ς , α ν ο ς

α η ά

τ ά λ α ς , α ι ν α , α ν , π ι ί β ε τ α Μ ε ; —

V )

π α ς ,

π ά σ α ,

π α ν ,

α ΐ ΐ ,

( ν β Γ ΐ / ,

π α ν τ ό ς , π ά σ η ς , π α ν τ ό ς ,

& η ά

Ϊ ΐ 9

ο ο ι η ρ ο υ η ι ΐ δ

3 3 α τ τ ά ς , ί ί τ τ ά σ α , ί ί π ά ν — ο ) ί κ ώ ν , ο ϋ σ α ,

ό ν , ι υ ϊ ΐ ΐ ί η β ,

ό ν τ ο ς , ο ύ σ η ς , ό ν τ α ς

α η ά

ά κ ω ν , ά κ ο υ σ α , α κ ο ν , υ Μ κ ϊ Ι Ι ί π ^ ; — ά ) 3 φ ' ε ο ΐ ϊ ν θ 8 ϊ η α ς , ι σ σ α , ( ν , τ τ ΐ ι ϊ ϋ ΐ ι

Η α ν β

Λ β

ρ β ο η Ι Ϊ Β Γ Ϊ ί ^

ο £

β η ι ΐ ί η ^ ΐ η « σ ι , ί η Β ί β δ ά ο ί £ < σ ι , ϊ η Λ β ά α ί ί ν β ρ ΐ α τ α ΐ 8 3

8 .

Ν . - χ α ρ ί ε ι ς , ^ Γ α ο θ ί Ί ι Ι

' χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α

• χ α ρ ί ε ν

α .

- χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ο ί

• χ α ρ ι έ σ σ η ί

• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ο ί

Γ .

• χ α ρ ί έ ν τ ι .

- χ α ρ ι έ σ σ - τ )

• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ι

Δ :

• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ α

• χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α ν


V .


' χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α χ α ρ ί ε ν

Ρ . Ν .

• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ε ε

• χ α ρ ί ε σ σ ο ί

- χ α ρ ί ε ν τ α

α

• χ α ρ ι έ ν τ ω ν

• χ α ρ ι ε σ σ ω ν • χ α ρ ι Α ν τ ω ν

Β . - χ α ρ ί ε σ ι ζ ν )

• χ α ρ ι ε σ σ α ΐ ί

χ α ρ ί ε σ ι ( ν )

Α .

γ α ρ ί ε ν τ α ε

• χ α ρ ι έ σ σ ά ί

χ α ρ ι ε ν τ α

ν .

γ α ρ ί ε ν τ ε ς

• χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α ι • χ α ρ ί ε ν τ α

ϋ .

γ α ρ ί ε ν τ ε

' χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α

• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ε

γ α ρ ι , έ ν τ ο ι ν

• χ α ρ ι έ σ σ α ι ν

χ α ρ ι έ ν τ ο ι ν

Έ ΐ π υ ι τ ί ι . Α ά ) β ο ί ϊ ν β 3 ο ο ι η ρ ο υ η ά ο ά ο ί ο ί ο υ ς - α τ έ ά β ο ΐ ί η ε ί Ι ϋ β ο ί ο υ ς , α β

ό

ή

μ ο ν & δ ο υ ς , τ ο μ ο ν ό δ ο ν ,

1 ι α ν ΐ η ξ > ο ι ΐ £

Ι ο ο Λ ,

Ο .

μ ο ν ό ί ο ν τ ο ς

Λ 0 8 6

ϊ η α ς ,

& .

α ν τ ο ς , Μ · β ά β ο ί η β ( 1 Ι ϊ Ι ΐ Θ γ ί γ α ς ,

8 8

ό ή ά κ ά μ α ς ,

υ η ι ν ε α η β ά , Ο · , α ν τ ο ς .

Β . Μ Ό Κ Ο » \ ν Η Ι Ο Η Η Α Υ Ε

Α

Τ Ο Τ ν Έ Ι ,

Β Ε Γ Ο Κ Ε Τ Η Ε

Ο Α 8 Ε -

Ε Ν Ο Ι Ν Ο ( ο ϊ ) Ο Γ

Τ Η Ε

β Ε Ν Ι Τ Ι Υ Ε Β Ι Ν β ϋ Ι , Α Ε .

§ 4 1 . Ι . 8 η ύ ί ί α η ί ϊ ν β 8

ί η

ε ύ ί , α ί ί ί , ο ΰ ε .

Τ Η β

8 ί 6 ΐ η

ο £

8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ί ; 3 , η ί ΐ ν β 8

ΐ η

ε ύ $ ,

α ΰ ε ,

ό ν ε

ε η ά β

ί η

υ .

Τ Η ί β

υ

Γ β π ι α ΐ η δ , α ί ί η β β η ά ο ί α

ι ν ο Γ ά ,

α η ά 1 > β ί θ Γ 6 α ο ο η β ο η α η ί

; 1 > ι ι ί

Ϊ 8

ο ι α ΐ ί ί β ά Ι ί β ί ν ν β ε η 1 \ ν ο ν ο Λ ν ε Ι β . Τ ΐ ι ο β β ί η ε ύ ε Η α ν ο ά ί η ί ΐ ι ο

4 2

Τ Η Ε β υ Β δ Τ Λ Ν Τ ί ν Ε Α Ν Β Α Ι Χ Γ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ι π .

ο . 8 Ϊ η £ . α η ά ά ί ΐ η ί η ο α ο ο . ρ ΐ η π ι ΐ , ί α ΐ ί β Ι η β Α ΐ ί ΐ ο ί ο π η ε ω ε

ο ί

έ ο ε ί α

ί η β

§ β η . 8 ΐ η § . , α η ά β α ί ϊ β Γ ο ο η ί π ι ο ΐ ί ο η ΐ η

ί η β

ά α ί . β ΐ η » . α η ά .

η ο ι η .

ρ ί η τ . 1 > α ί Η β η β ΐ ΐ ^ ο ι η ϊ ΐ ; ί ί ί η

ί η β

α ο ο . ρ ΐ υ τ .

Τ ΐ ι ο β β ΐ η α ΰ ί α η ά

ο ΰ ί & τ & ο ο η ί , Γ α ο ί ε ά ο η ΐ 7 ΐ η

ί η β

ε ι ο ο . ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ .

; ι 1 < Π Ι Γ .

Ά

η ι ε α δ ί ΐ Γ β . & η ο χ .

α η

ο ί α

ν τ ο η ι α η .

&

Ν .

ό β α σ ι λ ε ύ ε ό γ ρ ε ύ ε

< · -

Λ ί

Ύ ρ α ΰ ε

α

β α σ ι \ ε - ο > ε χ ο ( ε ω ) ώ ϊ

β ο - ό ί γ ρ ά - ό ε

ο

ί )

β ο υ ε

η

Τ ) .

β α σ ι λ ε ΐ

χ ο ε ϊ

β ο - ί

« / ρ ά - ί

Α .

β α σ ι \ έ - ά

χ ο ( έ α ) ά

β ο ΰ ν

> γ ρ α ν ν

ν .

β α σ ί λ ε ν

χ ο ε υ β ο ΰ

< γ ρ α ΰ

Ρ .

Ν .

β α σ ι λ ε ΐ ε

χ ο ε ΐ ε

β ό - ε ε

' γ ρ ά - ε ε

ο .

β α σ ι \ ε - ω ν

χ ο ( ΐ ' ω ) &

> ν β ο - ω ν

Ύ ρ ά - ώ ν

Β .

β α σ ι \ ε ν σ ι ( ν ) · χ ρ ε ν σ ι (

ν ) β ο υ σ ί ( ν )

< γ ρ α ν σ ί ( ν )

Α .

β α σ ι λ ε - ά .

ΐ

χ ο ( ε α ) ά

9 ( β ό - α ε ) β ο ΰ ε ( ^ / ρ ά - α ε ) Ύ ρ α ΰ ε

ν .

β α σ ι λ ε ϊ ε

χ ο ε ΐ ε β ό - ε ε

γ ρ α - ε ε

ϋ

β α σ ι \ ε - ε

χ ο έ ε

β ό - ε

Ύ ρ α - ε

β α σ ι \ έ - ο ι ν

χ ο έ ο ι ν

β ο - ο ΐ ν

< γ ρ ά - ο ΐ ν

Β , ε Ί η α τ Ι ι .

Τ η β

η ο η ι ΐ η α ί ϊ ν β α η ά

ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β

ρ Ι α Γ ο

ο ί Λ ο 8 6

ϊ η ι ν ς

β η ά

ΐ η

V

α β - Κ Γ β η β β ^ ς α π ι ο

η ^ Λ β

Α ΐ ί ί ο 8 α δ β α σ ι λ ή ς .

Λ Υ η β η

& ν ^

• ν τ β ΐ ρ Γ β ο β ά β β

ί

< &

ί η β 6 Ϊ 8

ο η ι ϊ ΐ ί β ά

β β ί ο ρ ε

ω

α η ( Ι α ,

• ν ν η ί ο η Λ β η ΐ Λ β ΐ Η β ο ί τ ο ν ι η ι ί ΐ β χ

α ο ο β η ί .

8 β ε χ ο ί ύ ί , ϊ η Ι η β

ρ α τ α ϋ ;

ί η η ε , ε ε ; ω ν ( Ο . ω ο ε ) ; ω ε α η ά ω

( Ο .

ο ο ί ) ;

α ε ( 6 τ .

α ο ϊ ) ;

ο ϊ Ο . ( ε ο ε ) .

§ 4 2 . I I .

1 . Τ η β β ί β π ι

ο £

τ ν ο Γ ά δ

ο ί

ί η ΐ β ο ί α β δ β η ά β ΐ η Λ Τ η ΐ β

β ν ΐ η ί η β ρ Γ β ο β ά ΐ η § ο ΐ α δ δ , Γ β π ι α ί η β , α ί ί η ε β η ( 1 ο ί α \ ν Ό Γ ( 1 ,

1 > β ί θ Γ β α ο ο η β ο η α η ί Ι ι υ ί ΐ β ο η ι ΐ ί ί β ά 1 ) β ί \ ν β β η ί \ ν ο ν ο \ ν β ΐ 8 .

Ι η

ί Κ ο

ά α ί ΐ ν β

ρ ΐ α τ α ΐ

α ,

σ

ΐ β

ο ι η ΐ ί ί ε ά

ε ι β

ό

θ ώ ε ,

α ^ & α ΐ ,

τ ο ΐ ε

θ ω - σ ί ( ν ) ,

Ϊ η 8 ΐ 6 3 , ά ο ί

θ ω σ - σ ί ( ν ) .

§ 4 2 ]

4 3

Ε Ο Ι . Ε Ν 8 Ι Ο Ν .

1 ) ν Υ Ό κ Ι β ί α

η ε

α η ά

ε $ .

2 . Τ ΐ ι β β η ά ΐ η σ β , 7 7 5

( ι η α δ Ο .

α η ά ί Ό η ι . ) , α η ά

ε ϊ ( η β ι ι ί . ) , 1 ) β 1 ο η §

ο η ΐ γ

ί ο

α ά ^ ο ί ΐ ν β δ ,

α η ά

ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ

η α π ι β Β

ΐ η

ί η β

ί ο π η

ο £

α ά ] 6 θ Ι ί ν β 8 ,

β η ά ΐ η § ί η ν η ε , \ η ε , γ έ ν η ε , κ ρ ά τ η χ , μ ή & η ς ,

τ τ ε ί θ η ς ,

σ θ έ ν η ν , α η ά

( κ λ έ η ϊ )

κ \ ή ί . Τ η β

η β υ ί β Γ β η χ > \ ν 8 ΐ Η β ϊ > α τ β β ί β η ι .

3 . Τ ^ Γ ο Γ ά δ ο £ ί η Ϊ 8

ο 1 α β 8 α τ β ο ο η ί κ ι ο ί β ά Ι η τ ο υ § η

α ΐ ΐ Ι η β ο β β β β ,

α ί ί β Γ ο η ι ί ί ί ί η § σ , \ ν ΐ ί Η Ι η β ε χ ο β ρ ί ϊ ο η ο ί Ι η β η ο π ι ΐ η α ί ί ν β α η ά ν ο -

ο α ί ΐ ν ε 8 Ϊ η § τ ι 1 α Γ , α η ά

ί η β

ά α ί ϊ ν β ρ ΐ υ τ α ΐ ; β ι ι ά

ΐ ΐ ι ο β β

ί η κ λ ε η ε α ν ο

ο ο η ΐ κ ι ο ΐ β ά

ε ν β η ϊ η

ί η β

η ο π ή η α ΐ ί ν β 8 Ϊ η § υ 1 α τ

( ΐ η ί ο

κ \ ή ε ) , α η ά

υ η ά β τ § ο

α

ά ο α ί ι ΐ β

ο ο η ΐ τ α ο ί ί ο η

ί η

ΐ η β

ά α ΐ ΐ ν β

β

κ

6 .

Β .

Α .

V .

ό - η σ α φ ή ί , β ν ί ά β η ί , σ α φ έ ε

8 ί η < ξ υ 1 α ι · .

σ α φ ο ΰ ε

( σ α φ ε - ϊ ) σ α φ ε ΐ

( σ α φ ε - α )

σ α φ ή

σ α φ έ ί

σ α φ έ ί σ α φ έ ς

ϋ ι ι α ί . Ν .

Α .

V .

( τ .

Γ ) ,

Ρ ΐ α τ α ΐ .

( σ α φ έ - ε ε )

σ α φ ε ί ς

( σ α φ ε - α )

σ α φ ή

( σ α φ έ - ω ν )

σ α φ ώ ν

σ α φ έ - σ ι ( ν )

( σ α φ έ - α ε ) σ α φ ε ΐ ε ( σ α φ έ - α ) σ α φ ή

( σ α φ έ - ε ε ) σ α φ ε ΐ ε ( σ α φ έ - α )

σ α φ ή

σ α φ έ - ε σ α φ ή

σ α φ ε - ο ι ν σ α φ ο ι ν

Ν .

α

υ .

Α .

V .

η τ ρ ι ή ρ η ε , α ΐ π τ β ι η β

( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ο ε )

τ ρ ι ή ρ ο υ ς

( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ' ι ) τ ρ ι ή ρ ε ι

( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - α )

τ ρ ι ή ρ η

τ ρ ί η ρ ε ε

Γ ) ι ι α 1 .

( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ε ε )

τ ρ ι ή ρ ε ι ς

τ ρ ι η ρ έ - ω ν α η ά

τ ρ ι η ρ ώ ν

τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - σ ι ( ν )

( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - α ε ) τ ρ ι ή ρ ε ι ς

( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ε ε ) τ ρ ι ή ρ ε ι ς

( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ε )

τ ρ ι ή ρ η

( τ ρ ι η ρ ε - ο ι ν )

τ ρ ι η ρ ο ϊ ν

Ν .

Σ ω κ ρ ά τ η ς

8 ΐ η § υ 1 α Γ .

( Τ Ι ε ρ ι κ λ έ η ς )

Τ ί ε ρ ι κ λ ή ε

ί . ί .

Έ , ω κ ρ ά τ ο υ ε

( Π ε ρ ι κ \ έ ε - ο ε ) Τ ί ε ρ ι κ λ έ ο ν ς

Ρ .

Έ , ω κ ρ ά τ ε ι

( Ϊ 1 ε ρ ι κ \ έ ε - ϊ ) ( Π ε ρ ι κ λ έ ε ι )

Τ ί ε ρ ι κ λ ε ΐ

Α . Σ ω κ ρ ά τ η

( ΐ ί ε ρ ι κ λ έ ε - α ) Ι ί ε ρ ι κ \ έ ά

V .

Έ , ώ κ ρ α τ ε ε

( Τ ί ε ρ ί κ λ ε ε ς ) Τ ί ε ρ ί κ \ ε ι ε

4 4 Τ Η Ε

8 ϋ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε

Α Ν ϋ Α Ο Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .

Π Ι .

Β , ε ι η α τ Τ ι

1 . Τ η β

ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί ϊ ο η ί η Ι η β

ι ΐ ι ι η ΐ ,

τ ρ ι ή ρ ι ε = τ ρ ι ή ρ η , 8 η ο ι ι 1 < 1

1 ) β

η ο ΐ ϊ ο β ά , δ ϊ η ο β ε ε Ϊ 8

η β Γ β ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί β ά

ϊ η ί ο

η , & η ( 1

η ο ί , 3 3 β Ι β β ι τ Ι ι β Γ θ , ί η ΐ ο κ .

Κ ε π ι α τ ί ι

2 .

Ι η

α φ β ο ί , ϊ ν β β

β η ( Η η §

ϊ η

η ς ,

ε ς ,

ί £

α

τ ο \ τ ε 1

ρ ρ ε ο β ά β β

Ι η ί β

Ι β π η ϊ η α ΐ ϊ ο η ,

ί α

Ϊ 8 ι ι β υ α ί ΐ ^ ο ο η ί Γ Ο Ο ί ε ά , η ο ΐ ϊ η ί ο η ( Ι ϋ β σ ο φ ί α = σ α φ ή ) , \ > \ Λ

ΐ η ΐ ο ά ( Ι ϋ ί θ Π ί ρ Γ κ λ ί ί - α = λ έ ά ) & 3 ά κ λ ι ή ς , η η η η ο ι κ η ε ά , Α . 8 ΐ η < * .

ι η ί ΐ κ ο .

α η ά

ί β ι η . , Ν . Α .

α η ά

V . ρ ΐ . η β α ί . α κ λ ϊ έ α =

α κ λ ε ά υ γ ι ή ς ,

Η β α ΐ & ι / ,

ύ γ ι ί α

=

ν γ ι ά ,

Β β α ι α τ ί

3 .

Ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ η α ι η β β τ τ ΐ Λ

Λ β β η < ϋ η ο τ 8 ι η β η ί ΐ ο η β ά

§ 4 2 ,

2 . ,

α η ά

Α ρ η ς ,

ί ο ΐ ί ο τ τ 1 ) ο 1 η

Λ 6 Ι ΐ ώ ά

α η ά

δ Γ β ί ά β ο ί β η β ϊ ο η δ ϊ η Λ Θ

α ο ο ι ί δ α ί ϊ ν β

δ ί η ^ ι ι ί α τ ,

& η ά

α τ β , Λ β Γ β ί ο Γ θ ,

ο α ΐ ΐ β ά

Ι ι ε ί β Γ Ο ο Ι ϊ ί ε δ

α β

' Σ ω κ ρ ά τ ί α = Σ ω κ ρ ά τ η

α η ά Σ ω κ ρ ά τ η ν ,

α ο ο ο ρ ά ΐ η ^ ί ο Λ β £ Γ 8 ΐ ( Ι β ο ί β η β ΐ ο η ί ) ΐ ι ί ϊ η ( , Η ο δ β β η ά ΐ η ^ ί η κ λ η ς , Λ β

α ο ο ι ΐ 8 α Ι ϊ ν 6

ϊ η

κ λ ή ν

Ϊ 8

η ο ΐ

υ δ β ( 1 1 > 7

§ ο ο ά

Α ΐ ί ϊ ο

τ τ Γ Ϊ Ι β Γ δ .

Έ ΐ ν τ η α τ ί ι

4 .

Τ η β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β

ο ί 1 ρ α τ ο χ 7 ΐ ο η β 8

ά β ν ϊ α ΐ β β

ϊ η

α ο ο β η ί ι ι α ί ϊ ο η ί τ ο π ι

ί Η β ί Ί ι η ά α η ί θ η Ι α Ι

Γ ΐ ι ΐ β § 3 3 , I I I , α ) .

Ι η

Λ β

ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι θ Λ ί ο Γ η ι

ο £ Λ β ^ β η ϊ ΐ ϊ τ β


τ ρ ι ή ρ η ς , α υ τ ά ρ κ η ς , 8 β Ι / - 8 Η β ί ο ί β η Ι , α η ά

ο ο π ι ρ ο ι ι η ( ΐ 8 ο £ ή θ ο ς , α τ β

ρ α τ -

ο χ ; 1 ο η β ο ο η ί Γ ϋ τ ^ ί ο Λ β

Γ η ΐ β

§ 1 2 , 2 , 2 ) , α ) .

§ 4 3 . 2 )

ί η

ω ς ( Ο . ω ο ϊ ) ; α η ά ί η

ω

α η ά ω ( Ο .

α )

ω ϊ ,

Ο . ω ο ί .

α ^ ί κ ί ΐ ί α ΐ . α η β Γ Ο .

δ .

Ν .

ό η θ ώ ε Ρ 1 . θ ω ε ε 8 . ό ή ρ ω ε Ρ 1 . η ρ ω - ε ε

α .

θ ω - ό ε θ ώ ω ν ή ρ ω - ο ε ή ρ ώ - ω ν

Β .

θ ω - ί θ ω σ ί ( ν )

η ρ ω - ι

η ρ ω - σ ι ( ν )

Α .

θ ώ - α

θ ώ α ε η ρ ω - α

ή ρ ω

ή ρ ω - α ε & η ρ ω ε

V .

θ ώ ε

ή ρ ω ε ή ρ ω - ε ε

ϋ .

θ ώ ε

ή ρ ω - ε

θ ώ - ο ι ν

ή ρ ώ - ο ι ν

ό )

ω ϊ

α η ά ω .

Τ Η β

Β ί Λ δ ί α η ί ί ν β β \ ν ΐ ΐ Κ

ί Η β δ β

ε η ά ί η ^ β

α Γ β

α ΐ ΐ £ ε π ι ΐ η ΐ η β . Τ ΐ ι β

ε η ( 1 ί η §

ω ε

ϊ β

Γ β ί α ϊ η β ά ,

ΐ η

Ο Γ ά ί η α Γ ^ 1 α η § α α § β ,

ο η ΐ ^ ·

ΐ η α ΐ δ ώ ϊ .

Τ ΐ ι β ά ι ι α ΐ α η ά

ρ Ι ι ί Γ α

α , Γ β Ι ΰ ί β ί η ε β β ο ο η ά

ά ε ο ΐ ε η β ΐ ο η ,

ί η α β

α ί δ ο ί , ή χ ο ι , & 0 .



§ 4 4 . ]

4 5

Ε 0 1 . Ε Ν 8 Ι Ο Χ .

β η α ι η β .

α η β ο ΐ ι ο .

8 .

Ν .

ή

α Ι Β ώ ί

( β ί β ι η ,

α Ι Β ο ε )

η η χ ώ ( β ί β ΐ η , ή χ ο ε )

α

( α ί δ ό - ο ϊ )

α ί Β ο ΰ ε

( ή χ ό - ο )

ή χ ο ΰ ί

Ι ) .

( α Ι Β ό - ί ) α ί Β ο ΐ

( ή χ ό - ϊ ) ή χ ο ι

Α .

( α ι ' δ ό - α )

α ι δ ώ

( ή χ ό - α ) η χ ώ

V .

( α , ί δ ό - ϊ ) α ι ' δ ο ί

Ο ί χ · 5 - 0 ν χ ο ΐ

§ 4 4 .

3 ) Ϋ Γ ο τ ά δ

ί η α ϊ ( θ . α ο ί ) ; α η ά ί η ο ϊ ( Ο .

α ) α * , ( τ .

α ο ϊ .

&

ί β τ τ

η β τ ι ί β Γ 8 , α β τ ο σ έ λ α ϊ ,

Β ρ ί β η ά ο η τ ,

τ ο δ έ τ τ α ϊ , α

ί ο

Ν .

α

Β .

Δ .

τ ο

σ ε λ α , ϊ ,

δ ρ ί β η ά ο ι υ : Ρ 1 . σ ε \ α - α σ ε λ ά

Ο η α ΐ . σ ε λ ά - ε

σ έ λ α - ο ϊ σ έ Κ ά - ω ν σ ε \ ά - ο ι ν

σ έ \ α - 1 σ ε λ ά σ ε λ α - σ ι ( ν )

σ ε λ α ϊ

σ ^ λ α - α

σ ε \ ά

Ζ » ) ο ϊ ,

Ο .

ε ο ί .

8 υ Ι ) 8 ί ο , η ί ΐ ν β 8

ο £

ί ι Ϊ 8 ο ί α β β α Γ β 1 ί 1 ί ο \ ν ί 8 β α ΐ ΐ η β α ΐ ε π Ι η ί ΐ ι β

η ο π π η α ΐ ί ν β

8 Ϊ η § υ 1 α Γ ί Η β

ε ο ι ί ΐ ι β β ί β ι α Ϊ 8 ο ΐ ΐ ί ΐ η ^ ο ά ί η ί ο ο .

( ) ε η Η $ .

τ ο ^ / έ ν ο ί

( δ ί ο ι η , γ έ ν ε ι )

( γ ε ζ / ε - ο ϊ )

γ ε ν ο υ ϊ

( γ ε ν ε - ϊ )

γ έ ^ ε ί

£ α ι α ο .

τ ο « λ ε Ό ϊ ( δ ί ο ι η , κ λ έ ε ε )

( κ λ έ ε - ο ί )

κ λ έ ο ν ί

( « λ ε ' ε - ϊ ) « λ ε ' ε ι

8 .

Ν .

0 .

ϋ .

Α .

7 ^ Ζ Ό Ϊ

« λ ^ Ο Ϊ

Ρ . Ν .

0 .

Β .

( γ ε ν ε - α ) γ έ ν ι ;

γ ε ν ε ώ ν γ ε ν ώ ν

γ έ ν ε σ ί ( ν )

( γ έ ν ε - α ) γ έ ν η

( κ λ ί ε - α ) κ \ έ ά

( « λ ε έ - ω ν ) κ λ ε ώ ν

κ \ ε ε - σ ι ( ν )

κ λ ί ε - α κ \ ε ά

.

ϋ .

( γ έ ν ε - ε ) γ έ ν η

( γ ε ν έ - ο ι ν γ ε ν - ο ί ν

( « λ έ ε - ε )

κ \ ε - η

( κ λ , ε ί - ο ι ν ) κ λ , ε ο ΐ ν

4 6

[ ( • Π Α Ρ . I I I .

Τ Η Ε

8 ϋ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε Λ Ν Ι >

Λ Ο ί Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε .

Ι Ι ρ ο η Λ β

ο ο η ΐ τ β β ί ί ο η , ΐ η Λ β ά π α ΐ ,

ο ί ' ί - ε

ί η ί ο η ( η ο ΐ ϊ η ί ο Ε Ι ) ,

β ε β

$

4 2 . Κ β ι η .

1 .

ί α ί η

Λ β

ρ ΐ ι ι τ β ΐ Ϊ 8 ο ο η ί , Γ ί ί ο Ι β ά ί η ΐ ο α ( η ο ί ί η ΐ ο

η ) , Ί ί

&

ν ο \ ν ά

ρ Γ β ο β ά β β

ο ο ι η ρ α ρ β Π Ε ρ ι κ λ έ ά .

§

4 5 . I I I . Ϋ Ρ Ό τ ά β ί η

ί ϊ ,

υ ϊ ,

ί , υ .

1 ) Λ ^ ο Γ ά β

ϊ η

ΐ ί , ϋ ί .

α § 1 ο \ ν - \ ν ο Γ π ι . α β ο α Γ Ο Γ Β Ο ^ .

Ά β } < 1 ] .

8 . Ν . ό / ϊ ί ϊ

ο

ή σ ν ί

ό

1 - χ θ ΰ ' ί

α

κ ϊ - ό ί

σ ΰ - ό ί ϊ χ θ ϋ - ο ς

Β .

κ ί - ί

σ ΰ - ί

/ . . / . .

ι · χ σ υ - ί .

Α .

κ ι ν

σ υ ν

Ι γ θ ΰ ν

V .

κ ι

ο ν Ι χ θ ϋ '

Ρ .

Ν .

κ ϊ ' - ε ί σ ϋ ' - ε ε Ι χ θ ϋ - ε ί

α .

κ ϊ - ώ ν σ ϋ - ώ ν ί χ θ ν - ω ν

Ό .

κ ϊ - σ ί ( ν ) σ ν - σ ί ( ν )

ί · χ θ ν - σ ι ( ν )

Α .

κ ϊ ' - α ς

σ ν - α ί

ί · χ θ ΰ - α ς ί χ θ ΰ ί

V .

κ ί - ε $

σ ν ' - ε ε ί · χ θ υ - ε ς

Ι χ θ ΰ ί

Τ ) .

κ ί - ί

σ ν ' - ε

ι - χ θ ύ - ε

κ ί - ο ί ν σ ΰ - ο ΐ ν ί χ θ ν - ο ι ν

~ Ά β τ η α Λ . Λ Ϋ Ο Γ ά δ

ο £

Ι ΐ ι ΐ β

ο ί α β δ η α ν β

Λ β α η ά

υ 1 ο η £

ΐ η ί ΐ ι β Ν Ό η ι ί η α ϋ ν β

Α ο ο ι ι β & ί ί ν β & η ά ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β

δ ί η ρ ι Ι α Γ ,

1 ) υ 1 β η ο Γ ί ί η

α ΐ ΐ ί η θ ο ί Ι ΐ θ Γ

0 3 8 6 8 .

ν .

4 6 .

ο τ & η $ ,

Τ Η ε ν ο \ ν β ο £ ί Η β Β ί β ι η ( ί , υ ) Γ β ι η α ί η δ ο η ΐ ^ ΐ η ί Κ β η ο ι η π ι α , ί ϊ ν β ,

α ο ο ι ι β α ί ΐ ν β , α η ά ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β , β ΐ η ^ υ Ι α Γ

ί η

ί η β ο ί η β Γ ο α β β δ , ϊ ί

ΐ β

ο η α η § β ( 1

ί η ί ο ? .

Ι η ί ΐ ι β

§ β η ί ί ί ν β 8 ΐ η § ι ι 1 α Γ α η ά ρ Ι υ Γ & Ι ,

8 ΐ Λ > 8 ί α η -

ί ϊ ν ε 8 ο £ ί η β π ι α β ο η ΐ ί η β Ο Γ ί β η ι ΐ η ί η β

§ 6 η ά ο Γ ί α ΐ ϊ ο

ω ϊ α η ά ω ν 8 β

Ο ί ΐ 8 β - 6 η ά ΐ η § 8 ,

ί η ο

ω

ΐ η

\ ν η ΐ ο η

ρ Γ ο ά ι ι ο ε β η ο ο η α η § β

ι ι ρ ο η ί Η ο

ρ ο β ί ί ΐ ο η

ο ί ί η ε ί ΐ ο ο β η ί . ( Ο ο η ι ρ α Γ β §

3 0 . )

§ 4 6 . ]

4 7

Ε Ο Ι , Ε Ν Β Ι Ο Χ .

& ο ΐ ί 7 ·

&

ο ι Λ ΐ ί .

ι η υ β ί α ι χ ί .

Ά ώ ί γ .

8 .

Ν .

ή

π ο λ ι έ

ο π τ γ χ υ ς

τ ο σ ι ν α π ι

τ ο

ά σ τ υ

α .

π ό λ ε - ω ς π τ γ χ ε - ω ς

σ ι ν ά π ε - ο ς ά σ τ ε - ο ς

Β .

π ά λ ε ι

π ή χ ε ι σ ι ν ά τ τ ε ι

α σ τ ε ι

Δ .

π ά λ ι ν

π η - χ ν ν σ ί ν α π ι

ά σ τ υ

V .

π ά λ ι

π η χ υ σ ι ν α π ι

ά σ τ υ

Ρ .

Ν .

π ό λ ε ι ς

π ή χ ε ι ς

σ ι ν ά τ τ η

α

α σ τ ή

α

π ό λ ε - ω ν

π ή χ ε - ω ν σ ι ν α π έ - ω ν

ά σ τ έ - ω ν

Β .

π ό λ ε - σ ι ( ν )

π τ ) · χ ε - σ ι ( ν

)

σ ι ν ά π ε σ ι ( ν )

ά σ τ ε - σ ι ( ν )

Α .

• π ό λ ε ι ς

π ή χ ε ι ς

σ ι ν α π η

ά σ τ η

V .

π ό λ ε ι ς π ή χ ε ι ς σ ι ν ά τ τ η α σ τ ή

Ό .

π ο λ ε - ε

π ή χ ε - ε σ ι ν ά π ε - ε

α σ τ ε - ε

π ο λ έ - ο ι ν π η · χ έ - ο ι ν

σ ι ν α π έ - ο ι ν

ά σ τ έ - ο ι ν

Ά ΐ ΐ η α τ ί ι Ι .

Τ ο Λ ΐ 8

ο 1 α 3 3

Ι ι ε ί ο η » α φ ' ο ο ί ϊ ν θ δ

ϊ η ΰ ς ( ί ) , « α , ί ( ϋ ) , ν ν ΐ ι ϊ ο ΐ ι

ά ϊ ί Γ ε Γ ,

ϊ η

( Ι β ο ί β η δ ί ο η , ί ϊ ο ι η

8 ϋ Ι ) δ ί α η ί ί ν ο 8 , ί η

1 ι α ν ϊ η § Λ Θ ι ι ε ι ι α ΐ ί ο π η £ ο ς · ( η ο ΐ

έ ω ς ) ΐ η Λ β § β η ΐ ί ϊ ν β δ ΐ η ^ Ί ΐ » 1 »

Μ ΐ < 1

α ΐ ^ α ^ β

Λ β ο ρ β η ί ο η η ί α

ί η

Ι ΐ ι β

η β ι ι Ι β Γ

ρ ΐ α τ α ) .

8 ΐ η § υ ΐ 3 Γ . « Τ β β 6 . Ρ Ι ΐ Ι Γ ϋ Ι .

Ν .

γ λ υ κ ύ ς γ λ υ κ ε ί α

γ λ υ κ ύ

γ λ υ κ ε ί ς

γ λ υ κ ε ΐ α ι

γ λ υ κ έ α

β .

γ \ ν κ έ - ο ς

γ λ υ κ ε ί α ς

γ λ υ κ έ - ο ς

γ λ υ κ έ ω ν

γ λ υ κ ε ι ώ ν

γ λ υ κ έ ω ν

Β .

γ λ υ κ ε ΐ

γ λ υ κ ε ί α

γ λ υ κ ε ΐ

γ \ υ κ έ σ ι ( ν ) γ λ υ κ ε ί α ι ς

γ λ υ κ έ σ ι ( ν )

Α .

γ \ υ κ ύ ν

γ λ υ κ ε ΐ α ν

γ λ υ κ ύ

γ λ υ κ ε ί ς

γ λ υ κ ε ί α ς

γ λ υ κ έ α

Υ . γ γ λ υ κ ύ

γ λ υ κ ε ί α

γ λ υ κ ύ

γ λ υ κ ε ί ς γ λ υ κ ε ΐ α ι

γ λ υ κ έ α

ϋ υ α ί . Ν .

Α .

&

V .

γ λ υ κ έ ε γ λ υ κ ε ί α γ λ υ κ έ ε

6 Κ & Γ ) , γ λ υ κ έ ο ι ν γ λ υ κ ε ί α ι ν γ λ υ κ έ ο ι ν

Τ ο

ί η ΐ δ ο ΐ Ε 3 8

β ί β ο 1 ) β 1 ο η §

α ( 1 | β ο ί ; ί ν β 3

ί η

ν ς , ϋ , § ε η ί ί ί ν β ε ο ς ,

τ ν η ί υ ΐ ι

ά β ο ΐ ί η β ά Ι ϋ β γ λ υ κ ύ ς , ι τ ί ί η ί ΐ ι ί β ά ΐ β β Γ β η ο β , η ο ι ν β ν β Γ , Λ α ί ί η β

ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ & Ι ε η Ϊ 8 ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι θ ά ί η ΐ ο η ( Ι ι ί β ά σ τ η ) 3 3 ΰ ή

δ ί π η χ υ ς ,

τ ο δ ί π η χ ν , ( ι ν ο

Ο ΐ Μ ΐ ί

Ι θ Π £ ,

τ α ί ι π ή χ η .

Κ ε π ι α τ Η 2 . δ ο η ι β 8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ΐ α η Ι ί ν β 3

ί η

ϊ ς ,

α η < 1 & ^ β ο ί ΐ ν β 3 ί η ΐ ί , 8 8 ί ί ρ ι ς ,

ϊ ί Τ ρ ι , β Κ ί Ι Ι ε ά

ί η ,

η α ν β

& η Ϊ Γ Γ Ο ^ ι ι Ι ^ Γ

ϊ η ή β χ ΐ ο η

α η ο ΐ

α ί β ο ή ί γ χ ί λ υ ς , α η

ε ε ΐ , ϊ η

ΐ ΐ ι β δ ί η ^ ι ι Ι α Γ .

4 8

[ Ο Η Α Ρ . Π ϊ .

Η Ε

8 υ Β 9 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε

Α Ν Ο

α

Η β ΐ ί β Γ .

α , η β Π . α δ ΐ ι ε ε ρ .

8 .

Ν .

ό η π ά ρ τ ϊ ε ή ε γ ' χ ε λ . ν ε ό ή ο ί ε

0 .

έ γ χ ε \ υ - ο ε

)

π ο ρ τ ι - ο ί

ο ί ο ς

Β .

π ό ρ τ ι - ι π ά ρ τ ι

ε γ χ Α , υ - ϊ

Ο ί ί

Α .

π ά ρ τ ι ν ε γ χ ε λ , ν ν

ο ι ν

V .

π ά ρ τ ι Ι γ χ ε λ ν ο ΐ ί

Ρ . Ν .

π ό ρ τ ι - ε ε

π ά ρ τ ϊ ε

ί γ χ έ \ ε ι ε

ο ΐ ε ε

α .

π ο ρ τ ί - ω ν

έ γ χ έ \ ε - ω ν

ο ί ω ν

ϋ .

π ό ρ τ ι - σ ι ( ν )

έ γ χ έ \ ε - σ ι ( ν )

ο Ι σ ί ( ν )

Α ,

π ά ρ τ ι - α ε π ά ρ τ ϊ ε

έ γ χ έ \ ε ι ε

ο ι α ε , Γ α Γ β Ι ^ ο ί ε

V .

π ά ρ τ ι - ε ε π ά ρ τ ϊ ε έ γ χ & ε ι ε

ο ί ε ς

ϋ . π ό ρ τ ι - ε

έ γ χ ε λ ε - ε

ο ί ε

π ο ρ τ ι - ο ι ν

ε γ χ ε ^ - ο ι ν

ο ι ο ι ν

§

4 7 . Ι τ Γ β ^ η Ι α τ

8 τ ώ 8 ΐ α η ύ ν β 8

ο / 1

ί Λ β

Τ Μ τ ά

Ό β ΰ Ι β η Β Ϊ ο η .

1 .

Ά ι ^ / 3 , 8 6 6

§

3 6 .

γ ά λ Λ , γ ό ν υ , δ ό / 3 ΐ > , α

ε ρ β α τ ,

ο δ ε , §

3 9 .

χ ε ι ρ , §

3 5 . Ε β π ι .

2 .

2 . Γ Ι Η / Τ ; ( η ,

α ΐ ΰ ο τ η α η ) ,

( τ . γ ν ν α ι κ - ό ε , Ο . < γ υ ν α ι κ - ί , Α . γ υ ν α ΐ κ - α ,

V . γ ύ ν α ι . Ρ Ι υ τ .

γ υ ν α ί κ ε ς ,

γ υ ν α ι κ ώ ν , γ υ ν α ι ξ ί ( ν ) ,

γ υ ν α ί κ α ς .

3 .

Ζ ε ά , & . Δ ί ό ϊ , Ό . Δ ί £ Α . Δ ώ ι , V . Ζ ε Ο .

4 . Θ ρ ί | ( % ί Λ β Λ α ζ > ) , Θ · , τ ρ ι χ - ό ε . Ό . Ρ Ι . θ ρ ι ξ ί ( ν ~ ) . § 8 , 1 0 , γ .

5 .

Κ λ ε / ϊ

( 1 7 ,

α

Α ί ^ ) »

& ·

« λ ε ι δ - ό ί ,

Ώ .

κ λ ε ι Β - ί ,

Α .

κ λ ε ΐ δ - α

α η ά

( υ Β ΐ ι α Ι Ι ^ ) κ \ ε ΐ ν .

Ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ .

Ν . α η ά Α .

κ λ ε ΐ ϊ

ί ΐ 8

\ ν ε 1

α 8

κ λ ε ϊ δ ε ε ,

κ λ ε ΐ Β α ε .

6 . Κ ν ω ν ( 6 ,

ή , α

ά θ ( / ) , & , κ υ ν - ό ε , Ο .

κ υ ν - ί ,

Α .

κ ύ ν - α , V .

κ ν ο ν .

Ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ . κ ν ν ε » , κ υ ν ω ν ,

κ υ σ ί ( ν ) , κ ύ ν α ε .

Ί . Λ α * ( ό , α β ί ο η β ) , Ο ί τ . λ α ο ί , ϋ .

λ ά ϊ ,

Α . \ ά ν β β ΐ ά ο ι η λ α α .

Ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ .

\ ά ε ε , λ α ώ ν , λ ά ε σ σ ί ^ ) .

8 .

Μ ά ρ τ υ ί

( ό ,

α

ΐ ϋ ί Ι η € 8 3 ) ,

( τ .

μ ά ρ τ υ ρ ο ς ,

ϋ .

μ , ά ρ τ υ ρ ι ,

Α .

/ ί ά ρ -

ι η ο Γ β τ α Γ β Ι ^ · μ ά ρ τ υ ν . ΐ ) . Ρ Ι . μ ά ρ τ ϋ σ ι ( ν ) .

§ 4 8 . ]

4 9

Κ Κ Ε Ο υ ΐ , Α Β

Α Ι Χ Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε ί .

9 .

Ν α 5 ϊ

( τ ) , η α υ Ο ) ,

Ο .

ν ε ώ ε , ϋ .

ν η ί ,

Α . ν α υ ν . ϋ υ α ΐ ,

Ο . α η < 1

ϋ . ν ε ο ϊ ν ( Ν . 3 Ι Ν Ϊ Α . η ο ί ί Ό α η ά ) . Ρ ΐ α τ . ν η ε ε , ν έ ω ν , ν α υ σ ί ( ν ~ ) ,

ν α ΰ ί .

Ο ο η ι ρ » Γ β

γ / ο α ΰ ί , §

4 1 .

1 0 . Τ δ ω ρ ( τ ο , ι ο α ί β τ ) , ( τ . ΰ δ α τ ο ε , & 0 .

§ 4 8 .

Α ά ) β ο Ι ί υ β 8 .

8 .

Ν .

π ρ α ο ί ,

ι α ΐ ΐ ά

τ τ ρ α ε ΐ α

π ρ ά ο ν

α .

τ τ ρ ά ο υ

ι τ ρ α ε ί ά ε

π ρ ά ο υ

ϋ .

τ τ ρ ά φ

• π ρ α ε ι α

π ρ ά ω

Α .

ι τ ρ α ο ν

π ρ α ε ϊ α ν

π ρ α α ν

V .

π ρ ά ο ε ( ε )

τ τ ρ α ε ΐ α

π ρ ά ο υ

Ρ . Ν . π ρ ά ο ι Ά α ά

τ τ ρ α ε ΐ ί

π ρ α ε ϊ α ι

π ρ α έ α

α

τ τ ρ α έ ω ν

π ρ α ε ι ω ν

π ρ α έ ω ν

ϋ .

τ τ ρ ά ο ΐ ί

& η ά τ τ ρ α έ σ ι

π ρ α ε ί α ι ε

π ρ α έ σ ι ( ν )

Α .

π ρ ά ο υ ε & η ά τ τ ρ α ε ϊ ς

τ τ ρ α ε ι α ε

π ρ α έ α

ν .

π ρ ά ο ι

α η ά

π ρ

α

ε ι

ε

π ρ α ε ϊ α ι

π ρ α έ α

ϋ .

τ τ ρ ά ω

π ρ ά ε ί α

π ρ ά ω

τ τ ρ ά ο ι ν

π ρ α ε ι α ι ν

. π ρ ά ο ι ν

8 . Ν .

π ι α ο ΐ ι .

π ο \ ύ ε π ο \ \ ή π ο \ ύ

π ο \ \ ο ΰ

π ο \ \ ή ε π ο \ \ ο ΰ

τ τ ο λ λ ω τ τ ο λ λ ^ τ τ ο λ λ ω

π ο \ ν ν π ο \ \ ή ι > π ο \ ύ

π ο \ ύ τ τ ο λ λ ? 7 τ τ ο λ ν

§ Γ θ α ί .

μ έ γ α ε

μ ε γ ά λ η μ έ < γ α

μ ε γ ά λ ο υ μ ε < γ ά \ η ε

μ ε γ ά λ ο υ

μ ε γ ά λ , ω μ ε γ ά λ φ μ ε γ ά Χ φ

μ έ γ α ν μ ε γ ά λ η ν μ έ γ α

μ έ γ α μ ε γ ά λ η μ έ γ α

α .

Β .

Α .

V .

Ρ . Ν .

τ τ ο λ λ ο ι ' τ τ ο λ λ α ί

τ τ ο λ λ ά

τ τ ο λ λ ω ν

π ο \ \ ώ ν

τ τ ο λ λ ω ν

μ ε γ ά λ ο ι

μ ε γ ά λ α ι

μ ε γ ά λ α

μ ε γ ά λ ω ν μ ε γ ά λ ω ν μ ε γ ά λ ω ν

& ο . & ο . Γ β ^ α Ι α Γ ί ^ .

α

& 0 . & 0 . Γ Ο ^ α Ι ί Ι Γ ^ .



5 0

T H E


A N D

A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p . r a .

§

4 9 .

C o m p a r i s o n

o f

A d j e c t i v e s .

T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t w o f o r m s t o d e n o t e t h e t w o d e

g r e e s o f c o m p a r i s o n o r c o m p a r a t i v e a n d s u p e r l a t i v e o f w h i c h

t h e o n e i s

b y f a r

t h e m o r e u s u a l , v i z .

r s p o s , r e p a , r e p o v f o r

t h e

c o m p a r a t i v e , a n d

r a r o s , r d r r j , r a r o v

f o r

t h e

s u p e r l a t i v e

t h e

o t h e r m o r e

r a r e ,

v i z . l m v ( l ) , l o v , o r m v , o v f o r t h e c o m p a r a t i v e ,

a n d i o t o s , u t t t ) , c o - t o p , f o r

t h e

s u p e r l a t i v e .

R e m a r k 1 . T h e s u p e r l a t i v e f o r m e x p r e s s e s e i t h e r

t h e

h i g h e s t

d e g r e e

o f

a

q u a l i t y , o r o n l y

a

v e r y

h i g h

d e g r e e .

R e m a r k 2 . I n s t e a d o f t h e s i m p l e f o r m s o f t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a n d s u p e r

l a t i v e , t h e

G r e e k ,

l i k e t h e L a t i n , a l s o

u s e s

t h e p o s i t i v e i n

c o n j u n c t i o n

w i t h

/ i o X X o v

( n i a g i s )

a n d i i a K w r a

( j n a x i m e ) .

§ 5 0 . A . F i r s t F o r m o f C o m p a r i s o n .

C o m p a r a t i v e ,

r e p o s ,

r i p a , r s p o v .

S u p e r l a t i v e , t o t o s , r a W r ) , t o t o v .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

a d j e c t i v e s

a f f i x

t h e s e

t e r m i n a t i o n s t o t h e

m a s c u l i n e a n d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g

w a y s

—

I .

A d j e c t i v e s i n o s , 1 7 ( a ) , o v .

a ) M o s t a d j e c t i v e s o f t h i s

c l a s s

t a k e t h e g i v e n t e r m i n a t i o n s

a f t e r

t h r o w i n g

a w a y

s ,

a n d

r e t a i n

t h e

o ,

i f

a

s y l l a b l e

l o n g

b y

n a t u r e o r p o s i t i o n ( § 9 , 3 . ) p r e c e d e s , a m u t e w i t h a l i q u i d

b e i n g a l w a y s c o n s i d e r e d a s c o n s t i t u t i n g p o s i t i o n i n t h i s c a s e ;

b u t l e n g t h e n

t h e

o

i n t o c o i f a

s h o r t

s y l l a b l e

g o e s b e f o r e a s

K o v i p - o g , l i g h t

c o m p . K o v t y - o - T t p o s

s u p . k o v Q - o - t c i t o q .

i o x v p - o Q , s t r o n g — i a x v p - o - r t p o q

—

i a x v p - 6 - r a r o g .

X « 7 r r - 0 £ ,

t h i n

— \ ( 7 r r - 6 - T E p o g — A f 7 r r - 6 - r a r o f .

t r q > o £ p - 6 g , v i o l e n t — a Q o d p - o - T t p o g — f f Q o d p - o - r a r o Q .

T T l K p - O Q ,

b i t t e r

T T l K p - 6 ' T i p O Q

T T l K p - 6 - T a T O Q .

( t o ^ - o c , w i s e — a o t y - t t f - T t p o g

—

t r o Q - w - T a r o g .

i x v p - 6 i , f i r m — i x v p - i i - r t p o g — i x v p - £ > - T a T o g .

a ^ t - o g , w o r t h y — a Q - w - r e p o f :

—

d J - i - i i - r a r o f .



§ 5 0 . ]

5 1

I R S T

F O R M O F C O M P A R I S O N .

b ) C o n t r a c t s i n s o s = o v s a n d o o s = o v s s u f f e r c o n t r a c t i o n i n

t h e f o r m s o f c o m p a r i s o n , s i n c e t h e f o r m e r l o s e e b e f o r e t o , a n d

t h e l a t t e r i n s e r t t h e

s y l l a b l e

s s , a f t e r t h r o w i n g

a w a y o s , a n d

f o r m a c o n t r a c t i o n w i t h t h e p r e c e d i n g o , a s

7 r o p 0 u p - £ o c

=

7 r o p ^ u p - o C e , p u r p l e .

a w X - o o g = a i r X - o v g , s i m p l e .

i r o p t p v p t t i j T t p o s = ^ r o p ^ v p - w - r f p o f . a T r X o - e o - r e p o g

—

a T r X - a v a - r t p o g .

T r o p f p v p t w r a T O C = i r o p ^ v p - w - r a r o f .

d i r X o - t v - T a r o g

= c n r X - o v o - r a T o g .

T o t h e s e b e l o n g a l s o

c o n t r a c t s

o f t w o t e r m i n a t i o n s i n o v e a n d o v v

a s

i v v o o g = i v v - o v g ,

n e u t .

i v v - o o v = e v v - o w , c o m p . t i v o - t a - r t p o g = t v v - o v o -

T t p o Q ,

s u p .

i v v o - ' i a - T a r o g

=

i v v - o v a - T a r o g .

c )

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

a d j e c t i v e s

i n a i o s , r e c e i v e t h e e n d i n g s

r s p o s

a n d

r a r o s

a f t e r t h r o w i n g a w a y t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e o s , v i z .

y s p a i o s ,

o l d , i r a k a i o s , a n c i e n t , i r e p a i o s , b e y o n d ,

a y p T v a l o s ,

l a z y ,

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e a d j e c t i v e t p i X o s , f r i e n d l y ; a s

y t p a i - O Q , c o m p . y t p a l - T t p o g ,

s u p .

y i p a i - r a r o g .

f t X - o g —

( p i X - T i p o g

— Q i X - T a r o g .

d ) T h e

f o l l o w i n g

a d j e c t i v e s i n o s i n s e r t

t h e s y l l a b l e

a t ,

a f t e r t h r o w i n g o f f o s ,

v i z .

s v S i o s ,

s e r e n e ,

r i o - v y p s ,

t r a n q u i l ,

i S w s , o w n , X a o s ,

l i k e , p A a o s ,

m i d d l e , o p O p i o s , e a r l y ,

o i j r i o s ,

l a t e ,

i r p t o i o s ,

e a r l y ,

a n d

t p i X o s ,

d e a r

;

a s

j i k a - o g ,

c o m p .

p w - a i - T i p o g , s u p . f i t a - a i - T a T o g .

p i X - o e — ( p i X - a i - r c p o g — ( p i X - a i - r a r o g .

e )

T h e

t w o

a d j e c t i v e s ,

s p p t o p J v o s , s t r o n g ,

a K p d r o s ,

p u r e ,

i n s e r t t h e s y l l a b l e e s , a f t e r

t h r o w i n g

o f f o s , a s I p p t o f i s v - i c r -

r e p o s , s p p o > f i s v - ^ o - - T a T o s , a K p a T - e a - T S p o s , a K p a T - i a - T a - v o s . S o

a l s o : a l B o l o s , a ,

o v , m o d e s t ,

s u p e r l . a l S o i d o ^ r a r o s .

f ) T h e f o l l o w i n g a d j e c t i v e s i n o s i n s e r t t h e s y l l a b l e i s a f t e r

t h r o w i n g o f f o s , v i z . X a X o s , l o q u a c i o u s , f i o v o t p o s y o s , e a t i n g

a l o n e ,

o i f r o t p w y o s ,

d a i n t y ,

a n d T r r t & x p s ,

b e g g i n g ,

p o o r

;

a s

\ a X - o s ,

c o m p . X a X - L a - r s p o s , s u p . X a X - l f f - T a r o s .

I I .

A d j e c t i v e s

i n

r j s ,

G .

o v ,

a n d

y j r e v S t f s , 4 s ,

G .

i o s ,

s h o r t e n

t h e

e n d i n g

r j s i n t o i s ; a s K X h r r - r j s , t h i e v i s h , c o m p . t c K e i r r - U r -

r s p o s , s u p .

K X e r r r - U r - r a T o s .

E

2

5 2 T H E


A N D A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p .

n i .

W i t h r e g a r d t o a d j e c t i v e s o f t h e t h i r d d e c l e n s i o n , t h e f o l

l o w i n g i s t o b e o b s e r v e d .

I I I . T h e c o m p a r i s o n - e n d i n g s , r s p o s , t w t o s , a r e j o i n e d i m

m e d i a t e l y

t o t h e

p u r e

s t e m o f t h e w o r d , ( w h i c h a p p e a r s

i n

t h e

n e u t e r , ) i n t h e a d j e c t i v e s

e n d i n g

i n v s , s i a , v

;

r j s , e s ( G . e o s )

a s , a v a n d i n t h e s o l i t a r y

p d x a p ,

b l e s s e d .

y X v K v g , s w e e t n e u t . v y X v K V - r e p o g

y X v K V - r a r o g .

a X n O r j g , t r u e —

I s

d X r i B e a - T t p o g

C t X i j 0 t V - r a r o £ ,

f i e X a g , b l a c k — a v

f i e X d v - r c p o g / l e X d v - T a r o g .

r d X a g , m i s e r a b l e

—

a v

r a X d v - T i p o g T a X d v - r a r o g .

f i a x a p , b l e s s e d —

o p

/ l a i c d p - T t p o g f i a i c a p - T a T o g .

R e m a r k .

T h e

a d j e c t i v e s t j S v g ,

r a x v g , a n d

n o X v g

t a k e

t h e

f o r m

o f

c o m

p a r i s o n i n i W ( l )

a n d

w .

S e e

§ 5 1 , 1 .

a n d

§ 5 2 .

I V . T h e c o m p a r i s o n - e n d i n g s a r e a f f i x e d

t o

t h e p u r e s t e m

o f

t h e w o r d ,

i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r

t h e

i n s e r t i o n o f

a

s i n g l e

l e t t e r

o r a

w h o l e

s y l l a b l e .

a )

T h e

c o m p o u n d s

o f

% a p i s

i n s e r t

a >

a s

i - n i x a p i g , G .

h i r i x d p i T - O Q , a t t r a c t i v e .

c o m p . 6 j r i x < i p i r - < i - r f p o f ,

s u p .

l m x a p i r - u i r a r o g .

b )

A d j e c t i v e s

i n c o v , o v ( G r .

o v o s ) , i n s e r t e s ;

a s

f i S a i f i a i v ,

n e u t . i v d a i f i o v , f o r t u n a t e .

c o m p . ( i d a i / i o v - t o - T e p o g , s u p . i v S c a j i o v - i a ' T a T o g .

c )

A d j e c t i v e s

i n

( ?

i n s e r t

e s

o r

i s ;

a s

d i p r j X X S ,

G . d t p i j X a e - o g , g r o w i n g o l d . a p i r a $ , G . a p i r a y - o g ,

r a p a x .

C O m p . d < p r j X t K - £ o - T t p o g .

C O m p . d p n a y - ' w r e p o g .

s u p . d p n X u e - h - T a T o g .

s u p .

d p T r a y - i a - r a r o g .

V .

A d j e c t i v e s i n

s i s ,

e v , a f f i x t h e

e n d i n g s

t r r e p o s ,

a r a r o s

t o

t h e p u r e s t e m a n d d r o p v b e f o r e a ( § 8 , 6 . ) a s

x o p i f t f , n e u t .

x a 9 i i v <

a t t r a c t i v e .

c o m p .

x a p i i - a r i p o g ,

s u p .

x a p i e - f f r a r o j .

§ 5 2 . ] A N O M A L O U S F O R M S O F C O M P A R I S O N . 5 3

§ 5 1 .

B .

S e c o n d F o r m

o f C o m p a r i s o n .

C o m p a r a t i v e l w v ( i ) , n e u t .

l o v ,

o r

r e v ,

n e u t . o v .

S u p e r l a t i v e

u r r o s ,

U r r q , i c r r o v .

R e m a r k

1 . U p o n t h e

d e c l e n s i o n o f c o m p a r a t i v e s ,

s e e § 3 5 . R e m .

4 .

T h i s f o r m o f c o m p a r i s o n i s a s s u m e d b y —

I . S o m e

i n

v s , a f t e r t h r o w i n g o f f t h i s e n d i n g , a n d u s u a l l y

o n l y i j S v y , p l e a s a n t , a n d T a m i l s , s w i f t ;

t h e

l a t t e r o f w h i c h

h a s

i n

t h e

c o m p .

O d a a c o v

( O d r r c o v ) ,

t h u s

t j l - v c , c o m p .

i j l - t u v

( i ) , n e u t .

i j S - T o v ,

s u p . j j i - t o r o g .

T a \ - v Q , c o m p . O a a a i a v , A t t . B d r r w v , n e u t . O a o o o v , A t t . G d r r o v , s u p .

r a ' x

O T O f f .

R e m a r k

2 .

T h e r e s t

i n

v e

a s

( ? a p v ' c ,

h e a v y

;

/ 3 a 0 u £ ,

< & e p

; / 3 p a x ' f f i

s h o r t ;

S a a v g ,

t h i c k ; t i i p v e , b r o a d ; 6 $ v g , s h a r p ; T r p t a j i v i ,

o l d ;

a n d

w i c v c ,

s w i f t ; t a k e t h e f o r m i n

v r e p o e ,

u ' r a r o f .

I I . T h e f o l l o w i n g i n p o s a l o y p o s , d i s g r a c e f u l , f y O p o s ,

h o s

t i l e ,

a n d

o l i c r p o s ,

p i t i a b l e

( i n

t h e c o m p .

a l w a y s o U r p o r s p o s ) ,

a f t e r t h r o w i n g o f f

t h e e n d i n g

a s

a i a x - p o Q , c o m p . a i V x - i W ( I ) , n e u t .

a i a \ - l o v ,

s u p .

a i a x - i a r o q .

§ 5 2 . A n o m a l o u s F o r m s o f C o m p a r i s o n .

P o s i t i v e .

C o m p a r a t i v e . S u p e r l a t i v e .

1 .

d y a 9 6 i , g o o d

d p t i v w v , n e u t . d f i t i v o v

a p u r r o f .

P t X r i t a v j S t X r w r o j .

K p t i a a i a v , A t t .

K p t i r r u v

K p a ™ m > £ .

X t p U l V X £ < r r o £ .

2 x a K o g , b a d

K C U C I U V

K a K U T T O C .

\ i i p m v

X t i p u r r o c .

i j a a a j v ,

A t t . f } r 7 w ( i n f e r i o r ) .

3 . i c a X o f f , b e a u t i f u l

K a X X / a w

e a X X t f f r o j .

4

a X y s i K o e , p a i n f u l a X y e i v o r t p o s

d X y t t v d r a r o s

a X y i W

a X y i f f r o j .

E 3

5 4

[ c h a p . I V .

N T H E A D V E U B .

5 . f t a c p o s ,

l o n g

6 . p o c p d f ,

s m a l l

7 . 6 \ i y o c ,

l i t t l e

8 . f i i y a c ,

g r e a t

9 . i r o X w f ,

m u c h

1 0 .

p a S u i e , « u y

1 1 . i r i w u v , r i p e

1 2 . i r i u v , f a t

f i a x p o r t p o c

i \ a o o o n > ,

A t t .

i X d r r u v

T r X l ' u o v

O r

T r X t o j v

p q i a v

i r t i r a i T f p o s

w t S r e p o s

f i a K p o r a r o s a n J l p r j K t a r o £ .

f i u c p o r a r o c .

i \ a x ' T O Q .

6 \ t y H T r o £ .

j r X f T f f r o r ,

p a o r o s .

i r i

i r a W a r o i .

■ K v a r a r o Q .

C H A P . I V .

O N T H E

A D V E R B .

§

5 3 . N a t u r e ,

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a n d

F o r m a t i o n

o f A d v e r b s .

1 .

B t

a d v e r b s

w e

u n d e r s t a n d

t h o s e

i n d e c l i n a b l e

w o r d s

b y

m e a n s

o f w h i c h t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t i m e , p l a c e , a n d m a n n e r a r e

d e n o t e d ;

a s :

i x s l , t h e r e ;

v u v ,

n o w ; k o X & s , w e l l .

2 . M o s t a d v e r b s a r e

f o r m e d

f r o m a d j e c t i v e s b y a s s u m i n g

t h e

e n d i n g

a > s . T h i s e n d i n g i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e

p u r e

s t e m o f

t h e

a d j e c t i v e a n d

s i n c e

i n

t h e

t h i r d d e c l e n s i o n t h i s a p p e a r s

i n t h e g e n i t i v e , a n d a d j e c t i v e s i n t h e p l u r a l a g r e e w i t h

a d

v e r b s

i n

p o i n t

o f

a c c e n t u a t i o n ,

w e

h a v e

t h e f o l l o w i n g

r u l e

f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a d v e r b s f r o m a d j e c t i v e s t h e e n d i n g o f

t h e g e n i t i v e

p l u r a l o f

t h e

a d j e c t i v e

U o v ) i s

c h a n g e d

i n t o

c o s ;

a s :

0 i X o c ,

d e a r

g e n . p i . f i K - w v

a d v .

e a X o ' c , b e a u t i f u l —

i c a X - w v — ( c a X - i 3 f .

d j r X ( d - o c )

o v c , s i m p l e

—

d i r \ ( 6 - < a v ) t i p

—

d i r \ ( o - u i e )

H e .

i r d e , a l l , G . i r a v r o Q

—

r r a v r - i a v

— j r a v T - o > s .

a i > f p i » v , m o d e r a t e

— < T u > < j > p 6 v - u i v —

< r w 0 p o V - w £ .

T a \ v e , s w i f t

—

r a x t - t o v

—

r a ^ f i - w c *

p k y a s , g r e a t

—

) t t y d \ - t t ) v

— n t y d \ - o } £ .

d X i j O f e ,

t r u e

—

a X i ) 6 ( £ - w v ) £ > v d X ) J 0 ( £ - ( J £ ) W f .

o w i j Q t i Q , c u s t o m a r y

— ( t s v v t ) 9 ' i - < a v ) a v v r i Q u i i ,

—

( o v v t j O t - w e ) a v v i f i u i £ .

§ 5 4 . ]

5 5 .

O M P A R I S O N O F

A D V E R B S .

R e m a r k

1 . U p o n t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n o f t h e c o m p o u n d s

i n

r ) 6 o > s a n d

t h e

c o m p o u n d

a v r d p K i o s ,

c o m p a r e § 4 2 . R e m . 4 . u p o n t h a t o f t v v u g ( i n s t e a d

o f

e v v t S s ) ,

§

2 9 .

R e m a r k 2 . F r o m

s u b s t a n t i v e s , p r o n o u n s ,

a n d a d v e r b s , o t h e r

a d v e r b s

m a y b e f o r m e d b y a f f i x i n g t h e t h r e e e n d i n g s 6 t v , B e , a n d S t ( a t ) , t o

d e n o t e t h e s e

t h r e e

r e l a t i o n s o f m o v e m e n t i n

s p a c e ,

v i z . w h e n c e ( 9 t v ) ,

w h e r e ( 9 i ) ,

a n d

w h i t h e r

( S t o r a t ) ;

a s o i p a v o B t v ,

d e

c c e l o o v p a v o Q i , i n

c c e l o ; o v p a v o v d f , i n

c c e l u m .

R e m a r k

3 .

T h e

e n d i n g S t i s r e g u l a r l y

a f f i x e d o n l y t o

t h e

a c c u s a t i v e o f

s u b s t a n t i v e s . T o

p r o n o u n s

a n d

p r i m i t i v e

a d v e r b s , a t i s a f f i x e d

i n s t e a d

o f

S t

a s U i i - a t , t h i t h e r ; a K X o - a t , i n

a n o t h e r d i r e c t i o n . I n t h a t f o r m o f t h e

p l u r a l

o f


w h i c h

e n d s

i n

a s ,

a S t

b e c o m e s

a s

' A ^ v a - f r ,

t o w a r d s A t h e n s .

3 . B e s i d e s t h e a d v e r b s w i t h t h e

e n d i n g m s ,

t h e r e a r e m a n y

w h i c h b e a r e v i d e n t m a r k s o f a c a s e - i n f l e x i o n a s

i ^ a i r i v q s ,

d e r e p e n t e ,

s u d d e n l y

;

a i r r o v , t h e r e ,

& c . T h e a c c u s a t i v e s i n

g u l a r

a n d p l u r a l

o f

a d j e c t i v e s

i s v e r y o f t e n u s e d a d v e r b i a l l y

a s f j J y a i c X a U w ,

t o

w e e p

m u c h .

§ 5 4 . C o m p a r i s o n

o f

A d v e r b s .

A d v e r b s d e r i v e d f r o m a d j e c t i v e s

h a v e

n o d i s t i n c t a d v e r b i a l

e n d i n g i n t h e i r

c o m p a r i s o n ,

b u t u s e t h e n e u t e r o f t h e

c o m p a

r a t i v e

a n d


o f

t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g

a d j e c t i v e

t h e

s i n g u l a r f o r t h e c o m p a r a t i v e , a n d t h e p l u r a l f o r t h e s u p e r l a

t i v e

;

a s

7 0 ^ £ > e ( f r . a o t p o o ) , w i s e l y c o m p . o o f y w r i p o v s u p . a o p i a r a T a .

a a < f > £ ) Q ( f r .

a a i p i i s ) ,

e v i d e n t l y — a a t p t a r t p o v —

a a f i a r a r a .

X a p u v r u i Q

( f r .

\ a p i t i s ) ,

g r a c e f u l l y — x a P ' * a T t P o v — x a P ^ T a T a .

t v S a i f i O v u t g ( f r . t i j S a i p w v ) , f o r t u - — t v S a t f i o v t a T t - — t v S a i f i o v t a '

n a t e l y p o v r a r a .

x i a x p & s

( f r .

a i V ^ p o g ) , d i s g r a c e f u l l y

—

a l a x i o v

—

a t a x ^ a r a .

y S t t o s ( f r . r j S v s ) , a g r e e a b l y —

i j S l o v

— y d t a r a .

r a x i o i Q ( f r . r a x i s ) , q u i c k l y — O d a a o v , t t o v r d x i a r a .

£ 4



5 6

[ c h a p .

v .

N T H E P R O N O U N .

A l l

p r i m i t i v e

a d v e r b s i n a > , a s a v a > ,

/ c a r m , e g o ) , s a w ,

& c . ,

r e g u l a r l y r e t a i n t h i s e n d i n g i n c o m p a r i s o n

a l s o ; a s :

a v u , a b o v e

c o m p . d v i a r i p i t i

s u p . a v i a r a T i a .

c a V t u ,

b e l o w

— i c a T u t r i p t o — i c a r w r r i r w .

S o a l s o , m o s t

o t h e r

p r i m i t i v e a d v e r b s a s :

t r i p d , u l t r a c o m p .

i r e p a i r i p a i

s u p . w a n t i n g .

T t j K o V f f a r

— T T j X o T e p t i ) — r q A o r a r w .

h a s ,

f a r

—

t K a a r i p u )

— i K a a T a r n i .

l y y v c , n e a r — l y y v r e p o )

—

l y y v r d r o ) .

C H A P . V .

O N T H E P R O N O U N .

§

5 5 .

N a t u r e o f t h e

P r o n o u n .

T h e p r o n o u n d o e s n o t , l i k e t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , e x p r e s s t h e

i d e a o f a n o b j e c t , b u t o n l y t h e r e l a t i o n o f a n o b j e c t t o t h e

s p e a k e r s i n c e i t s h o w s w h e t h e r t h e o b j e c t i s t h e s p e a k e r

h i m s e l f

( t h e f i r s t

p e r s o n ) , o r

t h e p e r s o n ( o r

t h i n g ) s p o k e n t o

{ t h e

s e c o n d

p e r s o n ) ,

o r

t h e p e r s o n

( o r t h i n g ) s p o k e n

o f ( t h e

t h i r d

p e r s o n )

a s

I

( t h e

t e a c h e r )

g i v e

t h e e

( t h e

s c h o l a r )

i t

( t h e

b o o k ) .

A l l

p r o n o u n s

a r e

c o m p r i s e d u n d e r

f i v e

g e n e r a l h e a d s :

p e r s o n a l , d e m o n s t r a t i v e ,

r e l a t i v e ,

i n d e f i n i t e ,

a n d i n t e r r o g a t i v e

p r o n o u n s .

§ 5 6 . I .

P e r s o n a l

P r o n o u n s .

a .

S u b s t a n t i v e - p e r s o n a l

p r o n o u n s .

a )

T h e

s i m p l e o n e s s y w , e g o ; c r v ,

t u ;

o v , s u i .

§ 5 7 . ]

5 7

E F L E C T I V E P R O N O U N S .

S . N .

G .

D .

A .

l y i i , I a v , t h o u

^ o t ( / * o v ) , l i i o v , o f m e

f t o i Q i o i ) ,

I f i o i ,

t o

m e

f i i Q i i ) , i / i e , m e

a o v ( n o v ) ,

o f

t h e e

a o i ( < r o i ) , t o t h e e

( c t ) ,

t h e e

o i

( 0 J ) , o f h i m s e l f

o r

h e r s e l f

o i ( o i ) ,

t o h i m s e l f o r h e r s e l f

1 ( 0 , h i m s e l f h e r s e l f ,

i t s e l f

D .

v u > ,

w e , u s

t w o

v $ v ,

o f

o r

t o

u s t w o

< r < p u , y o u t w o

t r f f v , o f o r

t o

y o u

t w o

a f w i v ( ? < p m v ) , o f o r t o t h e m

s e l v e s

P . N .

v i t u t , y o u

( i )

a t p d , n e u t . o f k a ,

t h e y

t h e m

s e l v e s

e f & v ,

o f

t h e m s e l v e s

< n p i < r t ( v ) ( < r 0 « r i ) , t o t h e m s e l v e s

< n p a c , n e u t . < r < p i a , t h e m s e l v e s

r i f i t i S ,

w e

G .

D .

A .

r i f l u i v , o f U S

r i f i i v , t o U S

r ) p d s , U S

v / i u v ,

o f y o u

( v )

v / i i v , t o

y o u

( i )

v f i d e , y o u ( v )

R e m a r k .

T h e f o r m s

c a p a b l e o f i n c l i n a t i o n a r e

p l a c e d w i t h o u t a c c e n t

i n p a r e n t h e s e s . C o m p a r e §

1 5 , V ) .

U p o n t h e

s i g n i f i c a t i o n a n d

u s e

o f

t h e

p r o n o u n i n t h e t h i r d

p e r s o n ,

s e e t h e s y n t a x $

1 6 9 .

B e r n . 2 .

§ 5 7 . 1 $ ) T h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s i / i a v r o v , a e a v r o v , k a v r o v .

T h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s o f t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d p e r s o n s d e

c l i n e

t h e

t w o p r o n o u n s f r o m w h i c h t h e y

a r e

f o r m e d , s e p a r a t e l y ,

i n t h e p l u r a l t h a t

o f

t h e t h i r d

p e r s o n

i s d e c l i n e d e i t h e r

s i m

p l y , e a v r a v , & c , o r a c f > & v a v n m v .

S . G .

D .

A .

I f i a v r o v , q f ,

o f m y

s e l f

I f i a v r y , p , t o m y s e l f

i / t a v r o v ,

i p i , m y s e l f

t r s a v r o v , j y c , o r

a a v r o v ,

i j < ; , o f t h y s e l f ^

a t a v r i f , p , o r

t r a v T t p ,

p ,

t o

t h y s e l f

f f t a v r o v ,

r \ v ,

o r

a a v r o v ,

i ) V ,

t h y s e l f

e a v T O v , r j c , o r

a v r o v , i j s , o f

h i m s e l f

o r h e r s e l f

\ e a v r $ ,

p ,

o r

a i ) r £ ,

p , t o h i m s e l f o r

h e r s e l f

i a v r d v , t ) v , o , o r

a i r 6 v ,

^ v ,

6 ,

h i m s e l f ,

h e r s e l f ,

o r

i t s e l f



5 8 O N T H E P R O N O U N . [ c h a p . v .

P . G .

t ' l l i i S v a i r r u v , o f o u r

i l f i u v

a v T t Z v , o f

i a v r t S v ,

o r a v r u i v ,

o r

s e l v e s

y o u r s e l v e s o t j i t S v a v r u i v , o f t h e m s e l v e s

D .

i f S v

a v r o i g ,

a t f ,

t o

V f i i v

a v r o i g ,

a X g ,

t o

i a v r d i g ,

a X g ,

o r

a v r o i g ,

a i c ,

o r

o u r s e l v e s

y o u r s e l v e s

a t y ' w i v

a v r o i g , a i g ,

t o

t h e m

s e l v e s

A .

t ' l / i a g

a i r r o i g ,

A g ,

v p a g

a v r o i g ,

d g ,

i a v r o i g , d g , a , o r a v r o v g , d g ,

o u r s e l v e s

y o u r s e l v e s

a , o r

a f d g

a v r o v g , d g , t r t p k a a v r d ,

t h e m s e l v e s

§ 5 8 .

y )

T h e r e c i p r o c a l

p r o n o u n

e x p r e s s e s

m u t u a l

i n t e r

c h a n g e b e t w e e n

s e v e r a l

p e r s o n s .

P l u r a l .

G .

a X X ^ X w , o f

o n e a n o t h e r

D u a l .

d X X ^ X o i v ,

a t v , o i v

D .

a \ X i i \ o i g , a i g ,

o i £

A . d X K r j X o v g , a g ,

a

d X K y X u ) ,

a , w

§ 5 9 .

b .

A d j e c t i v e - p e r s o n a l

o r

p o s s e s s i v e

p r o n o u n s .

T h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s

a r e

f o r m e d

f r o m

t h e g e n i t i v e o f

t h e

f o r e g o i n g s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n s

s f i o s ,

r \ ,

b v ,

m e m ,

f r .

i f i o v

;

r j f i e r s p o s ,

r e p d ,

r s p o v ,

n o s t e r ,

f r .

f j f M t i V

a o s , r j , b v , t u u s , f r . o ~ o v ; b f i l r e p o s , r i p d , r s p o v , v e s t e r , f r .

o s , f j , o v , s u u s , f o r w h i c h t h e A t t i c s u s e e a v r o v , t } 9 , 5 > v

i n

t h e r e f l e c t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , a n d a v r o v , f y , S > v

i n

t h e s i g n i f i c a

t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o f t h e t h i r d p e r s o n , e . g . t w t b

r b v

e a v r o v

v i b v

o r r b v

v i b v

r b v

e a v r o v ,

h e

i s

s t r i k i n g

h i s

o w n

s o n , r x m r s L a v r o v r b v v l b v o r r b v v i b v a v r o v , h e i s s t r i k i n g h i s

( i . e . o f h i m , e j u s ) s o n .

§ 6 0 . ]

D E M O N S T R A T I V E P R O N O U N S .

5 9

§

6 0 .

I I .

D e m o n s t r a t i v e P r o n o u n s .

t h i s .

t h i s .

s e l f ,

o r h e , s h e , i t .

S . N . H i t ) t t

r d f l f

0 $ T O g

a v T T )

t o v t o a i t T O Q a v r r j a v r o

O r .

r o v d t r i j g d t

r o v S e

r o i r o v

r a v r r j g T O V T O V

a v r o v

a v r r j g

a v r o v

D . T f t t

T O V T t p r a i n y

T O V T t p a i r $ a v r y a v T a l

A .

T O v d t

T T } v S t

r o S e r o v r o v

T a v r q v

T O V T O

a v r b v

a v r i j v

a v r o

P . N .

o ' i S e a i d e

r a d e

0 $ T O l a i r a i

r a v r a

a v r o i

a v r a i a v r a

G .

T l S v S t r i S v l e

T i a v S t

T O V T U I V

T O V T U I V

T O V T I i l V

a v r i S v

a v r i S v a v r i o v

D .

T o i g d e

r a i g l i

r o i g d t

r o i r o i g r a v r a i g t o v t o i q

a v r o l g

a v T a ' i g

a r l r o i g

A .

r o i i g S e

T a g S e

T & S t r o v r o v g r a v r a g

r a v r a

a v r o i g a v r a g

a v r a

D .

r w £ e

T a S t r i i d i

r o v r u r a v r a T O V T i a

a v r u i

a v r a

a v r < i

r o i v h

r a T v S e T O i v S l

T O V T O I V

r a v r a i v T O V T O I V

a v r o l v a v r a l v a v m v

L i k e o i V o g a r e d e c l i n e d r o o o v r o g , r o o a v r j j , r o < r o v r o ( i > ) , t a n t u s , a , u m ;

r o i o S r o f , r o i a v r q , r o i o u r o ( v ) , t a l i s , e ; r t j X i K O v r o e , r r i K w a v r r i , 7 - i ) X u c o 5 r o ( v ) ,

s o

g r e a t ,

s o o l d ; b u t i t s h o u l d b e r e m a r k e d — a ) t h a t t h e n e u t e r - s i n g u l a r

h a s a

f o r m

i n o v , a s w e l l a s t h a t i n o ,

a n d

—

b ) t h a t , i n

a l l

t h e f o r m s o f

o v r o g w h i c h

b e g i n

w i t h r , t h i s

l e t t e r

i s d r o p p e d .

L i k e a i r o g a r e d e c l i n e d U t i v o g , o ,

t h a t ;

a n d

d X X o f

q , o , a l i u s ,

a ,

m l .

S i n g u l a r .

P l u r a l .

N .

T O O O V T O Q r o a a i r i ]

T O O O V T o ( v )

r o a o v r o i r o a a v r a i r o a a v r a

a .

T O t J O V T O V

T o a a v r r j g r o a o v r o v r o a o v r u v

t o o o v t u v r o a o v r m v

D .

r o a o v r u )

r o a a i r y

T O a O V T I f

r o a o v r o t g

r o a a v r a i g

T o a o v r o i Q

A

r o a o v r o v

r o a a i i T t i v T o a o v r o { y ) t o o o v t o v q r o a a i r a g r o a a v T a

D u a l .

r o o o v T t t i r o a a v r a r o a o v r b t

r o a o v r o i v r o a a v r a i v

r o a o v r o t v

R e m a r k .

T h e p r o n o u n

a i r o g s i g n i f i e s ,

e i t h e r s e l f ,

i p s e ,

i p s a ,

i p s u m , o r

s u p p l i e s

t h e

c a s e s o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o f

t h e

t h i r d p e r s o n , h e , s h e ,

i t ,

i s ,

e a ,

i d .

I n

c o n n e x i o n

w i t h

t h e

a r t i c l e ,

o

a i r o g ,

a i r r i ,

t o a v r o ,

i t

i s

e q u i v a l e n t t o i d e m , e a d e m , i d e m . T h e

a r t i c l e

u s u a l l y b l e n d s b y c r a s i s

( § 6 . ) w i t h

a i r o g ,

s o

a s

t o f o r m

o n e

w o r d

a i i r o g ,

r a i r o ,

c o m m o n l y r a i r o v ,

r a i r o v , r a v r i f , r a v r y , & c .

6 0 O N

T H E

P E O N O U N . [ c h a p . t .

§ 6 1 .

I I I . R e l a t i v e P r o n o u n s .

S i n g u l a r .

P l u r a l .

D u a l .

T S .

o f ,

q u i

q u c e

o , q u o d

o i

a l

u

& 2 a

6 .

0 $

o i

T

T

> v

o l v

a l v

o l v

) V

U ) V

D .

i

V

T

a l e 6 l s

o l v

a l v o l v

A .

8 v o

o i i c U s

S & S .

&

§

6 2 .

I V . I n d e f i n i t e a n d

I n t e r r o g a t i v e P r o n o u n s .

T h e

i n d e f i n i t e a n d i n t e r r o g a t i v e

p r o n o u n s

a r e e x p r e s s e d b y

t h e s a m e f o r m , b u t a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y t h e i r a c c e n t a n d

p o s i t i o n ,

t h e

i n d e f i n i t e

b e i n g

e n c l i t i c

( §

1 4 . )

a n d

t h e

i n t e r r o

g a t i v e a l w a y s a c c e n t e d .

R e m a r k 1 . T h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n s a f f i x t o t h e i r r o o t t h e r e l a t i v e

o ( w h i c h i s n o t i n f l e c t e d , e x c e p t i n b e n s ) , w h e n t h e y s t a n d i n a d e p e n d e n t

s e n t e n c e a s b i r o l o s , b i r o a o s ,

b i r o T t p o s ,

& c .

D e c l e n s i o n

o f t I s , r i s , a n d S o r t s .

S i n g .

N .

r i g ,

s o m e

o n e

n e u t .

t i ,

s o m e t h i n g .

r i g ,

q u i s

t

T i , q u i d f

G .

n v o s o r T O V

r i v o s

o r

T O V

D .

n v t o r T l V l O r T i p

A .

r i v a n e u t . t i

T i v a T i

P l u r . N .

T i v i s n e u t .

r i v a

a n d d r r a T I V I S

r i v a

Q .

T i v i S v

t i v i o v

D .

r n r / ( v )

r t < r i ( v )

A .

T I V & S n e u t . r i v a

a n d a r r a

r i v a s

r i v a

D u a l .

N . A .

n v i

T l V t

G . D . -

T l V O l v

T I V 0 1 V

§ 6 3 . ]

C I

O R R E L A T I V E P R O N O U N S .

G .

D .

A .

S i n g u l a r .

S f T i f ,

w h o

y r t g

o - t i

o i n V O Q

O r O T O V r j Q T l V O Q

i f n v i o r o t u > y r i v i

o v r i v a

y v r i v a o - n

P l u r a l .

o l r i v t s

a l n v e c

U r i v a

o r

u r r a

u v t i v i d v ( m o r e

r a r e l y

o t u v )

o T j r « r i ( v ) ( m o r e r a r e l y o r o i g ) a l e r i o i ^ v ) o T s t h t i ( v )

o v q t i v o q a g r t v a g a T L v a

o r

a r r a

D u a l .

N . A . t i r i v i , a r i v t G . D . o W i v o i v , a W i v o t v

R e m a r k

2 .

T h e n e g a t i v e

c o m p o u n d s o f

r i f f , o v n g , o u n , p i j r t f f ,

/ x i / r t ,

n o

o n e ,

n o t h i n g ,

h a v e

t h e

i n f l e x i o n

o f t h e s i m p l e

r i f f

a s

o v n v o g ,

o v r i v t g ,

& c

§

6 3 .

C o r r e l a t i v e P r o n o u n s .

U n d e r t h e

h e a d o f

c o r r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n s a r e c o m p r i s e d t h o s e p r o n o u n s

w h i c h e x p r e s s a m u t u a l r e l a t i o n t o o n e a n o t h e r , a n d e x h i b i t t h i s r e l a t i o n

b y a

c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m .

a .

A d j e c t i v e - c o r r e l a t i v e s .

I n t e r r o g a t i v e s .

I n d e f i n i t e s .

D e m o n s t r a t i v e s .

R e l a t i v e a n d D e p e n d e n t


i r o a o Q ,

n ,

o v

7 r o < 7 0 f ,

o v ,

q f

r o ' o - o f ,

o v ,

s o g r e a t , s o

o o o g ,

n ,

o v .

h o w g r e a t *

a c e r t a i n

s i z e

m u c h , t a n t u s .

o V o ' o - o c ,

n , o v , h o w

h o w

m u c h ?

o r q u a n t i t y ,

g r e a t , h o w m u c h ,

q u a n t u s f

a l i q u a n t u s .

q u a n t u s .

j r o t o f a , o v

o f

i r o i o s , a , o v , o f

t o X o c , a , o v , s u c h , o f

o l o c , a , o v , o f w h a t

w h a t

k i n d *

a c e r t a i n h i n d .

s u c h

a k i n d ,

t a l i s .

k i n d ,

q u a l i s .

T O i o c d f , r o i d d e , r o i o v S e

o V o i o f , a , o v .

t o i o v t o c , - a v r n , — o v r o ( v )

j t j j X i ' k o c ,

o v

7 r j j X l K 0 £ ,

o v ,

r i / X k o f , n , o v , s o g r e a t ,

j j ' X i ' c o f f ,

o v , h o w

h o w

g r e a t f

o f

a

c e r t a i n

s o

o l d .

g r e a t ,

h o w

o l d .

h o w o l d ?

s i z e o r a g e .

o n - q X i i c o c , n , o v .

6 2

O N T H E P R O N O U N . [ c h a p .

v .

b . A d v e r b i a l

c o r r e l a t i v e s .

I n t e r r o g a t i v e : .

I n d e f i n i t e * .

D e m o n s t r a t i v e .

R e l a t i v e .

D e p e n d e n t


i r o v ; w h e r e f

u b i ?

w o v , s o m e

w h e r e , a l i -

c u b i .

w a n t i n g ( h i e , i b i ) .

w a n t i n g .

o S , w h e r e ,

v b i .

' 6 i r o v ,

w h e r e .

T T u d t V

w o B i v , f r o m

s o m e w h e r e ,

a l i c u n d e .

' 6 6 e v , w h e n c e ,

u n d e .

6 w 6 9 e v ,

w h e n c e .

h e n c e ?

u n d e ?

m ' t ; w h i t h e r ?

q u o ?

w o t ,

t o

s o m e

p l a c e ,

a l i q u o .

o T , w h i t h e r ,

q u o .

o V o f ,

w h i

t h e r .

w o r e ; w h e n ?

q u a n d o f

w o r e , a t s o m e

t i m e ,

a l i -

q u a n d o .

T - o V e ,

t h e n , t u r n .

' o r e ,

w h e n ,

q u u m .

o w o T t , w h e n .

w n v i c a q u o

t e m p o r i s

p u n e t o ?

q u o t a h o -

r a f

w a n t i n g .

r n v i x o S e , 1 h o c i p s o

T t i v i K a v r a ,

J

t e m p o r e .

i j v i K a , q u o

i p s o

t e m

p o r e .

O T r r i v i x a ,

w h e n .

7 r < j £

h o w

?

w r j ; w h i t h e r ?

h o w ?

T r c i f , s o m e h o w ,

m i , t o s o m e

p l a c e .

o u r w ( f ) , c l f o , t h u s .

T y S e ,

1

h i t h e r , o r

r a v r y ,

J

h e r e .

< » £ , h o w .

w h e r e ,

w h i t h e r .

o w o i c , h o w .

o w o i g , h o w .

0 7 r i j , w h e r e ,

w h i t h e r .

R e m a r k . T h e f o r m s w h i c h a r e w a n t i n g

i n

t h e o r d i n a r y

d i a l e c t s

t o

d e n o t e h e r e , t h e r e , ( h i e , i b i , ) a r e s u p p l i e d b y i v r a v B a ,

a n d

t h o s e t o d e n o t e

h e n c e ( h i n c , i n d e ) ,

b y i v Q ' t v h , I v r t v S e v .

§ 6 4 . L e n g t h e n i n g o f P r o n o u n s .

a . T h e e n c l i t i c y e i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s o f t h e

f i r s t

a n d

s e c o n d

p e r s o n s , i n o r d e r t o

r e n d e r t h e

p e r s o n

e m p h a t i c .

T h e p r o n o u n

l y i i t h e n d r a w s b a c k i t s a c c e n t ,

e x c e p t

i n t h e g e n i t i v e e y u y e , I p - o v y e ,

e / i o t y e , E f t £ - y £

—

a v y e . F u r t h e r , y e m a y

b e j o i n e d t o a n y o t h e r

w o r d a s

w e l l

a s

t o a n y o t h e r p r o n o u n ,

b u t

n o t m a d e

o n e

w o r d w i t h

i t .

b . T h e p a r t i c l e s o * i j , ( m o s t c o m m o n l y S i j i r o r e , ) a n d o v v , a r e a f f i x e d t o t h e

§ 6 5 . j

6 3

L A S S I F I C A T I O N O N N U M E R A L S .

r e l a t i v e s c o m p o s e d o f i n t e r r o g a t i v e s o r i n d e f i n i t e s ,

a s

w e l l

a s

t o o a o c ,

i n

o r d e r t o

g e n e r a l i s e

t h e r e l a t i v e f o r c e , i . e . t o e x t e n d

i t

t o e v e r y

t h i n g

c o m p r i s e d

w i t h i n

t h e

l i m i t s

o f t h e

o b j e c t

d e n o t e d

b y

t h e

p r o n o u n

a s

d s r i c i S i j , o f r i c & j x o r c , o f f r i £ o » v , i j r i f o u j ' , o t w v v , q u i c u n q n e , ( G . o v r i v o g o v v o r

O T O V O V V ,

i j g T L V O S O V V , D . t p T l V l O V V O T O T I p O V V , & C . ) O T T O a O Q S l ) ,

O T T O a O Q O V V ,

i a o s S t j i r o T t , q u a n t u s c u n q u e .

c .

T h e e n c l i t i c i r s p

i s

a f f i x e d t o

a l l

r e l a t i v e s i n o r d e r t o r e n d e r t h e

r e l a t i v e

r e f e r e n c e

t o t h e

d e m o n s t r a t i v e s t i l l

m o r e

e m p h a t i c , a n d t h u s

p r o p e r l y d e n o t e s ,

j u s t

w h i c h

; a s o f t r t p , i j m p ,

o i r t p

( G .

o i i r t p ,

& c . )

o o o Q i r i p o i O G i r t p

( G . 8 < r o i r 7 r « p ,

o i o w e p , & e . ) o Q n r e p , ' 6 9 t v i r f p .

d . T h e i n s e p a r a b l e

d e m o n s t r a t i v e

( l )

i s

a t t a c h e d

t o


a n d a f e w o t h e r a d v e r b s , a l w a y s

w i t h

a s t r o n g e r d e m o n s t r a t i v e f o r c e . I t

a l w a y s h a s t h e a c u t e a c c e n t , a b s o r b s t h e s h o r t v o w e l i m m e d i a t e l y p r e

c e d i n g , a n d

s h o r t e n s

l o n g v o w e l s a n d

d i p h t h o n g s

—

N .

o v r o a i ( l ) ,

t h i s

( h i c c e ,

c e l u i - c i ) ,

a v r r j i , r o « r i ( I ) .

G . T O V T o i i ( i ) , T a v r t ] m ( l ) , D . T o v r t p i ( i ) , T a v r y i ( l ) , P L o w r o I Z ( I ) , a i r a X i Q ) ,

T a v r i ( l ) d & ( i ) , r o ^ t ( i ) ,

f r . o d e

o i i r w ( W ( i ) ,

f r . o v t m q .

C H A P .

V I .

O N T H E

N U M E R A L S .

§

6 5 .

N a t u r e a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

o f t h e

N u m e r a l s .

T h e n u m e r a l s

e x p r e s s

t h e r e l a t i o n

o f

n u m b e r

a n d q u a n t i t y .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r s i g n i f i c a t i o n t h e y a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t h e f o l

l o w i n g c l a s s e s —

a . C a r d i n a l s , w h i c h a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n h o w m a n y ? T h e f i r s t f o u r

o f t h e s e ,

a n d

t h e n t h e r o u n d n u m b e r s

f r o m 2 0 0

( c t a K o a u n )

t o 1 0 , 0 0 0

( / o i ' p i o i ) ,

w i t h

t h e i r c o m p o u n d s ,

h a v e t h e

i n f l e x i o n

o f

a d j e c t i v e s ; a l l

t h e

o t h e r s a r e i n d e c l i n a b l e . T h e

t h o u s a n d s

a r e f o r m e d b y t h e a d v e r b i a l

n u m e r a l s

a s r p i c x ' ^ ' 0 1 3 0 0 0 .

b . O r d i n a l s ,

w h i c h

a n s w e r t h e

q u e s t i o n

o f w h a t r a n k

o r p l a c e

( i n

a

s e r i e s ) ? T h e s e

a r e

a l l d e c l i n e d

l i k e a d j e c t i v e s

o f

t h r e e t e r m i n a t i o n s ,

e n d i n g i n o t , n , o v , a n d o g , a , o v ( o n l y S e v r e p o g , a , o v ) .

c . M u l t i p l i c a t i v e s , w h i c h

a n s w e r

t h e q u e s t i o n h o w m a n y f o l d f

6 4

[ c h a p , v tN

T H E

N U M E R A L S .

T h e s e a r e a l l c o m p o u n d s

o f

7 r \ o V , a n d a d j e c t i v e s o f t h r e e t e r m i n a t i o n s

o o j , o v ; a s : S n r X o v c , t w o - f o l d . S e e t h e d e c l e n s i o n o f t h e s e , § 2 9 .

T h e

n u m e r a l

a d v e r b s

i n u k i q

a n s w e r

t h e

q u e s t i o n

h o w

m a n y

t i m e s

f

d .

P r o p o r t i o n a l s , w h i c h a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n h o w m a n y

t i m e s

m o r e f

T h e y a r e

c o m p o u n d s

w i t h t h e

t h r e e - f o l d

t e r m i n a t i o n , i r \ d o - w £ ( a ) ,

i d ,

i o v

a s S t i r X d a w c ,

d o u b l e .

e . S u b s t a n t i v e - n u m e r a l s , w h i c h e x p r e s s t h e a b s t r a c t i d e a o f t h e n u m b e r

a s n i v d t , d S o t , d u a l i t y .

1 .

T h e n u m e r a l s i g n s

a r e t h e 2 4

l e t t e r s o f

t n e

G r e e k

a l p h a b e t ,

a m o n g

w h i c h a r e i n s e r t e d

t h r e e

a n c i e n t l e t t e r s

v i z .

a f t e r e ,

t h e

B a v

o r

d i g a m m a

F ,

o r 2 r l a s t h e s i g n f o r 6 — t h e K o ' i r 7 r a 5 ,

a s

t h e s i g n f o r 9 0 — a n d

t h e X a i n n ^ i , a s t h e s i g n f o r 9 0 0 .

2 .

T h e f i r s t

e i g h t

l e t t e r s ,

a t o

0 , w i t h

t h e B a v , d e n o t e u n i t s t h e

f o l

l o w i n g

e i g h t ,

t o

i t ,

w i t h

t h e

K o i r i r a ,

t h e

t e n s

a n d

t h e

l a s t

e i g h t

p t o

« ,

w i t h

t h e

2 a / i 7 r i ,

t h e

h u n d r e d s .

3 .

U p

t o 9 9 9 t h e l e t t e r s , u s e d

a s

n u m e r a l s i g n s , a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y

a

s h o r t

s t r o k e a b o v e

t h e m , a n d , i f

t w o

o r

m o r e

s t a n d t o g e t h e r i n t h a t

c a p a c i t y ,

o n l y t h e

l a s t

h a s t h i s

s t r o k e .

W i t h 1 0 0 0 t h e a l p h a b e t b e g i n s

a g a i n , b u t t h e

l e t t e r s

a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y a s h o r t s t r o k e b e l o w t h e m

t h u s a =

1 ,

a = 1 0 0 0 , = 1 0 , j l = 1 0 , 0 0 0 , f i f / p p = 5 7 4 2 , , < m A ? ' = 1 8 3 6 ,

p = 1 0 0 , , p = 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 .

§

6 7 . A

S u r v e y o f t h e C a r d i n a l s a n d O r d i n a l s .

§

6 6 .

N u m e r a l S i g n s .

C a r d i n a l s .

O r d i n a l s .

1

a t i e ,

/ « ,

i V ,

o n e .

2

£ v o ,

t w o .

S

y . r p t i c ,

r p i a ,

t h r e e .

4

h

T i T T a p e e , « , o r r e a a a p .

5

t

■ K l V T l .

6 r U .

7

K i n r a .

i r p H r o s , o v , p r i m u s , a , u r n .

S i v r t p o t ,

a , o v , s e c u n d u s , a , u m .

T p i r o Q , o v ,

t e r t i u s ,

a ,

u m .

r k r a p T O Q , o v .

7 r f / x 7 r r o f f ,

o v .

i k t o s ,

o v .

f / 3 S o f l O £ ,

o v .

§ 6 7 . ]

6 5

A R D I N A L S

A N D

O R D I N A L S .

8

n

O K T l i ) .

i y d o o Q , o v .

9

f f

I v v k a .

i v v a r o c , q , o v .

1 0

I

S U a .

S ' t K a T O Q ,

i j ,

o v .

1 1

i d

' i v d e x a .

i v S U a r o g , o v .

1 2

d u d e i c a .

S w d i K a r o Q , o v .

1 3

T p i Q K a i t t K a

r p t i K a i S U a T O C , o v .

1 4

T t T T a p t Q K a i t i i K a , o r T i a a .

T t T T a p a K a i i t K a T O Q , o v .

I S

i z i v r t x a i S t K a .

i c t V T i i c a i c i K a T O t , o v .

1 6

i K K a i i t K a .

t K i c a i M i c a T O C , V > o v -

1 7

i i r T a i c a i S t K a .

,

i n T O K C u S i K a T O C ,

o v .

1 8

» {

o K T O i K a i S i K a .

i K T O t K a i S e K a r o c ,

o v .

1 9

a

i v v t a K a i d e x a . i v v t a K a i d i K a r o e ,

o v .

2 Q

t

e f / c o < r i ( v ) .

t i ' e o f f r o ' c , o v .

2 1

u k o o i v t i e , i l i a , l v .

i h c o a r o g , o v , i r p S i T o g , o v ,

3 0

v

T p i a K O V T a ( a ) .

T p i C L K O a T O Q ,

O V .

4 0

i t

T t r r a p a K o v r a , O T

T t a a .

T t T T a p O K O O T O Q , I } ' , O V .

6 0

* >

j r e v r i f i c o v r a .

n t V T t l K O O T O Q , O V .

6 0

f t

t t > j ' i c o v r a .

t £ l ) K O O T o ' f , O V .

7 0

t t

t f i S o u t j i c o v r a .

f / 3 6 V > / i l J I C O O T O £ , o v .

8 0

* >

o y i o ^ K O V T a .

b y S o t i K o a r o t , o v .

9 0

5

I v t v t j i c o v T a .

c v e v i j c o o r o c ,

o v .

1 0 0

p '

U a r o v .

i K a T o a r o s , o v .

2 0 0

< f

S i a K o i r i o t ,

a t ,

a .

S i a K o a i o a r d s ,

t j > ° v -

3 0 0

/

T p t a K o a w t ,

a t ,

a .

T p i a K o a i o o T o g ,

t j , o v .

4 0 0

T i T p a x i a w i ,

a t ,

a .

r t r p a i c o f f t o e r r o f ,

t j , o V .

5 0 0

¥

w e v r a K o a w i , a t , a .

T t V T a K O O W O T O S , t j ,

o v .

6 0 0

i l a K o a w i , a t , a .

t S a M H T i o o T o ' c ; ,

i j , o v .

7 0 0

■ ¥

i i T T a K o a i o i ,

a t , a .

e V r a i e o f f i o o T o ' c ,

o v .

8 0 0

o K T a K o a m t ,

a t ,

a .

i K T O K o m o o T o e ,

t j ,

o v .

9 0 0

i w a x o a t o t , a t , a .

i v v a K o o t o a T O Q , o v .

1 0 0 0

A

X t X t o i , a t , a .

X i X i o o r o ' c , t j , o v .

2 0 0 0

f i

8 i £ x i \ w i , a t ,

a .

J i e x i X i o i r r o ' c , o v .

3 0 0 0

t

r p i c x « ^ t o l > < >

T p l Q X < ^ w o r o S l V >

4 0 0 0

?

r t r p a K i t x ^ ' O ' j a h

■ •

r t r p a w c x t X i o f f r o ' g , t j ,

o v .

5 0 0 0

i r t v r a B t e x ' X i o o - T o ' s , i ) , o v .

6 0 0 0

, *

i f a K i s x i X i o i , a t , a .

c f a i « c x i X l o 0 ' ' ' o ' f ,

i ) ,

o ' v .

7 0 0 0

A

t i r r a K i s x ^ 1 0 1 < i

i i r r a i c i e x ' X t o C T r o ' f , o ' v .

8 0 0 0

n

O K T a K l S X ^ 0 1 ) a u t

O K r a K i e x ' X u j o r o ' E ,

o ' v .

9 0 0 0

, 9

i v v a K i s x t i - i - o i , a t ,

a .

e v v a i c i e x ' X i o o T o ' f , i j , c v .

0 , 0 0 0

f

u v p t o t , a t , a .

p u p c o o r o ' f , t j ,

o v .

V

6 6

[ c h a p . V I .

N T H E

N U f t E B A L S .

2 0 , 0 0 0 j c S i g p v p t o i , a i , a . S t g p v p i o a r o g , t f , o v .

1 0 0 , 0 0 0 f i S e K a K i g p v p i o i ,

a t ,

a . S i K a K i g p v p i o a r o ' g , o v .

R e m a r k .

I n

c o m p o u n d

n u m b e r s

t h e

s m a l l e r ,

w i t h

c a t ,

u s u a l l y

p r e c e d e s

t h e l a r g e r n u m b e r , a n d f r e q u e n t l y t h e l a r g e r , w i t h o u t K a i , p r e c e d e s a s

2 5

i r i v r i K a i e u c o i T i ( v ) , o r t l i c o m

i r t v r e .

3 4 5 i r i v T i K a i r t r r a p a K o v T a K a i T p t a x o a u H ,

o r r p . r .

i r .

T h i s i s t h e

c a s e w i t h

o r d i n a l s a l s o a s ■ K k p . i r r o g K a i t U o a r o g , o r u k o u t o q

T r k f l T T T O C ,

§

6 8 .

D e c l e n s i o n

o f

t h e

F i r s t

F o u r

N u m e r a l s .

N o m .

e l s f i t a e v

S i l o

a n d

S v a i .

G e n .

i v o ' g

( u d g

i v & g

S v o t v , ( A t t . a l s o ) S v e i v .

D a t .

i v i U i f i v i

S v o T v , ( m o r e r a r e l y ) S v a i ( v ) .

A c c .

e v a

p i a v

t v

S v o .

N o m .

r p e i g

n e u t . T p i a

r i r r a p i g o r r i v a a p t g

n e u t .

— a .

G e n .

T p l G l V

T S T T & p i J i V .

D a t .

T p w i ( v )

r k T T a p m ( y )

A c c .

r p e t f

n e u t .

T p i a T t r r a p a g n e u t .

- a .

R e m a r k

1 .

I n

t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s t i g , a r e

d e c l i n e d

o v S i i g

a n d

u t / S e i g ,

n o o n e w h i c h h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g a n o m a l o u s a c c e n t u a t i o n —

o i i S d g , o i i S e f i t a , o v S k v

G . o v S t v o g , o i / S e u i d g

D , o v S e v i ,

o v S t p i g ,

& c .

b u t

i n

t h e p l u r a l o i S t v i g ( j i t j d t v t g ) , — t v u r v ,

- 4 m , — t v a g .

R e m a r k 2 .

A v o i s

o f t e n u s e d f o r a l l c a s e s a s i n d e c l i n a b l e . T h e n u

m e r a l

a p ,

b o t h ,

h a s

o l v

( a p u p o l v )

i n

t h e

g e n i t i v e

a n d

d a t i v e

l i k e

S i l o

t h e a c c u s a t i v e i s l i k e t h e n o m i n a t i v e . A p < p t n i s a l s o s o m e t i m e s u s e d a s

i n d e c l i n a b l e , l i k e S v o .

§

6 9 .

N u m e r a l A d v e r b s .

1 « 7 r a £ , o n c e .

2 S i g ,

t w i c e .

3

r p i g ,

t h r i c e .

4 T t r p a K i g .

5 T r e v r a K i g .

6 k t a K i g .

7 t T r r c L K i g .

8

i K T O - K i g



§ 7 0 . ]

6 7

I N D S O F V E R B S .

9

i v v c a K i g , I w a x t g .

4 0

T t T T a p a K O V T a K l Q .

1 0

S i K a K i g .

5 0

T T l V T q K O V T a K i g .

1 1

i v d t K U K l Q .

6 0

e ^ r j K o v r d K i g .

1 2

S w S t K a K i g .

7 0

i ( i c o f i r i K o v T i x i { .

1 3

r p i g K a i d i K a K i g .

8 0

i y S o q K o v r d K i g .

1 4

T C T T a p c g K a i S f K a K i g ,

o r T i a a a p .

9 0

i v i v t i K O v r i x i g .

I S

i r t V T E K a i S t K C t K t C .

1 0 0

f K a T o v r d K i g .

1 6

i K t a t S t t d u u t .

2 0 0

d i a K o t r t d K i g ,

1 7

l i r T a K a i S t K a K i g .

3 0 0

T p i a K o a i d x i g .

1 8

O K T U K O l S e K a K i g .

1 0 0 0

1 9

i v v i a K a . i 8 t K a . K i t .

2 0 0 0 S i g X & i d x i g .

3 0

H K o a a K i g .

1 0 , 0 0 0

/ l v p i d x t g .

S O

T f U X K O V T a K i e .

2 0 , 0 0 0

S i g f i v p i d x i g .

C H A P . V I I .

O N T H E V E R B .

—

N A T U R E A N D C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

O F V E R B S .

§ 7 0 .

K i n d s

o f V e r b s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r S i g n i f i c a t i o n .

T h e v e r b i s t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f a n i d e a

o f a c t i v i t y . V e r b s

a r e d i v i d e d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r s i g n i f i c a t i o n , i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g

c l a s s e s —

a ) T r a n s i t i v e

v e r b s , w h i c h e x p r e s s a n

a c t i o n

s o

d i r e c t e d

t o a n o b j e c t t h a t t h i s o b j e c t a p p e a r s a s s u f f e r i n g o r a c t e d u p o n

( i n

t h e

a c c u s a t i v e ) ,

a s : t o

s t r i k e ( s o m e b o d y ) ;

—

b ) P a s s i v e

v e r b s ,

w h i c h

e x p r e s s a n a c t i o n s o

r e c e i v e d

b y o n e o b j e c t f r o m

a n o t h e r , t h a t t h e f o r m e r a p p e a r s a s s u f f e r i n g o r a c t e d u p o n , a s

T O T T o / j a i v t t o t w o s , I r e c e i v e a b l o w f r o m s o m e o n e , I a m

s t r u c k

b y s o m e o n e ; — c ) I n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s , w h i c h e x p r e s s a n a c t i o n

n e i t h e r d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s

a n o t h e r

n o r r e c e i v e d

f r o m w i t h o u t ,

b u t

l i m i t e d

t o t h e o b j e c t i t s e l f f r o m w h i c h

i t p r o c e e d s ,

a s

t o

b l o o m ;

—

d )

R e f l e c t i v e

v e r b s ,

w h i c h

e x p r e s s

a n

a c t i o n

p r o

c e e d i n g

f r o m a n

o b j e c t a n d r e t u r n i n g t o i t a g a i n , a s r t n r r e -

( T 0 a i , t o s t r i k e o n e ' s s e l f , K O f i l ^ s a O a i , s i b i p a r a r ' e .

F 2

6 8 [ c h a p . V l t .

N T H E V E R B .

§ 7 1 .

K i n d s o f V e r b s a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e i r F o r m .

T h e

G r e e k

l a n g u a g e

h a s

t h r e e

d i s t i n c t

f o r m s

f o r

t h e s e

v a r i o u s k i n d s o f s i g n i f i c a t i o n , v i z .

a ) T h e a c t i v e f o r m , t o d e n o t e t h e t r a n s i t i v e , o f t e n t h e i n

t r a n s i t i v e

a l s o a s

i y e i p a

a s ,

I w a k e

t h e e ,

d a k X c a , I

b l o o m .

b ) T h e m i d d l e f o r m , t o d e n o t e t h e r e f l e c t i v e a n d i n t r a n s i t i v e

a s f i o v X e v o f i a i , I c o u n s e l m y s e l f , o r I d e l i b e r a t e .

c ) T h e

p a s s i v e f o r m , t o d e n o t e t h e p a s s i v e ( a l s o t h e i n t r a n

s i t i v e

a n d

r e f l e c t i v e )

;

a s

o i

i r o X e / u o i

s S i d ^ d r j a a v

x n r b

t q > v

' E X X j j v w v ,

t h e

e n e m i e s w e r e p u r s u e d b y t l i e G r e e k s .

§ 7 2 . T e n s e s o f t h e V e r b .

1 . T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s

t h e

f o l l o w i n g t e n s e s —

I .

1 )

T h e

p r e s e n t ,

f i o v k s v o o ,

I

a d v i s e ,

2 ) T h e

p e r f e c t ,

f t s f i o v K s v / c a ,

I h a v e

a d v i s e d

;

I I . 3 ) T h e i m p e r f e c t , e f t o v X s v o v , I a d v i s e d ,

4 )

T h e p l u p e r f e c t , s / 3 s / 3 o v X s v k s i v ,

I

h a d a d v i s e d ,

5 ) T h e

a o r i s t , s / 3 o v \ s v a a , I

a d v i s e d

( q u i t e i n d e f i n i t e )

I I I . 6 ) T h e f u t u r e , f i o v X s v a w , I s h a l l a d v i s e ,

7 ) T h e f u t u r e p e r f e c t ( o n l y i n t h e m i d d l e f o r m ) ,

/ 3 e / 3 o u \ £ v o - o / u . < h ,

/

s h a l l

h a v e

a d v i s e d

m y s e l f ,

o r

i

s h a l l

h a v e b e e n a d v i s e d .

2 . A l l t h e

t e n s e s

a r e

d i v i d e d i n t o —

a . P r i n c i p a l t e n s e s t h e p r e s e n t , p e r f e c t , a n d f u t u r e

b . H i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e s t h e

i m p e r f e c t , p l u p e r f e c t , a n d a o r i s t .

R e m a r k . T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e

h a s

t w o f o r m s

f o r t h e p e r f e c t

a n d

p l u

p e r f e c t o f t h e a c t i v e , t h e s i m p l e f u t u r e o f t h e p a s s i v e , a n d t h e a o r i s t o f a l l

t h r e e v o i c e s , w h i c h a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d a s f i r s t

a n d

s e c o n d

t e n s e s .

O n l y a

f e w

v e r b s ,

h o w e v e r ,

h a v e

b o t h

f o r m s

t o g e t h e r ;

m o s t

v e r b s

h a v e

t h e

a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d

t e n s e s e i t h e r

i n

o n e

o r t h e

o t h e r

o f t h e s e f o r m s p u r e

v e r b s h a v e o n l y t h e f i r s t

t e n s e s .



§ 7 5 . ] N U M B E R S A N D P E R S O N S O F

V E R B S .

6 9

§ 7 3 .

M o o d s

o f t h e

V e r b .

T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g

m o o d s

—

I .

T h e i n d i c a t i v e , t o d e n o t e a p h e n o m e n o n o r a c t u a l f a c t

a s t h e r o s e b l o o m s , t h e r o s e w a s

b l o o m i n g

w h e n I c a m e

i n t o

t h e

g a r d e n .

I I . T h e

s u b j u n c t i v e o r c o n j u n c t i v e , t o d e n o t e a s u p p o s i t i o n

o r

m e r e

c o n c e p t i o n

o f

t h e

m i n d . T h e

s u b j u n c t i v e o f t h e

h i s

t o r i c a l t e n s e s i s c a l l e d , i n

G r e e k

g r a m m a r , t h e o p t a t i v e .

R e m a r k .

W e

s h a l l s e e , i n t h e s y n t a x , h o w t h e a o r i s t h a s b o t h f o r m s o f

t h e s u b j u n c t i v e ,

a n d

t h e

f u t u r e

c a n h a v e

a n

o p t a t i v e .

I I I . T h e i m p e r a t i v e ,

t o

d e n o t e t h e i m m e d i a t e e x p r e s s i o n

o f o u r w i l l ;

a s :

f t o v X e v e , a d v i s e .

§

7 4 .

O n

t h e

J P a r t i c i p i a l s .

—

I n f i n i t i v e

a n d

P a r t i c i p l e .

B e s i d e s t h e m o o d s , t h e v e r b h a s t w o f o r m s w h i c h a r e

c a l l e d

p a r t i c i p i a l s , b e c a u s e ,

i n

o n e

p o i n t o f v i e w ,

t h e y

p a r t a k e

o f

t h e

n a t u r e

o f t h e

v e r b , a n d ,

i n

a n o t h e r , o f t h a t o f

t h e


a n d

a d j e c t i v e , v i z .

a .

T h e i n f i n i t i v e ,

w h i c h

i s

t h e

s u b s t a n t i v e - p a r t i c i p i a l a s

i O i X e o f i o v K e v e i v , I w i s h t o a d v i s e , a n d t o

f i i o v X e v u v , a d v i s i n g

o r

a d v i c e .

b . T h e

p a r t i c i p l e ,

w h i c h i s

t h e

a d j e c t i v e - p a r t i c i p i a l ; a s :

f i o v K e w o v

i r a l s , a n

a d v i s i n g b o y .

R e m a r k . T h e s e

t w o

p a r t i c i p i a l s a r e

c a l l e d

t h e i n f i n i t i v e

v e r b ;

t h e

o t h e r f o r m s

o f

t h e

v e r b

a r e c a l l e d t h e f i n i t e v e r b .

§

7 5 .

N u m b e r s

a n d

P e r s o n s

o f

t h e

V e r b .

T h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s o f t h e v e r b s h o w w h e t h e r t h e s u b j e c t

o f t h e

a c t i o n i s

t h e s p e a k e r h i m s e l f ,

o r

a

p e r s o n s p o k e n

t o

o r

F 3

7 0

[ c h a p . v i i .

N T H E V E R B .

o n e s p o k e n o f ,

a n d ,

a t t h e s a m e

t i m e , a l s o

d e n o t e t h e r e l a t i o n o f

n u m b e r

S i n g u l a r ,

D u a l ,

a n d

P l u r a l

a s

f i o v X e v c o ,

I

( t h e

s p e a k e r ) a d v i s e , f i o v k e v e t s , t h o u ( t h e p e r s o n s p o k e n t o ) a d v i s e s t ,

f i o v X e v e i ,

h e

( t h e

p e r s o n s p o k e n o f )

a d v i s e s , f i o v X e v e r o v , y e t i c o

( t h e p e r s o n s s p o k e n t o )

a d v i s e ,

f t o v X e v o v c t , t h e y

( t h e

p e r s o n s

s p o k e n o f ) a d v i s e .

R e m a r k . I n t h e a c t i v e v o i c e a n d t h e p a s s i v e a o r i s t s t h e r e i s

n o

s e p a r a t e f o r m f o r t h e

f i r s t

p e r s o n o f t h e d u a l ,

b u t

i t

i s e x p r e s s e d b y

t h e

f i r s t

p e r s o n o f

t h e p l u r a l .

§ 7 6 .

C o n j u g a t i o n o f t h e

V e r b .

T h e r e

a r e

t w o f o r m s o f c o n j u g a t i o n t h e o n e i n c o , a c c o r d

i n g t o w h i c h b y

f a r

t h e g r e a t e s t

n u m b e r o f

v e r b s a r e

i n f l e c t e d ,

a s

f i o v X e v c o ,

I

a d v i s e

;

a n d

t h e

o t h e r

i n

( u ,

a s

i o t t ) / u ,

I

p l a c e .

§ 7 7 . S t e m ,

A u g m e n t ,

a n d

R e d u p l i c a t i o n . —

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f

t h e

V e r b .

1 .

I n

e v e r y

v e r b a l

f o r m

w e

d i s t i n g u i s h

t h e s t e m ,

w h i c h

c o n t a i n s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l f o r m o f t h e v e r b a n d t h e s y l l a b l e

o f f o r m a t i o n , b y w h i c h t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t h e a c t i o n , g i v e n a b o v e

( § 7 2 — 7 5 . ) ,

a r e

d e n o t e d .

I n m o s t v e r b s

i n c o t h e s t e m i s f o u n d

b y c u t t i n g o f f t h e e n d i n g o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n a s f i o v X e v - c o , I

a d v i s e .

2 .

T h e

s y l l a b l e o f f o r m a t i o n

e i t h e r

c o m e s a f t e r t h e

s t e m a s

a n

e n d i n g ,

a n d

i s

t h e n

c a l l e d

t h e

i n f l e x i o n a l

e n d i n g ,

a s :

f i o v X s v - c o , f 3 o v \ £ v - a r c o ,

/ 3 o v \ e v - < r o / j L a i

o r

g o e s b e f o r e ,

a n d i s

t h e n c a l l e d t h e

a u g m e n t

o r r e d u p l i c a t i o n , a s e - @ o v \ e u o v ,

I

a d v i s e d ,

( S e - f i o v k s v i c a ,

I h a v e a d v i s e d .

I N F L E X I O N A L E N D I N G S .

7 1

3 .

T h e

a u g m e n t ,

w h i c h

a l l t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s ( i m p e r f e c t ,

a o r i s t ,

a n d

p l u p e r f e c t )

r e c e i v e ,

c o n s i s t s ,

i n

t h e

c a s e

o f

v e r b s

w h o s e r o o t b e g i n s w i t h a c o n s o n a n t , o f a n e p l a c e d b e f o r e t h e

s t e m , a s e - f i o v k e v o - a , I a d v i s e d ; b u t , i n t h e c a s e o f v e r b s

w h o s e

s t e m b e g i n s

w i t h a

v o w e l , i n l e n g t h e n i n g

t h e f i r s t

v o w e l , b y c h a n g i n g a a n d e i n t o r j

( a n d

i n s o m e v e r b s i n t o

s i ) ,

i a n d

v

i n t o

I

a n d v , a n d o

i n t o a s .

R e d u p l i c a t i o n , w h i c h

t h e p e r f e c t ,

p l u p e r f e c t , a n d

f u t u r e

p e r f e c t

r e c e i v e ,

c o n s i s t s , i n

t h e c a s e o f

v e r b s w h o s e

s t e m

b e g i n s

w i t h a c o n s o n a n t , i n t h e

r e p e t i t i o n

o f

t h e

f i r s t

c o n s o n a n t o f t h e s t e m

w i t h e b u t ,

i n

t h e c a s e o f v e r b s w h o s e s t e m b e g i n s w i t h a v o w e l , i s l i k e t h e

a u g m e n t ,

a s / 3 e - / 3 o v \ e v i c a ,

I h a v e

a d v i s e d , ' i i c f o e v / c a ,

I h a v e

b e s o u g h t , f r . ' I k s t s x i - o s .

T h e

m o r e p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e

a u g m e n t a n d r e d u p l i c a t i o n

m a y

b e s e e n § 8 5 . s e q .

4 .

T h e l e t t e r w h i c h s t a n d s a t

t h e

e n d

o f t h e

s t e m , a f t e r

c u t t i n g o f f

t o ,

i s c a l l e d

t h e v e r b a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o r m e r e l y

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

( t h e

d i s t i n g u i s h i n g

l e t t e r ) ,

b e c a u s e

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h i s ,

v e r b s

i n a s

a r e

d i v i d e d i n t o d i f f e r e n t c l a s s e s e . g . a c c o r d

i n g a s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a v o w e l , a m u t e , o r a l i q u i d , t h e

v e r b s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o p u r e , m u t e ,

a n d

l i q u i d

v e r b s ;

a s

/ 3 o v -

X s v - i o ,

I a d v i s e ,

r i p d - a s ,

I

h o n o u r ,

r p i / 3 - a s , I r u b ,

< f > a i v - a > ,

1

s h o w .

§

7 8 . I n f l e x i o n a l

E n d i n g s .

I n

t h e i n f l e x i o n a l e n d i n g s t h e r e

a r e

t h r e e d i f f e r e n t e l e

m e n t s , s i n c e b y t h e m t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t i m e , m o o d , a n d p e r s o n

a r e d e n o t e d ,

v i z .

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f

t h e t e n s e

o r

t e n s e -

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , t h e m o d a l v o w e l , a n d t h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g

a s

B o v K s v - a - o - f i a i .

T h e y a r e

d i v i d e d

i n t o i n f l e x i o n a l e n d i n g s

o f

t h e

a c t i v e ,

m i d d l e ,

a n d

p a s s i v e ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e

t h r e e

v o i c e s o f t h e v e r b .

f 4

7 2

O N

T H E V E R B . [ c h a p , v i l

a . - T e n s e -

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c a n d E n d i n g .

1 .

W e

c a l l

t h a t

c o n s o n a n t

t h e

t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ,

w h i c h

s t a n d s


a f t e r

t h e s t e m

o f

t h e

v e r b , a n d

i s t h e c h a

r a c t e r i s t i c m a r k o f t h e t e n s e . T h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e

p e r f e c t

I .

a n d p l u p e r f e c t

I .

a c t i v e

i s

« , i n p u r e

v e r b s ,

a s

f 3 e - / 3 o v \ s v - K - a e - f t e - f t o v K e v - t c - e w

t h a t o f t h e f i r s t f u t u r e a n d f i r s t a o r i s t a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e , a n d

f u t u r e I I I .

i s

< r , a s

/ 3 o v \ e v - < r - a >

f i o v k e v - c r - o / A a i

k - f S o v K e v - a - a

i - j 3 o v \ e i i - c r - d [ i r } V

t h a t o f t h e a o r i s t I . p a s s i v e

i s 0 ,

a n d t h e f u t u r e I . p a s s i v e h a s

t h e e n d i n g o f t h e f i r s t a o r i s t p a s s i v e

( d r i )

i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e

t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c r , t h u s , O r j c r

E - @ o v X e v - 6 - T } v ^ o v \ £ v - 9 r i < T - o f i a i .

O n l y

t h e

f i r s t t e n s e s h a v e

a

t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .

2 .

T h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , i n c o n j u n c t i o n

w i t h t h e

t e r m i

n a t i o n

f o l l o w i n g

i t , i s c a l l e d

t h e

t e n s e - e n d i n g . T h u s ,

e .

g . , i n

t h e f o r m

f t o v K e v c r c o

t h e c r

i s t h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

o f t h e

f u t u r e , a n d

t h e

s y l l a b l e < r a >

t h e

t e n s e - e n d i n g .

L a s t l y , t h e

s t e m o f t h e v e r b , i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e

t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

a n d t h e a u g m e n t o r r e d u p l i c a t i o n , i s c a l l e d t h e s t e m o f t h e

t e n s e o r t e n s e - s t e m .

T h u s ,

e . g . ,

i n e f i o v \ s v c r - a

s j i o v K s v c r i s

t h e t e n s e - s t e m o f t h e f i r s t a o r i s t a c t i v e .

§

7 9 . b .

P e r s o n a l E n d i n g s a n d M o d a l V o w e l .

T h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g t a k e s a d i f f e r e n t

f o r m

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

d i f f e r e n t p e r s o n s a n d

n u m b e r s

a n d t h e m o d a l v o w e l , a c c o r d

i n g t o t h e

d i f f e r e n t m o o d s ; a s

1 p e r s .

s i n g . I n d .

p r e s .

M .

( 3 o v \ t i l - o - n a t . C o n j . / S o v X c t f - w - p a t .

3

—

— —

f u t .

—

/ 3 o i > \ e « f - f f - £ - r a i .

O p t .

/ 3 o u X t « f - < x - o i - r o .

1 — p l u r . — p r e s . — ( S o v X t v - i - p i O a . C o n j . f 3 o v \ t v - i i - f i e 9 a .

2 / 3 o u W - £ - < T 0 £ . / 3 o w X t r f - I ) - < T 8 f .

1 — s i n g . — a o r . 1 . — l - ^ o v K i v - a - a - f i t i v . — f i o v X t v - o - t a - j i a i .

3 — — — — — l - p o v X t i S - u - a - r o . O p t .

j 3 o v \ i v - ( T - a i - r o .

§ 8 0 . ]

P E R S O N A L E N D I N G S , M O D A L

V O W E L .

7 3

R e m a r k .

I n t h e a b o v e f o r m s B o v X e v

i s

t h e

v e r b a l s t e m , a n d

( 3 o v \ t v ,

j 3 o v X e v a , a n d e j 3 o u \ f v a a r e t h e t e n s e - s t e m s , v i z . o f t h e p r e s e n t , f u t u r e , a n d

a o r i s t

I . m i d d l e

t h e e n d i n g s / u a i , r a t ,

& c ,

a r e t h e

p e r s o n a l

e n d i n g s ,

a n d

t h e v o w e l s o ,

u ,

t , « , q ,

a , a t ,

t h e m o d a l v o w e l s .

§ 8 0 . R e m a r k s u p o n t h e P e r s o n a l E n d i n g s a n d M o d a l

V o w e l .

1 . T h e p e r s o n a l

e n d i n g s i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w t h e

m o d a l

v o w e l ,

a n d

f r e q u e n t l y

c o n n e c t t h e m s e l v e s

s o c l o s e l y

w i t h i t

t h a t t h e t w o d o n o t a p p e a r a s s e p a r a t e

p a r t s ,

b u t a r e

c o m

b i n e d

i n t o

o n e ; a s f t o v X s v a - g s i n s t e a d

o f

f t o v X e v c r - r j - i s , / 3 o u -

X e v - y

i n s t e a d

o f

f S o v X e v - s - a i .

2 .

T h e

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r i n c i p a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e s

i s

h e r e

i m p o r t a n t .

T h e

p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s , v i z .

t h e

p r e

s e n t , p e r f e c t , a n d

f u t u r e ,

f o r m

t h e s e c o n d

a n d t h i r d

p e r s o n s o f

t h e d u a l w i t h t h e s a m e e n d i n g , o v ,

a s

f i o v X e v - e - r o v f t o v X e v - e -

t o v , / 3 o v \ e v - e - c r d o v / 3 o v \ e v - £ - a 0 o v ; b u t t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s

f o r m

t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n w i t h t h e e n d i n g o v , a n d a n d t h e

t h i r d

w i t h

t h e e n d i n g

r p > , a s g f i o v X e v - e - r o v

i f i o v X e v - e ' - T T j v ,

e f t o v X e v -

e - c r d o v

k f i o v K e v - i - c r d ' q v .

3 .

A g a i n ,

t h e

p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s

f o r m

t h e

t h i r d

p e r s o n

p l u r a l

a c t i v e w i t h t h e e n d i n g c t ( v ) ( a r i s i n g f r o m v t i , v a t ) , a n d i n t h e

m i d d l e

w i t h

t h e

e n d i n g w a r ,

t h e

h i s t o r i c a l ,

i n t h e a c t i v e

w i t h

t h e e n d i n g v , a n d i n t h e m i d d l e w i t h t h e e n d i n g v r o a s

( 3 o v \ e v - o - v < r t — f i o v X e v - o v < r i ( y ) e - f i o v X e v - o - v

( S o v X e v - o - v

r a t e - f t o v X s v - o - v t o .

4 .

L a s t l y ,


t e n s e s

h a v e t h e e n d i n g s

f i a i , c r a i ,

r a t ,

i n

t h e

s i n g u l a r

m i d d l e

;

t h e

h i s t o r i c a l ,

/ j l v v ,

o ~ o ,

t o ;

a s

/ 3 o v X e v - o - / A a i

i ^ o v X e v - 6 - f i r j v

f i o v X s v - e - c r a i

— f i o v X e v - y i / 3 o v X e v - s - a

o

=

g f i o v X e v - o v

^ o v X s v - e - r a t i f i o v X s v - e - T

o .

7 4

[ c h a p . v n .

N T H E V E K B .

5 . T h e

p e r s o n a l

e n d i n g s o f t h e

c o n j u n c t i v e c o r r e s p o n d

t o

t h o s e

o f

t h e

p r i n c i p a l

t e n s e s

o f

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e ,

a n d

t h o s e

o f

t h e

o p t a t i v e , t o t h o s e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s o f t h e i n d i c a t i v e ;

a s :

2

a n d

3 d u .

I n d .

P r .

p o v X t r f t - r o v .

C o n j . [ i o v k l V T l - T O V .

f i o v X v d t - o Q o v .

—

j i o v \ e i S t i - a 9 o v .

3 p i . — — / 3 o u X c i f o u - < 7 i ( j ' ) .

—

f i o v X e t S u i - o i f v ' ) .

f } o v \ e i l o - v r a i .

— ( 3 o v \ e i S u ) - V T a i .

1

s i n g . — — j 8 o u \ e i f o - / t a i .

— j 3 o v X ( v m - / i a

2

— — — f i o v X t i l - y .

—

/ 3 o v X t i l - y .

3

—

—

—

/ 3 o « \ t t f t - r a i .

—

j S o t A t t f i j - r c u .

2

a n d

3 d u a l

—

I m . i f S o v X e i l e - r o v ,

i - r t \ v .

O p t . f i o v X l l i o i - T O V , 0 4 - T l j V .

i f i o v X t v t - a t i o v , i - a O r f v .

— f i o v X e i l o t - o Q o V j o i - o Q r i v .

3

p i .

—

— I B o v X i v o - v .

— / 3 o v \ t i f o t - £

v .

I f i o v X i l i o - V T O .

— f i o v X e i l o i - V T O .

1 s i n g .

— — I j i o v X t v i - p t i v .

—

( 3 o v k t v o i - n V .

2 — — —

t f l o v X e i S t - t r o , I p o v X t i l - o v .

— ( i o v X t i l o i - a o , / 3 o v X e i l o i - o .

3 — — — i / 3 o v X t i l t - r o .

— / 3 o u W o i - r o .

R e m a r k . U p o n

t h e v

I p t X i c v o T u c d v

s e e §

7 . a .

T h e m o d a l v o w e l o f t h e c o n j u n c t i v e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l

t e n s e s

i s

d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m

t h a t

o f t h e i n d i c a t i v e ,

m e r e l y b y

b e i n g

l e n g t h e n e d , v i z . o i n t o e o , s a n d a i n t o

r ) ,

a n d s t i n t o y a s

I n d . f i o v X s v - o - f i e v C o n j . ^ o v ~ K e v - a s - f j b s v

I n d . / 3 o v \ e v - e - ( r d e

C o n j .

f i o v \ £ v - t ) - o - 0 e .

7 . T h e m o d a l v o w e l o f t h e o p t a t i v e i s i i n c o n j u n c t i o n

w i t h

t h e p r e c e d i n g

m o d a l v o w e l o f

t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r

i n d i c a t i v e

( t h e

p l u p e r f e c t

f o r m s

a n

e x c e p t i o n ,

s i n c e

t h e

o p t a

t i v e o f t h i s t e n s e t a k e s t h e m o d a l

v o w e l

o f t h e p r e s e n t ) , t h u s

1

s i n g .

I n d . i m p e r f . a c t . o O p t . o t i [ i o v X t v - o - v f 3 o v X t v - o t - p i .

1

p l u r .

— a o r .

I .

—

a

— a t I f i o v X e v o - a - f i e v P o v X t v o - a t - p c v .

§ 8 1 .

C o n j u g a t i o n

o f

t h e

r e g u l a r

V e r b

i n

m

e x h i b i t e d i n

t h e

p u r e V e r b ( § 7 7 ,

4 . )

f i o v k e v w , I a d v i s e .

P r e f a t o r y R e m a r k s .

S i n c e

p u r e

v e r b s

d o

n o t

f o r m

t h e

s e c o n d

t e n s e s

( $ 7 2 .

R e m . ) , t h e s e w i l l

b e s u p p l i e d f r o m t w o

m u t e

v e r b s a n d

a

l i q u i d

C O N J U G A T I O N .

7 5

( V p i / 3 - u ) , I r u b , X f i j r - w .

s t e m A i n ,

I l e a v e ,

a n d f a i v - m , s t e m

* A N , I

s h o w )

i n

o r d e r

t o

m a k e

u p

a

c o m p l e t e

c o n j u g a t i o n .

I n l e a r n i n g

t h e t a b l e

o f c o n j u g a t i o n ,

t h e

f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d b e o b

s e r v e d —

1 ) T h e E n g l i s h m e a n i n g i s n o t a n n e x e d t o t h e G r e e k f o r m ,

b e c a u s e

o f

t h e v a r i e t y

o f

s i g n i f i c a t i o n

a t t a c h i n g

t o s o m e

o f

t h e m o o d s

a n d t e n s e s .

2 ) T h e

G r e e k

f o r m s m a y ,

a t t h e

v e r y c o m m e n c e m e n t , b e

a l w a y s

d i v i d e d

i n t o t h e i r

e l e m e n t s , v i z . a )

p e r s o n a l

e n d i n g ,

b ) m o d a l

v o w e l ,

c )

t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ,

d )

t e n s e - s t e m ,

e ) v e r b a l s t e m ,

f ) a u g m e n t

o r

r e d u p l i c a t i o n .

3 )

T h e

e n d i n g s e x p r e s s e d

i n

c h a r a c t e r s

s t a n d i n g

f a r

a p a r t

f r o m

e a c h

o t h e r ,

m a y s e r v e t o r e n d e r

l e a r n e r s

o b s e r v a n t

o f

t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n

t h e h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e s o f

t h e i n d i c a t i v e

a n d

o p t a t i v e ,

a n d


t e n s e s .

4 ) T h e f o r m s

w h i c h

a r e a l i k e , a s w e l l a s t h o s e w h i c h d i f f e r

o n l y

i n

a c c e n t u a t i o n , a r e

d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y a n

a s t e r i s k ( * ) .

T h e

l e a r n e r s h o u l d

s e e k

o u t

f o r

t h e s e ,

a n d c o m p a r e

t h e m

t o g e t h e r ; a s : / 3 o v \ e j a o ) 1

s i n g .

I n d . f u t . a c t . , o r 1 s i n g . S u b . a o r . I . a c t . ; f i o i l k e v o a i 2 s i n g . I m p e r .

a o r .

I . m i d . , f i o v X n S a a i 3

s i n g .

O p t . a o r . I .

a c t . , f i o v X t v a m I n f . a o r .

I . a c t .

5 )

W i t h

t h e

f o r m ,

t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n

s h o u l d

l i k e w i s e

b e

l e a r n t ,

w h i c h

i s

t r e a t e d o f § 8 4 . F o r b e g i n n e r s , t h i s g e n e r a l r u l e w i l l s u f f i c e t h e

a c c e n t ,

i n t h e v e r b , g o e s

a s f a r

b a c h f r o m t h e e n d ,

a s

t h e n a t u r e o f t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e

a l l o w s .

T h o s e f o r m s

w h o s e a c c e n t u a t i o n d e v i a t e s f r o m t h i s g e n e r a l r u l e

a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y a c r o s s ( f ) a n n e x e d .

6 )

W h e n


p a r a d i g m

h a s b e e n t h o r o u g h l y l e a r n t i n t h i s

w a y ,

t h e l e a r n e r s h o u l d

a n a l y s e

t h e v e r b a l f o r m s

o c c u r r i n g

i n

s e n t e n c e s

o f G r e e k , i n t o t h e i r e l e m e n t s ( p e r s o n a l e n d i n g , m o d a l v o w e l , S e e . ) , t h u s

/ 3 < w X e i f < n o i s , 1 ) o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n , 2 ) s i n g u l a r ,

3 )

I n d i c a t i v e , 4 ) f u t u r e ,

5 ) a c t i v e , 6 ) f r o m

t h e

v e r b ( 3 o v \ e i S < o , I a d v i s e a n d

t h e n , s o t r a n s l a t e

t h e

v e r b a l f o r m s

f o u n d

i n s e n t e n c e s o f E n g l i s h , i n t o G r e e k ,

t h a t

h e m a y

g i v e

t h e

e l e m e n t s

o f w h i c h t h e G r e e k f o r m m u s t b e c o m p o s e d , s e p a r a t e l y , i n

t h e f o l l o w i n g o r d e r — 1 )

T h e

r o o t

o f

t h e v e r b , 2 ) a u g m e n t o r r e d u

p l i c a t i o n , 3 ) t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , 4 ) t e n s e - s t e m , 5 ) m o d a l v o w e l , 6 )

t e n s e - s t e m w i t h m o d a l v o w e l , 7 ) p e r s o n a l e n d i n g , 8 ) t e n s e - s t e m

w i t h m o d a l v o w e l a n d p e r s o n a l

e n d i n g :

e . g . h o w w i l l

t h e

f o r m ,

h e c o u n s e l l e d h i m s e l f ( o n c e )

b e

e x p r e s s e d i n G r e e k a s

a n

a o r i s t ,

f r o m

t h e

p r e s e n t :

f } o v \ t i S - w ,

I

a d v i s e ?

—

S t e m

o f t h e

v e r b :

f o v X i v - ,

a u g m . i ,

h e n c e i - f i o v X i v


o f

a o r .

I . m i d .

a

h e n c e

t e n s e - s t e m :

l - f t o v X t v a - ,

m o d a l v o w e l

o f t h e I n d .

a o r .

I .

m i d .

a ,

h e n c e

i - p o v X t v - a - a p e r s o n a l e n d i n g o f t h e t h i r d p e r s o n o f a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e o f

t h e m i d d l e

v o i c e t o , h e n c e 1 - f i o v k u S - o - a - T o .

7 6

O N

T H E V E R B . [ c h a p . v u .

P a r a d i g m o f t h e V e r b i n < o . A C T I V E .

N u m b .

P e r s .

M o o d s -

T e n s e s .

I n d i c a t i v e .

C o n j u n c t i v e o f p r i n . t e n s e s .

P r e s e n t .

T e a s e - s t e m

S .

1

2

3

( S o u X f t i - w * I a d v i s e

( 3 o v \ t v - u

*

j 3 o v \ i v - y e

f i o v \ t v - y

*

D . 2

f i o v X e v - e r o v

j i o v K i i i - i T o v

( i o i i k E v - o n t v

( i o v X t V ' t J T O V

3

f i o v X e v - q T o v

( i o v X i v - u i f i f v

. 1

2

3

f 3 o v \ & V - t T $

f i o v X t V - T J T £

j 3 o u X f l i ' - W ( T l ( v )

3 o u X t v - o u f f t ( v )

S . 1

l - ( 3 o i > \ e v - o v

*

2

3

i - / 3 o v \ t v - t e

i M F E B r E C T .

t - / 3 o i X « u - f ( v )

D . 2

l - / 3 o v \ t v - e r o v

T e n s e - s t e m

l - p o v k t v

3

t - ( 3 o v \ t v - t T T i v

P .

1

t - f i o v \ i v - o i i i v

2

3

t - f i o v X t V - l T l

i - f i o v X t v - o v *

S . 1

/ 3 e - / 3 o u X £ w - K - a

/ 3 £ - | 3 o u X t u - ) c - a e

( 3 t - f 3 o v X l V - K - U >

P e r f e c t .

2

3

f } e - j 3 o v \ l V - K - f ( v )

/ 3 £ - | 3 o u X £ U - K - a T - 0 1 '

( } t - ( } o v \ t v - K - v g , & c , l i k e

t h e

p r e s e n t u s u a l l y ,

h o w

e v e r , e x p r e s s e d b y a p e r i

p h r a s i s

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i n

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C O N J U G A T I O N .

7 7

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t e a .

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i n

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t h e o p t a t i v e a n d I n d i c a t i v e .

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s - f i £ - ( i o v X i v - < T 9 t

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S .

1

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p r e s .

w a n t i n g

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S . 1

f i t - f i a v X t v - G - n i t a i , l i k e

t h e p r e s .

w a n t i n g

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t h e

V e r b

i n

a > .

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e . c o n j . h i s t . t e n .

I m p e r a t i v e .

I n f i m t .

P a r t i c i p u b .

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j S o u X f u -

t o d a i

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t h e

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p o v X i v - a - o i / i r i v ,

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w a n t i n g

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t o Q a t

o f x t v o Q , c v

^ t - f i o v \ t v - ( j - o i f i r ) v , l i k e

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w a n t i n g

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< T - t a 9 a i

n i i f V O Q y o v

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v n .

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N u m b .

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o f

p r m .

t e n s e s .

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j i o v \ t v - 9 - y

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2

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S . 1

2

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/ 3 o v \ t v - 9 r ] - a - t ) ,

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t h e

I r i d .

o f

p r e s .

m i d .

w a n t i n g

F U T U R E I .

S . 1

r p t / 3 - w

A O R I S T I I .

2

t - 7 - p / / 3 - j ; c , & c ,

l i k e

t h e

a o r . I . p a s s .

r p i / 3 - p c ,

& c . , l i k e

t h e

a o r . I . p a s s .

S . 1

T p i f i - q - a - o f i c a

r p t f i - r i - a - T i ,

& c , l i k e

t h e

f u t .

I .

p a s s .

w a n t i n g

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I I .

2

V e r b a

a d j e c t i v e s :

( 3 o v \ e v - r 6 g , 6 v ,

§

8 2 .

R e m a r k s

u p o n

t h e

T a b l e .

1 .

I n

t h e 1 .

p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r

o f

t h e

p l u p e r f e c t

a c t i v e t h e r e

i s

a n o t h e r

f o r m

i n u s e d b y t h e A t t i c s , a s w e l l a s

t h a t

i n u v a s l / 3 f / 3 o i A t i f K j

a s

w e l l

a s t f i f j i o v k i v i c t i v .

2 . I n t h e 2 . p e r s o n s i n g u l a r

o f

t h e p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e

t h e r e i s ,

a m o n g

t h e A t t i c s , a f o r m i n n , a s w e l l a s t h a t i n y , a s j 3 o v \ t i l - y a n d

f i o v X t i - t i , f 3 o v \ i i - o - y a n d

- t i , ( 3 t f 3 o v \ t i o - y

a n d

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T p i f S i ] < T - y a n d - t i . T h i s l a t t e r f o r m i n

a

i s , i n t h e t h r e e f o l l o w i n g v e r b s ,

e x c l u s i v e l y

u s e d ,

v i z .

—

j 3 o i \ o / i a i ,

I w i s h .

/ 3 o u \ f i , t h o u

w i s h e s t

( b u t C o n j .

f i o v X y ) .

d i o j i a i , I t h i n k . o l e i , t h o u t h i n h e s t ( b u t C o n j . o i y ) .

C n p o f i a t ,

I

s h a l l s e e . o ^ t t h o u

w i l t

s e e

3 .

T h e s h o r t e n e d f o r m o f t h e

3 . p e r s o n p l u r a l

o f t h e I m p e r a t i v e a c t i v e

a g r e e s w i t h t h e f o r m o f t h e g e n i t i v e p l u r a l o f t h e p a r t i c i p l e i n e v e r y

t e n s e ,

e x c e p t t h e

p e r f e c t .

T h e l e a r n e r s h o u l d s e e k o u t t h e f o r m s .

4 .

T h e

c h a n g e s w h i c h t h e m u t e s , a t t h e e n d o f t h e v e r b a l s t e m ,

u n d e r g o

b y

t h e

a d d i t i o n

o f

e n d i n g s

b e g i n n i n g w i t h

a

a n d

9 ,

h a v e

b e e n

n o t i c e d a l r e a d y ,

§

8 . T h e

o t h e r c h a n g e s w i l l b e m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y

n o t i c e d u n d e r

t h e

s e p a r a t e

c l a s s e s

o f m u t e

v e r b s .

§ 8 3 . ]

8 1

T T I C

F U T U R E .

P A S S I V E . P

i r a d i g m o f

t h e V e r b i n w .

M o o d s .

P a r t i c i p i a l s .

O p t . , c o n j . h i s t , t e n s e s .

I m p e r a t i v e . I n f i n i t .

P a r t i c i p i - e .

( i o v \ i v - 9 - t ' t r } v

f i o v X t v - Q - t i q g

f i o v X e v - Q - e t r j

f i o v \ t v - Q - t i r } T o v

f i o v \ t v - 9 ~ i i r i

T t j v

l 3 o v \ t v - 6 - t i i ] f i e v & — e i p . e v

f i o v \ i v - Q - u r ] T i

& - l i r e

l 3 o v \ e v - 9 - t t i v

f 3 o v \ E v - 6 ~ T j r i

( 3 o v X t v - 6 -

i } v a i

0 o v \ f v - 9 - i i i \

f i o v X t v ^ - t i a a ^

j 3 o v X t v - 9 - i v

f 3 o v X t V - 9 - i ] T l t >

j 3 o v \ t v - 8 - t ) T o v

j 3 o v \ t v - 9 - i u o > v

G e n i t i v e

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[ 3 o v \ £ v - 9 - t l o T ) ( ;

( 3 o v \ e v - 9 - r t r i *

/ 3 o v \ t v - 9 - i i T o j t j a v

/ 3 o u X t u - 0 j j - f f - o i - / i » ) i ' , & c . ,

l i k e

t h e

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o f t h e

i m p e r f .

m i d .

w a n t i n g j i o v K i v - e i i -

< r i a 9 a i

l i o v \ t v - 9 r j - a -

r p t f t - e i r j v

r p l j i - r j v a i

r p i f l - t i s

- j - , & c . i

l i k e a o r . L

p i f } - d r i s , & c . ,

l i k e t h e

a o r .

I .

p a s s .

r p / / 3 - ( ; 0 i , - r ) T t i > ,

& c ,

l i k e t h e a o r . I . p a s s .

r p i / 3 - i ) - f f - o i > i ) v , & c , l i k e

t h e f u t . L

p a s s .

w a n t i n g

T p i i i i i -

o i o 9 c u

i i p i v o q , o v

a n d

/ 3 o w \ f u r E O f , r i d ,

r i o v .

§

8 3 . R e m a r k s u p o n t h e F o r m a t i o n o f t h e ( s o - c a l l e d ) A t t i c

F u t u r e .

1 . I f , i n t h e f u t u r e , a c t i v e , a n d m i d d l e i n < r u > , a o / i a i , o f a s t e m o f t w o o r

m o r e s y l l a b l e s , a s h o r t v o w e l , a , g o e s b e f o r e t h e a a n o t h e r f o r m i s u s e d ,

i n s t e a d

o f t h e r e g u l a r

o n e ,

w h i c h t a k e s a c i r c u m f l e x

e n d i n g a f t e r

t h e

o m i s s i o n

o f v i z . w ,

o v p . c u ,

a n d

i s

c a l l e d

t h e

A t t i c f u t u r e

a s

i X t i u >

( u s u a l l y

I X a i v w ' ) ,

I

d r i v e ,

l X a - a - a > ,

F .

A t t .

I X d ,

& e ,

a ,

u > p . t v ,

a r e ,

& a i ( f )

r f i X e w , I

f u l f i l ,

r * X e - f f - w , F . A t t . r t X w , t i g , t i , o v f i e v , t i r e , o v a i ( f ) r t X e - f f -

O f i a i , T i X o v f i a i ,

f T , e i r a i , & c .

k o / i I Z w ,

I c a r r y ,

F .

K o p i i a t a ( t ) ,

F . A t t . k o / u m ,

i t i e ,

t e T ,

w v p i v ,

u l r t ,

l o i i i T i ( v ) K o p i o v f i m , u i , i t i r c a , i o i f i s 9 a ,

& C

2 .

T h i s

f o r m

o f

t h e

f u t u r e i s f o u n d o n l y i n

t h e

I n d i c a t i v e , I n f i n i t i v e , a n d

P a r t i c i p l e , n e v e r i n t h e O p t a t i v e t h u s

r e X J i ,

r t X e i v , r t X H v b u t r t X i u o t / j i .

T h e v e r b s w h i c h t a k e

t h i s f o r m

a r e t h e

f o l l o w i n g

— a ) l X d u >

( i X a i v u i ) ,

1

d r i v e ,

r e X t u , 1 f u l f i l , a n d

K a X t w , I c a l l — b ) a l l i n

t £ w

—

c )

a f e w v e r b s

i n i Z , i » ,

v e r y

g e n e r a l l y / 3 i | 8 i £ « , I w a l k ; — d ) a l l v e r b s

i n

d r v v f i t a n d

a i H p i i w v / i t ,

I

c l o t h e

( a i r i p i k o w ,

a f u p i C i ) .

E x c e p t i o n s

t o

t h i s

f o r m

o f

t h e

f u t u r e

a r e

b u t . r a r e

i n t h e

A t t i c

d i a l e c t .

8 2

[ c h a p ,

m

N T H E V E R B .

§

8 4 .

A c c e n t u a t i o n

o f

t h e

V e r b .

1 .

F u n d a m e n t a l

R u l e .

T h e

a c c e n t

g o e s

a s

f a r ,

f r o m

t h e

e n d

o f

t h e

w o r d t o w a r d s t h e b e g i n n i n g ,

a s

t h e n a t u r e o f t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e

a l l o w s ;

a s

f i o v X i v e , i r a v t , T v T r r t , f i o i X t v a o v , i r a v a o v , r t y o v b u t f i o v X t f a i g , f i o v X t v t i v .

R e m a r k 1 . T h e d i p h t h o n g a t a t t h e e n d o f a w o r d i s c o n s i d e r e d a s

s h o r t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e a c c e n t a s f i o v X t i o / i a i . T h e O p t a t i v e - e n d i n g a t

f o r m s a n e x c e p t i o n ,

s i n c e i t

i s c o n s i d e r e d

l o n g

a s

f i o v X t i a a i 3 .

p e r s .

s i n g . O p t . a o r . I . a c t .

2 . T h e

a b o v e f u n d a m e n t a l

r u l e

p r e v a i l s

i n c o m p o s i t i o n ,

w i t h

t h e l i m i t

a t i o n , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e a c c e n t o f t h e v e r b

m u s t n o t

p a s s

b e y o n d t h a t s y l l a b l e

o f

t h e

w o r d

p r e f i x e d , w h i c h

w a s

a c c e n t e d b e f o r e c o m p o s i t i o n ;

n o r b e y o n d

i t s p l a c e i n a p r e e x i s t i n g

c o m p o u n d ,

o r u p o n a p r e e x i s t i n g a u g m e n t a s

< ] > z p t i r p o Q t p t p t , Q t v y t t K i p t v y t ,

X t T t r t a i r o X m r t ,

b u t

• K p o c t i \ o v

l i k e t l x ° v i

v a p k a x o v l i k e l a % o v , t K i j y o v l i k e i j y o v , t i r i O t g , a v v i x d o c ( n o t T t p 6 q u x o v , i r d p -

t a x o v , t Z n y o v , t T T t O t g , a t i v t K o g ) S O a l s o i r p o g r j i c o v , a i r i i p y o v , l i k e i ; k o v , t l p y o v .

E x c e p t i o n s

t o t h e

f u n d a m e n t a l r u l e .

3 . T h e a c c e n t

r e s t s

o n t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g

f o r m s

—

a ) I n t h e I n f i n i t i v e

a o r i s t

I I . a c t i v e a s a c i r c u m f l e x , a n d i n t h e m a s

c u l i n e a n d n e u t e r s i n g u l a r o f t h e P a r t i c i p l e o f t h i s t e n s e a s a n a c u t e

X n r t i v ,

X i t t i I i v ,

6 v ,

a n d

i n 2 .

s i n g u l a r

I m p e r a t i v e a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e

o f

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

f i v e v e r b s : t i n t , i X 8 t , t v p t ,

X a p i ,

a n d U i .

6 )

I n t h e I m p e r a t i v e a o r i s t I I .

m i d d l e

a s a c i r c u m f l e x

a s

X a / 3 o C ,

B u v ( f r .

n ' 0 t j / t i . )

R e m a r k

2 .

I n c o m p o s i t i o n , t h e

a c c e n t ,

i n t h e

I m p e r a t i v e

( n o t i n t h e

P a r t i c i p i a l s ) o f a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e o f a E v e r b s , m o v e s b a c k , a c

c o r d i n g

t o

t h e f u n d a m e n t a l

r u l e a s ? / c / 3 a X f ,

t £ t X 9 t ,

& k ( 3 4 \ o v ,

Z k S o q ,

I k B o t i , a i r o S o g , f i t T t l S o g ( n o t

a i r o d o c ,

f i i r a d o g , s e e N o .

2 . ) ,

f i t r d S o T t , b u t

t K l i a X t i v ,

U f i a X i I i v ,

l i c X i i r t l v ,

i K t X B u i v ,

& c .

I n

v e r b s

i n

/ i t ,

h o w e v e r ,

t h e

a c c e n t i n t h e

s i n g u l a r I m p e r a t i v e

a o r i s t

I I .

m i d d l e m o v e s b a c k ,

o n l y

w h e n

t h e v e r b i s c o m p o u n d e d o f a d i s s y l l a b i c p r e p o s i t i o n , b u t r e m a i n s i f

t h e

v e r b i s c o m p o u n d e d o f

a m o n o s y l l a b i c o n e ;

t h o u g h i n

t h e

d u a l a n d

p l u r a l i t i s d r a w n b a c k a l w a y s a v i i o v , K a r & d o v , a i r i d o v , i r p o d o v , i v B o v ,

a < p o v ,

T r p 6 S o < r 9 t ,

t i g G t a d t , a t p t a Q t , K a T & Q e a Q t .

c )

I n

a l l P a r t i c i p l e s

i n

g

G e n . r o g ,

a n d a l w a y s a s a n

a c u t e

( t h u s e . g .

i n a l l P a r t i c i p l e s a c t i v e o f v e r b s i n / u a s w e l l a s i n t h o s e

o f

p e r f e c t I .

a n d I I . a c t i v e a n d a o r i s t I . a n d I I . p a s s i v e ) , a s / 3 t j 3 o v X t v K i o g ( G . 6 r o g ) ,

( l u v X t v O t t g

( G .

i v T o e ) ,

i a r d g

( G .

( t y r o s ) ,

T i B t i g

( G .

t v

r o g ) ^

d i i S o v g

( G .

6 v r o g ) ,

S t i K v i g ( G . i v r o s ) .

E x c e p t i o n .

T h e

P a r t i c i p l e o f a o r i s t

I .

a c t i v e , w h i c h i s a l w a y s

p a r o x y -

t o n e

a s { 3 o v X t 6 i r a c .

§ s r . . ]

8 3

U G M E N T A N D R E D U P L I C A T I O N .

d )

I n

t h e C o n j u n c t i v e a o r i s t I .

a n d I I .

p a s s i v e , a s a c i r c u m f l e x a s

( S o v X i v G t i .

4 .

T h e

a c c e n t

r e s t s

o n

t h e

p e n u l t i m a t e

i n


f o r m s

—

a ) I n t h e

I n f i n i t i v e ,

p e r f e c t , m i d d l e , o r p a s s i v e

a o r i s t

I . a c t i v e a n d

a o r i s t I I . m i d d l e ; f u r t h e r , i n a l l I n f i n i t i v e s i n v n t , t h u s i n a l l f o r m s o f t h e

I n f i n i t i v e a c t i v e o f

v e r b s

i n p i , a s w e l l a s i n t h e I n f i n i t i v e a o r i s t I .

a n d I I .

p a s s i v e

a n d

p e r f e c t

a c t i v e

a s

T t r i i p Q a i , j 3 t f 3 o v X t v a Q a i , T t r t f i i j a B a i ,

T r e Q i X r / a B a i

—

0 u \ a £ a f ,

f i o v X i v t r a t , T t f i r f t r a t ,

t p i X r j v a i ,

/ u t r d a j c r a i ; — X i y r e a O a i ^ —

i o r a v a t , r i O k v a i , 8 i S 6 v a i , i t u c v i v a t , a r i / v c K , f o i v a i , t o v v a i — f i o v X t v Q r i v a i ,

T v i r f j v a t

— f i e f l o v X t v i c k v a i .

V ) I n a l l O p t a t i v e f o r m s i n a t ( s e e

R e m .

1 . )

R e m a r k

3 .

T h e

t h r e e

s i m i l a r l y

s p e l t

f o r m s

o f

I n f i n i t i v e a o r i s t

I .

a c t i v e ,

I m p e r a t i v e a o r i s t I . m i d d l e , a n d t h e 3 . p e r s o n s i n g u l a r

O p t a t i v e

a o r i s t I .

a c t i v e ,

a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d

b y

t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n i n t h e

f o l l o w i n g

m a n n e r ,

w h e n

t h e y c o n s i s t

o f

t h r e e o r

m o r e

s y l l a b l e s , a n d h a v e t h e

p e n u l t i m a t e

l o n g b y * n a t u r e —

I n f . A o r . I . A .

0 o v X c v < r a i .

I m p e r .

A .

I . M . / 3 o i X i v a a i .

O p t .

A . I . M . f i a v X t v a a i .

— — T r o i j j f f a i . — — T r o i q a a i . — — i c o i t j a a i .

I f t h e p e n u l t i m a t e i s s h o r t b y

n a t u r e ,

o r l o n g b y

p o s i t i o n o n l y ,

t h e

I n f i n i t i v e a o r i s t

I . a c t i v e a g r e e s

w i t h

t h e

3 .

p e r s o n

O p t a t i v e a o r i s t

I .

a c t i v e

a s < p v X i $ a i

b u t ,

I m p e r a t i v e

a o r i s t I .

m i d d l e

< p i X a £ a i .

e ) I n t h e

P a r t i c i p l e

p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e a s i r n r a t t S t v f t i v o s , / x l v i j ,

l i i v o v ,

r t n / i i j / t t t v o f , i r f ^ i X i j / t / v o f t T C T V f t f i i v o g .

§ 8 5 . M o r e p a r t i c u l a r D e f i n i t i o n

o f

t h e

A u g m e n t

a n d

R e d u p l i c a t i o n ,

H a v i n g

c o n s i d e r e d

t h e

a u g m e n t a n d r e d u p l i c a t i o n

g e n e r a l l y

( §

7 7 ,

3 . ) ,

i t i s

n e c e s s a r y

t o

a d d

s o m e m o r e

p a r t i c u l a r

e x p l a

n a t i o n .

A l l t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , i m p e r f e c t , p l u p e r f e c t , a n d a o r i s t ,

t a k e

t h e a u g m e n t ,

a s

w e h a v e

s e e n , b u t r e t a i n

i t

i n

t h e I n d i c a

t i v e o n l y . W e d i s t i n g u i s h t w o k i n d s o f a u g m e n t : t h e

s y l l a b i c ,

a n d

t h e t e m p o r a l .

a )

S y l l a b i c A u g m e n t .

1 .

T h e

s y l l a b i c a u g m e n t

t a k e s

p l a c e i n v e r b s w h o s e s t e m

b e g i n s w i t h a c o n s o n a n t ,

a n d c o n s i s t s

i n

p r e f i x i n g s

t o t h e

G 2

8 4

[ c h a p . t o .

N

T H E

V E R B .

s t e m i n t h e

i m p e r f e c t

a n d

a o r i s t , b u t

t o t h e

r e d u p l i c a t i o n i n

t h e p l u p e r f e c t . B y t h i s m e a n s , t h e w o r d i s i n c r e a s e d ( a u g e t u r )

b y

o n e s y l l a b l e a s f i o v X e v o ) , I m p f . i - / 3 o v X e v o v ,

A o r .

e - / 3 o v -

X s v a a , P l p f . e - f t s - f t o v k e v i c s i v .

2 . W h e n t h e s t e m b e g i n s w i t h p , t h i s l e t t e r i s d o u b l e d

a f t e r

t h e

a d d i t i o n

o f t h e

a u g m e n t ( § 8 ,

1 1 . ) ;

a s : p i m - t o ,

I

t h r o w ,

I m p f . s p p u i T T O V , A o r . e p p n f r a .

R e m a r k .

T h e

t h r e e v e r b s / 3 o < 5 X < y t a i , / w i s h , B v v a p a t , I c a n ,

a n d

p i X X w ,

I i n t e n d , o f t e n t a k e

i n s t e a d

o f

t ,

a s a n a u g m e n t

i n

t h e A t t i c d i a l e c t

a s : l f i o v X 6 p . n v

a n d

i ) f i o v X 6 i i n v , A o r .

t f i o v X t j O n v a n d

r j f S o v X i i B n v e S v v d / i q v

a n d

r j S v v i / i n v ,

A o r . I S v v t j O q v a n d i f i v v r f i n v ( b u t a l w a y s i l v v d a d n v )

i / t t X X o v

a n d

f j / i e X X o v ( t h e

a o r i s t i s v e r y

s e l d o m r i p i X X n a a . ' )

§

8 6 . b )

T e m p o r a l

A u g m e n t .

T h e t e m p o r a l a u g m e n t t a k e s p l a c e i n v e r b s w h o s e s t e m b e g i n s

w i t h

a v o w e l ,

a n d c o n s i s t s i n

l e n g t h e n i n g t h e

f i r s t v o w e l

o f t h e

s t e m , b y w h i c h m e a n s t h e w o r d

i s

i n c r e a s e d

o n e

t i m e

( t e m p u s )

i n

p o i n t o f q u a n t i t y t h u s

a b e c o m e s a s

a y

w ( a ) I m p . l i y o v J * f . 5 x a

P l p f .

f i \ u v .

t

— n — t \ i r i £ u ) —

T ) \ T n % o v

— i j X m i c a — J j X i r ' i K e t v .

— — e K f r f i 5 w ( r ) — i K t r t v o v ^ i ) —

i K B T e v K a ( } )

—

0

— S f i t X t t a — w f l i X t O V

—

w p t X r j K a

—

i i i p . l X l ^ K U V .

V

—

v

—

v & p i £ u ( i )

—

v f i p i K o v ( v )

— v P p a c a ^ v ' ) —

v f i p i K i i v ( v ) .

a t

— y —

a l p i i a

—

y p t o v

—

y p t j x a

—

y p r j i z u v .

a n

—

n v

—

a i t X e b i

—

n v X t o v

—

n v X i j K a

—

n v X r j K f t v .

0 1

I f

— o I k t i Z u ) t p K T l Z o V

I p K T l K a

—

t p K T l K U V .

R e m a r k .

T h o s e v e r b s a r e i n c a p a b l e o f

a u g m e n t

w h i c h b e g i n w i t h n ,

v , w , o v , o r £ 1

a s

r / r r d o i t a i , T a m w o r s t e d ,

P f . t f r r n f i a i ,

P l p f . r / T T y f i r j v

i V < f w ( t ) , I p r e s s ,

A o r .

i w i a a a ( i ) v t t v 6 u > , I l u l l

t o

s l e e p ,

A o r . B j r v w j r a

i x p t X i i a , I b e n e f i t , I m p f i l i < p i X ( o v o u n f j w , / w o u n d , I m p f . o v r a £ o v ; t i K i o , I

g i v e

w a y

t o , I m p f .

u k o v , A o r .

i l % a .

e U d ' ( m ,

I c o n j e c t u r e ,

f o r m s

a n e x c e p

t i o n , s i n c e i t i s a u g m e n t e d , t h o u g h r a r e l y , e .

g .

t i x a Z o v a n d y K a Z , o v ,

c ' i K a a a

a n d

y u a a a ,

i t K a a p a i

a n d

y K a a j i a i .

T h o s e ,

a l s o ,

w h o s e

s t e m

b e g i n s

w i t h

f

u

g e n e r a l l y t a k e n o a u g m e n t , e . g . t v x o p a i , 1

p r a y ,

t v x i p n v , m o r e r a r e l y

n v x 6 p i v t o u t P f - ' i v y / i a i .



§ 8 8 . ]

8 5

E D U P L I C A T I O N .

§

8 7 . R e m a r k s .

1 . V e r b s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a a n d a s u c c e e d i n g v o w e l h a v e a i n s t e a d o f

b u t t h o s e b e g i n n i n g w i t h a , a v , o r o t , a n d a s u c c e e d i n g v o w e l , a r e q u i t e

i n c a p a b l e

o f a u g m e n t

a s d n S i Z o p c u ( a ) , I f e e l

d i s g u s t ,

I m p f . d i ] S i ^ i p . n v { a )

d i m ( a )

( p o e t . ) ,

/

p e r c e i v e ,

I m p f .

a i m

( a ) a v a i v m , I d r y , I m p f . a v a i v u v

o u u a g u , I s t e e r , I m p f . o l d a Z o v .

B u t

t h e v e r b o i o p m , I t h i n k , t a k e s t h e

a u g m e n t

a s

t p 6 n n v .

2 . A f e w , a l s o , b e g i n n i n g w i t h o i a n d a f o l l o w i n g

c o n s o n a n t

d o n o t

r e c e i v e t h e a u g m e n t

a s

o U o v p i m , I g u a r d t h e h o u s e , A o r .

o U o i p t t a a .

3 .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

e l e v e n v e r b s

b e g i n n i n g

w i t h

i

h a v e

t h e

a u g m e n t

i n

t h e

f o r m o f

t i i n s t e a d

o f

n

I d a ,

I

a l l o w ,

I m p f . t u r n , A o r .

u a a a

— i 9 i £ w ,

I

a c c u s t o m ,

t o w h i c h i t u i B a ,

1

a m

a c c u s t o m e d ,

a l s o

b e l o n g s

— i w i p r i v ,

A o r . ( s t e m '

E A ) , I

e r e c t e d , 1 f o u n d e d ; — e X i a a m , I w i n d ; — t X x u i ,

1

d r a w , A o r .

t ' i X K u a a , ( f r . ' E A K Y U ) ;

— t i K o v , I t o o k ( ' E A Q ) ,

f r . a l p i m ;

—

' i m p a i , I f o l l o w ;

—

I p y a Z o p a i ,

I

w o r k ; — i p w u ) ,

i p i r i Z m ,

I

c r e e p ,

I

g o ; — c a r t i m ,

I e n t e r t a i n

— a n d e x , I h a v e .

4 . T h e f o l l o w i n g v e r b s t a k e

t h e s y l l a b i c

i n s t e a d o f

t h e

t e m p o r a l a u g

m e n t —

d y v v / i i ,

I

b r e a k ,

A o r .

t a £ a ,

& c .

S e e

t h e

v e r b s

i n

u i .

d \ i ( T K o p a i ,

c a p i o r , P f .

i d X m i c a ( n ) , c a p t u s

s u m ,

a n d i j X m i c a .

u Q i o i , I p u s h , I t & B e o v ,

& c .

u v ' i o p a i , I b u y , I m p f . i m v o i f i n v , A o r . t m v r i o d p n v ,

P f .

U / v n p a i .

5 .

i o p r i Z o i , I

c e l e b r a t e a f e a s t ,

t a k e s t h e a u g m e n t i n t h e s e c o n d

s y l l a b l e

i a p r a Z o v . T h i s o c c u r s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s o f t h e p l u p e r f e c t —

' E I K Q ,

P f .

I I . i o i i c a ,

I a m l i k e ,

I

s e e m ,

P l p f . l i p K u v .

t X i r o p a t , I h o p e ,

P f .

I I . i o X i r a , I h o p e , P l p f . i m X i r f t v .

' E P M 2 , / d o , P f . I I . t o p y a , P l p f . i w p y n v .

6 . T h e

f o l l o w i n g v e r b s

h a v e

b o t h t h e

t e m p o r a l a n d s y l l a b i c a u g

m e n t —

o p a u , I s e e , I m p f . t m p u v , P f . i m p a x a ,

e i i p a / i a i .

a V o i ' y w ,

1

o p e n ,

I m p f . d v k i p y o v , A o r . d v i t p i a ( I n f . d v o i g a i ) , & c .

d X t o K O f t a i , I a m t a k e n , A o r .

i d \ m v ( a )

( I n f . ' a X U v a i ) a n d i / X u i v .

§

8 8 . R e d u p l i c a t i o n .

1 .

R e d u p l i c a t i o n c o n s i s t s

i n

t h e

r e p e t i t i o n

o f t h e

f i r s t c o n s o

n a n t o f t h e s t e m

i n

c o n n e x i o n w i t h e .

I t

d e n o t e s a

c o m p l e t e d

o

3

8 6 [ c h a p . v n .

N

T H E

V E K B .

a c t i o n , a n d

h e n c e

i s

p r e f i x e d

t o

t h e

p e r f e c t ,

a s

X i - \ u / e a ,

/

l i a v e l o o s e d ,

f r .

\ v a >

;

t o

t h e

f u t u r e

I I I . ,

a s

K s - K o o ~ p , r \ o - o y L a i ,

I

s h a l l b e a d o r n e d , f r .

k o < t / j , £ c o a n d

t o t h e

p l u p e r f e c t , w h i c h , a s

a n

h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e , t a k e s a l s o t h e a u g m e n t

e

b e f o r e t h e r e d u

p l i c a t i o n , a s : i - f t e - f i o v k e v i c e w .

2 .

R e d u p l i c a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e o n l y w h e n t h e

s t e m

o f t h e v e r b

b e g i n s w i t h a

s i n g l e

c o n s o n a n t o r w i t h a m u t e a n d l i q u i d . T h e

e x c e p t i o n s

t o t h i s

r u l e a r e , v e r b s b e g i n n i n g w i t h

p ,

y v , / 3 X

( e x c e p t / 3 £ f l \ a f i / j , a i

f r .

f S k a i r r a ) ,

I

h u r t

;

/ 3 e / 3 \ a o - < f y q / j L T i K a

f r .

/ 3 \ a o - < f y t } f j J a > ,

I

s l a n d e r

;

^ s p x A c r r q K a

a n d

i f i X x U r T r j i c a f r .

/ 3 \ o -

< n d v ( o , I g e r m i n a t e ) , a n d m o s t o f t h o s e b e g i n n i n g

w i t h

< y \ ;

w h i c h t a k e m e r e l y

t h e s i m p l e a u g m e n t .

\ i u ) , 1 l o o s e P f . X t ' X v K a P l p f . i - X f - X o c f i v .

B i u ) , 1 s a c r i f i c e

— r e - O t w a , § 8 , 1 0 0 ) — t - T f - B v K t t V .

i j i v r t i u ) , I p l a n t

— i r t - < p v r e v i c a , §

8 ,

1 0 ( 3 ) — i - i r e - Q v T t i x t t v .

X o p e t u i , I

d a n c e

—

K t - x o p t v K a ,

§ 8 , 1 0 j 8 ) — t - K t - x o p t & K t i v .

y p i f m ,

I

w r i t e

—

y k - y p a i p a

—

l - y t - y p i f u v .

k X i V w ,

/

b e n d

—

k e - k X i k u

—

f a c t - i c X t c w .

x p i v i t i , J j u d g e

—

K i - K p t x a —

1 - K t - K p ' l K t l V .

7 r v £ ( o , I

b r e a t h e

— v ' e - n v i v K a

—

i - i r t - i r v i i K i i v .

e X o w ,

/ b r e a k

i n

p i e c e s

—

T i - e X a n a , J 8 , 1 0 j 8 ) — i - n - 9 X i x t t v .

p i n - T u , I t h r o w

— i p p K p a —

i j l p i f t l V .

y v w p i f a , I m a k e k n o w n

— i - y v h i p i K a —

1 - y v i a p ' i K U v .

p X a t t i u ) , l a m l a z y

I ' & k a K t V K C L — i - P X c t K i i i c e i v .

y X v t p w , I c a r v e

—

t - y X i » 0 a —

l ^ y X i t p a v .

3 . R e d u p l i c a t i o n i s o m i t t e d

( e x c e p t

i n t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d

c a s e s o f

v e r b s b e g i n n i n g w i t h p ,

y v , / 3 \ ,

y X ) ,

i f t h e

s t e m

o f t h e

v e r b

b e g i n s w i t h

a

d o u b l e c o n s o n a n t , o r t w o s i m p l e c o n s o

n a n t s

w j i i c h

a r e n o t a m u t e a n d a l i q u i d ;

a s

£ q X d < o , I e m u l a t e

Z t v o w , I e n t e r t a i n a s a

g u e s t

< f / a X X u , I p l a y

o n

t h e h a r p

m r e f p a r ,

I s o w

k t ' i ^ u i ,

1 f o u n d

T r r u f f f f w , / f o l d

P f . 1 - K i j X o t i c a

—

i - i f / a X i c a

—

i - O T T a p K a

t - K T l K a

P l p f .

1 - Z n X i x i i v .

— i - ^ i a X j C ( i v .

—

t - t r i r a p K i i v .

—

l m K T t K U V .

§ 8 9 .

J A T T I C R E D U P L I C A T I O N . 8 7

R e m a r k 1 . T h e

t w o

v e r b s , / j i / j v i j o t c w ( s t e m M N A ) , I r e m i n d ,

a n d

K T a o / i a i , I a c q u i r e , t a k e r e d u p l i c a t i o n , a l t h o u g h

t h e y b e g i n w i t h

t w o c o n

s o n a n t s

w h i c h

a r e

n o t

a

m u t e

a n d

a

l i q u i d

p i - p v t i / t a t ,

n e - n T t i / i a i ,

i - p c -

p v t j p n v , l - K t - K T r i f l t l V .

4 . F i v e

v e r b s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a

l i q u i d d o

n o t

r e p e a t t h i s

l e t t e r ,

b u t

t a k e e i

a s a n

a u g m e n t

X a p f i d v u ) , I

t a k e P f .

e l X i j ^ a P l p f . t i X i f i p a v .

X a y x a v o i , I r e c e i v e ( b y

l o t )

— « ^ i ? X a

—

t i X r i x t i v .

X i y w , t r v X X e y t a , I c o l l e c t

— O W i i X o v a

— a v v t i X d x f i v .

' P E Q , I s a y — r i p i / i e a — t i p r i n u v .

( l e i p o f i a i , I o b t a i n a s h a r e

—

t i p a p r a i ( w i t h a s p i r . b r e a t h . )

i t

i s

a l l o t t e d .

R e m a r k

2 . A i a X i y o p a i , I c o n v e r s e , h a s t h e

P f . c u i X t y p a t ,

a l t h o u g h t h e

s i m p l e X i y u i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n

o f

t o

s a y a l w a y s

t a k e s

t h e

r e g u l a r

r e d u p l i c a t i o n

X s X t y p m , d i c t u s s u m ( P f .

a c t ;

w a n t i n g ) .

§ 8 9 . A t t i c R e d u p l i c a t i o n .

1 .

S e v e r a l

v e r b s b e g i n n i n g

w i t h

a , s , o r

o , r e p e a t t h e

f i r s t

t w o l e t t e r s

o f

t h e s t e m b e f o r e t h e t e m p o r a l

a u g m e n t , i n

t h e

p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t t h i s

a u g m e n t

i s c a l l e d A t t i c r e d u

p l i c a t i o n .

a )

V e r b s

t h e s e c o n d

s y l l a b l e

o f

w h o s e s t e m

i s

s h o r t

b y

n a t u r e

d p d u t , I p l o u g h . I X a w ( I X a v v w ) , I d r i v e ,

a p - t j p o x a a p - r j p o p a i I X - i / X a x a I X - j j X a p a i

a p - t ) p o K ( t v a p - r \ p o p r \ v . i X - r ) X c i K e i v i X - q X a p n v .

I X i y x w , I

c o n v i c t .

i p v T T i o , I d i g .

t X - ? j X t y x a k X - q X s y p a i 6 p - t o p v x p v x f t v 6 p - u p v y p i j v .

b )

V e r j b s

w h i c h

h a v e

a

v o w e l

l o n g

b y

n a t u r e

i n

t h e

s e c o n d

s y l l a b l e

o f t h e s t e m ,

a n d

s h o r t e n i t a f t e r t h e

a d d i t i o n

o f t h e

r e d u p l i c a t i o n ( e x c e p t

i p e & c o , I

p r o p ,

i p i j p e i K a , e p r t p s L o - f j u i i )

G 4

8 8

[ c h a p , t i lN T H E

V E R B .

a \ £ ( 0 b > , I

a n o i n t . o k o v w , 1

h e a r ,

a \ - i j \ u j > a a \ - r j \ i ( i p a i a i c - i j i e o a r j K o v a / i a i

d X - i j X i ^ t i v

d X - i j X i ' i i L i i j i \

K - t f K o t i v

q K o i i O f i n v .

a y t i p i a , I a s s e m b l e . i y i i p w , 1

a w a k e n ,

d y - i j y t p i c a d y - r j y f p p a i

t y - i j y t p K a i y ^ y t p f i a i

d y - r \ y i p K t i v

d y

- n y i p / i t / v . l y - q y e p K H V i y - n y e p f i n v .

R e m a r k

1 . T h e p l u p e r f e c t

w i t h

t h e A t t i c r e d u p l i c a t i o n v e r y r a r e l y

t a k e s a f r e s h a u g m e n t r e g u l a r l y , h o w e v e r , i n r / K - n i c d t i v .

R e m a r k 2 . T w o v e r b s f o r m e v e n t h e a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e w i t h t h i s r e d u p l i

c a t i o n , w i t h t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n , h o w e v e r ,

t h a t

t h e v o w e l o f

t h e

r e d u p l i c a t i o n

r e c e i v e s

t h e

t e m p o r a l

a u g m e n t

i n

t h e

I n d i c a t i v e

o n l y ,

a n d

t h e

v o w e l

o f

t h e s t e m r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d

—

a y H e a d , A o r . I I . r j y - a y o v , l o f . a y a y u v .

 ,

T b e a r ,

' E f K ,

A o r .

I I . f i v - e y i c o v , I n f .

i v - e y i c e i v .

§ 9 0 .

A u g m e n t i n C o m p o s i t i o n .

1 . F i r s t R u l e . V e r b s c o m p o u n d e d w i t h p r e p o s i t i o n s t a k e

t h e

a u g m e n t

b e t w e e n t h e

p r e p o s i t i o n a n d

t h e

v e r b ,

i n

c o n s e

q u e n c e o f w h i c h , p r e p o s i t i o n s e n d i n g w i t h

a

v o w e l ,

e x c e p t

i r e p i a n d i r p o , s u f f e r e l i s i o n ( § 6 , 3 . ) ; i r p o o f t e n

b l e n d s

w i t h

t h e

a u g m e n t

b y m e a n s o f

c r a s i s ( §

6 ,

2 . ) i n t o

i r p o v ;

a n d k v a n d

a i m a g a i n

t a k e t h e i r v w h i c h h a d b e e n a s s i m i l a t e d t o t h e

f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t , o r t h r o w n a w a y , o r a l t e r e d a s

d i r o - P a X K u )

I m p f . d x - t f } a W o v

P f . d i r o - f t k & X t i K a

P l p f . o 7 r - f / 3 e ( 3 X ) j i c £ ' .

i r t p i - & a W o )

—

i r t p i - e B a W o v

— 7 r f p i - j 3 £ / 3 \ i } K a

— T r t p i - t f i i l S K i i K t w .

7 r p o - j 8 a X X u

— i r p o - i f S a W o v — i r p o - f } i \ n i c a

—

i r p o - i f S t P X t j i c u v .

i r p o - P & X K t o

—

i r p o v f i a W o v

—

T r p o - f i t f i K n K a

1 T p O V $ l f f K l } K C l V .

t f i - f } a \ \ u >

t

— l v - k $ a \ \ o v

— l / < - / 3 t / 3 X r ; i c a — l v - i f S e $ \ r j i c t i v .

l y - y i y v o f i a t — i v - t y i y v o / i n v — l y - y k y o v a — i v - i y i y o v u v .

< j v - U K i v a X , u i

—

o v v - t O K t b a Z o v

—

o v v - t B K t i a K a

—

o v v - m t t v a x u v .

a v p - p i i t r i a

a w - ' i p p l T T T O V — o v v - k p ' p u p a O W - t p p l f U V .

o v \ - \ k y n t

— o v v e k t y o v

— a v v - i i K o x a — o v v - t i \ 6 x t t v .

%

9 1 . ]

8 9

E M A R K S .

2 .

S e c o n d R u l e . V e r b s c o m p o u n d e d

w i t h

B v s t a k e

t h e

a u g m e n t —

a )

a t

t h e

b e g i n n i n g , i f

t h e s t e m o f t h e

s i m p l e

v e r b

b e g i n s w i t h a c o n s o n a n t , o r a v o w e l n o t c a p a b l e o f t h e

t e m

p o r a l a u g m e n t

b ) i n

t h e

m i d d l e , i f

t h e s t e m o f t h e

s i m p l e

v e r b b e g i n s w i t h a v o w e l c a p a b l e o f t h e t e m p o r a l a u g m e n t ;

a s :

I v c - T v x e u ,

l a m u n f o r t u n a t e

I v g - u i i r i b ) , I p u t

o u t

o f

c o u n t e n a n c e

I v s - a p t a r i w ,

l a m

d i s p l e a s e d

w i t h

l - d v g r v x o w , d i - d v s T v x r i K a ,

i - $ t - S v £ T V -

X ^ k h v .

l - S v Q i i n r o v v .

i v c i p t o T i m V f

I v s - n p i c r r i i c a .

V e r b s

c o m p o u n d e d w i t h e C

m a y

f o l l o w

b o t h

t h e a b o v e

r u l e s

i n

N o .

2 .

t h e y c o m m o n l y , h o w e v e r ,

a v o i d t h e a u g m e n t

i n t h e f i r s t c a s e , a n d s i s p y s r e o ) , a l s o i n t h e l a t t e r a s

e i - 7 t i x i w , l a m f o r t u n a t e I m p f . t i i - r i x o v v , u s u a l l y t i i - r i x o v v .

t i - u x k o / i a i ,

I

b a n q u e t

—

c t - w x o / i t i v .

t v - t p y e r i w , I d o w e l l t o — l i i - n p y t r o v v ,

P f .

f i - i j p y t r i j r a ,

u s u a l l y ,

i v - t p y t r o v v ,

t i - t p y e r n K a .

3 . T h i r d

R u l e .

T h e r e m a i n i n g c o m p o u n d v e r b s t a k e t h e

a u g m e n t

a t

t h e b e g i n n i n g

a s :

p . v 9 6 k o y i t i > , I r e l a t e I p v Q i i k o y o v v ,

p e p : v 9 o \ 6 y n ' a ,

o i K o d o / i i w , I b u i l d

t f t K o d o p o v v

y j c o W / J i j i c a .

§ 9 1 . R e m a r k s .

1 . S o m e v e r b s c o m p o u n d e d w i t h a


t a k e

t h e

a u g m e n t

i n

b o t h p l a c e s , v i z . b e f o r e

t h e

s t e m , a n d

a l s o b e f o r e t h e


d l i m x o f i a t

I m p f .

i j / » i r « x o f i i j v , o r d p n t i i x . A o r . I I . f t p m o x o p n v .

a v £ x o / i < M

—

j ) v t i x o n

n v — i ) v i a x o p . n v .

d v o p S o i o

—

j j v w p S o w v P f .

r j v v p Q a i c a

A o r .

r / v i i p O m a a .

i v o ^ X ' ^ t — j j v t * > x ^ - o v v — ^ v o j x ^ r j K a

—

J } v w x \ j j ( T a .

n a p m v ' u o

— i i r t t p i f v f w — i r i i r a p i p v n K a — t i r a p y v r i a a .

9 0

[ c h a p . v n .N T H E

V E R B .

2 : T h r e e o t h e r v e r b s , w h i c h a r e n o t c o m p o u n d e d

w i t h

a p r e p o s i t i o n ,

b u t d e r i v e d f r o m o t h e r c o m p o u n d w o r d s , f o l l o w t h e

a n a l o g y

o f t h o s e

e n u m e r a t e d

i n

N o .

1 .

( t a i r a u i ( f r . S i a i r a ,

l i f e ) ,

a ) I

f e e d , b )

/ a m

a r b i t r a t o r , I m p f . i f o j r i a v a n d

S t y r w v , P f . S e S t r f r r j K a .

i i o K o v i u ( f r .

S i a x o v o g , a s e r v a n t ) ,

I m p f . i S i n n o v o v v

a n d l i n i c 6 v o v v ,

P f .

i e d i n K & v n i c a .

d / j 0 i f f j 3 i } 7 - c w

( f r .

' A M * I S B H T H 2 ) ,

I s t r i v e , I m p f . l ) \ L t y t < $ ^ T O v v a n d

i } / t $ i < x -

f i t / T O W .

3 .

E x c e p t i o n s

t o

t h e F i r s t R u l e

( § 9 0 , 1 . ) . S e v e r a l v e r b s , t h o u g h

c o m p o u n d e d w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n , t a k e t h e a u g m e n t b e f o r e t h e p r e p o s i t i o n ,

h a v i n g

i n

s o m e

d e g r e e

a c q u i r e d t h e f o r c e o f s i m p l e v e r b s .

d p < p i y v o i u i ( y o i o i ) , l a m u n c e r t a i n I m p f . r n i < j i i y v 6 t o v .

d f t ^ t e w v f i i , 1 c l o t h e A o r . ? ) / i $ U f f a .

I m a r a i u u , I

u n d e r s t a n d I m p f .

i j T r t f f r a / t i j v .

K a Q t Z , i * > , I s e t — t K a Q i ^ o v , P f . K t K a Q i K a .

K a Q t Z o f i a u , I s i t

— i K a 8 i Z 6 f t i ] v

a n d

K a O e ^ i f t i i v

( w i t h o u t

a u g m e n t ) .

K a 8 r ) j i m ,

I s i t — i K a O ^ / i t i v a n d K a 9 4 n t ] v .

c a B e v h o ,

I

s l e e p

—

l i c d B e v S o v

a a i

K a O n v S o v .

4 . T h o s e v e r b s w h i c h a r e f o r m e d , n o t b y t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f a s i m p l e

v e r b w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n , b u t b y d e r i v a t i o n f r o m a w o r d a l r e a d y

c o m

p o u n d e d , f o r m

a n

a p p a r e n t e x c e p t i o n

t o

t h e f i r s t r u l e a s

I v a v T w o j i c u ,

I a m a g a i n s t ( f r . t

v a v r t o e )

I m p f . v a v n o 6 f L H f v .

a v n J i i c s w , l a m a t l a w

w i t h

( f r . d v r i S i K o g ) —

r j v T i l i i c t o v .

l j i 7 r t S 6 u ) , I m a k e f i r m ( f r .

i f i i r t S o g )

— r j f i m d o o v .

§ 9 2 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

o f V e r b s

i n

a >

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r d i f f e r e n t


L e t t e r s , t o g e t h e r

w i t h

R e m a r k s

u p o n

t h e

F o r m a t i o n o f t h e i r T e n s e s .

V e r b s i n < o a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o

g e n e r a l c l a s s e s , a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

n a t u r e o f

t h e i r


l e t t e r .

I . P u r e

v e r b s ,

w h o s e


i s a

v o w e l , a s \ v - a > , I

l o o s e ;

t h e s e

a r e a g a i n d i v i d e d i n t o

t w o

c l a s s e s

§ 9 3 . ]

T E N S E S

O F

P U R E V E R B S . 9 1

A . U n c o n t r a c t e d ,

w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

i s

a n y v o w e l e x

c e p t

a ,

e , o ; a s : i r a i S g v - a ) , I e d u c a t e , \ v - a > ;

B . C o n t r a c t e d ,

w h o s e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s e i t h e r a , s , o r o ; a s

T i f i d - c o , I

h o n o u r , c / u X e - t u ,

I l o v e , p u r d o - w , I

l e t o u t

f o r h i r e .

I I .

I m p u r e v e r b s , w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a c o n s o n a n t ;

t h e s e

a r e a g a i n d i v i d e d i n t o t w o c l a s s e s

A .

M u t e

v e r b s ,

w h o s e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s o n e o f

t h e

n i n e

m u t e s a s

X s i t t - c o , I l e a v e ,

t t X J k - c o , I

p l a i t , i r s l d - a i , I p e r - ;

s u a d e ;

B . L i q u i d

v e r b s ,

w h o s e


i s

o n e

o f t h e f o u r

l i q u i d s , X , / j , , v , p ;

a s

w y y s W - a ) , I a n n o u n c e , v i / j ^ c o , I '

d i v i d e ,

( f r a - l v - c o ,

I s h o w , < p 0 s l p - e o ,

I

d e s t r o y .

' R e m a r k . A c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e


o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r

I n d i c a t i v e

a c t i v e , a l l v e r b s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o ,

a ) B a r y t o n e v e r b s , w h o s e l a s t s y l l a b l e i n t h e f i r s t

p e r s o n i s

n o t a c c e n t e d ;

a s

\ i - u > ,

i r \ t i c - w ,

& c .

V ) P e r i s p o m e n a , w h o s e l a s t s y l l a b l e i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n i s c i r c u m f l e x e d ,

t h u s t h e

c o n t r a c t

v e r b s

a s

r i ^ i w ,

 ,

f i w Q C t .

I .

P u r e V e r b s .

§ 9 3 . F o r m a t i o n o f t h e T e n s e s o f P u r e

V e r b s .

1 .

I n

p u r e

v e r b s ,

b o t h

b a r y t o n e s

a n d

p e r i s p o m e n a , t h e

t e n s e -

e n d i n g s a r e r e g u l a r l y

a f f i x e d t o

t h e

u n a l t e r e d

v e r b a l

c h a r a c

t e r i s t i c a s f i o v X e v - c r a ) , f i e f i o v K e v - i c a . P u r e v e r b s a l s o f o r m

n o s e c o n d t e n s e s ,

b u t

o n l y f i r s t

t e n s e s

t h e p e r f e c t w i t h k ( k o ) ,

t h e f u t u r e a n d a o r i s t w i t h c r ( e r a ) , e r a ) . A r e g u l a r c h a n g e ,

h o w e v e r , w h i c h p u r e

v e r b s

u n d e r g o , i s t h e

f o l l o w i n g

—

2 . T h e s h o r t


v o w e l o f

t h e p r e s e n t

a n d i m p e r

f e c t , i n b o t h b a r y t o n e s

a n d

p e r i s p o m e n a , i s l e n g t h e n e d

i n

t h e

r e m a i n i n g

t e n s e s .

W e

w i l l

c o n s i d e r , f i r s t , t h e

b a r y t o n e s ,

t h u s

:

l i n t o a s j i r \ v i ( i ) - t i > ,

/

a m a n g r y , p t p > i ( t ) - a i a , l - i i q v l a a , & c .

v i n t o a s k w X i ; Q 5 ) - w , / h i n d e r , k u j \ v ( v ) - o u > , K t - K < > \ v - f i c a .

9 2

O N T H E

V E R B . [ c h a p . v h .

P r e s .

I m p f .

I n d .

k u \ v ( v ) - u > ,

C o n j .

( c w X i ( i ) - w ,

I m p .

k u > \ v - i ,

I n f .

« r < o X t > ( S ) - f i v ,

A C T I V E .

P a r t . K t a K v ( J u * ) - h > v

I n d . i - K t o K v - o v , O p t . r w X u ( t / ) - o t ^ u

P e r f .

P l p f .

I n d . K t - K t d \ v - K a t I n f . K t - K u \ v - K s v a i , P a r t . « - c w \ u « : a * f

I n d .

f c - K £ - i c w A u ( i » ) - c f i v

P u t .

A o r .

I n d . K u > \ i i ( v ) - a u ) ,

O p t .

K u k v ( y ) - t r o i f u ,

I n f . K u > \ i ( y ) - o u v ,

P a r t .

K U > \ v ( v ) - f f t o V •

I n d .

i - K i i X v - a a , C o n j .

« r u i X u ( t j ) - < T w , O p t , « i i \ g ( v ) - < R X t y U ,

I m p . k u > \ v -

a o v , I n f . K t S k v - o c u , P a r t . « c u X t ( i ; ) - ( T o e

M I D D L E .

P r e s .

I m p f .

I n d .

( c w X « ' ( i ; ) - o / a a i ,

C o n j .

K < o \ v ( i i ) - u > i i a t ,

I m p .

K < o X t i ' ( i i ) - o t i ,

I n f .

f f w X t 5 ( t ) ) - £ f f 0 a i , P a r t ,

K w X i J - Q / i f v o f ;

I n d . i - K U ) \ u - 6 f i r j V f O p t . K ( o \ v - 0 l f l 7 J V


K f - i c w X v - ^ a i

K t ~ K w X v - t r a i

I m p e r a t i v e . P a r t i c i p l e .

K € - K u t \ v - ( r Q a i

. 1

2 K f - j c w X v - f f o

K t - K t a k v - a Q t a

I n f i n i t i v e .

C o n j u n c t i v e .

3

K t - K l U K v - T C U

K ( - K I > l \ v ( v ) - f i t B o v

K t - K l i \ v - o 9 0 V

P e r f . D . 1

2

3

K e - K u i X v - a 6 o v

P . 1

K i - K & X v - a Q o v

K l - K h l X v - a B l D V

? f i

- o 9 u ) v

3

K l - K t O k v - o Q t

K i - K < l > \ v - a 9 e

K £ - K t t i k v - a 9 u ) a a v o r

E - K t I ) \ v - v r a i

S i n g u l a r . D u a l . P l u r a l .

s - K £ - K < u X i ( i ) - l - K e - i c u K v ( y ) - t - K t - K u i \ v ( v ) -

j i T t v p t 9 o v I i t 9 a

O p t a t i v e .

P l p f . I n d .

1

K £ - K w X u - / i £ -

2

3

l - K t - K w \ v - B O

£ - « - < C « O X w - ( T 0 O V

l - K ( - K U ) \ v - < T 0 t

F u t .

A o r .

I n d .

K i u X i ) ( v ) - ( T o / i a i ,

O p t .

m u X v - i r o i / i i / v ,

I n f .

K i a \ v ( y ) - a i a 9 a i , P a r t .

( c w X i I - f f o / x t v o c

l - K t - K i i \ v - T O i - K t - K t a X u - o O r i v t - K l - K w \ v - V T O

I n d .

U i c u t k v - a a i i i j v , C o n j .

i c w X v ( r ) - f f w j u r t i , O p t .

K u } \ v ( y ) ~ < T a i f i r ] v

I m p . c i i X i - u a t , I n f . K a ) X i ( v ) - t r a < T 0 a i ,

P a r t .

r w X t i - C T a / n t j ' o c ; .

P A S S P 7 E .

A o r .

F u t .

I n d .

l - K u } \ v { y ) - 9 r i v ,

C o n j . K i u X v - f i w , O p t . < c w X i - 0 f i ' ) ) v , I m p

c u X v ( i ) - 6 i } r i , I n f .

i c a A i i - O i j i ' a i ,

P a r t . l e w X i - f l a ' c

I n d . K o t \ v - 6 i ] o o ) i a i , O p t .

i c w X i i - S i j f f o i ' / j i j v ,

I n f . K « X i i - 0 i j ( r £ f f 0 £ u ,

P a r t .

K i o X i - 8 ) j ( 7 0 f i f j ' O c ;

§

9 4 . P u r e

V e r b s ,

w h i c h r e t a i n t h e

s h o r t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

V o w e l

h i t h e F o r m a t i o n o f t h e i r T e n s e s , c o n t r a r y t o t h e G e n e r a l

R u l e .

1 . S e v e r a l p u r e v e r b s r e t a i n t h e s h o r t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l , e i t h e r

t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e o f t h e i r t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n , o r i n

s o m e

p a r t i c u l a r

§

9 5 . J T E N S E S

O F P U R E

V E R B S .

9 3

t e n s e s . M o s t o f t h e s e v e r b s t a k e a a i n t h e p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e a n d

a o r i s t I . p a s s i v e , w h i c h i s i n t i m a t e d , i n t h e c a s e o f e a c h , b y t h e p h r a s e

P a s s ,

w i t h

< r ,

( s e e § 9 5 . )

t h u s

x p i ' w , I s t i n g , I g r a z e , F u t . x p ' o ' w ( i ) A o r . t x p ' v a , I n f . x P ' a l - P a s s , w i t h

( B u t

x p i o > ,

I b e s m e a r ,

I

a n o i n t ,

F u t .

x p h u ( I )

A o r . 4 x p l < r a , I n f -

X p i o a i A o r .

M i d .

i x p ' i a a p . n v P e r f . M i d . o r

P a s s , K i x p u s j x a i ,

* £ X P '

a O a t

A o r . P a s s . i x P ' ^ 1 v - )

o T O u ( S ) , I f u l f i l , F u t . d v v a o > ( v ) A o r . r \ v v < s a . P a s s , w i t h

a p u w ( f i ) , I d r a w l i q u i d , F u t . a p i S o - w ^ 1 ) A o r . f j p v a a , r j p v a e i f i r i v . P a s s ,

w i t h a .

I i v i x > ( u ) , I c l o s e ( e . g . t h e l i p s o r e y e s ) , F u t . n i a u Q S )

A o r .

i p v o a

P f .

p i f i v i c a ,

I

a m

s h u t ,

I

a m

s i l e n t .

v t v u i ( v ) , I s p i t , F u t . 7 r r i i ( 7 w ( S ) A o r . i - n r v a a P a s s , w i t h

i f y x S w , / « e < ,

F u t .

i S p i i x u ( v ) A o r . ' i S p v a a P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . ' I d p v u a i , I n f .

t f p S < T 0 a i

A o r . P a s s . l S p i 9 t i v ( y ) .

2 .

A f e w d i s s y l l a b l e s

i n

v i a

l e n g t h e n t h e

s h o r t


v o w e l

i n

t h e f u t u r e a n d a o r i s t , a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e ;

p a r t l y ,

a l s o , i n t h e

p e r f e c t

a n d

p l u p e r f e c t a c t i v e

b u t t a k e

t h e

s h o r t

v o w e l a g a i n i n t h e

p e r f e c t a n d

p l u p e r f e c t

m i d d l e

o r

p a s s i v e ,

a n d i n

t h e

a o r i s t a n d

f u t u r e

p a s s i v e

t i u

( S ) F . S v o u i

( v )

A . I S w a

P f .

S U v x a

t i e S v p a i A . P .

U i O r i v ( 2 )

Q v u ) ( * 5 )

—

O v f f t o

( v )

—

t O v a a

—

r k B v K a T t O v / u u

—

e r i J f l i y v

( £ » )

\ v b ) ( i ) )

—

X t J f f w ( y ~ ) — t X v t r a

—

X i X i / K a

X i X v f i a t —

i X i B f j v ( i » )

R e m a r k . I n b o t h c o n t r a c t e d a n d u n c o n t r a c t e d p u r e v e r b s , i f t h e

v o w e l i s

l o n g

i n

t h e

f u t u r e a c t i v e , a n d

s h o r t i n t h e p e r f e c t ,

m i d d l e ,

o r

p a s s i v e , t h e f u t u r e I I I . a g a i n h a s t h e l o n g v o w e l a s X i i w , X c X v a o f i a i ^ v ) .

§ 9 5 . F o r m a t i o n o f t h e A o r i s t a n d F u t u r e

- P a s s i v e ,

a n d P e r

f e c t a n d P l u p e r f e c t M i d d l e o r P a s s i v e w i t h a .

M u l e . P u r e v e r b s w h i c h r e t a i n t h e

s h o r t

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l

o f

t h e

s t e m i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e t e n s e s , i n s e r t a i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e t h e t e n s e -

e n d i n g s

B t j v ,

n < u ,

& c , i n

t h e

a o r i s t a n d f u t u r e

p a s s i v e ,

a n d

i n

t h e p e r f e c t a n d

p l u p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e

( c o m p a r e

§ 9 4 . ) . I n

a d d i t i o n

t o

t h e s e

v e r b s ,

s e v e r a l w h i c h h a v e a l o n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

v o w e l i n

t h e i r s t e m , o r l e n g t h e n

t h e

s h o r t


v o w e l

o f

t h e

s t e m

i n

t h e t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n ,

f o l l o w

t h i s

a n a l o g y ; a s : t i x o i o j , I h e a r , A o r .

r i K o i - a - 6 r ) v , F u t . d u o v - a - Q r i a o i i a i ,

P e r f .

r i K o v - a - u . a t ,

P l p f .

r i x o i - a - i i t i v I v a i m , I k i n d l e K i X t i I

o r d e r ;

k u X i w ( 7 ) , J

9 4

| _ C H A P . V I I .

N

T H E V E R B .

r o l l X t i u > , 1 s t o n e ; Z i u ) , I s h a v e ; n - p i w , / s a w a e i u , I s h a k e ; x p ' w > I o e ~

s m e a r

( §

9 4 . ) ^ i a v u i ,

I t o u c h .

K t X i i u ,

I

o r d e r .

A C T I V E .

P r e s . K f \ t v - u i

I m p f .

1 - K s X t v - o v

P e r f . K ( - K c \ t v - K a F u t .

K t \ i v a t »

A o r .

i - K i X c v - a a

l p f . l - K t - K t X t V - K t l V

M I D D L E .

P r e s e n t K t X t v - o f i a t

I m p f . t - K t X E v o ^ i j j v

P e r f .

S .

D .


K e - K £ \ t V - < T - f A a i

K E - K t X e v - c a t

K t - K k X e v - a - T a i

K S - K t X e v - a - f i e B o v

K £ - K e X t V - ( T - 9 o V

K £ - K s X t V ' ( T ' 9 o V

K t - K t X e v - o - O e

K £ - K t X t V - a - [ l k v O l

« < 7 t


K C - K s \ E V - < T O

K e - K t X e v - a O i o

K t - K t X e v - a O o v

K t - K t X t V - ( j 9 u ) V

K e - K e X t v - a 9 e

K f - K t X e v - f f B o K r a v o r — a O u j v


K £ - K e X t v - ( j 9 a t


K t - K t X t v - a - n t v o g


K t - K t \ t V - ( T - f l £ V O g

P l p f .

S . 1

2

3

t - K t - K t X t V - t T - f i n v D . l - K l - K t X t V - t T - [ l t Q o V P . t - K E - K f X t U - f f - ^ i i G a j

i - K t - K s X t v - u o i - K e - K e \ f v - G - 9 o v t ' t c t - K t - K e X w a d t

i K i - K i X t v - a - T O i - K £ - i c e X e v - a - 6 t ] V 1 - K e X f v - a - f i s v o i

F u t u r e

K e X t v - a o p a i

F u t .

I I I .

K i - t z t X t v - c o p a i

A o r .

i - K t X e v - a d [ x i i v

P A S S I V E .

A o r i s t l - K f X t v - a - 8 r i v

F u t .

K t X t v - < i ' 9 r ] a o p . ( u

R e m a r k I . S o m e v e r b s

f l u c t u a t e

b e t w e e n t h e

f o r m a t i o n

w i t h a a n d t h e

r e g u l a r

f o r m a t i o n

e .

g .

B p a i u i , I s h a t t e r , T t 9 p a v a / i a i a n d H O p a v / t a t , I 9 p a i a 9 n v .

i c X f i u i ,

I s h i c t ,

K t K \ e i f i a i ,

A t t .

K B i c X y / i a i

a n d i c s i c X f i o j i a i

A . i x X u a O r i v .

K p o i u ,

I

k n o c k ,

K t K p o v f i a i

a n d

K i K p o v a / i a i

A .

l i c p o & { r 9 i ] v .

R e m a r k 2 . S o m e , c o n t r a r y

t o

t h e r u l e , d o n o t t a k e t h e

t h o u g h

t h e y

r e t a i n

t h e s h o r t v o w e l .

S e e , e . g . , t h o s e

g i v e n §

9 4 ,

2 . ,

£ v u > , 9 i u > ,

X u « .

§ 9 6 . C o n t r a c t e d P u r e V e r b s .

1 .

C o n t r a c t e d p u r e

v e r b s a r e , a s

w e h a v e

s e e n

§

9 2 . ,

t h o s e

p u r e

v e r b s w h i c h h a v e f o r

t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

e i t h e r

a , s , o r

o ,

§ 9 6 . ]

9 5

O N T R A C T E D P U K E

V E R B S .

a n d

c o n t r a c t

t h i s

w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g m o d a l v o w e l . C o n t r a c -

t i o n t a k e s p l a c e o n l y i n t h e p r e s e n t a n d i m p e r f e c t o f t h e

a c t i v e

a n d

m i d d l e ,

b e c a u s e o n l y

i n

t h e s e

t e n s e s

d o e s

a

v o w e l

f o l l o w t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l .

2 . T h e c o n t r a c t i o n s ,

w h i c h

t a k e p l a c e i n t h e s e t e n s e s , a r e

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

—

a + « b e c o m e s t + •

=

t t .

0 +

I

= o v .

a + V

—

a .

e

+

1

=

9 -

o + = « •

.

a +

y

? •

<

+

S

—

» ■ o + V = 0 1 .

a

+

o

M b

«

+ o

■ =

o v . 0 + 0 = o u .

a

+

i n

M .

f

+

, o

« ■

w .

0

+

u

=

a + e i

-

? •

f

+ a

=

C C a

0 +

£ t

=

o i

( o u i n

t h e

I n f . ) .

a + o i

=

e + o i

=

0 1 .

0 +

0 1

= 0 1 .

a +

o u

O S

W .

t

+ o v o v . 0 +

0 1 )

= o v .

3 . T h e

f o r m a t i o n

o f t h e

t e n s e s

o f

c o n t r a c t e d p u r e

v e r b s

a g r e e s , a s w e h a v e s e e n § 9 3 . , w i t h t h a t o f t h e u n c o n t r a c t e d

i . e .

t h e

s h o r t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l i s g e n e r a l l y l e n g t h e n e d i n

t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e t e n s e s ,

v i z .

s

i n t o 1 7 , a s

 ,

I

l o v e , F u t .

< p i X ^ - c r a

o i n t o t o , a s

f i i o - 6 6 - o ) ,

I

l e t

f o r

h i r e , F u t .

f i u r d o i - a - a )

a

i n t o

1 7 , a s

T i / i d ( a ) - < o ,

I

h o n o u r , F u t .

r i f i r f c a ;

a i n t o a , a s i d ( d ) - o > ,

I

a l l o w , F u t . $ d ( a ) - o - a > .

T h i s

l e n g t h

e n i n g i n t o a , o c c u r s w h e n a n s , 1 , o r p g o e s b e f o r e ( c o m p a r e

§ 2 6 , 1 . ) ; a s :

i a ( < x ) - £ o ,

i a ( a ) - c r Q )

/ i e t S t a ( a ) - a ) , I l a u g h ,

f i s i 8 t A ( a ) - c r o p , a i

 p d ( d ) - c o ,

I

c a t c h ,

< f > c o p d ( a ) - a - a )

( b u t p f y v d ( a ) - c o , I

g i v e a s

a p l e d g e , i y y v y - a c o

f 3 o d a > ( d ) i

I

e r g o u t , b o o , f i o r j o - o f u i i , l i k e o y B o r j ) .

W i t h

t h e s e v e r b s a r e c o m p r i s e d t h e t w o f o l l o w i n g a k o d - u > ,

I

t h r e s h , d \ o d ( a ) - a < o

d / c p o d - o u a i , I

h e a r , a K p o d ( a ) - o - o f i a i ( l i k e

d 6 p o a ) .

R e m a r k . T h e v e r b s X P < >

1

g i v e a n o r a c l e , x p d o p o u , I t u e ,

a n d

r i r p a w ,

/

b o r e ,

h a v e

a l t h o u g h '

a

p

p r e c e d e s

a s

x p v a 0 f l a l >

I

s h a l l

m e ,

r p r / a w ,

I

s h a l l b o r e . T h e

e x c e p t i o n s t o

t h e r u l e

g i v e n i n

N d . 3 .

w i l l b e

e n u m e

r a t e d i n § 9 8 .

9 6

[ c h a p .

v n .

N T H E

V E K B .

P a r a d i g m s o f

t h e

A C T I V E .

| M o o d s

a n d

i P a r t i -

a

—

—

[ c i p i a l s . g

g

S . 1

2

3

3

P . 1

2

S

I I n d i c .

I )

P r e s e n t .

C h a r . : a ( I h o n o u r ) .

r i [ i ( d - u > ) i o

r i f i ( ^ d - € i g ) ^ g

T L i x ( a - t ) a - T O V

r t f i ( a - e ) a - r o v

r ( / i ( a - f ) a - r t

C h a r . :

t { H o v e ) .

( p i \ Q - u t ) u j

 ) o u - ( T l ( ) / )

^ ( t r 6 ( o - £ t c ) o T f

f i i t r 9 ( 6 - t ) o v ' r o v

f i L a O { 6 ~ e ) a v - r u v

H i ( r 9 ( 6 - o ) o v ~ f i t v

f t t a 9 ( 6 - e ) o v - r £

\ i i i o Q ( J > - a v ) o v - < j i ( v )

C h a r . o ( / l e t

o u t

f o r h i r e ) .

C o n -

J U N C .

S .

1

2

3

D . 1

2

3

P .

1

2

8

I I m p e -

E A T .

S .

2

3

D . 2

3

P . 2

3

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r i [ i ( a - t u ) t j - ( T i ( v )

r i / i ( a - f ) a - r w

r i / x

( a - i ) a - r a t v

r i j u ( a - f ) a - r w f f a v o r

r t / i ( a - o ) w - v r w v

r j - r o v

0 t A ( t - a > ) w - ( r i ( y )

/ « < 7 0 ( o - 7 ? ) O t

l i t < T Q ( 6 - r f \ u > ~ T o v

f u < r 9 ( 6 - r i ) u > T o v

£ O - 0 ( 6 - w ) u j - f f t ( v )

' i X ^ - f ^ t - T O ^

^ t \ ( £ - £ ) £ l ' - r W J /

0 t A ( E - £ ) £ £ - r £



V l < j Q ( 6 - t ) O V - T O V

f X L < j Q ( o - e ) Q V - T t o ) V

} i i < j Q ( Q - E ) n v - T U ) t T a v o r

f i l < j 9 ( o - o ) o V - V T ( O V

I I n f i n .

P a r t .

N o .

G e n .

0 l X

( £ - £ « / ) £

I V

j i u r 9 ( 6 - E t v ) o

T t f i ( a

-

o v )

- a c t

T l j x ( 6 . - o ) G ) - V T Q Q

$ i k ( k - o v ) o v - G a ] u a d ( 6 - o v ) o v - a a

6 - o v ) o v v

o - o v ) o v - t j i ) Q

I M P E R F E C T .

S .

V \ i r i { x ( ^ a - o v ) t » i v

2 i W ^ ( a - £ c ) a c

3

£ - r i u ( a - f ) a

) . i |

3

E T i i i ( a ~ i ) a - T t ) v

j P . 1 £ 7 ( / i ( d - o ) w - / l £ V

2 £ r t j u ( a - £ ) a - r t

3

6 T i f i ( a - o v ) < t > v

I I n d i c .

E t y t X ^ t - O V ^ O V V

i 0 ( X ( £ - £ ^ ) £ i f f

£ 0 l X ( £ - f ) f t

i £ 0 t X ( £ - f ) f t - r o v

£ 0 t X ( f - £ ) £ l ' - r ? / V

£ 0 t X ( £ - o ) o i i - ^ £ V

E ^ t X ( t - £ ) a - r £

j £ 0 l ' X ( £ - O v ) o V V

£ ^ i o , 0 ( o - £ ) o i ' - r o i '

f f j . t < r 9 ( o - e ) o v - T r j v

i f i i ( r 6 ( 6 - o ) o v - f i £ v

£ ^ i a , 0 ( o - £ ) o u - r €

£ / i t f f 0 ( o - o v ) o i ; v

§ 9 6 . ]

9 7

O N T R A C T E D P U R E V E R B S .

C o n t r a c t e d

V e r b s .

M I D D L E .

P r e s e n t .

C h a r . :

a .

T t f i ( d - o ) ( * } - f i a i

T i f i ( a - 6 ) u > - f i , t 9 o v

T i f i ( a - t ) d - c r 6 o v

T t f i ( _ d - a ) d ( T 9 t

r i f i ( a - o ) i o - v r a t

n \ i

( a - w ) w - f i t 9 o v

T i f x ( a - f / ) a - ( T # o v

r t f i ( a -

t ] ) d - < r 9 o v

T t f i ( a - i b ) w - f i t 9 a

T t f i ( a - t o ) u > - V T a i

t e a

. 5 ™

S M

C h a r .

£ .

0 t X ( t - u ) o u - / « 0 o v

< j > l \ ( £ - e ) s t - t j 9 o V

0 t X

( £ - t ) e ( - ( T 0 £

0 i X ( e - o ) o i j - v r a t

^ i t X ( f c - w ) w - ^ i a t

^ t X ( £ - r / ) ? J

0 t X ( £ - ? j ) i } - r a i

0 t X ( £ - w ) w - / i £ O o v

0 i X ( f i - ? / ) i j - ( T 0 O V

0 i X ( € - w ) w - ^ £ 0 a

0 i X ( 6 - j j ) f ) - c r 0 £

0 t X - w ) w - v r a i

C h a r . o .

( r t f - o ) o v - f i a

f n < r 9 ( 6 - t ) o v - r a t

/ i i ( T 0 ( o - o ) o ) j - ^ £ 0 o v

/ t ( ( T 0 ( d - £ ) o U - O , 0 O J '

f i i a 0 ( o - 6 } o v - f i t 9 a

f i t a 6 ( J ) ' t ) o v - c 9 t

f i i < j 9 ( 6 - o ) o v - v r a i

f i t < j O ( o - U 1 ^ 0 J - f A ( 9 o V

f u < r 9 ( 6 - T ) ) ( o - ( r 9 o v

f i i a 9 ( 6 - i ] ) i d - < r Q o v

f i u x Q ( c

- t & ) u - f i t 9 a

/ i t ( T 0 ( o - i j ) w - ( r O £

r i ^ i ( a - £ ) a - t T 0 a »

r t / z ( a - £ ) a - < T 0 o v

7 i / i ( « - £ ) a - ( T 0 £

r i ^ ( « - ; - ) a - ( 7 0 w ( T f l v o r

7 i / i ( a - f ) « - ( r 0 w v

^ t X ( E - o f ) o i )

0 t X ( £ - t ) t i - f f O w

0 t X ( £ - £ ) £ T - ( T 0 O V

0 t X ( £ - £ ) f I - ( 7 0 W J >

^ l X ( £ - £ ) f t - f T 0 £

0 i X ( £ - E ) f i - o , 0 w f f t t j >

o r

l ( j 9 ( 6 - o v ) o v

f i i ( j 9 { o ' ' i ) o v - ( j Q i o

f i t o Q \ 6 - e } o v - o Q o v

f X i a 9 ( Q - ' t ) 0 V - G 9 u ) V

^ ( f 7 # ( o - £ ) o t > - ( T 0 £

f i i ( j 9 { o - i ) o v - i 7 9 u } < 7 a v O r

r t / i ( a - f ) a - t r 0 a i l x i ( j B ( J > - i ) o v - a 9 a i

T i f j . ( ^ a - 6 ) w - f x e v o g

T l f i ( a - 0 ^ t x ) - f l £ l > T )

T t f l ( a - o ) w - / i £ v o v

T l f i ( a - O ^ O J ~ f l k v T ] Q

 i \ ( e - o ) o v - [ i k v r ] £

f i u r 9 ( o - o ) o v - n t v o £

f i i a 9 ( o - O ^ O V - f l B V T ]

f J t f j 9 ( o - 6 ) o V ' l X £ V O V

f i i a 9 ( o - o ) o v - f i k v o v

f x i a 9 \ o - o ) o v - f i i v r i Q

I m p e r f e c t .

£ T l f l ( a - £ ) d - T O

l T l f l ( ( t - l ) ) ( i ) - [ l t 9 0 V

t T t f i ( a - { ) d - ( j 9 o v

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r i f t ( a - o ) ( i - [ j . e 9 a

t 7 ( / i ( a - f ) a - ( 7 0 £

£ n / t ( a - o ) a J - i T o

f c 0 l X ( £ - o ) o u ' - J t J J V

t ( p t \ Q ~ o v ) o v

i < p i \ ( e - £ ) t T - T o

E < p i \ { t - 6 ) o v - f . i e 9 o v

E < P l \ ( k - t ) u - < 7 9 0 V

e ' < f ) t \ ( t - 6 ) o v - f i t 9 a

l ( p i k ( e - t ) H - ( j 9 e

t < j ) i k ( i - o ) o V - V T O

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i f i i < j 9 ( 6 - o v ) o v

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h { x w 9 ( o - o ) o v ~ i i t 9 o v

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l f i i a 9

( o - e ^ o v - t r O e

i } l i < T 9 ( 6 - 0 ) 0 V - V T 0

H

9 8

[ c h a p . V I I .

N T H E V E R B .

A C T I V E .

I M o o d s

a n d

i P a r t i -

I c i p i a l s .

| O p t .

[ A t t i c

O p t .

4 °

S . 1

2

3

D .

1

2

3

P . 1

2

3

S .

1

2

3

D . 2

3

P .

1

2

3

I m p e r f e c t

—

c o n t i n u e d .

C h a r .

T i f t ( a - o i ) $

- O t J t f l - T J V

• o t ) ^ - r j r o v

- O t l t p - t l f M V

C h a r . :

0 p i X ( e - O i ) ( H

0 i X ( 6 - o i ) o 7 -

0 i X ( E - o i ) o t -

0 t X ( 6 - o i ) o i *

0 t X ( e - o i ) o 7 -

0 i X ( t - o t ) o t *

r o v

/ l e v

• r e

■ E V

< j > t X ( e - o r t o t -

0 t X ( t - o t ) o t -

0 t X ( £ - O l ) o £ -



• i j T e

C h a r . o .

{ j . k t Q ( 6 - o l ) o i - t o v

f l t ( T 6 ( o - O l ) o L - T t ] V

f . u < r 9 ( 6 ' O i ) o T - f i e v

f i i < r 9 ( 6 ' O t ) o i ' T £

f j u o 9 { 6 ~ o t ) o l - t v

f i t a 9 ( o ' O i ) o i - r j v

f i t t r $ t o - o i ) o i - t ] Q

f i M T O t o - o f y o t - n r o v

[ u v 6 ( o - o t ) o i - r ] T r } v

f £ i 0 6 { o - o t ) o i - 7 ] f i e v

f J . t ( j 9 ( o - O t ^ O l - 1 ] T €

H i < j 6 ( 6 - o i ) o i - e v

P e r f e c t

T t T l f l l J K C t

T t t f j . L a 9 u ) < T ( i )

A O R I S T I .

F u t u r e I I I .

t f i t < j 9 ( j j < t i p a 8 t ] v ( a )

l f i k i i 9 t ) v I f i u s Q M i i v

V e r b a l a d j e c t i v e s T i / t r i - T i o g , r i d ,

t ' i o v

 w i t h a s t e m

o f o n e

s y l l a b l e , a s

i r X c a i , J

s a i l ,

t r v k u , I b l o w ,

B i w , I r u n , & c , u n d e r g o o n l y t h e c o n t r a c t i o n i n t i ( a r i s i n g o u t o f l u o r i t )

b u t

i n

a l l

t h e

o t h e r f o r m s

r e m a i n

u n c o n t r a c t e d

a s

A c t .

P r . I n d .

w X e w ,

i r X t T f ,

i r \ t 7 ,

i r X e o / i c v ,

i r X e i n ,

i r X i o v a i

( v ) .

C o n j . - t t X e w ,

n - X f

y

g , j t X e

y ,

i r X e w f i i v , n X e n r c , t r X t i a t r i

( v ) .

I m p r . 7 r X e i ; I n f . ■ x X i l v ; P a r t . n X ' s t a v .

§ 9 7 . ]

9 9

O N T R A C T E D

P U R E V E R B S .

M I D D L E .

I m p e r f e c t — c o n t i n u e d .

C h a r .

T t f x ( d * O t ) l f } - 0

T i f t ( a - o i ) y - f t t 9 o v

r t i ' ( a - o t ) < { > ~ ( j 9 o v

r t f i ( a - o i ) ( j j - ( r 9 e

C h a r .

C h a r . :

o .

 t \ Q - o t ) o i - r Q

( p i \ ( t - u i ) a i - n e 9 o v

( p i \ ( k - O l ) 6 t - V T O

f i t a 9 ( o - o i } o i - n t i v

/ i f < x 0 ( o - o / ) o , - / i £ 0 o v

f t i ( r O ( o - o ) o i - ( T 9 7 ) V

f u c 6 ( o - o < ) o t - i i t 9 a

H i < r 9 ( J ) - o i } o i - a 9 t

T t r t f i j j u a t

t T T f r p a j p d f i T j v ^ d )

r i f i r j f f o f x a i

t 7 T t i k i ) ( T O f i a i

i . f i t f i i ( r 9 t o f i n v

i t p i X r j f f a j X T j v

i u u r Q i i H f & u i i v

t u ? / f r o j U f i

i r e < f > t \ 7 } < J o f J , a i

f i f f . i i ( r t ) i o f T o f i ( t i

P A S S I V E

F u t u r e I .

r i \ x r \ 9 i \ n o \ n n , t p t o p a O j i a o f i c u t p i \ r } 9 i } a o f i a L

j j n r j Q u j Q l ) f f o f x a i

0 t X r / - r l o g , r ' t a , T ( o v f i i a 9 a j - r t o c , r t a ,

T t o v .

I m p f .

I n d .

t V X f o v ,

£ 7 r \ e i f , i i r X t i ,

i i r X t o / i t v ,

i n - X i i r f ,

l i r X e o v .

O p t .

v X k o i f i i .

M i d .

P r .

I n d .

u - X e o / x a i , j r X e t j ,

n X t i r a i ,

i r \ ( 6 f i t 9 o v ,

T r \ t t o 9 o v ,

& c .

l u f i n . i r \ e l o 9 a i ; P a r t .

n - X t r f / t t v o c ; I m p f .

t 7 r

\ i i f i r ) v .

2 . T h e v e r b

f e w ,

J J i W ,

u s u a l l y u n d e r g o e s

c o n t r a c t i o n i n a l l

f o r m s ,

e s p e c i a l l y

i n c o m p o u n d s a s t o d o v v ,

r o v d o v v r o g , S i a S u v n a i ,

K a r i S o v v .

3 .

S e v e r a l

v e r b s

d e v i a t e , i n c o n t r a c t i o n , f r o m t h e

g e n e r a l r u l e s ,

a )

a t a n d a u

a r e

c o n t r a c t e d

i n t o n

a n d

y ( i n s t e a d

o f

a

a n d q )

i n S ( a - w ) « ,

I

l i v e ,

S y j ,

f ,

y r o v ,

y r t

I n f .

S i j v

I m p r .

? i j

I m p f .

t ? « r ,

t j r o j > ,

i / r i y r ,

i j r e . — 7 r t i v ( a - i a ) u i , I h u n g e r , I n f . j r t i v i j v , & c . — ( a - w ) w , / t h i r s t ,

£ u | / y f ,

& C , I n f .

l u p r j v .

— K ) » ( a - w ) ( i ,

/ s c r a t c h ,

I n f .

m ' j j v . — < x / u ( « - « ) w , /

H

2

1 0 0

[ c h a p . v n .

N T H E V K R B .

s t r o k e ,

I n f .

o f i i j v . — ^ ( d - w ) w ,

I

r u b , i f / i f v .

—

x p ( - 0 ) « t y >

%

u s e i X P V i

X p i j r a i , x p r j a O a i . S o a i r o x p u i f i a i ,

I

h a v e e n o u g h , d i r o x p ^ o - O a i

—

a V o x p i J

( s h o r t e n e d f r .

d i r o x p y ) ,

i t i s s u f f i c i e n t , I n f . d i r o x p i j v , I m p f .

d i r t x p n .

—

X p ( a - u > ) i o , J g i v e

a n

o r a c l e , x p p > X P V -

b ) o o a n d o e a r e c o n t r a c t e d i n t o u > ( i n s t e a d o f o v ) , a n d o \ i i n t o < f

( i n

s t e a d o f o l ) , i n p i y ( ^ - w ) w , I c o n g e a l ; I n f . p i y d v ; P a r t , p i y w v r o c a n d

p i y u i a a

C o n j . p t y ( p g ,

p ' y < f ,

& C .

I m p f . I p p i y t a v O p t . p i y q j ' i j v .

4 . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e u s e

o f

t h e A t t i c f o r m

o f

t h e O p t a t i v e , t h e f o l

l o w i n g i s t o b e o b s e r v e d — t h e p l u r a l o f t h i s f o r m i s t h e l e a s t u s u a l ,

e s p e c i a l l y

i n t h e v e r b s e n d i n g i n e u

a n d 6 w , b u t

i n t h o s e

i n

d m m o r e

f r e

q u e n t i n

t h e s i n g u l a r , o n t h e

c o n t r a r y ,

t h e

f o r m

i n

0 1 1 7 V

i s b y

f a r

m o r e

c u s t o m a r y ,

i n

v e r b s

i n

e m

a n d

6 m ,

t h a n

t h e r e g u l a r

o n e ,

a n d

i n

t h o s e

i n

d m a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y u s e d .

5 . T h e v e r b X o i m , / w a s h , a l t h o u g h p r o p e r l y n o t a c o n t r a c t e d o n e ,

s u f f e r s

c o n t r a c t i o n

i n t h e i m p e r f e c t a c t i v e ,

a n d

i n t h e

p r e s e n t a n d i m

p e r f e c t

m i d d l e ,

i n

a l l

t h e

f o r m s

i n t h e e n d i n g

o f w h i c h t h e r e i s

e o r

o

a s

t X o v

i n s t e a d o f

t X o v e , t X o v f i t v i n s t e a d

o f

i X o i o / i t v , M i d .

X o u / u u ,

X d t i ,

X o B r a i ,

& c . I m p r . X o S I n f . X o v o B c u I m p f . i X o i p n v , i X o v , i X o v r o , & c , a c c o r d i n g

t o a s t e m , A O E .

R e m a r k . U p o n t h e a l t e r a t i o n

a n d

r e m o v a l

o f

t h e a c c e n t

i n c o n t r a c -

§ 9 8 . C o n t r a c t e d V e r b s w h i c h r e t a i n t h e s h o r t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c

V o w e l i n t h e F o r m a t i o n

o f

t h e i r T e n s e s ,

c o n t r a r y t o

t h e

R u l e .

1 .

A s

i n

s e v e r a l u n c o n t r a c t e d p u r e v e r b s , t h e s h o r t


v o w e l i s

r e t a i n e d

i n t h e t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n ,

c o n t r a r y

t o t h e

r u l e

( §

9 4 . ) ,

s o

t h i s

t a k e s p l a c e i n s e v e r a l c o n t r a c t e d o n e s a l s o . M o s t o f t h e s e v e r b s

t a k e a i n t h e

p e r f e c t

m i d d l e o r

p a s s i v e , a n d i n

t h e

a o r i s t

I . p a s s i v e ,

a n d

t h e

t e n s e s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s e t w o

w h i c h

i s i n t i m a t e d

i n

e a c h c a s e

b y

t h e p h r a s e p a s s , w i t h a .

T h e y

a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g —

t i o n ,

s e e

§ 1 2 ,

2 .

a ) d m

( a ) .

y i X d a ,

I

l a u g h ,

P .

y t X u ' f f o ^ a i

( a ) ,

A o r .

i y e X d a a .

P a s s ,

w i t h

i X d m

( u s u a l l y i X a i v m ) ,

I

d r i v e ,

F . f X < 3 A .

i } X d < r a ,

& c .

f i X d w , 1 c r u s h , Q X d a m ( a ) , & c . P a s s ,

w i t h

a .

§

9 8 - ]

1 0 1

O N T E A C T E D P U E E V E E B S .

c X a o t , I b r e a k , i c k d a i o ( a ) , & c . P a s s , w i t h a .

^ a X a w , I r e l a x ,

x a X a o u i

( a ) , & c . P a s s ,

w i t h

a .

S a p d i o

( u s u a l l y

S a p , d Z , t » ) ,

d o m o ,

I

t a m e ,

A o r .

I S d p d a a .

i r e p d w ,

I c a r r y o v e r , I s e l l ,

F . i r i p d a u t ( a ) , A o r . e i r e p a o a

( b u t i r e p a w , I g e t

o v e r , i n t r a n s . , F .

w e p d a m

( d ) ,

A o r .

i v i p a a a ) .

a i r d u , I d r a w ,

o i r a a i a ( a ) ,

& c . P a s s , w i t h

a .

a % a o j ,

I

r e l a x ,

I o p e n , a x d a o i ( a ) , & c .

*

b )

k m .

i x i o p a t , I h e a l ,

d x e a o p a i ,

J j i e e a d f i n v P f . t j t t o p u u .

a \ k u > , I g r i n d , I p o u n d , F . d X w , P f . M . o r P . d \ i ] \ f < t p a i ( § 8 9 . ) .

d p i c s t i i ,

I

s a t i s f y ,

F .

d p i c k o a ,

& c .

P a s s ,

w i t h

a

( a l s o

t o

s a t i s f y ) .

c p k t o , I v o m i t ,

F .

i j i i a u , & c ,

P f . A . i / i r i f i t K a , P f . M . o r

P . i p i } p < ? p a i

( § 8 9 . ) .

? £ w , / b o i l

( i n t r a n s . ) .

P a s s , w i t h

a . —

J e w , I

s h a v e .

P a s s , w i t h a .

r t X i w , /

f i n i s h , F . r e \ t 5 .

P a s s , w i t h

a .

—

r o k w , I

t r e m b l e .

c ) 6 u l .

d p o i i > , I p l o u g h , F . d p o a i o ,

A .

f / p o a a , P f .

M .

o r P . d p r j p o p a i ( $ 8 9 . ) , A o r . P .

r j p o B r i v .

R e t n a r k .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

h a v e

t h e

l o n g

v o w e l

i n

s o m e

t e n s e s ,

a n d

t h e

s h o r t i n o t h e r s

—

t t l v i u ,

1

p r a i s e , F . a l v k a i i t , A o r . p v t r a , P f . p v « a , A o r .

P .

j i m B i i v b u t

P f .

M . o r

P .

j i v r / p a i .

r a p i u ) , I t a k e , A o r . P .

j j p e f l i j v e l s e w h e r e

a l p r j o w , p p q i c a , f j p t i p a t .

y a p t u , 1 m a r r y , F . y a / t w , A o r . i y t i p a , P f . y c y a / j i j i c a , A o r . P . t y a p i j d r i v ( /

u > < w f a i r a / o r w i f e ) ,

h ' . i i ) , I b i n d , d i j a u i , i f i n o a , { I n o & f L n v ; b u t S i d t i c a , S t S i p m , i l i B n v , F .

P e r f .

i j f f i j -

a o p m , w h i c h

s u p p l i e s

t h e p l a c e o f t h e u n - A t t i c B i O q a o f u u .

K o X t u ) ,

I

c a l l ,

F .

k c l X w ,

A o r .

i

K a X s a a ,

P f .

j C E f r X q j c a ,

P f .

P .

K t V X i j p z t ,

l a m

c a l l e d ; F . P f .

K a c X f j a o f u u , I

s h a l l

b e

c a l l e d , A o r .

P .

e k X i / S i j i ' , F .

M .

K a X o f y i a i ,

A o r . i x a K e a d p r i v .

w o f l l w , / d e s i r e , o l d

A t t .

v o Q i a o p a t ,

l i r 6 8 i o a

e l s e w h e r e

i r o d q o t t i , i V 6 0 > j < r a ,

P f .

T T f i r o O j j K a , P f . M .

o r P .

v ? n 6 9 i ) p . a i ,

A o r . P . < V o 0 E < r 0 i ) V .

n o v i t a , l a b o r o , F . i r o v ^ f f u , & c .

( J f a o o a r ) ; i r o v i o w

( I

s h a l l

f e e l p a i n ) P f .

j r f 7 r o i / j j i c a i n

b o t h s i g n i f i c a t i o n s .

H

3

1 0 2

[ c h a p . V I I .

N

T H E

V K E B .

§

9 9 .

P a r a d i g m s .

A C T I V E .

T e n s e s .

C h a r . : a ( I d r a w ) .

C h a r . e

( / f i n i s h ) . C h a r . o ( I

p l o u g h ) .

P r e s e n t

< 7 7 r ( d - w ) u i

t a n ( a - o v ) u ) v

r c \ ( e - w ) u i

d p ( 6 - w ) < S

I m p e r f e c t l r t \ ( e - o v ) o v v T ; p ( o - o i ' ) o w

P e r f e c t T t r i X t K a f l p o K a

P l u p e r f e c t t a n a K e L v f a . )

I r e r t X i i c t i v

r j p o K t i v

F u t u r e

f f j r a f f w ( a ) r t X i o

a p o a t o

A o r i s t t a i r a a a i H X t a a

■ q p o a a

P A S S I V E .

A o r i s t

V e r b a l a d j e c t i v e s a i r a - a - r ' t o s ,

r k a ,

r t o v

I r t X k - a - Q n v

■ q p o B r i v

R e m a r k 1 . U p o n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e p e r f e c t a n d a o r i s t w i t h a , s e e §

9 5 .

u p o n t h e o m i s s i o n o f a i n a p r \ p o p . a i , f i p o B r j v , J 9 4 . a n d

u p o n

t h e A t t i c r e

d u p l i c a t i o n i n a p - i j p o p a i , §

8 9 ,

a . T h e f u r t h e r i n f l e x i o n o f t a i r a - a - p a i ,

i a T r a . - a - p . t i v , T i r i X t - a - p . a . 1 ,

i r i T t X t - a - p n v ,

i s l i k e t h a t o f

K t s i X i v - a - f i a i ,

i k i k i -

X i v - a - p . r \ v ( $ 9 5 . ) .

R e m a r k 2 . U p o n t h e A t t i c f u t u r e ( j t X i a a = T e X t S , T t X t i g , & c , T i X i a o p a i

=

T t X o v p c u ,

r e X e T ,

& c ) ,

s e e

§ 8 3 .

R e m a r k 3 . T w o c o n t r a c t

v e r b s

t a k e a

i n

t h e p a s s i v e , t h o u g h t h e y

l e n g t h e n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

v o w e l

i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e

t e n s e s ,

v i z .

X o o i ,

I

h e a p ,

x t i a w , P f . M i d . o r

P a s s .

R i x m a p a i , A o r .

P .

i x & a d r i v ; a n d

x p d w , I g i v e a n o r a c l e ,

F .

x p n o u , P f . M i d . o r

P a s s , i c i x p n a / i a i ,

A o r . i x p i j a f y v .

X p a . o p . a i , I m e , F . x p v < > ^ < > h a s i n t h e P e r f . K t y p n p a i , b u t i n t h e A o r .

e x p > i a 9 t i v , O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i X a i a , a l v i m ,

a l p i w ,

d e w , a n d a p o w , d o n o t

t a k e

a , a l t h o u g h t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l r e m a i n s s h o r t i n t h e p e r f e c t m i d d l e

o r p a s s i v e ,

a n d

i n t h e

a o r i s t p a s s i v e . S e e

§

9 8 .

I I . I m p u r e

V e r b s .

§

1 0 0 . G e n e r a l R e m a r k s . — P u r e

a n d i m p u r e

S t e m . —

T h e m e .

1 . I m p u r e

v e r b s ,

i .

e .

t h o s e w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a c o n s o

n a n t , u n d e r g o m a n y c h a n g e s i n t h e i r s t e m p a r t l y i n t h e c o u r s e

o f t h e i r t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n . T h e s t e m o f t h e v e r b e x p e r i e n c e s

a .

E i t h e r a

s t r e n g t h e n i n g b y

a c o n s o n a n t ,

a s : t v t t - t - c o ,

s t e m :

T T I I

K P d £ - a ,

s t e m :

K P A r ;

b . O r a l e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e v o w e l o f t h e s t e m ,

a s

f f > e v y - a ,

s t e m

4 > T r

s t e m

A A ©

t ^ k - o o , s t e m

T A K

§ 1 0 0 . ]

1 0 3

M P T J K E V E R B S .

§

9 9 .

P a r a d i g m s .

M E O D L E .

C h a r . a .

C h a r . t . C h a r . o .

T i X ( i ~ o ) o v ~ f i a t

t r t X ( i - 6 ) o v - p 7 j v

t a i r a - t r - f i a i

T t T e X t - a - j x a t

d p - i j p o p a i

d p - r ) p 6 f i r ) v

d p o - a o p a i

V P 0 d , i r , v

I r e r e X i - a - p i t j v

t r i r a a o f i a i ( a )

k t n r a a d f n j v

T t X o v f i a t

P A S S I V E .

i T e X t a d / i r i v

F u t .

a n a - a - O

i / i o / i o i

T t X e - a - Q r j f f o f i a t

d p o O i j n o p a i

r A e - r r - T f o c u f i o - T u g

c .

O r

a c h a n g e

o f

t h e v o w e l o f t h e s t e m

i n

t h e

t e n s e s ,

w h i c h t h e G e r m a n s c a l l u m l a u t u n g , a s : K k h r r - c o , i - K X d - 7 r - r j v ( a ) ,

i c i - K k o f y - a a s i n E n g l i s h s t e a l , s t o l e , s t o l e n ; r i n g , r a n g , r u n g .

2 . I n

v e r b s

w h i c h

t h u s

a l t e r t h e s t e m

i n t h e i r

t e n s e - f o r m

a t i o n w e d i s t i n g u i s h

t w o d i f f e r e n t

s t e m s t h e

o r i g i n a l , s i m p l e

o n e

;

a n d

t h e

f u l l ,

s t r e n g t h e n e d

o n e

a n d

w e

c a l l

t h e

f o r m e r

t h e

p u r e ,

t h e

l a t t e r

t h e i m p u r e , s t e m . T h e p r e s e n t

a n d i m

p e r f e c t

o f t h e s e

v e r b s

c o n t a i n t h e i m p u r e t h e s e c o n d t e n s e s

( w h e n

s u c h a r e f o r m e d ) , a n d e s p e c i a l l y

t h e

a o r i s t I I . ,

t h e p u r e

;

t h e r e m a i n i n g

t e n s e s , e i t h e r

t h e

p u r e

o r t h e

i m p u r e ;

a s

P r e s .

t v t t - t - w , I s t r i k e . A o r . I I . P a s . i - r v T r ( v ) - r ] v . F . r v ^ r a i

( r w r - a a t ) .

P r e s . X s I t t - q ) , 1 l e a v e . A o r . I I . P a s . s - X l i r - o v . F . \ f i ' i | r ( u

( X s i T r - c r a ) .

3 . F o r e v e r y f o r m o f t h e v e r b w h i c h c o u l d

n o t

h a v e b e e n

f o r m e d

f r o m

t h a t

o f t h e p r e s e n t ,

a s

i t s s t e m d o e s n o t c o r r e

s p o n d t o

t h a t

o f t h e e x i s t i n g p r e s e n t , w e l a y d o w n

a n o t h e r

f o r m

o f

t h e p r e s e n t

( m o s t l y

o n e

t h a t

i s a s s u m e d

m e r e l y f o r

t h e

s a k e o f t h e f o r m a t i o n ) ,

a n d

c a l l i t a t h e m e ( O i f i d ) ,

w h i c h

w e

r e p r e s e n t i n c a p i t a l l e t t e r s , t o d i s t i n g u i s h i t f r o m t h e p r e s e n t -

f o r m

i n a c t u a l

u s e

t h u s ,

e .

g . ,

< / > e v y a }

i s

t h e

f o r m

o f

t h e

p r e

s e n t i n a c t u a l u s e , < J > T r f l t h e p r e s e n t - f o r m m e r e l y a s s u m e d

f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e

a o r i s t

I I . ,

o r

t h e t h e m e .

H 4

1 0 4

[ c h a p .

V I I .

N T H E V E K B .

§

1 0 1 .

S t r e n g t h e n i n g

o f

t h e

S t e m .

1 .

T h e

s t r e n g t h e n i n g

o f t h e

s t e m b y

c o n s o n a n t s c o n s i s t s

i n

s t r e n g t h e n i n g

t h e s i m p l e


c o n s o n a n t

o f

t h e

s t e m b y a n o t h e r c o n s o n a n t

a s

t v t t t c o , I s t r i k e , A o r . I I . P . s - r x r r r { y y t ) v

T t l c r a c o , I a r r a n g e , — — i - r d y ( a ) - r j v .

2 .

T h e

s t e m

s t r e n g t h e n e d

i n

t h i s m a n n e r i s p r e s e r v e d

o n l y i n t h e p r e s e n t a n d i m p e r f e c t ; i n a l l t h e o t h e r t e n s e s ,

t h e

s t r e n g t h e n i n g i s l o s t , a n d

t h e

s i m p l e

s t e m

a g a i n a p

p e a r s ;

a s :

P r . t v t t t c o ,

I m p f . s T i n r T o v , A o r . I I .

P a s .

E T V T r r j v ,

F u t . T i n j r c o

( t v t t o - c o ) .

3 . T h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g

o f

t h e

s t e m b y l e n g t h e n i n g i t s

v o w e l

c o n s i s t s

i n l e n g t h e n i n g t h e

s h o r t

s t e m - v o w e l , w h i c h a p p e a r s

i n

t h e a o r i s t I L a n d , i n t h e c a s e

o f l i q u i d v e r b s

i n t h e

f u t u r e ;

t h u s :

a b e c o m e s

i n

m u t e

v e r b s , a s :

( t - \ a [ 9 - o v )

a

—

a t

—

l i q u i d

—

—

( 0

a

v - o j )

 .

t

—

e i —

— —

— ( p O t p - o ) $ 9 e l p w .

i — e i — m u t e — — ( t - X t j r - o v ) X e t 7 r < D .

— I — m . a u d i . — — ( i - r p c / 3 ( i ) - q > > )

7 - p i ' ^ w ( Z ) .

v

—

v

— —

—

—

Q - p v y u > ( J v ) .

V —

t v —

— — — ( t - t y v y - o v )

^ f u y w .

§

1 0 2 . C h a n g e o f

t h e

S t e m - V o w e l .

1 . T h e c h a n g e o f t h e s t e m - v o w e l

( §

1 0 0 ,

1 ,

c . ) t a k e s

p l a c e

o n l y

i n

t h e

i n f l e x i o n o f

t h e

s e c o n d t e n s e s , w i t h

t h e

e x c e p t i o n

o f a

f e w

f o r m s o f t h e

p e r f e c t

I .

2 . M o s t

m u t e ,

a s w e l l

a s

l i q u i d , v e r b s , w i t h

a s t e m

o f o n e

s y l l a b l e , a n d s a s t h e s t e m - v o w e l , h a v e t h i s v o w e l c h a n g e d i n

t h e a o r i s t

I I .

r p i i t - w , I t u r n , A . I I . P . t - r p d i r - o v ; o r t X X - w , I s e n d , A . I I . P . l - < r r a X ( a ) - i ; v ;

r p e i p a j ,

I

n o u r i s h ,

A .

I I .

P .

i - r p a $

( a ) - t ) v ;

< j > 9 i i p - t o ,

I

d e s t r o y ,

A .

I I .

P .

6 - 0 0 o p ( a ) - j v b u t n o t t h o s e

w h o s e

s t e m c o n s i s t s o f m o r e t h a n o n e

s y l l a b l e , a s : d y y e X X w , I a n n o u n c e , A . I I . P .

r j y y i X t i v .

§ 1 0 3 . ]

1 0 5

M P U K E V E R B S .


c h a n g e o f

t h e

s t e m - v o w e l

£ i s o m i t t e d i n t h e

a o r i s t I I .

o f s o m e v e r b s a s t h e e n d i n g

o f

t h e a o r i s t p a s s i v e

d o e s

n o t

a d m i t

o f

a n

e x c h a n g e

w i t h

t h e

i m p e r f e c t ,

t h u s

f i X s i n o ,

I

s e e ,

I m p f .

f - / 3 X e x - o v ,

A . I I

P .

i - / 3 \ e i r - n v .

3 . L i q u i d v e r b s w i t h

a

s t e m o f o n e s y l l a b l e , a n d s a s

t h e

s t e m - v o w e l , h a v e

i t

c h a n g e d

i n t o a ,

n o t o n l y

i n

t h e a o r i s t I I . ,

b u t

a l s o

i n

t h e p e r f e c t I . a c t i v e , p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e , a n d

a o r i s t

I . p a s s i v e a s

o r e X X w ,

/ s e n d ,

F .

< s t i \ - G > , P f . i - a r a k - K a i - o r a X - f i a i , A . P . l - a r a X - B t i v .

B u t n o t t h o s e w h o s e s t e m i s o f m o r e t h a n o n e s y l l a b l e

a s

» j y y « X i m ,

f r .

d y y f X X u .

C o m p a r e

N o .

2 .

4 . M u t e a n d l i q u i d

v e r b s

w h i c h

h a v e

s i n

t h e

l a s t

s y l l a b l e

o f t h e s t e m , a n d l i q u i d v e r b s w h i c h h a v e s i i n t h a t

s y l l a b l e ,

c h a n g e t h e m i n t o o i n

t h e

p e r f e c t I I . , w h i l e m u t e v e r b s w h i c h

h a v e s i i n t h a t s y l l a b l e , c h a n g e i t i n t o o i ; a s :

r p i f i o , I n o u r i s h , r i r p o f a l i p u i , I f l a y , S e l o p a

\ t t 7 C ( o ,

I

l e a v e ,

X t X o n r a a - K i ' i p u i , I s o w , i t n r o p a

5 .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

c h a n g e

t h e i r

s t e m - v o w e l

i n t o o i n

t h e

p e r f e c t

I . ,

c o n t r a r y t o

t h e r u l e

i c X s i r r w , I s t e a l ,

P f .

I . k I k X o a b u t

P f .

M . o r P . K t K \ e p . f i a i ( a l s o K C K K a n n a i )

X c y w ,

I

c o l l e c t ,

P f .

I .

a v v t i X o x a , i l c t X o ^ a ; b u t P f .

M .

o r

P .

a v v t i X e y / i a t .

T t n i r u ) , I

s e n d ,

P f . I . i r e i r o p . < p a ;

b u t

P f . M . o r P . j r E 7 r « ^ a t .

r p s j r a i ,

I ( u r n , P f . I . r i r p o i p a ( l i k e t h e

P f . I I .

o f

T p ' o p t o ,

I n o u r i s h ) .

6 . T h e f o l l o w i n g d i s s y l l a b i c m u t e v e r b s w i t h s a s t h e

s t e m -

v o w e l

c h a n g e

i t

i n t o

a

i n t h e

p e r f e c t

m i d d l e

o r

p a s s i v e ,

l i k e

l i q u i d

v e r b s o f t h e

s a m e

k i n d ,

b u t

n o t

i n

t h e

a o r i s t

I .

p a s s i v e ,

a s i s

t h e

c a s e

w i t h t h e

l i q u i d v e r b s

o r p i ( p u > . I

t u r n ,

P f .

M .

o r

P . i a T p a p . p . a i , b u t A .

I . P .

i t j T p t , I n o u r i s h —

T s B p a / x f i a i

—

— t B p i c p d r / v .

§ 1 0 3 .

R e m a r k s u p o n t h e F o r m a t i o n o f t h e

s e c o n d

T e n s e s .

A l l

s e c o n d

t e n s e s a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m t h e

f i r s t

t e n s e s —

p a r t l y , b y b e i n g w i t h o u t t h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a n d h e n c e

1 0 6

[ c h a p . v n .

N

T H E

V E R B .

a t t a c h i n g t h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s ( p v , o p v q v , t j v , r / o - o / M u , a , a n d

e i v )


o n t o t h e p u r e


o f t h e v e r b ; —

p a r t l y ,

b y

b e i n g

f o r m e d f r o m

t h e

p u r e

v e r b a l

s t e m ,

a s

X s L i r a

s - T u i r - o v ,

 e - c p i - y - o v

;

—

a n d p a r t l y ,

b y

c h a n g i n g

t h e

v o w e l

o f t h e

v e r b a l s t e m , a s c r r p s c p c o , e - a r p d < p { a ) - 7 ] v ,

a r p a t p -

■ ^ a o f i a t , ; b u t i - c r r p s < p - 0 r ] v .

R e m a r k

1 . T h e

p e r f e c t I I .

d o e s

n o t a l w a y s r e t a i n

t h e

s h o r t

v o w e l

o f

t h e

s t e m ,

b u t l e n g t h e n s i t i n

m a n y

v e r b s , v i z . a i n t o

a n d ,

a f t e r p o r

a v o w e l , i n t o a a s

K p a Z u ,

I

c r y

o u t

A .

I I .

l - K p d y - o v

P .

I I .

K t - r p d y a

B a X K u i , I b l o o m F u t . O a X - H

—

T t - O t j k - a

S o i r i f p i K a , v i f r i v a , X t X j j S o ,

f r . ( j i p i a a m ( < S P I K ) , I

a m r o u g h ,

I s h u d d e r

f a i v m

( 4 > A N , a ) , I s h o w i p t i y t a ( # T T , 1 f l e e ; X ? j 0 w ( X a v Q d v t a , A A O , a ) ,

I a m h i d .

R e m a r k

2 . - I n t h o s e v e r b s i n w h i c h t h e a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e e i t h e r w o u l d

n o t

a t

a l l

d i f f e r

f r o m

t h e

i m p e r f e c t ,

o r o n l y i n t h e

q u a n t i t y o f

t h e

s t e m -

v o w e l , t h e a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e i s n o t f o u n d t h e a o r i s t I I . p a s s i v e , h o w e v e r , i s

u s e d ,

b e c a u s e t h i s h a s a

d i f f e r e n t e n d i n g f r o m

t h e i m p e r f e c t

a s

y p d f w Q i ) , I m p f . i i y p a t p o v ,

A o r . I I .

A .

w a n t i n g ,

A o r .

I I .

P . i y p d t j > i j v ( a ) .

A . M u t e

V e e b s .

§

1 0 4 .

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

M u t e v e r b s , l i k e

t h e

m u t e l e t t e r s ,

a r e d i v i d e d i n t o

t h r e e

c l a s s e s ,


t h e f u n d a m e n t a l

s o u n d o f t h e i r c h a r a c

t e r i s t i c

;

i n

e a c h

o f

t h e s e

c l a s s e s

w e


t h e

v e r b s

w i t h a p u r e


i n t h e p r e s e n t

a n d i m p e r f e c t , a n d

t h o s e w i t h

a n

i m p u r e

o n e

( § 1 0 0 , 2 . ) .

a .

V e r b s w h o s e


i s a P - s o u n d ( w , f } , < p p u r e

;

i m p u r e )

a s

a . P u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c :

i r i f i T r - w , I s e n d ,

T p l f 3 - c o ,

I r u b ,

y p d < p - a ) ,

I

w r i t e .

/ 3 .

I m p u r e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c : t u t t t - w ,

I

s t r i k e

( p u r e

c h a

r a c t e r i s t i c , 7 r p u r e

s t e m T T I I ) , f i X d - n r - a i , I i n j u r e ( / 3 ,

B A A B ) , p i i r r - a i ,

I t h r o w

( d > , ' P K E > >

§ 1 0 5 . ] . M U T E I M P U R E

V E R B S . 1 0 7

b . V e r b a w h o s e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s

a

K - s o u n d ( k , 7 , ^

p u r e

a a o r A t t .

t t

i m p u r e ) a s

a .

P u r e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c :

i r \ s t c - a > , I

p l a i t , a r y - w ,

I l e a d ,

t s v x - o ) , I f o r m .

y S . I m p u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , A t t . ( p p l - T r - m ,

1

s h u d d e r ( p u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , k p u r e s t e m , P I K ) , T c u r c r -

a > , A t t . T a T T - c a ,

I

a r r a n g e ( 7 , T A r ) , f t r j c r c r - c Q ,

A t t .

/ S j j t t - w ,

I c o u g h

B H X ) .

c .

V e r b s w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s

a T - s o u n d

( t ,

B ,

0 p u r e £

i m p u r e )

;

a s

a .

P u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

a v v r - a ,

I c o m p l e t e ,

a S - a ,

I

s i n g , v e l B - m , I p e r s u a d e .

j S . I m p u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c : P A A ) .

§ 1 0 5 . O b s e r v a t i o n s .

1 .

S o m e

i n

a a i a ,

r r w ,

h a v e ,

n o t a

K - s o u n d

b u t ,

a

T - s o u n d

f o r t h e i r

p u r e


a s a p f i o r r o ) ,

I j o i n

t o g e t h e r ,

F .

- 6 a o >

i p t a a m , r r i a ,

I

r o w

i r a o o i a , I s p r i n k l e ; T t X a o a t a , I f o r m

i r r i a a w ,

I p o u n d .

T h e v e r b v a a a m ,

I c r a m , I p r e s s

t o g e t h e r , f l u c t u a t e s b e t w e e n b o t h

f o r m a t i o n s : F . v a t i a , & c ,

P f .

M i d . o r P a s s , v k v a o p a i , v e r b . a d j .

v a a r o g .

2 . T h e

f o l l o w i n g v e r b s i n

£ w , w h i c h f o r t h e m o s t

p a r t

e x p r e s s a c r y o r

s o u n d , h a v e , n o t a T - s o u n d b u t , a K - s o u n d ( u s u a l l y y )

f o r

t h e i r p u r e


< u a ? w ,

I g r o a n , F . a l a l i a r i X a X d £ w , / s h o u t

; k o i ? w ,

I s q u e a k ,

I

g r u n t

( a s

a

p i g ) ,

F .

K o i ^ u

t p a Z u ,

I

c r y

o u t

;

n p i i ^ i a ,

I

c r o a k

;

p a a r i Z u ) ,

I

w h i p 6 S a Z u > , I b i t e ; o l / i w Z w , I l a m e n t ( F . £ a » a n d £ o / j ,

I h o w l ;

p v a r d Z u ) ,

I t u g ;

a r a t i a a n d

a r a X a l u i , I

d r o p

;

a r i v a Z o ) , I

g r o a n ;

o T n p t S u , 1

m a k e f i r m

a r i Z , i o ,

I p r i c k a v p i f a , I

p i p e ,

I w h i s t l e ;

o Q a Z t o ( A t t .

a ^ a n u ) ,

I s l a u g h t e r ;

a < j > v ( , < a ,

I

b u b b l e ;

r p i ' i u , I c h i r p ( p X v l o i , I b u b b l e

u p .

3 . T h e

f o l l o w i n g

i n

? w

f l u c t u a t e b e t w e e n

b o t h f o r m a t i o n s

f i a a T a l w ,

I

c a r r y , F .

a o i o ,

& c , A o r . P . t f t a o T a x O r i v . — v v a r a l t o ,

1

w i n k ,

I s l e e p ,

F . a a i a

a n d a £ w . — w a i f a , J p l a y , F . 7 r a i £ o i i / i r u ( } 1 1 6 ,

3 . )

a n d i r a i X o p a i , A o r .

i i r a i a a , P f . M i d . o r P a s s .

m T r a u r f i a i .

4 .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

i n

? w

h a v e

y y

f o r t h e i r

p u r e


i c X a f w ,

/

c r y o u t ,

P f .

I I . d - K X a y y - a ,

F .

n X a y i w ,

A o r . i n X a y g a .

—

i r X d £ w , / w a n d e r ,

F . n X a y % u > ,

& c ,

A o r .

P .

l i r X d y x Q i v . — a a X i r l W , I

t r u m p e t , F . o a X i r i y Z . ( o ,

& c

1 0 8

[ c h a p . v n .

N

T H E

V E K B .

§ 1 0 6 . T e n s e - F o r m a t i o n .

1 . M u t e

v e r b s

f o r m t h e f u t u r e a n d a o r i s t

I .

a c t i v e a n d m i d

d l e w i t h t h e

t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c ; a n d

t h e p e t f e c t

a n d p l u p e r

f e c t I . a c t i v e ■ w i t h

t h e

a s p i r a t e d

e n d i n g s

- a , - e l v , i f

t h e c h a r a c

t e r i s t i c

i s a

P -

o r a

K - s o u n d , b u t w i t h

t h e e n d i n g s - i c a ,

- k s i v ,

i f

i t i s a T - s o u n d . T h e

T - s o u n d ,

h o w e v e r , i s o m i t t e d

b e f o r e

t h e

k , a n d

i s c h a n g e d

i n t o a - b e f o r e p a n d t , i n

t h e p e r f e c t

m i d d l e o r

p a s s i v e , w h i c h a f a l l s a w a y b e f o r e t h a t o f t h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s

a s i r s i d a ) ,

I

p e r s u a d e ,

i r h r i i a f i a i ,

a r a c

< f > p d £ a > ,

I

s a y , i r i < f > p a -

a - f i a i ,

c r r a t b u t

2 .

p . i r h r e i - a a i . T h e v o w e l s a , t ,

v , i n

v e r b s

w i t h a

T - s o u n d a s t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a r e s h o r t b e f o r e e n d

i n g s w i t h t h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a a n d k - k s i v ) ;

a s

 ,

 , I w a s h , F . k K v -

< r c o ( y ) , c

2 .

T h e

a l t e r a t i o n s

w h i c h

t h e

m u t e s

u n d e r g o

i n

c o n s e q u e n c e

o f t h e

a d d i t i o n

o f t h e

t e r m i n a t i o n s b e g i n n i n g

w i t h < r , 6 , f i , o r

V , a n d t h e a s p i r a t e d e n d i n g s - a , - e l v , p r o c e e d f r o m w h a t h a s

b e e n d i s c u s s e d

a b o v e

( § 8 . ) i n r e f e r e n c e t o

t h e

c h a n g e o f c o n

s o n a n t s .

R e m a r k 1 . I f / t g o e s b e f o r e a P - s o u n d a s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a s e . g . i n

■ x i p T r - i a o n e

/ i

i s d r o p p e d i n t h e p e r f e c t

m i d d l e

o r p a s s i v e t h u s

i r $ p i r < j ,

I

s e n d ,

T T t — T n u - j i a i ( i n s t e a d o f i r i - i r t i x i r - j i a i , ■ K t — n i ^ f i - n m ) K a / i i r r - b ) , I

b e n d ,

x i - K a j i - n a i

( i n s t e a d

o f

i c i - i c a p i r r - f t a i ,

K e - K a p i x - i i a i ) .

I n

t h e

s a m e

m a n n e r ,

i f

t w o y ' s

c o m e

t o s t a n d b e f o r e o n e o f t h e m i s d r o p p e d

a s

a , I l a c e , i - a < j > i y - f i a i .

R e m a r k 2 . T h e v e r b s w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

i s

a T - s o u n d d o n o t f o r m

t h e

a o r i s t I I .

i n t h e

o r d i n a r y

d i a l e c t s .

R e m a r k 3 . T h e t e r m i n a t i o n s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a 8 , a f t e r a m u t e i m m e

d i a t e l y

p r e c e d i n g ,

l o s e

t h e

a , a n d

t h e

m u t e i s t h e n c h a n g e d

i n t o

a n

a s p i

r a t e o n a c c o u n t o f t h e f o l l o w i n g 9 a s K i i c p v i p d a i i n s t e a d o f « K p i t y 0 a e ,

T m r \ s \ B a t

i n s t e a d

o f T c n r \ i ' i 9 a i .

R e m a r k

4 .

T h e t h i r d

p e r s o n

p l u r a l p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t m i d d l e

o r

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p u r e

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1 0 9

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w h o s e

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i s

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r p i 0 - 0 f / < 7 < Y i € j / o c

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T p i f i - t i r ) v ,

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I l l

U T E I M P U R E V E R B S .

S o K a f i i r - r - i t i , I b e n d , F u t . i c d / r ^ w , A o r . f - c a p ^ w , P e r f . M i d . o r P a s 9 .

K t - K a / i - f i a i ( i n s t e a d o £ K i - K a f i p - f i a i ) , J 1 0 6 . R e m .

1 .

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k ,

a )

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t h e P e r f e c t M i d d l e o r P a s s i v e .

r a a a u , I a r r a n g e , a n d o ( j j

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B . L i q u i d V e r b s .

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v e r b s ,

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t h e l i q u i d s o u n d s , \ , / * ,

v ,

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2 . T h e p r e s e n t o f t h e s e v e r b s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f a f e w

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i s

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2 A A ,

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k o , A o r . I . A . i - < j < p r j \ - a .

4 . A l l l i q u i d v e r b s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r c l a s s e s , a c c o r d i n g

t o

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l e n g t h e n e d

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i n t o s i , I i n t o

t , a n d

v

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w i t h

a i n t h e F u t u r e .

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n ' X X - w ,

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a ,

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t a x d v a t ) , t e p t e U v u ,

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a c t i v e

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t h e


v ,

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a s

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f u a i v w ,

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i s

f o u n d o n l y

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l a t e r w r i t e r s .

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w r i t e r s

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K s i c s p S a i c a ,

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a s i n k t s C i k o .

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a

n e w t h e m e , a s e . g .

i n

f j J v w , P f . f x s f i s v r j K a , f r .

M E N E 1 2 .

6 . T h e f o l l o w i n g

t h r e e

v e r b s

w i t h

t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v , e x

c l u d e t h e v , n o t o n l y

i n

t h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t a c t i v e ,

b u t

a l s o i n t h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e , a n d a o r i s t

I . p a s s i v e ; a s :

K p i v u i ,

I s e p a r a t e x k i c p X i e a K & K p i p a t l K p i Q i ) v ( i )

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i r X i v t a I

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t h e

p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e ,

t h e

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i s w o r t h y o f r e m a r k : —

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I I * . ]

1 1 5

I Q U I D I M P U R E V E R B S .

a ) W h e n a d f o l l o w s a l i q u i d , t h e < r f a l l s o u t ( § 1 0 6 , R e

m a r k

3 . ) ; a s y y y i X O a i ( i n s t e a d o f r f f ^ i X - a O a i ) , T r e f y a v d a t , .

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v e r b s

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i s

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a s : < j > a i v - ( o , i r s - c f r a - a - f i a t , , T r s c j ) d - c r - / j , s 6 a ;

b u t , i n s o m e v e r b s o f t h i s k i n d , t h e v

i s

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l o w i n g

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i n c i t e ,

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a u r y y i M o , 1

s h a m e , y a ^ y f i f i a t , I n f . - v v 6 a i .

8 .

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v e r b s ,

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s h o r t

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i s

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t h e

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i n

t h e a o r i s t I . a c t i v e , e x c e p t i n t h e v e r b s w i t h

e i n

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i t

i n t o o

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1 0 2 , 3 . ) a s

 7 j v - a ,

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I

s o w , F u t . a i r s p - a , P f . I I . s -

c n r o p - a .

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o f

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L i q u i d

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d y y k X X a , I

a n n o u n c e .

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I .

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I n d . a y y i X X - w ,

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a y y f X X f , I n f .

d y y e X X e i v ,

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O p t .

d y y s X X o i f i i .

I n d .

r j y y e X - i c a , C o n j . i j y y t X i c w , I m p . n o t

u s e d . I n f .

r j y y t X i c t v a t ,

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J i y y t X i c w g .

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r i y y t \ - K n v ,

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j / y y e X - K o i j u i

l o p - a ,

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f r . ( p t i i i p w ,

p e r d o ,

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d y y t X o l g

d y y e X o l

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d y y t X o i r r j V

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I n f .

d y y e X u r ,

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t v a a ,

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f j y y t C X a ,

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( i y y e i X w ,

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d y y t i X a i f i t ,

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d y y t i X o v ,

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I n d .

i / y y t X - o v , C o n j . d y y t X w , O p t . d y y i X o i / i i , I m p . a y y t X e ,

I n f . d y y e X e i v , P a r t . a y y f X w v ,

o i i a a ,

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1 1 6

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N

T H E V E R B .

M I D D L E .

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C o n j . d y y t X X u i f i a i , I m p .

d y y I X X o u ,

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a y y i W t a B a i ,

P a r t .

d y y t X K o / i i v o Q .

I n d . f / y y i W - o f i t i v , O p t . d y y ( X X o / f i > j v .


■ i i y y t X - i i a i

i i y y t X - < r a i

f / y y s X - r a i

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f i y y t X - 9 o v

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r i y y k X - i i t 9 a

7 j y y e X ' 9 e

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. 1

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d y y e X - e l < r 9 a t

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n .

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j j y y e i X - d / i / j l ' ,

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d y y f c A - a i ' / i j j v ,

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d y y n X - d f i t v o g

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d y y i X - w p a i , O p t .

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n .

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y i X - 8 ? ] T i , I n f . d y y e X - 0 i j v a i , P a r t . d y y f X - 0 t / c

P A S S I V E .

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I n d . > } y y e X - i / j > , C o n j .

a ' y y t X - w ,

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7 } 6 i , I n f . a y y f X - q v a t , P a r t . a y y t X - t i g

I n d .

d y y e X - q o - o ^ a i , & c ,

l i k e t h e F u t . I . P .

V e r b . a d j .

d y y f X - r f o c , r s c r ,

r « o v

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1 1 7

I Q U I D I M P U R E

V E K B S .

§ 1 1 3 . S h o r t e r

P a r a d i g m s

a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e S t e m -

V o w e l

o f

t h e

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a . W i t h a i n

t h e

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a < p d \ \ i o , f a l l o ; ( p a i v u , I s h o w , M i d . I a p p e a r .

A c t i v e .

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I m p e r f .

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L

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n .

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F u t .

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t T 

f - c r 0 a \ X - o v

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l - a t p a W - o f j i r j v

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i - T T t - d \ - K t i v

o t p a k - w , t i g , l i

w a n t i n g

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l - a v - T k o £ .

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f a i v - a , I s h o w % r i p a i v - t » , / d r y

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n \ - 9 r i a o p a i o ~ v p - 6 r j ( r o p a i

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a n d F u t .

I I . P .

£ - < r u p ( i i ) - i j v ( r v p - i i a o p a i

V e r b . a d j . n X - r o f , 6 v , T i X - r h e ,

T e a ,

r i o v a v p - r i o q p L o X w - r k o q .

R e m a r k 1 .

T h e i n f l e x i o n o f t h e

p e r f e c t

m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e ,

r i - T i X - p a t ,

o i - o v p - f i a i , i s l i k e t h a t

o f

i j y y e X - p a i t h a t

o f

p i t - p o X v o - p a t , l i k e t h a t

o f

i r i -

< p a a - p a i ; a n d t h a t o f y a x v p - p a t ( f r . a i o \ v v u , I s h a m e ) , l i k e t h a t o f

l - $ r i p a j i - p . a t .

§ 1 1 6 . ] P E C U L I A K I T I E S I N F O B M A T I O N . 1 1 9

b ) c \ l v ( l ) - u , I

b e n d ;

j r X v t > ( y ) - * > , I w a s h ; w i t h v

f a l l i n g

o u t ( $ 1 1 1 , 6 . ) .

A c t i v e .

M i d d l e .

A c t i v e .

M i d d l e .

P r e s .

P e r f .

F u t .

A o r . I .

7 r X w ( i i ) - a <

7 r E - 7 r X u - i c £ i

i r X C v - w

e - 7 r X v i > - a

K f - i c X t - i c n

i c X t v - w

K t - K \ l - ' f i a i

r r i - T r X v - f i a i

T r X v v - o v / j t a i

l - T r X v v ^ a f i i j v

k X X v * O V I U U

A o r . I . e ~ K \ i Q ^ ' 9 r j v P . I . K X X ' O y t r o f t a i

A o r . I I .

I - k X i v Q ^ - t j v

F . I I .

K X t v - T j a o p a t

P a s s i v e .

i - 7 r X i ( ( i ; ) - f l i j » <

i r X u - f l i j r o / i a t

V e r b . a d j . k \ i - - 6 c , 6 v r X i - r e o c , r i a , r i o v t t \ v - t 6 s

i r X v - r i o g .

R e m a r k 2 .

T h e

i n f l e x i o n o f t h e p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e , i c e - i c X l - f i a t

a n d m - n X i - p a t , i s

l i k e

t h a t o f

H - r u - p a i ,

a n d

a g r e e s

w i t h t h a t o f p u r e

v e r b s .

§ 1 1 6 . S p e c i a l P e c u l i a r i t i e s i n t h e F o r m a t i o n o f s e v e r a l V e r b s

b o t h

P u r e

a n d

I m p u r e .

1 .

V e r y m a n y

a c t i v e v e r b s h a v e

t h e

f u t u r e i n

t h e

m i d d l e

f o r m

a s a K o v w ,

I h e a r , F .

a K O v a o f i a i , A o r . f f K o v c r a a - T r a v -

r d a ,

I

m e e t , F . a i r a v r r j a o f i a i , A o r . a T r i j v r r j a - a a - i r o X a v a ,

I

e n j o y , F .

a - T r o X a v o - o j u i i , A o r .

a i r s X a v a a , & c .

C o m p a r e

§ 1 4 4 .

2 .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g t w o

v e r b s

i n d a > o r a t a > t a k e a v i n

t h e

f u t u r e

a n d a o r i s t —

K a i a > , A t t . K a a s { a ) ( w i t h o u t

c o n t r a c t i o n ) , I

b u r n , F . K a v a o ) ,

A . s i c a v a a . P f .

/ c s K a v i c a ,

P f .

M i d .

o r P a s s . / c ^ K a v f u u . A o r .

I . P . S K a v d r i v . V e r b a d j .

K a v a r e o s ,

i c a v c r r o s .

K X a i c o ,

A t t .

/ c X a a j ( a )

( w i t h o u t

c o n t r a c t i o n ) , i w > e < ? j t > .

S e e

N o . 3 .

3 . T h e f o l l o w i n g f i v e v e r b s i n i a > 6 i a > , v i a , i r X j a , i r v i ( o , a n d

p i r n ,

t a k e s v

i n t h e f u t u r e

a n d

a o r i s t . I n a d d i t i o n

t o

t h i s , i t

s h o u l d

b e

o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e

f i r s t

f o u r ,

t o g e t h e r

w i t h

t h e c u s

t o m a r y

f o r m i n a o / x a i , h a v e a l s o a n o t h e r i n c r o v f i a i .

T h i s

c i r c u m f l e x e d f o r m o f t h e

f u t u r e

i s

c a l l e d

t h e D o r i c

f u t u r e .

I

4

1 2 0

[ c h a p .

v i i .

N

T H E V E K B .

B e s i d e s t h e s e f o u r j u s t m e n t i o n e d , t h e v e r b s

K ~ h a i < o , T r a L t y a ,

v r f o r r a ) ,

a n d < f > s v y a ) , a l s o h a v e t h i s f o r m .

O i - u i , I r u n ,

F . d e v a o i p a i a n d

B t v a o p a i .

v k - i o , I

s w i m ,

F . v t v o o v p a i a n d

v t v a o p a t ,

A . i v t v o a .

i r X i ' i a ,

I s a i l ,

F .

7 r \ e w o C / i o i a n d r c X i v a o p a i , A , i i r X t v a a , P f . M . o r P .

T r i i r X t v a p a i , A . P . t i r \ e v a 9 i ] v .

p i - w ,

I

f l o w , F .

p e v a o p a i ,

A . i p p c v a a .

I n s t e a d

o f

t h e s e f o r m s , h o w e v e r ,

t h e A t t i c s u s e

F ,

p i f t o o p a i , A . I p p v y v f y ) , a n d P f .

i p p v t ] K a ( v ) .

X f - w ,

- T ^ o a r , d i f f e r s f r o m

t h e f o r e g o i n g , F .

x ^ i

A . i \ i a ,

P f . i c t x i K a ,

F . M . x t o p . a . i , A . M . i x t a p r i v ,

P f .

M . o r P . K i x v p a i , A . P . t x « ' 0 ) j v ( u ) .

k \ < h - u ,

A t t .

K k a u i ( a )

( w i t h o u t

c o n t r a c t i o n ) ,

T

w e e p ,

F .

K X a v a o i p a i

a n d

i c X a v o - o p a i , A .

t i c X a v c r a .

V e r b .

a d j .

e A i r v e r f O C a n d

K X a v o r o g .

t j t i v y - w , I

f l e e , F .

< p t v £ o v p a i

a n d Q t v Z o p a i ,

A . t t p v y o v , P f . i r e t y t v y a .

i r a i Z - w , I

j o k e ,

J s p o r t , F .

T r a i Z . o v p . a i

a n d i r a i $ o p a i , A , t i r a i a a , P f . M . o r

P . 7 r £ T r a i o - p . a i .

w l n r - a , I f a l l ( s t e m I I E T ) ,

F .

T r e m v p a t . S e e $ 1 2 3 .

4 .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g p u r e v e r b s , a n d

i m p u r e

o n e s w h i c h

f o l l o w t h e a n a l o g y o f p u r e v e r b s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e i r

t e n s e s

b y

t a k i n g

a n

£

a s

a

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ,

h a v e

a

d i s t i n c t

f o r m

f o r t h e C o n j u n c t i v e p e r f e c t , a n d O p t a t i v e p l u p e r f e c t

m i d d l e

o r

p a s s i v e

K r d - o p a i ,

I

a c q u i r e ,

P f .

c e / c r i j / i a t ,

I p o s s e s s ,

C o n j .

m c r i i p a u ,

f ,

t j r a i .

P l p f .

i K t K T > i p t ] v ,

I

p o s s e s s e d ,

O p t . K t K T y p r j v , K t K T r j o , K C K T y r o , o r K i K T i f p r i v ,

( U K A ) , I

r e m i n d .

S e e $ 1 2 2 ,

1 2 .

x a X i w , I

c a l l , P f .

K e K X n p a t ,

I

a m

c a l l e d . P l p f . i i c t K X i i p q v , O p t .

K i K X y p t j v ,

j j o ,

p r o .

§ 1 1 7 .

S y n c o p e a n d

M e t a t h e s i s .

L S o m e f e w v e r b s o m i t t h e

s t e m - v o w e l i n

s o m e f o r m s ,

w h e n i t s t a n d s b e t w e e n t w o c o n s o n a n t s . T h i s o m i s s i o n

o f

t h e

v o w e l

i s

c a l l e d

s y n c o p e .

T h u s ,

e .

g .

:

e y e l p t o , I a w a k e n . A . r e g u l a r l y T j y s i p a . P f . I . e y i j y e p i c a . P f .

I I . i y p r j y o p a , I a w a k e . P l p f . I I . e y p r j y o p e i v , I a w o k e .

§ 1 1 8 . ]

1 2 1

N O M A L O U S

V E K B S .

M i d .

A . ? j y p o f i t j v ,

I

a w o k e . — - r r s T o y M i , I f l y . F u t . i r r q a o f i a i .

A o r . e m o f i r i v , T r r s a d a i .

2 . B y m e t a t h e s i s , w e u n d e r s t a n d t h e t r a n s p o s i t i o n o f a

v o w e l

a n d

a

l i q u i d . T h u s , e .

g . :

8 a X \ m ,

I

t h r o w . F u t . / 3 a \ w . A o r .

t p d K o v .

B A A : P f . P e p k r j K a .

P f . M i d .

o r

P a s s . j 3 £ 0 \ r j j t a t . A o r . P f . l f i X ^ r ) v .

F u t .

P a s s .

f i X y O r j c r o / M i i . F u t . I I I . ^ e p K r i c r o f m i .

•

S a / u i ^ o ) ,

I

t a m e

( A A M ) .

F u t . h a f i d a o s { a ) . A o r . i S d / j x i a a ,

P f . & £ 8 / j , r j K a . P e r f . M i d .

o r

P a s s .

B e B / j , r j f i a i . A o r .

P a s s .

e S f i t f d r j v ,

e S d f i r j V .

K o X i o s , I c a l l ( § 9 8 , R e m a r k ) . P e r f . K E i e X i j i c a . — K a / j w a .

S e e § 1 1 9 .

a - K e X K o ) ,

& k s X s ( o ,

I d r y . P e r f .

e c r / c X i j K a .

F u t . c r i c K t f o - O f i a i . .

§

1 1 8 .

A n o m a l o u s

V e r b s .

1 .

W e

c a l l e v e r y v e r b i r r e g u l a r , w h i c h h a s a t e n s e - f o r m a

t i o n d e v i a t i n g f r o m

t h e

s t e m

o f t h e p r e s e n t ,

a s w e l l

a s e v e r y

o n e w h i c h

d o e s n o t t a k e t h e c u s t o m a r y p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s .

S t i l l , w e r e c k o n a l l

t h o s e

w h i c h ,

i n t h e p r e s e n t , u n d e r g o

o n e

o f t h e c h a n g e s m e n t i o n e d i n § § 1 0 1 . a n d 1 0 2 . , a m o n g t h e

r e g u l a r v e r b s . .

2 .

A l l

a n o m a l i e s f a l l u n d e r t w o g e n e r a l h e a d s , v i z .

a ) A n o m a l i e s i n t h e s t e m ,

b )

A n o m a l i e s i n t h e

p e r s o n a l

e n d i n g s .

V e r b s , m o r e o v e r ,

w h i c h

a r e

i r r e g u l a r i n

t h e

p e r s o n a l e n d

i n g s , e . g . t h e v e r b s i n f i t , a r e l i k e w i s e i r r e g u l a r i n t h e s t e m .

3 . A p a r t i c u l a r a n o m a l y c o n s i s t s i n t h i s ,

t h a t

m a n y

v e r b s

h a v e

m a d e

u p

t h e i r

t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n

o u t

o f v e r b s

h a v i n g

d i f

f e r e n t r o o t s , w h i c h

a r e

c o n n e c t e d

t o g e t h e r o n l y

b y t h e i r s i g

n i f i c a t i o n a s < j > i p c o ,

I

b e a r , o ' t ' c r w ,

1 s h a l l

b e a r , r j v e y i c o v , I b o r e .

1 2 2

[ c h a p .

v n .N

T H E

V E R B .

R e m a r k . A l l f o r m s

a s s u m e d

m e r e l y f o r t h e

s a k e o f

t h e f o r m a t i o n a r e

d e n o t e d b y c a p i t a l

l e t t e r s .

— M i d . d e n o t e s t h a t t h e v e r b f o r m s t h e

f u t u r e

a n d

a o r i s t

m i d d l e .

—

D .

M .

( i .

e .

d e p o n e n t

m i d d l e )

a n d

D .

P .

( i . e . d e p o n e n t p a s s i v e ) s i g n i f y t h a t a v e r b h a s n o t t h e a c t i v e f o r m a n d

s u c h a v e r b i s

c a l l e d

D e p o n e n t M i d d l e , i f i t f o r m s i t s a o r i s t w i t h a m i d d l e

f o r m a n d D e p o n e n t

P a s s i v e ,

i f

i t

f o r m s i t w i t h a p a s s i v e

f o r m . W h e n

/ u

s t a n d s

i n

a p a r e n t h e s i s ,

i t

d e n o t e s

t h a t

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

f o r m f o l l o w s t h e

a n a l o g y o f a c o n j u g a t i o n i n f u w h i c h

i s h e r e a f t e r

t o b e d i s c u s s e d . S e e

§

1 4 2 .

A . A n o m a l o u s

V e r b s

i n f l .

§ 1 1 9 . I .

V e r b s

w h o s e p u r e S t e m i s s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e

P r e s e n t

a n d I m p e r f e c t ,

b y

t h e I n s e r t i o n o f a v

b e f o r e

t h e

E n d i n g .

P r e l i m i n a r y R e m a r k . H a i v w h a s t h e s t e m - v o w e l a l e n g t h

e n e d

i n t o

a t , i X a v v c o , i n t o a v .

1 . / 3 c u V a > , I w a l k , I

g o

( B A ) .

P u t . f t r j a - o f i a i .

P e r f . / 3 e / 3 r j K a .

A o r . I I . i f r n v ( j m § 1 4 2 . ) . P a s s , i n c o m p o u n d s

P e r f .

- n - a p a -

f i e f i a f i a i . A o r . • 7 r a p s / 3 d 0 r ] v ( a ) .

2 . i X a v v c o ,

I

d r i v e . F u t . s \ d c r a ) ( a ) , A i t . e \ a > ,

a s ,

a , I n f .

i \ a v ( § 8 3 . ) . A o r . r f k a a a . P e r f . e X r j K a i c a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s .

e k r ) \ a p , a i . A o r . P a s s . r j \ d 0 i ) v ( a ) — ( a ,

i n

t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e

t e n s e s ,

§ 9 8 ,

a . ) —

M i d .

3 .

i r u > < o ( T ) , . I

d r i n k .

P u t .

i r i o i m i .

A o r .

h v i o v ,

I m p r .

i r W i

( §

1 4 2 . ) ( P o e t .

7 r t V ) ,

I n f .

m s l v , P a .

t t u o v . H O . P e r f .

i r h r a i c a .

P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . T r h r o f i a i . A o r . h r o d r j v .

4 .

T i V w ( t ) ,

I

e x p i a t e ,

I

p a y . F u t .

r l c r a > ( T ) . A o r . s r l c r a ,

P f .

A c t . r h - i K a . P e r f . M i d .

o r

P a s s .

T i r c a f i a i .

A o r . P a s s .

s t L < j 0 t ) v .

M i d .

T L v o / u , a t ,

I

t a k e v e n g e a n c e o n ,

I p u n i s h ,

T / f c r o / i a t ( t ) , i r i a d -

f i r j v .

5 .

( f > 0 d v c o ,

I

a n t i c i p a t e ,

F u t .

( f > 0 r j < T O f x a i ,

m o r e

r a r e l y

( f > 0 d c r a > .

A o r .

A o r . I I . £ 0 d / c a .

§ 1 2 1 . ]

1 2 3

N O M A L O U S V E R B S I N i l .

W i t h t h e s e a r e r a n k e d t h r e e

v e r b s w h o s e p u r e s t e m

e n d s

i n

a c o n s o n a n t —

B a K v c o ,

I

b i t e . A o r . I I .

e B a / c o v .

F u t .

B r f g o / i a i . P e r f .

B s & r ) x . a .

P e r f . M i d .

o r P a s s .

S i B r i y f i a i .

A o r . P a s s . i S f y d r i v .

K a y a j w , I e x e r t

m y s e l f ,

I w e a r y m y s e l f , I a m w e a r y , I w o r k

h a r d .

A o r .

s / c a f i o v .

F u t .

x a / A o v f i a i . P e r f . K ^ K / j - r j / c a

( § 1 1 7 ,

2 . ) .

T £ j j , v ( o , I c u t ,

I

d i v i d e ,

I

l a y w a s t e . F u t . t s / u o .

A o r .

I t e / m w .

P e r f .

r h f i r j K a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s ,

r d r f i r i f i a i .

A o r . P a s s .

t T f i ^ f f r j v .

F u t .

I I I .

T S T j i r j c r o f i a i

( §

1 1 7 ,

2 . ) .

—

M i d .

§ 1 2 0 .

I I . V e r b s

w h o s e p u r e

S t e m

i s

s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e P r e

s e n t a n d

I m p e r f e c t , b y

t h e I n s e r t i o n

o f

t h e S y l l a b l e v s

b e f o r e t h e E n d i n g .

1 .

f i v - v e - o i ) ,

I

f i l l

u p ,

I

s t o p

u p .

F u t .

f i v c r a > ( y ) .

A o r .

s / 3 v o - a .

P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . j 3 £ f i v o - f i a i , a n d A o r .

P a s s . i f i v o - 0 T ) v ( §

5 9 . ) .

2 .

a . ( f > i K - v s - o f i a i , I c o m e . F u t . S u f > l £ o f J U u . A o r .

a x j j i K o f i r j v ,

a < f > u c £ o - 6 a i . P e r f . a < f > l y f i a i , I n f . c u p i y O a i . P l p f . d c f r l y f i r j v ,

d ( f > l ^ o , & c .

3 .

v T T L c r ' ^ - v t - ^ i f i a i , I

p r o m i s e .

A o r .

v i r s o - ^ - o f i r i v ,

I m p .

w o -

< r ^ o v

b u t

F u t . v T r o o y T j a o f i a i .

P e r f .

x m i o - y ^ i m i . S o d f i i n c r -

■ X y o v f i c u o r a f n r f y o / j u i i , I w e a r , I h a v e o n ( f r . d f i T r f y w , I w r a p

r o u n d .

F u t . a f i < f > ^ ( 0 ,

A o r . r u i i r i u ^ o v ,

d / i C T r o a ^ s l v ) . F u t .

a / j , ( f > e -

£ o f i a i . A o r . r j f V T r i a x p f i T j v a n d r j f n r e a - ' x p / j . r j v ( § 9 1 , 1 . ) .

§ 1 2 1 .

I I I .

F e r S s w h o s e

p u r e S t e m

i s s t r e n g t h e n e d ,

i n t h e

P r e s e n t a n d

I m p e r f e c t ,

b y t h e I n s e r t i o n o f t h e S y l l a b l e a v ,

m o r e r a r e l y a i v ,

b e f o r e

t h e E n d i n g .

A l l v e r b s o f t h i s k i n d f o r m t h e i r t e n s e s f r o m a t h r e e f o l d

s t e m

—

t h e p r e s e n t

a n d

i m p e r f e c t f r o m t h e

s t r e n g t h e n e d o n e

—

1 2 4

[ c h a p . v i i .

N

T H E

V E E B .

t h e

a o r i s t I I . f r o m

t h e p u r e

o n e —

t h e

f u t u r e ,

t h e

p e r f e c t , a n d

p l u p e r f e c t f r o m

a

t h i r d ,

w h i c h

c o n s i s t s o f t h e p u r e s t e m a n d

a n

a n n e x e d

e ,

w h i c h

i n i n f l e x i o n

b e c o m e s

7 7 .

a . a v

o r

a w

i s

a f f i x e d w i t h o u t a n y c h a n g e .

1 . a l a - 6 - d v - o f i a t ,

I p e r c e i v e , I

o b s e r v e .

A o r . r j o - 6 - 6 / j , r j v , a l -

a d i c r O c u .

P e r f . y a - O r j / u i i . F u t . a l o - d t f a o f i a i .

2 .

d f i a p j d v m , I

e r r .

A o r . t f f i a p r o v .

F u t .

d y M p r r r \ o - o y M L .

P f .

f ) i J L d p T t ) K a .

3 .

a T r e j ^ d d v o f i a i ,

I

b e c o m e

h a t e d ,

I

a m

h a t e f u l .

A o r .

d i r q -

y d o f i / r j v . F u t . d i r s ^ O r j a o f u u , P e r f . d i r T f y 6 r ) f i a i , I a m h a t e d .

4 . a v ^ d v u s , I i n c r e a s e , I a u g m e n t .

F u t . a v % r i < r a s .

A o r .

r j v ^ r j -

c r a . P e r f . r j i f r j i c a . M i d . a n d P a s s . I g r o w . P e r f .

r j v ^ r j f i a i . F u t .

a v f ; t f < T O f i a i . A o r .

r j v t p j O r j v .

5 .

f S X a a r d v a } ,

I s p r o u t .

A o r . i p K a a r o v . F u t . ( S k a c r r t f o - a ) .

P e r f . e f i X d c r T r j i c a a n d / 3 s f 3 \ A u T r ] K a ( § 8 8 , 2 . ) .

6 . S a p 8 d v a > ,

I

s l e e p . A o r .

e h a p 8 o v .

F u t . h a p O r j a o f i a i . P e r f .

7 . o X u r d a v a ) , I g l i d e . A o r . a > \ u r 0 o v .

F u t .

o X i c r O r j a a ) . P e r f .

8 . 6 o ~ < p p a b v o [ i a i , I s m e l l . A o r . d x r c p p o f i r j v .

F u t .

o a t y p t f o - o f i a i .

9 . d c p X i o - i c d v c o ,

I a m

l i a b l e ,

I

d e s e r v e . ( T h e d o u b l e

s t r e n g t h

e n i n g t a v r a n d a v s h o u l d

b e

o b s e r v e d . ) A o r .

a x p X o v .

F u t .

6 < p \ r j o - a ) . P e r f . a x p \ 7 ] K a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . a x f i X r j f m i .

b . a v i s a f f i x e d w i t h t l i e i n s e r t i o n o f t h e n a s a l s o u n d v ,

b e f o r e

t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o n s o n a n t

o f

t h e p u r e

s t e m . T h e

s h o r t v o w e l

i n

t h e m i d d l e o f t h e p u r e s t e m i s c h a n g e d i n t o a l o n g

o n e

i n

i n f l e x i o n .

—

E x c e p t / x a v d a v o s .

— T h e v , b e f o r e a

P - s o u n d , i s

c h a n g e d i n t o f i , a n d b e f o r e a K - s o u n d , i n t o 7 .

1 0 . 6 i f f y d v a > , I t o u c h . A o r .

s O u y o v . F u t . 6

1 ^ 0

f i a t .

1 1 . T t f v y x d v a ) , I o b t a i n

b y

l o t . A o r . s K d ^ o v . F u t . X r j g o / u u .

P e r f . s i X i y x a . P e r f .

M i d .

o r P a s s . s i \ t ] y / M u

( §

8 8 , 4 . ) .

A o r .

P a s s .

i \ r ) - ) ( d r ) v .

§ 1 2 2 . ]

A N O M A L O U S

V E R B S I N S I .

1 2 . \ a f i / 3 d v a > , I

t a k e . A o r .

i X a j S o v , I m p . X a f i i . F u t . X t f i f r o -

f i a i .

P e r f .

e t k r j f y a . P e r f .

M i d . o r P a s s . s i X r j f i f i a i ( §

8 1 ,

4 . ) .

A o r . P a s s . i \ t f < f i d T ) v . A o r .

M i d .

i \ a f i 6 / i i ] v .

1 3 . X a v # a p » ( s e l d o m X r j O w ) , I a m c o n c e a l e d . A o r . s \ d 6 o v .

P u t . \ ? j c r a > . P e r f . X s \ 7 } 6 a , I a m

c o n c e a l e d .

M i d . I f o r g e t .

P u t .

X r j a o i m i . P e r f .

X t X r j f f f i e u .

A o r . i X a O S f i r j v .

1 4 . f i a v d d v w ,

I

l e a r n .

A o r .

e f j u d O o v . P u t .

/ u i 6 > ] a o f i a i .

P e r f .

1 5 .

i r w O d v o f i a i ,

I i n q u i r e ,

I l e a r n b y i n q u i r y .

A o r .

h r v O o -

f i r j v .

P e r f .

i r ^ T r v o - f t a i ,

i r s t t v a a i ,

& c .

F u t .

i r s v a o / j , a i .

V e r b ,

a d j . t t s v < 7 t 6 s , i r s v c r r i o s .

1 6 .

T v y x a v a ) ,

I h i t

( a m a r k ) ,

I

o b t a i n ( w . g e n . ) ,

I

h a p p e n .

A o r .

h i r y p v .

F u t .

r e v f j o / j u u

( T E T X - ) .

P e r f .

r s T v ^ r j K a

( T T X E - ) .

§ 1 2 2 . I V . F e r & s w h o s e p u r e S t e m i s s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e

P r e s e n t

a n d

I m p e r f e c t ,

b y

t h e

A d d i t i o n

o f

t h e

t w o

C o n s o

n a n t s g k

o r

t h e S y l l a b l e

u t k .

S k

i s a d d e d

w h e n

t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e

s t e m

i s a v o w e l ,

a n d h t k ,

w h e n a

c o n s o n a n t .

M o s t o f t h e v e r b s

w h o s e

p u r e

s t e m

e n d s

i n

a

c o n s o n a n t , f o r m

t h e

f u t u r e , & c , a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e a n a l o g y o f p u r e v e r b s ,

a s

e v p - i o - K t o , F u t . e v p t f o - a ( ' E T P E ) .

S o m e

o f

t h e s e t a k e , i n

a d d i t i o n

t o t h i s ,

a

r e d u p l i c a t i o n , w h i c h

c o n s i s t s

i n

t h e

r e p e t i t i o n

o f t h e

f i r s t

c o n s o n a n t

o f

t h e

r o o t

w i t h t h e v o w e l v .

1 . a K - u T K - o f i a i , I a m c a u g h t o r

t a k e n

( o f a t o w n ) . I m p f .

r f K i a K O f i r f v .

— ( A A O - ) F u t . a X c b c r o f i a i .

A o r .

r / \ o > v

a n d

s d \ a ) v ( d ) ( / a t

§ 1 4 2 , 9 . ) ,

I w a s

c a u g h t .

P e r f .

r f k w i c a

a n d

e d -

X < B K a ( a ) ,

I

h a v e b e e n c a u g h t .

A u g m . §

8 7 ,

6 .

T h e

a c t i v e i s

s u p p l i e d

b y

a i p s l v ( § 1 2 6 ,

1 . )

i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , t o t a k e , t o

o b t a i n .

2 . d v a X l c T K m , I s p e n d , I w a s t e . I m p f . d v r f k u r i c o v . F u t . d v c b -

X d x T c o .

A o r . d v r j \ a > c r a a n d

d v d \ w a a ( a ) ,

K a r r j v a K w a a . P e r f .



1 2 6 Ο Ν Τ Η Ε Υ Ε Β Β . Γ Ο Η Α Ρ . ν π .

ά ν ή Χ ω κ α α η ά ά ν ά \ ω ι ς α ( α ) .

Ρ Θ Γ £

Μ ί ( 1 .

Ο Γ Ρ α δ δ . ά ν η λ ω μ α ι

α η ά

ά ν ά \ ω μ α ι ( ά ) .

Α Ο Γ . α ν α λ ώ θ η ν .

3 .

α ρ έ σ κ ω ,

Ι

ρ ΐ β α ε β .

Γ ι ι ί .

α ρ έ σ ω .

Α Ο Γ .

η ρ ε σ α .

Ρ β ι ί .

Μ ί α .

Ο Γ Ρ & 8 8 . ή ρ ε σ μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ .

Ρ 3 δ 8 .

ή ρ έ σ θ η ν . —

Μ ί α .

4 . γ η ρ ά σ κ ω ( Ο Γ

' γ η ρ ά ω ) ,

Ι φ τ ο ι ο

ο ί α ,

Γ ι ι ί . γ η ρ ά σ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ .

ρ γ ή ρ ά σ α ,

Ι η ί .

γ η ρ α σ α ι .

Ρ β ι ί . γ ε γ ή ρ α κ α .

5 . γ ι γ ν ώ σ κ ω ,

Ι & η ο ι ο .

( Γ Ν Ο - ) Γ ι ι ί . γ ν ώ σ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . ε γ ν & Φ

( / « § 1 4 2 . ) . Ρ β Γ £ . ' έ ^ ν ω κ α . Ρ β Γ ί . Μ ί α .

Ο Γ

Ρ α δ β . ε γ ν ω σ μ α ι .

( §

9 5 . )

ν β Γ Ο . 8 x 1 ] .

γ ν ω σ τ ό ς , γ ν ω σ τ ε ο ε .

6 .

Β ι Β ρ ά σ κ ω ,

Ι

η ι η

α ι ν α ι /

( ν ^ η β Ά γ

ΐ η

ο ο π ι ρ ο δ . ,

3 3

ά τ τ ο δ . ,

Ι « δ . , δ ί α δ . ) . Γ ι ι ί . δ ρ ά σ ο μ α ι . Ρ Θ Γ £ . δ έ Β ρ ά κ α . Α ο ΐ ' . έ Β ρ ά ν ( μ ι

§

1 4 2 ,

1 . ) .

7 . ε υ ρ ί σ κ ω , Ι β η ά . Α Ο Γ . ε υ ρ ο ν , Ι ι η ρ Γ . ε ύ ρ ε .

—

( Έ Τ Ρ Ε - )

Γ α ί .

ε υ ρ ή σ ω .

Ρ Ο Γ £ . ε ν ρ η κ α . Ρ β Γ ί . Μ ί α . Ο Γ Ρ α δ 9 . ε ν ρ - η μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ . Ρ α β 8 . ε ν ρ έ θ η ν . Α Ο Γ . Μ ί α . ε ΰ ρ ό μ η ν . Υ β Γ ΐ » . α ά ) . ε ΰ ρ ε τ ό ς .

8 . η β ά σ κ ω , Ι Ι ε ο ο η ΐ ΰ π ι α η ΐ ι / . Α Ο Γ . ή β η σ α { ή β ά ω , Ι α η ι

ι / ο υ η φ ,

1 ) ΐ ι ί

ά ν η β ά ω ,

1 1 > € ΰ ο τ η β φ ο Η τ ι φ

α φ α ί η ) .

9 .

θ ν ή σ κ ω ,

υ β τ ι α ί ΐ ^

α π ο θ ν ή σ κ ω ,

Ι

ά ϊ β .

( Θ Α Ν )

Α Ο Γ .

ά τ τ £ -

θ α ν ο ν . Γ α ί .

ά τ τ ο θ α ν ο ΰ μ α ι . Ρ β ΐ ' Γ . τ έ θ ν η κ α , & ο .

Γ ι ι ί .

I I I .

τ ε -

θ ν ή ξ ω ο ( 1 Α ί ί ί ο α η ά τ ε θ ν ή ξ ω μ α ι , 1 8 Ϊ ι α Ι Ι

Ι β

ά β α ά .

1 0 . θ ρ ώ σ κ ω , Ι Ι β α ρ . Α Ο Γ . ε θ ο ρ ο ν . Γ ι ι ί .

θ ο ρ ο ΰ μ α ι .

Ρ β ι ί .

1 1 . ί \ ά σ κ ο μ α ί , Ι ρ τ ο ρ ϊ ϋ α ί β . Γ . ί \ ά σ ο μ α ι ( ά ) . Α Ο Γ . ΐ λ α σ ά μ η ν .

1 2 .

μ ι μ ν ή σ κ ω

( Μ Ν Α - ) , Ι

Γ β π ι ί η ά . Γ α ί . μ ν ή σ ω .

Α Ο Γ .

έ / ϋ Λ ί ? -

ί τ α .

Ρ ο ι ί .

Μ ί α .

μ έ μ ν η μ α ι ,

τ η ΐ ΐ η ί η ί ,

Ι

τ β τ η β η ι Ι ι β Γ ,

Ι

α τ ή

ι η ΐ η ά -

/ η ΐ ( Κ ε ά υ ρ ί . § 8 8 , Ε β ι η .

1 . ) ,

Ο ο ^ . μ ε μ ν ώ μ α ι , $ , ή τ α ι ( § 1 1 6 ,

4 . ) , Ι η ι ρ Γ . μ έ μ ν η σ ο . Ρ Ι ρ ί . έ μ ε μ ν η μ η ν , Ι Γ ί τ η β Ώ ΐ ύ β Γ β ά , Ο ρ ί . / ^ ε -

μ ν ή μ η ν , τ / ο , γ τ ο , Ο Γ μ ε μ ν ω μ η ν ,

ω ό ,

ω τ ο ( §

1 1 6 ,

4 . ) . Γ ι ι ί . I I I .

μ ε μ ν η σ ο μ α ι , Ι

Β ΐ ι α ί ΐ Ι β

τ η ί η ά / ι ι ΐ . Α Ο Γ .

ε μ ν ή σ θ η ν .

Γ α ί . μ ν η σ -

θ ή σ ο μ α ι .

1 3 .

π ά σ - χ ω ( α π β ί η ^ ή - ο ι η

τ τ ά θ σ κ ω ) ,

Ι τ β ΰ β ϊ ν β α η ί π ι ρ Γ β 8 Β Ϊ ο η ,

Ι

α υ / β Γ . Α Ο Γ . έ ' τ τ α ^ ο τ / . — ( Π Ε Ν Θ - ) . Γ ι ι ί . π ε ί σ ο μ α ι , ( § 8 ,

7 . ) .

Ρ ο ι ί .

τ τ έ τ τ ο ν θ α .

—

Υ β Λ .

0 ( 1 ) ·

τ τ ο ^ τ ό ϊ .

1 4 .

- π ν π ί σ κ ω ,

Ι

$ ί υ β

ί ο ά η η ΐ ι . Γ υ ί . ν ί σ ω ( Γ ) . Α Ο Γ . ε τ τ ϊ σ α .

§ 1 2 3 . ] Α Ν Ο Μ Α Ι Λ > ϋ 8 Υ Ε Κ Β 8 Ι Ν

Ω .

1 2 7

1 5 . τ η π ρ ά σ κ ω ,

Ι

Β β ΐ ΐ ( Ρ η ί .

α η ά

Α Ο Γ . β χ ρ Γ β β Β β α

ΐ η

1 α η § α α § 6

\ ) γ

ά π ο Β ώ σ ο μ α ι , ά τ τ έ Β ο μ η ν ) .

Ρ β ι · ί .

τ τ έ τ τ ρ ά κ α . Ρ β Γ ί .

Μ ί α .

Ο Γ

Ρ α β 9 .

π έ τ τ ρ ά μ α ι

( Ι η ί .

τ τ ε π ρ ά σ θ α ι } .

Α Ο Γ .

ε τ τ ρ ά θ η ν ( α ) .

Ι Ί ι ί . I I I .

π ε π ρ ά σ ο μ α ι

ί η

ί η β 8 Ϊ § η ί β ο α ί ί ο η

ο £

ί η β β ί ι η ρ ί β

Ε Ί ι ί .

( τ τ ρ α θ ή σ ο μ α ί ) .

1 6 . σ τ ε ρ ί σ κ ω ,

Ι

ά β ρ τ ί υ β ,

Ι δ β τ β α ν β . Ρ Ί ι ί . σ τ ε ρ ή σ ω . Α Ο Γ .

ε σ τ έ ρ η σ α . Μ ί α .

ά π α

Ρ & 8 3 .

σ τ ε ρ ί σ κ ο μ α ί , σ τ ε ρ ο ύ μ α ι ,

ρ τ ί ν ο τ .

Ε Ί ι ί .

σ τ ε ρ ή σ ο μ α ι . Ρ β τ ί .

έ σ τ ε ρ η μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . έ σ τ ε ρ ή θ η ν .

1 7 .

τ ι τ ρ ώ σ κ ω , Ι ΐ ο ο ι ι η ά . Γ ι α ί .

τ ρ ώ σ ω .

Α Ο Γ .

έ τ ρ ω σ α .

Ρ β Γ ί .

Μ ί α .

Ο Γ

Ρ α β 8 .

τ ί τ ρ ω μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ .

ε τ ρ ώ θ η ν .

Ρ Ί ι ί .

τ ρ ω θ ή σ ο μ α ι ,

& η ά

τ ρ ώ σ ο μ α ι .

1 8 .

φ ά σ κ ω ,

Ι

Μ ι ι Τ ι , Ι

α , Β Β β τ ί

( Ι η ά ί ο . η ο ί

υ δ ο ο ΐ ) . Ι ι η ρ £ . ϊ φ α σ -

κ ο ν .

Γ ι ι ί . φ ή σ ω .

Α Ο Γ .

ε φ η σ α .

1 9 . - χ ά σ κ ω , Ι

ο ρ β η

τ η ι / τ η ο ι ι ί Η .

( Χ Α Ν - ) Α Ο Γ .

ε χ ά ν ο ν .

Ε υ ί .

• χ α ν ο ΰ μ α ι .

ΐ β τ ί .

κ έ γ τ ) ν α , Ι β ί α η ά ο ρ β η , Ι $ α ρ ε .

Α ι δ ά σ κ ω ,

Ι

Ι β α ο Λ , Γ β ί α ί η β Λ 6

Κ - δ ο ι ι η ά ί η Λ β ί ο Γ Π ί Β ΐ ϊ ο η

ο ί

ΐ ί 8

1 β η δ β 8 Ρ . δ ι δ ά ξ ω ,

Α . ί δ ί δ α ξ α , Ρ ί .

δ ί δ ί δ α χ α ,

Α . Ρ .

ΐ δ ι δ ό χ θ ΐ ) / . —

Μ Η .

§ 1 2 3 . V . Υ ε τ ί ε ν ο Ι ι ο $ β ρ η τ έ

8 ( β τ η Ϊ 8

ε ϊ τ β η φ ί Η β η β ά , α ί ΐ Η β

Β β σ ί η η ί η ^ , ύ ι / ί / ι β Α ά ά ί ί ϊ ο η

ο ^ α Ι ΐ β ά υ ρ ί ί ο α ϋ ο η .

Τ Η ί β

Γ β ί ΐ υ ρ ί ΐ ο α ί ΐ ο η ο ο η β ί β ΐ β ί η ί η β

Γ β ρ β ί ί ί ΐ ο η ο ί

ί η β

β ι · 8 ί

ο ο η β ο η α η ί ,

ο ί

ΐ Η β

β ί β η ι

ϊ η

ο ο η μ ι η ο ί ί ο η

· ν ν ΐ ( ; η

ί η β

ν ο ^ ? β 1

ι .

Ι ί .

Γ β η ι α ΐ η β ί η

ί η β ί ο Γ η ι α Ι ί ο η ο ί

ΐ ΐ ι β ί ο η β ε β ,

ί η α

ί β \ ν ν β Λ β

ο η ΐ ^ .

Τ ο

ΐ Η ί β ο ί ΐ 8 8

1 ) β 1 ο η § ,

β . < / .

( ί η δ ί β α ά ο ί γ ι / γ ί ν ο μ α ι ) ,

Ι ύ β ο ο η ι β .

( Γ Ε Ν - )

Α Ο Γ .

Ρ β Γ ί . γ ε ^ / έ υ η μ α ι ,

Ι

Η α υ β

ύ β ο ο τ η β ,

Ο Γ

γ ε γ ο ν α \ ν ΐ ί ι

α ,

ρ Γ β δ β η ί 8 Ϊ § η ΐ β θ ί ΐ ί ί ο η , Ι α τ ή . Ρ η ί . γ ε ν η σ ο μ α ι .

• π ί τ π ω ( ΐ η β ί β ί κ ΐ ο ί τ τ ι τ τ ε τ ω ) , Ι / α ΐ ΐ , Ι η ι ρ Γ . τ τ ΐ τ τ τ ε . ( Π Ε Τ - )

Ε α ί .

π ε σ ο ν μ α ι

( §

1 1 6 ,

3 . ) .

Α Ο Γ .

ε τ τ ε σ ο ν .

Ρ β ΐ ' ί .

π έ π τ ω κ α

α η

ί ι τ β ^ ι ι Ι α Γ

ο η α η § ο ο ί ί η β τ α ο ϋ ο α ΐ ν ο \ ν β 1 .

Τ ο

ί ΐ ι ί β ο 1 β « 3 Ι ι ε ί ο η » α ί β ο β ο ι η β ο ί Ο Ι α δ δ I V . , ω

γ ι γ ν

1 2 8

Ο Ν

Ϊ Η Ε

Υ Ε Κ Β . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ν π .

§ 1 2 4 . V I . Υ β τ ΐ > Β ι ο Μ ο Η Ι ι α ν β ΐ Η β ρ ι ι τ β 8 ί β τ η ί η Ι ΐ ι ε

Ρ τ β β β η ί

α η ά

Ι η ι ρ β τ / ε ο ί ,

1 > η ί

ί η

ί ΐ ι β

τ α η α ί η ί η ^ Τ β η ε β β

$ η ρ ρ θ 8 β

α

8 ί β π ι

ΐ ϋ ΐ ΐ Η ε α β Ι ί ι β

Ο / ι α , Γ α ο ί β Γ Ϊ β ύ α .

Τ ΐ β . £ Ϊ 3 ο ΐ ι α η ς β ά ί η ΐ ο η

ί η

ϊ η ή β χ ϊ ο η . Ε χ ο ο ρ ί ΐ ο η δ ά χ θ ο μ α ι α η Λ μ ά

χ ο μ α ι .

1 . ά \ ε ξ ω , Ι ι ο α τ ά ο ^ .

Ε Ί ι ί . ά λ ε ξ ή σ ω .

Μ ΐ < 1 . Ι ΐ ο α τ ά ο ΐ ^

η ι · ι / $ β Ι / .

Ε α ί .

ά λ ε ξ ή σ ο μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ .

η λ ε ξ ά μ η ν

( ί τ . Ά Λ Ε Κ Ω ) .

2 . ά χ θ ο μ α ι , Ι

α τ ή ά ί β ρ Ι β α , Β β ά . Ρ η ί .

ά χ θ ε σ ο μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ .

η

σ θ η ν .

Ρ α ί .

ά χ θ ε σ θ ή σ ο μ α ι ,

ο ί

ί ΐ ι β

β α ι η β

π ι β £ ΐ η ϊ η §

8 , 8

ά χ θ ε

σ ο μ α ι .

3 . β ό σ κ ω , Ι / ε β ά . Ρ ι α ί .

β ο σ κ ή σ ω .

Α Ο Γ . έ β ό σ κ η σ α . Μ ί α .

Ι / β β ά , ΐ η ί Γ α η β .

4 . β ο ύ λ ο μ α ι , Ι

ι ο ί β Η

( 2 ρ β Γ β .

β ο ύ λ ε ι ,

§ 8 2 , 2 . ) . Ε υ ί . β ο ν \ ή -

σ ο μ α ι . Ρ β Γ ί * . β ε β ο υ λ , η μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . έ β ο υ λ ή θ η ν α η ά

ή β ο ϋ λ .

Α ι ι § π ι .

§ 8 5 ,

Κ β ι τ ι α Λ .

5 . δ έ ω , / ι ν α η ί , ι ί δ υ α ί ΐ γ ί π ι ρ β Γ δ . δ « , ΐ ί ΐ

η β ο ε β ε α τ · ) /

ο τ η β ε ά / η ΐ ,

Ο ο ^ .

δ έ » ? ,

Ρ α Γ ί .

δ έ ο ν , Ι η ί .

Β ε ΐ ν .

Ι ι η ρ £ .

έ ' δ ε ι ,

Ο ρ ί . Β ε ο ι .

Γ ι ι ί .

δ ε ? ; σ ί ΐ . Α Ο Γ . ε δ έ ι ; σ ε ( ν ) . Μ ί α . δ έ ο μ α ι , Ι η β β ά . Ε α ί . δ ε ή σ ο μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ . έ δ ε ή θ η ν .

6 . Ι ^ έ λ ω α , η ι ΐ 0 έ λ ω , / κ ; ζ * Λ .

Ι ι η ρ ί .

ή θ ε \ ο ν α η ά ε θ ε \ ο ν . Ε α ί .

έ θ ε λ ή σ ω α η ( 1

θ ε \ ή σ ω , Α Ο Γ . ή θ ε \ η σ α α η ά . έ θ έ λ η σ α .

7 . ε ί ' λ ω , Ι ρ ι · € 8 5 , Ι β ΐ ι α ί ί η . Ρ ι ι ί . ε ΐ λ ? ; σ ω . Ρ β ι ί . Μ ί α . Ο Γ

δ .

ε ΐ λ , η μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ .

Ρ α β 8 .

ε Ι Κ ή θ η ν .

8 .

Έ Ι Ρ Ο Μ Α Ι .

Α Ο Γ . ή ρ ό μ η ν , Ι α ε ί ι β ά , έ ρ ε σ θ α ι , ε ρ ω μ α ι ,

έ ρ ο ί μ η ν , ε ρ ο ΰ ,

έ ρ ό μ ε ν ο ϊ .

Ρ ι ι ί . έ ρ ή σ ο μ α ι . Τ η β ο ί Η β Γ ί β η δ β 3 3 Τ 6

β ι ι ρ ρ ί ΐ β ά 1 > 7 έ ρ ω τ α ν .

9 . ε ρ ρ ω ,

Ι

( / ο / ο τ ί Η . Ε α ί . ε ρ ρ ή σ ω .

Α Ο Γ . ή ρ ρ η σ α .

1 0 . ε ί / δ ω , ι ΐ δ ΐ ι α ί ΐ ^ κ α θ ε ύ δ ω , Ι ζ ί β β ρ .

Ε ι ι ί .

κ α θ ε υ δ ή σ ω . Α τ ι § π ι .

§

9 1 ,

3 .

1 1 .

έ χ ω ,

Ι

Η α υ β ,

Ι ΐ ι ο ΐ ά .

Ι τ α ρ ΐ . ε ΐ χ ρ ν

( §

8 7 ,

3 . ) .

Α Ο Γ .

ε σ χ ο ν ,

Ι η £ .

σ χ ε ΐ ν ,

Ι η ι ρ . σ χ ε ' ϊ , π α ρ ά σ χ ε ι

( μ ι

§ 1 4 2 . ) , Ο ο η ^ .

σ χ ώ ,

^ ϊ ,

π α ρ ά σ χ ω ,

π α ρ ά σ χ ε ι ,

& ο .

Ο ρ ί . σ χ ρ ί η ν ( μ ι ) , Ρ η , Γ ί . σ γ ώ ν .



§

1 2 4 . ]

Α Ν Ο Μ Α 1 Ο Ι Ι 8 Υ Ε Κ Β 8 Ι Ν Ω . 1 2 9

έ ξ ω α η χ ΐ α χ ή σ ω .

Ρ β Γ ί .

ε σ χ η κ α . Α Ο Γ . Μ Μ . έ σ χ ό μ η ν , Ο ο ι ΐ ) .

σ χ ω μ α ι , Ο ρ ί .

σ χ ρ ί μ η ν , Ι η α ρ . σ χ ρ ΰ ,

τ τ α ρ ά σ χ ρ υ , Ι η ί . σ χ ε σ θ α ι ,

τ τ α ρ α σ χ ί σ θ α ι ,

Ρ α τ ί .

σ χ ό μ ε ν ο ε .

Ρ υ ί . σ χ ή σ ο μ α ι .

Ρ β Γ ί .

Μ ί α .

Ο Γ Ρ α § 8 , ε σ χ η μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ .

Ρ α 8 8 . έ σ χ ε θ η ν . Υ ε Λ .

α ά ) .

ε / ί τ ό ϊ

α η ά

σ χ ε τ ό ϊ .

1 2 .

έ ' λ | τ ω , Ι ί ο ϊ ΐ . Ε α ί . έ ψ · ή σ ω .

Υ β Λ .

α ι ΐ ) . Ι φ ^ ό ϊ Ο Γ

1 3 . κ α θ ί ζ ω ,

Ι ί β ί , Ι

$ ί ί .

Ι η ι ρ ί .

έ κ ά θ ί ξ ο ν , ο \ ά Α ΐ ί .

κ α θ ϊ ζ ο ν .

Γ α ί . Λ α ^ ί ώ .

Α Ο Γ .

ε κ ά θ ί σ α ( ο Μ

Α ί ί .

κ ά θ ι σ α ) ( § 9 1 , 3 . ) .

Ρ β Γ ί Ι

κ ε κ ά θ ι κ α .

Μ ί α . / β ι ί . Ρ η ί . κ α θ ι ζ ή σ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . έ κ α θ ι σ ά μ η ν , 1

ρ ϊ α ΰ € ά / ο τ τ η ι / ί β ΐ ^ , Ι Ί ι α ά ρ ΐ α ο ε ά . Β ι ι ί κ α θ ί ζ ο μ α ι ,

Ι

β ί ί . Ι η ι ρ ί .

ε κ α θ ε ζ ό μ η ν .

Έ υ Λ . κ α θ ε δ ο ν μ α ι .

1 4 .

κ λ α ί ω , Ι ι ο β ε ρ , Α ί ί . κ λ ά ω ( ά ) · ϊ ν ΐ ί 1 ι ο ι ι ί ο ο η ί Γ Ο , ο ί ΐ ο η . Ε ι ι ί .

κ \ α ύ σ ο μ α ί £ ΐ η ( 1 - σ ο ΰ μ α ι ( § 1 1 6 , 3 . ) , ι η ο Γ β Γ δ , Γ β Ι ^ κ λ α ί ή σ ω Ο Γ

κ λ , α ή σ ω . Α Ο Γ . έ κ λ α υ σ α .

Ρ β Γ ί . κ ε κ λ α υ μ α ι Ά π α κ ε κ λ , α ν σ μ α ι .

—

Μ ί α . .

— Υ ε Λ .

& ά ) .

κ λ α υ σ τ ό ε

α η ά κ λ α υ τ ό ί , κ λ α υ σ τ ε ο ε .

1 5 .

μ ά χ ο μ α ι , Ι ΰ ο η ΐ β π ά . Γ υ ί . μ α χ ρ ΰ μ α ι

( ϊ η β ί ε α ί ΐ ο £ μ α γ ε -

σ ο μ α ΐ ) .

Α Ο Γ .

ε μ α χ ε σ ά μ η ν .

Ρ β Γ ί .

μ ε μ ά χ η μ α ι .

Υ ε Λ .

3 , ά ) .

μ ά γ ε -

τ έ ο ϊ α η ( 1 μ α χ η τ ε ο ϊ .

1 6 . μ , έ λ λ ω ,

Ι ί Μ η λ ,

Ι ί η ί β η ά , Ι ΐ ΐ ΐ & ί ΐ α ί ΐ , Ι ι ε η ο ε Ι ά β ί α ι / .

Ι ι η ρ ί .

ε μ ε \ \ ο ν

Ά α ά

ή μ έ λ λ ο ν . Ρ ι ι ί .

μ έ λ λ η σ ω . Α Ο Γ . έ μ ε λ λ η σ α . Α υ ^ ι η .

§

8 5 .

Κ β π ι .

1 7 .

μ έ λ ε ι

μ ο ί τ ι ν ο ε , ο ι ΐ Γ ( Β τ η ϊ ί ι ί β ί ί α ΐ ί ^ ι ι ί ά ( β β ΐ ά ο ι η ρ β Γ β ο η α

μ ε λ ω ) . Ρ υ ί . μ ε λ , ή σ ε υ . Α Ο Γ .

έ μ ε λ η σ ε ( ν ) .

Ρ β Γ ί .

μ ε μ ε λ η κ ε ( ν ) .

Μ ϋ

μ ε λ ο μ α ι

Ί ΐ Β \ ΐ Ά \ Ι γ

ε τ τ ι μ ε λ ο μ α ι · ,

Ά τ ι α

ν β ΐ γ

ο ί ί β η

α ΐ κ ο

ε π ι μ ε -

\ ο ΰ μ α ι . Ι Ί ι ί . έ τ τ ι , μ ε \ ή σ ο μ α ι ( β ο ι η β ί ΐ ι η Θ β έ τ τ ι μ ε ' λ η θ ή σ ο μ α ι ) .

Α Ο Γ . ε τ τ ε μ ε λ η θ - η ν .

1 8 . / ^ ύ ζ ω , Ι Β Η ο λ . Ρ α ί . μ ν ζ ή σ ω , & ο .

1 9 .

δ ξ ω , Ι Β π ι Λ Ι . Ϊ Ί ι ί , ο ξ τ ^ σ ω . Α Ο Γ .

ω ζ η σ α .

Ρ β Γ ί . ό ' δ ω δ α

α , ρ τ β β ο η ί

8 Ϊ § η ί £ ο α ί ΐ ο η . ( Α ί ί .

Γ β ά α ρ ί .

§ 8 9 . )

2 0 . ο ί ο μ α ι , Ι

ί Η Μ , I I .

Ρ β Γ 8 . ο ί ' ε ί ( § 8 2 ,

2 . ) .

Ι τ α ρ ί . ω ό μ η ν

ω / ί τ ; ν .

Ι Ί ΐ ί .

ο ί ή σ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . φ η θ η ν ,

ο ί η θ η ν α ι .

Α υ § ι η .

§ 8 7 , 1 .

Κ

1 3 0 Ο Ν Τ Η Ε Υ Ε Κ Β . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .

ν π .

2 1 . ο ί - χ ρ μ α ι , Ι α τ ή φ ο η β $ Ό τ ί 1 ι , α ΐ η . Ι π ι ρ ί . ω χ ό μ η ν , Ι ι ο β η ί

/ υ τ ΐ ΐ ι . Ε ι ι ί . ο ί χ ή σ ο μ α ι . Ρ Ο Γ £ ω χ η μ α ι , ί η Ο Γ ά ί π α τ ^ · 1 α η § ι ΐ 3 β β

ο η 1 ) τ

0 8

α

ο ο η α ρ ο ι ι ι κ ί ,

α δ

π α ρ ώ χ η μ α ι .

2 2 . ο φ ε ί λ ω , / α τ ή η η ά β τ

ο ύ ΐ ΐ ^ α ί ΐ ο ι ι , Ι

ο Η ί / Ι ι ί , ά ώ ε ο . Ρ ι ι ί .

ο φ ε ϊ λ , ή σ ω . Α Ο Γ . ω φ ε ί \ η σ α . Α Ο Γ .

I I .

ω φ έ λ ο ν , ε ϊ , ε ( ν ) ( 1 . α η ά

2 . ρ Ι υ Γ α

η ο ί ι ι β ε ά ) ΐ η ε χ ρ Γ β Β β ΐ ο η β ο £ ά β Β ί Γ ε

υ , ί ί η α π ι .

2 3 . π ε τ ο μ α ι ,

Ι β ΐ ] · Γ ι ι ί . τ τ τ ή σ ο μ α ι , .

Α Ο Γ . ε π τ ό μ η ν ,

π τ ε σ θ α ι ,

ε τ π η ν α η ά ε π τ ά μ η ν ( μ ι § 1 4 2 , 2 . ) . Ρ β ι ΐ . π ε π ό τ η μ α ι .

2 4 . χ α ί ρ ω , Ι

Γ € ) ο ϊ ο β .

Ρ α ί . γ α ι ρ ή σ ω . Α Ο Γ .

έ χ ά ρ η ν

( μ ι § 1 4 2 ,

8 . ) . Ρ Ο Γ £ . κ ε χ ά ρ η κ α , Ι ΐ ι α υ β Γ β ] θ ΐ ΰ β ά , α η ά

κ ε χ ά ρ η μ α ι ,

Ι α π ι π -

] θ ί ο β ά .

η ^ Ι ΐ ι ο δ β ν β Λ 3 η ι α 7 1 ) β ο ΐ α δ δ β ά δ β ν β Γ α Η ς η ϊ Λ ν β Λ 3 ,

1 ι , 1 ι ο \ τ β ν β Γ , ί ο η η Λ β ί ι ι Ι α Γ β

α η ά

α ο Γ Ϊ δ ί

Γ ο ^ υ ί α ι τ ί /

ε . £ . μ ί ν ω ,

Ι τ ε τ η α ί η ,

Ρ ί .

μ ι μ ί ν η κ α ,

ο Λ β Γ ί τ ί δ β Γ Θ § Ι ΐ 1 α Γ ν έ μ ω , Ι ά ί ν ί ά β , Ι ά ί ί ΐ η ύ ν ί β , Ι α ΐ ΐ ο ΐ , Ρ . ν ι μ ω

& η ά

ν ε μ ο ν μ α ι , Α . ί ν ι ι μ α , ΐ ί . ν ι ν ί μ η κ α , Α .

Ρ . ί ν ε μ ή θ η ν ( ί ε ΐ ι ί ο ι η

ί ν ε μ ί θ η ν ) ,

Ρ ί . Μ . Ο Γ Ρ . ν ι ν ί μ η μ α ι . —

Μ ί α .

§ 1 2 5 . V I I . Υ β τ ΐ Β

ί ο

ΐ ϋ ΐ ι ο ί β

ρ η τ β

8 ΐ β τ η α η ε ί ί α ά ά β ά ί η ί ΐ ι β

Ρ τ β ί β η ί α ι ι ά Ι τ η ρ ε τ / β ο ί .

1 . Ύ α μ έ ω , Ι τ η α , Γ Γ ΐ / ( β α ί ά Ι » ^ α π ι α η ) . Ρ β Γ ί . γ ε γ ά μ ή κ α , β ι ι ί

Ρ υ ί .

> γ α μ ω .

Α Ο Γ .

ϊ < γ η μ α ,

γ η μ α ι .

Μ ΐ ( 1 .

< γ α μ ο ν μ α ι

( \ ν .

ά α ί , ) ,

ί

α τ ή

• π ι α τ τ ΐ β ά ( δ α ί ά

1 ) ^ α λ ν ο π ι α η , η ν ί ο ) .

Ρ Ί ι ί . γ α μ ο ΰ μ α ι . Α Ο Γ .

ε η η μ ά μ η ν .

Ρ α 8 8 . Μ Ι π ι α ί ή π ι ο η ϊ η τ η ά ι ι ο ο τ .

Α Ο Γ . έ γ α μ ή θ η ν ,

& ο .

2 . γ η θ έ ω , τ ΐ 8 ΐ ι α 1 1 ) Γ Ρ ο Γ ί . γ ε γ η ^ α , Ι τ ^ ο ϊ ο β . Ρ υ ί . γ η θ ή σ ω .

3 . δ ο κ έ ω , Ι α ρ ρ β α τ , ν ί ά β ο τ , Ι Ι ΐ ι ί η ΐ ι . Γ Ί ι ί . δ ό ^ ω .

Α Ο Γ .

ε δ ο ξ α .

Ρ ο ι ί . Ρ α δ δ . δ ^ δ ο γ / Α Λ ί , υ ζ ί Μ ί « Μ # Ζ . Α Ο Γ . Ρ α β δ . έ Β ό χ θ η ν .

4 .

μ α ρ τ υ ρ ά ω ,

Ι

ύ β α τ

Ι β ε ΐ ί τ η ο π ι / .

Ρ α ί .

μ α ρ τ υ ρ ή σ ω ,

& ο .

Β υ ί

Η , α ρ τ ύ ρ ο μ α ι ζ ί ί ) , Ο β ρ . Μ ί α .

/

ο α ? /

ί ο

§ 1 2 6 . ] Α Ν Ο Μ Α Ι , Ο υ θ Τ Ε Ε Β 8

Ι Ν

Ω . 1 3 1

5 . ξ υ ρ έ ω , Ι Β Η β α τ . Μ ί α . ξ ύ ρ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . ε ξ υ ρ ά μ η ν , 1 > α ί

έ ξ ύ ρ η μ α ι .

6 .

ω θ έ ω ,

Ι

ρ υ , ^ Η .

Ι π ι ρ ί .

έ ώ θ ο υ ν .

Ρ α ί .

ώ σ ω

α η ά

ω θ ή σ ω .

Α Ο Γ .

ε ω σ α , ω σ β κ .

Ρ β Γ ί .

' ί ω κ α .

Ρ β Γ ί .

Μ ί < 3 .

Ο Γ

Ρ & 8 8 .

ε ω σ μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ .

έ ώ σ θ η ν . Α υ £ π ι . § 8 7 , 4 . — Μ ί α . .

§ 1 2 6 . V I I I . ν β τ ί α ι ο Η ο & β Τ β π 8 β $ α τ β ά β τ ΐ ν β ά β Γ ο τ η

Κ ο ο ΐ 8

ο ο η η β β ί β ά

ο η ΐ ι /

ί η 8 ϊ £ / η ί / ί ο α ϋ ο η .

1 .

α ί ρ ε ω , Ι ί α ί ι β , Ι τ β ο & ί ν β ,

β .

< ) .

α ί ο ^ η .

Ρ Ί ι ί . α ί ρ ή σ ω .

Α Ο Γ .

( ί τ .

Έ Λ - )

ε ί λ ο ν ,

ε λ ε ΐ ν .

Α Ο Γ . Ρ α 8 8 .

ή ρ έ θ η ν .

Ρ 3 8 8 .

α ί ρ ε θ ή σ ο μ α ι ( §

9 8 . ) . Μ ί α . ί ο

ο Η ο ο Β ί .

Γ υ ί . α ί ρ ή σ ο μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ . ε ί λ ό μ η ν .

—

Α ι ι § ι η . § 8 7 , 3 .

—

Υ ε Λ . α ό ] . α ι ρ ε τ ο ί ,

τ έ ο ε .

2 .

ε ρ γ ο μ α ι ,

1

( / ο ,

Ι

ο ο τ η β .

( Τ ΐ ι β

ο ί Ι ι β Γ

ι η ο ο ά β

& η ( 1

ρ 3 Γ ί ΐ ο ΐ -

ρ ΐ α ΐ δ

α , Γ β Ι ι ο Γ Γ ο ^ ν β ά ί τ ο ι η ε Ί μ ί , ί ΐ ι η β έ ρ χ ο μ α ι , ϊ ω , ϊ θ ι , ί ί ν α ι ,

Ι ώ ν . )

Ι π ι ρ ί . ή ρ χ ό μ η ν α η ά

ρ έ ω

ο ν $ α ( § 1 3 7 . ) , Ο ρ ί . ϊ ο ι μ ι . Γ υ ί . ε Ι μ ι , Τ

Λ α . 1 1 0 ο ( ή ξ ω , Ι 8 ΐ ι α Ι Ι Ι β

α ο τ η ε ) .

— ( Έ Λ Ε Τ Θ - ) Ρ β Γ ί . Ι λ ^ -

λ ν 0 α .

Α Ο Γ .

? ι \ θ ο ν , ε \ θ ω , ϊ \ θ ο ψ ί ,

ε \ θ έ ,

ε \ θ ε ί ν , ε λ θ ώ ν .

Υ β Λ .

δ α ] ,

ε λ , ε υ σ τ έ ο ν .

3 . ε σ θ ί ω , Ι β α ί .

Ι ι η ρ ί . η σ θ ι ο ν .

Ϊ Ί ι ί .

έ π ο μ α ι ,

Ρ β Γ ί . ε Β ή Β ο κ α .

Α Ο Γ . ( £ Γ . Φ Α Γ - ) ε φ α ι γ ο ν , φ α γ ε ΐ ν . Ρ β Γ ί . Μ ί α .

Ο Γ Ρ α β β .

ε δ ^ δ ε -

σ μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ .

Ρ α 8 8 . ή ΰ έ σ θ η υ . Υ β Λ . α φ . ε δ ε σ τ ό ί .

4 . ό μ ά ω ,

/ ί ί ί .

Ι π ι ρ ί . έ ώ ρ ω ν .

Ρ β Γ ί .

έ ώ ρ ά κ α . ( Α υ § π ι . § 8 7 ,

6 . ) Α Ο Γ . ( ί τ .

Ί Δ - )

ε ι δ ο ν , ι δ ώ , Ϊ Β ο ι μ ι ,

Ι Β ί , ί δ ε ϊ ν , 1 8 ω ν . ( Ι Τ ρ ο η

Α β Ρ β Γ ί . I I .

ο ΐ Β α , Ι Τ ι η ο ι υ , β β β

§ 1 4 3 . ) Γ ι ι ί . ( £ Γ .

Ό Π - )

Ο ψ · ο -

μ α ι ( 2 . ρ β Γ β .

ο · ψ · ε ί

§

8 2 , 2 . ) . Μ ί α .

Ο Γ

Ρ β , δ β .

ό ρ ώ μ α ι .

Ρ β Γ ί . Μ ϊ ( 1 .

Ο Γ Ρ & 8 8 . ε ώ ρ ά μ α ι Ο Γ ω μ μ α ι , ω ψ - α ι , & ο . , Ι η ί . ω φ θ α ι .

Α Ο Γ .

Μ ί α . ε ί Β ό μ η ν ,

Ι Β ε σ θ α ι , ί δ ο ΰ

( α η ά

ΐ η ί ΐ ι β δ ί ^ η ΐ β ο α ί ί ο η ο ί

β ο ο ί ,

ΐ δ ο ΰ ) ,

& 8

&

β ί η ι ρ ί β ,

ρ ο β ί ΐ ο

ο η ΐ 7 .

Α Ο Γ .

Ρ α 8 8 .

ω φ θ η ν ,

ο φ θ ή ν α ι ,

Ρ α ΐ . δ φ θ ή σ ο μ α ι . — Υ β Λ . α Δ ) . ο ρ α τ ο ί α η ά

δ τ τ τ ό ε .

κ 2

1 3 2 Ο Ν Τ Η Ε Υ Ε Κ Β . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .

ν π .

5 . τ ρ έ χ ω , Ι

η ι η . ( Δ Ρ Ε Μ - )

Γ ι ι ί .

δ ρ α μ α ν μ α ι .

Α Ο Γ . ε δ ρ ά -

μ ο ν . Ρ ο Γ ί . δ ε δ ρ ά μ η κ α . Ρ ε ι ί .

Μ ί α . Ο Γ Ρ α 8 8 .

δ ε δ ρ ά μ η μ α ι .

6 . φ έ ρ ω , Ι 1 > β α τ . ( Ό Ι - ) Γ η ί .

ο ί σ ω .

— ( ' Ε Γ Κ ) Λ Ο Γ . Ι .

η ν ε ^ γ κ α α η < 1 Α Ο Γ .

I I .

ή ν ε γ κ ο ν , Ο ρ ί . ε ν έ γ κ α ι μ ι ,

ε ι ε ,

» η ά ο ι μ ι , ο ι ,

Ι η £ . ί ν ε γ κ ε ΐ ν , Ρ α Γ ί . ε ν ε < γ κ ώ ν ,

Ι π ι ρ . ε ν ε γ κ ε , ά τ ω ,

& ο . ( Έ Ν Ε Κ - )

Ρ β Γ ί .

ε ν ή ν ο - χ α .

Ρ ο ν ί .

Μ ί ( 1 . Ο Γ

Ρ α , 8 8 . ε ν ή ν ε γ μ α ι ( - γ ζ α ι · ,

- γ « τ ο Μ

ο ΐ ' ε ν ή ν ε κ τ α ι ) . Α Ο Γ .

Μ ί ( 1 .

ή ν ε γ κ ά μ η ν ,

ί ν ε η κ α ι , α σ θ α ι , ά μ ε ν ο ε .

Α Ο Γ . Ρ α δ β .

η ν ε - χ θ η ν . Γ υ ί . ε ν ε χ θ ή σ ο μ α ι α η ά ο ί σ θ ή σ ο μ α ι ϊ

—

ν ε Λ . η , ( ^ .

ο ί σ τ ό ί ,

ο ί σ τ έ ο ς . — Μ ί α .

7 . φ τ ; / Α ί ( § 1 3 5 , 8 . ) , Ι $ α ι / . Ι τ η ρ ί . ε φ η ν , · ν ν ΐ ί ι Α ο π β ί ω β α η -

1 η § ,

α ί δ ο

φ ά ν α ι

α η ά

φ ά ϊ .

( Έ Π - )

Α Ο Γ .

Ι .

ε ί π α ,

ε ΐ π α ε ,

ε ί π α τ ε ,

Ι π ι ρ Γ .

ε ί τ τ ο ν , ε ί τ τ ά τ ω , Ι η ί . ε ΐ π α ι . Α Ο Γ . I I . ε ι π ο ν , ε ι π ώ , ε ϊ π ο ι μ ι ,

ε ί π ε ( ΐ η ο ο η ι ρ ο δ ί ί ϊ ο η π ρ ό ε ι π ε ) , ε ι π ε ί ν , ε ι π ώ ν . Ρ Γ Ο Π Ι ί Η β Ε ρ ϊ ο

Ρ Γ β β . ε ΐ ρ ω Ε α ί . έ ρ ώ . Ρ β Γ ί . ε ϊ ρ η κ α . Ρ Θ Γ £ . Μ ί α . Ο Γ Ρ α β δ .

ε ϊ ρ η μ α ι .

Ε α ί . I I I .

ε ί ρ ή σ ο μ α ι . Ρ Γ Ο Π Ι

' Ρ Ε -

Α Ο Γ .

Ρ α β β . ε ρ ρ ή -

θ η ν , ρ η θ η ν α ι , ρ η θ ε ί ϊ . Γ υ ί . Ρ & 8 8 . ρ η θ ή σ ο μ α ι .

—

Μ ί α .

ο η ΐ ^ ·

ϊ η

ο ο ι η ρ ο δ ΐ ί ΐ ο η .

Ρ α ί . ά π ε ρ ο ΰ μ α ι ,

α η ά

Α Ο Γ . Ι .

ά τ τ ε ί π α σ θ α ι ,

ί ο

ι / ,

ί ο

ά β ί ρ α ί τ ,

Ι ί ΐ ί ε

α τ τ ε ι π ε ί ν .

—

ν β Γ ΐ ) .

& ά ) .

ρ η τ ο ί ,

ρ η τ ε ο ί .

Β . Υ Ε Ε Β 8 Ι Ν Μ Ι .

§ 1 2 7 . ϋ ο η ) ΐ ι $ α ϋ ο η ο / Υ β τ δ ί ί η μ ι .

1 .

Τ Η ε

ο ΐ ι ΐ ε ί

ρ ο ο υ 1 ΐ α Γ Ϊ ί 7

ο ί

ΐ ΐ ι β ο ο η ] υ § α ί ΐ ο η ΐ η

μ ι

ΐ δ ,

ί ΐ ι α ί

ί ΐ ι ε ν ε Λ 9 Λ ν Ι ι ί ο Η ί ο ΐ ί ο λ ν ί ί Ι ι & ν ε ( ϊ ί Ι ϊ ε Γ ε η ί ρ ο Γ β ο η α ε η ( 1 ί η § 8 £ Γ Ο Π Ι

ί ΐ ι ο δ ε ο £ ί Κ β ο ο η ] υ § α Ι ΐ ο η ί η ω , ί η ί η ε ρ Γ ε β ε η ί α η ά ί ι η ρ ε Γ £ ε ο ί ,

α η ά Β ο π ι ε ί η ί Η β α ο π β ί I I . α ο ί ΐ ν ε α η ά η ι ί ( 1 ( 1 1 β α ί β ο α η ά η α ν ε

η ο η ι ο ά α ΐ ν ο \ ν ε ί η ί η β β ε ί β η ε ε β . Τ Η β £ ο π η » ί ί ο η ο £ α ΐ ΐ ί α β

ο ί . Η ε Γ

ΐ ε η β ε 8

ο £

Λ ε β ε

ν ε Α β

α § Γ ε ε 3

\ ν ί ί 1 ι

ΐ η α ί

ο £

ν ε Λ 8

ί η

ω ,

ε χ -

£ ε \ ν

§

1 2 8 . ]

Υ Ε Β Β Β

Ι Ν

Μ Ι .

1 3 3

2 . δ ο ι η β ν ε Γ ο β ΐ η μ ι , - ν ν η ΐ ο ΐ ι η α ν ε Ά

δ ί β η ι

ο £ ο η ε 8 } Ί 1 & ο 1 ε ,

ί ί ύ ί β

α

Γ β ά υ ρ ί ί ο α ί ί ο η

ΐ η

ί ΐ ι ο

ρ Γ ε β ε η ί

α η ά

ί η τ ρ β ι ί β ο ί

( §

1 2 3 . ) ,

\ ν η ί ο η Ϊ 8 ΐ ΐ ι ι ι β ε ί Γ ο ο ί ε ά . Ι £ ί Ι ΐ Θ

β ί ε η ι

1 > ε § ΐ η 8 Λ ν ΐ ΐ ΐ ι α β ϊ ι η ρ ί ε

ο ο η δ ο η α η ί ,

Ο Γ η , π τ α ί ε

- ν ν ϊ ί ΐ ι

α

Ι ί φ ΐ ΐ ά , ί Η β β ρ β ΐ

ο ο η δ ο η α η ί

ο ί ί ΐ ι β

β ί ε ι η Ϊ 8 Γ β ρ ε α ί ο ά τ ν ΐ ί ΐ ι ι 1 > ι ι ί ϊ ί

ΐ ΐ ι β β ί β π ι

1 ) 6 § ί η 8

Λ ν ί ΐ ΐ ι σ τ ,

τ τ τ ,

Ο Γ α η

α β ρ ί Γ α ΐ β ά ν ο \ ν β 1 ,

α η

ι ν τ ' ι ύ ι ί Η β

τ ο ι ι ^ η 1 > Γ β £ ΐ ί 1 ι ΐ η ^

ί β

Ι ι β ί ο Γ β

Λ β β ί β η ι

α β α ,

8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ί ΐ Ι ι ι ΐ 6 .

Τ η ε Γ β

& Γ β

ο η ΐ γ

Ά

£ ο \ ν ν β

3 3

2 Τ Α

' ί - σ τ η - μ ι ,

Ι ρ ΐ α ο β . Δ Ο ί ί - ί ω - μ ι ,

Θ Ε

τ ί - θ η - μ ι ,

Ι « 1 . Έ

' ί - η - μ ι , 1 8 β Π ΐ Ι .

Χ Ρ Α

κ ί - χ ρ η - μ ι ,

Ι ΐ ε η ά ,

§ 1 2 8 . € Ι α 8 8 Ϊ β € α ί ί ο η ο /

Υ ε Λ ε

ΐ η μ ι .

Τ η β

ν ε Λ δ ΐ η μ ι

α Γ β

ά ί ν ί ά β ά . ί η ί ο

ΐ \ ν ο

^ β η β Γ α Ι ο ΐ α δ β β β —

Ι . Β υ ο ί ι 0 8 , ) ο ί η ί Η ο ρ ο Γ β ο η α Ι β η < 1 ϊ η § 8

ί η α η ι β ά ΐ Ε ΐ ί β Ι ^

ο η ί ο ί η β

β ί β π ι - ν ο ^ ε ΐ . Τ η β β ί β π ι ο £ ν ε Λ β

ο £ ί Μ 8

ο ί α β β ε η ά β

α .

Ι η

η , & 3 ' ί - α τ η - μ ι , Ι ρ Ι α € β , δ ί ο η ι 2 Τ Α -

ϊ . — £ — τ ί - θ η - μ ι , Ι Μ Ϊ — Θ Ε

ΰ .

—

ο

—

Ι ί - ί ω - μ ι , Ι β ί υ ε

—

Δ Ο

ά . — — ι ΐ - μ ι , Ι & 0 — Ί

I I .

δ ι ι ο η £ 1 8

α ά ά

ί ΐ ι β β ^ Π α ο Ι β ν ν ϋ

Ο Γ

ν ϋ ί ο Λ β ΐ Γ 8 ί β ι η ,

α η ά

ί η β η α ί ί α ο η

ί ΐ ι ο

ρ β Γ β ο η α β η ά ί η § 8

ί ο

ΐ η ΐ β

8 7 Π α ο 1 ο . Τ ΐ ι β δ ί ε π ι

ο £

ν ε Γ

0 8

ο £ ί 1 ι ΐ 8

ο ί α β β

ε η ά β

Α .

Ι η

ο η ε ο £

ί ΐ ι β

ί Η τ ε β

ν ο · ν ν ε ΐ 8 , α , ε , Ό ,

α η ά ί α ΐ ί ε β

ν ν ν .

α .

Ι η

α ,

α . 8

α κ ι ΐ ά - ν ν υ - μ ι ,

Ι

β ο α Ι ί β Γ ,

8 ί β ι η

2 Κ Ε Δ Α -

Ι > . — Ε — κ ο ρ ί - ν ν ΰ - μ ι ,

Ι

« α ϋ α ί β — Κ Ο Ρ Ε

Ο . — ο — σ τ ρ ώ - ν ν ν - μ ι , Ι β ρ Γ β α ά ο Η ΐ — Σ Τ Ρ Ο -

1 3 4 Ο Ν Τ Η Ε Υ Ε Β Β . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .

V I I .

Β . Ι η α ο ο η β ο η ι ι η ί , α η ά ί α ι β 8 ν ϋ .

α . Ι η

Ά

π ι α ί β , α β :

£ ί ί κ - ΐ ' ϋ - μ ι , / « Λ ο ι ο , Β ί β η α

Δ Ε Ι Κ -

4 .

Ι η

α

Ι ϋ μ ι ΐ ι ΐ ,

& 3

ό μ - ν ϋ - μ ι ,

Ι

β ι ο β α Γ

—

' Ο Μ -

Κ & η α τ ί ι . Ο Γ

Λ β

3 β ο ο η < 1 ο ί α β β , ο η ΐ ν

Λ β ν β Λ σ β ί · ν ν ν · μ > ,

1

φ κ η ο / ι , Γ ι · υ ι ι ι

Λ β Γ Ο Ο

2 Β Ε - , ί ο π η β

Λ β

& Ο Γ Ϊ 3 1

I I .

ν ί ζ . ί σ β η ν .

§

1 2 9 . Τ ί ι ε

Μ ο ά α ΐ

1 .

Τ ΐ ι β

Ι ι κ ϋ ο α ί ΐ ν β ο £

ΐ ΐ ι β

ρ Γ β β β ι ι ί ,

ΐ ι η ρ β Γ £ β ο 1 ; ,

α η ά

I I . Ι ι α δ η ο ι η ο ά α ΐ ν ο \ ν ε 1 , α η ά ί ΐ ι β ρ β Γ β ο η α Ι β η ( ϋ η § 8 3 Γ β ο ο η β ε -

( ρ ε η ί ΐ ^ ^ ο ^ η ^ ( I

ί ι η α ί θ ά ί α ί β ΐ ^ ·

ο η

ί ο Λ β

ν ε Λ α Ι

β ί β ι η 2 &

ι Ό τ α - μ ί ν 1 - τ ί - θ ί - μ ι ν ί - δ ο - μ ι ν

2 .

Τ Η β

Ο ο η ) υ η ο Ι ϊ ν β

Ι ι α β

ί ΐ ι β

ι η ο ά α ΐ

ν ο τ ν β ΐ β

ω

α η ά

η ,

Ι ϋ ί β

ν ο Γ Ϊ ) 8 ΐ η ω ,

1 ) ΐ ι ί ύ ι β γ Ι ι ί ε η ο ΐ

- ν ν ί ί ΐ ι ί ΐ ι β

ο ΐ 8 τ α ο ί 6 Γ Ϊ 8 ί ΐ ο ν ο \ ν β ϊ η ΐ ο

ο η β β ο υ τ ι ά ΐ η ο ο η β β ^ ι ι ε η ο β

ο £

λ ν ί π ο ΐ ι , ί ΐ ι β £ ο 1 ο ν ΐ ι ι § ά β ν ΐ Β ί ΐ ο η β

£ Γ Ο Π Ι

ΐ ΐ ι β

ο ο ^ υ ^ ο , ί ΐ ο η ί α

ω ,

α β

ί α τ

Ο 8

Γ ε ^ α π ί β

ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί ί ο η ,

α Γ β

ί ο

1 ) 6

ο β β β Γ ν β ί ϊ , ν ΐ ζ .

ά η

α η < 1

ά ρ

α Γ β

ο ΐ ι α π ^ ε ά

ί η ΐ ο ή α η Λ ρ ( η ο ί ,

α 8

ί η ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί β ά ν β Γ ΐ ) 8 ί η ά ω ,

ϊ η ΐ ο ά ί ί ι κ ί ) ό φ Ϊ 3 ( . Ί ) ι π ι μ ; < ; ι Ι ϊ ι ι ΐ ο φ ( η ο ί ; , : ΐ ί ΐ η ο ο η ί π ι ο ί δ ϊ η ό ω , ΐ η ί ο ο ι )

Η :

Ί - σ τ ά - ω

=

ί - σ Γ ω ί - σ τ ά - } / ς

=

ί - σ τ ή ς ι - σ τ ά - η - τ α ι

=

ί - ο τ ^ Γ α ί

σ τ ά - ω

=

σ τ ι α σ τ ά - $ ς =

σ τ η ς

Γ ί - θ ε - ω =

Τ ί - θ ώ Γ ί - θ ί - ^ / ς

· = = τ ι - θ φ ς τ ι - θ έ - ω - μ α ι

= »

τ ι - θ ώ - / * α ι

ί ί - ί ό - ω

=

Γ ί - Γ ώ

ί ι - ί ό - τ ; ς

= : ί ι - ί ^ ς ί ί - ί ό - ρ = £ ί - δ ψ

Τ ί ι ε

Ο ο η ] ν ι η ο ί ϊ ν θ ο ί 1 ) ο ί α & ο π 8 ί 9 ΐ η Λ β ρ α β β ί ν β ο £ 3 . 1 1 ν β Λ β ί ο 1 ο ν τ 8 ί η ΐ β

Γ ο Γ ί η & ί ϊ ο η ο £ Λ β

Ο ο η ] α η ο Ι ΐ ν β ο ί

' ί σ τ η μ ι α η ά τ ί θ η μ ι

α »

τ ν ψ θ ω , - ρ ς , - ρ ,

& 0 . ,

τ ν π - ώ , $ ς , ρ ,

ί τ . τ ί π τ ω ,

σ τ α - θ ώ

& · . ' ί σ τ η μ ι

Κ ε η ι α Γ ί ι 1 . Τ η β

Ο ο ^ υ η ο ί ί ν β

ο ί τ β Λ β ΐ η

ν / « ά ο β δ

η ο ί

ά ΐ ί Γ β Γ ί τ ο η ι

Λ β

ί ' ο π η α ΐ ϊ ο η

ΐ η

ύ ω » 5 Ι ι ι κ ν ΰ ω ,

—

ι ' ρ ς , & 0 .

3 .

Τ Η ε Ο ρ ί α ί ΐ ν β

ο £

ί ΐ ι β ΐ Γ η ρ ε ι - Γ ε ο ί

α η ά ϋ ο π β ί Ι ι α δ ι ,

1 3 0 . ]

1 3 5

Ε Ε Β 8 Ι Ν Μ Ι .

Ϊ 8

^ ί η ε ά ί η ι η ι ε ά ί ί ΐ ί ε ΐ ^ ο η

Ι ο

Λ β ο ΐ ι α κ ι ο ί ε π δ ί ΐ ο

ν ο ν τ ε ί ,

α η ( 1

ί ο π η β

α ( Ι ϊ ρ ΐ ι ί ΐ ι ο η ^ Λ ν ί ΐ ΐ ι ϊ ί ; α β

Α ο ΐ ί ν β . Α ο ΐ ΐ ν β . Ί Μ ί ι Ι ι Ι Ι ο .

Ο ] ι ' , Ι η ΐ > Γ . Ί - σ τ α - ί - η ν

= ι - σ τ α ί - η ν

Α .

Π . σ τ α ί - η ν

Ι η ι ρ Γ . 1 - σ τ α ί - μ η ν

— — τ ι - β ί - ί - η ν = τ ι - β ι ί - η ν — β ι ί - η ν — τ ι - β ά - μ η ν

— — ί ι - ΐ ο - ί - η ν

=

Ι ι - £ ο ί - η ν — ί ο ί - η ν — δ ι - Ι ο ί - μ η ν

Τ Η β Ο ρ Ι α Ι ί ν β - Γ ο Γ Γ η α ί ί ο η ο ί ν β Λ β ί η Ε ( τ ί θ η μ ί ) \ 3 Γ ο ΐ ί ο τ τ ε ά ϊ η ΐ Η β

Ο ρ ί β ΐ ί ν β

ρ 8 5 8 Ϊ ν β

θ £

Ι ΐ Ο ΐ Ι ΐ Λ Ο Ι Ϊ 5 1 3 ο ί » 1 1

Τ β Λ δ

8 3 σ τ α - θ ε ί - η ν , τ υ φ - θ ί ί - η ΐ ' ,

τ ν τ τ - ΐ ί - η ν .

Κ ε π ι α τ ί ι 2 . Τ Η β Ο ρ ί α ί ΐ ν β

π η ρ ε τ ί β ο ί

ο ί ν ε Λ β ί η ν μ ι ί ο ΐ ί ο π β Λ β

ί ο π η -

» 1 ί ο η ϊ η ω ,

Ι & β

Λ β Ο ο ^ ι ι η ο ΐ ϊ ν ο ρ Γ β δ β η ί 8 5

§ 1 3 0 . Ρ β Γ Β ο η α Ι

Ε η ά ί η ( / 3 ,

1 . Γ Ο Γ ί Η β α ο ί ί ν β ,

Ι Ι ι ο Γ β

α Γ β

ί ΐ ι β

ί ο ΐ ΐ ο ν ν ί η » ρ β Γ δ ο η α

ί ο π η β

α ,

Γ Ο Γ

Λ β Ι η ά ί ο Β , ΐ ΐ ν β ρ Γ ο β β η ί

8 ί η § υ 1 * Γ

1

μ < ·

- σ τ η - μ ι

2

ς

- σ π | - ς

3

σ ι Ο ) - σ Γ ί ϊ - σ ι ( ι > )

ϋ ι ι α ΐ 2

τ ο ν

- σ τ α - Γ ο ν

3 τ ο ν

- σ Γ ί ί - Γ Ο ϊ /

Ρ Ι ΐ Ι Γ & Ι

1

μ ι ν

- σ τ ά - μ ε ν

2 τ ι - σ τ α - τ ϊ

3

( Χ ) ]

' ϊ - σ Γ α - ι τ ι - σ Γ α - ι / < τ ί ( ϊ > )

Τ η β β η ά ϊ η ^ ο ί Λ β

3 .

ρ ε Γ δ ο η ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ & Ι ν σ ι ( ν ) ν τ β δ

ο ΐ ι α η ^ ε ά

ϊ η ί ο ά σ ι ( ν ) ,

α η ά

ο ο η ί Γ & ο ί β ί τ τ ί Λ ί ΐ ι ε

ί ο Γ ε ^ ο ϊ η ^

8 ί ε ι η - ν ο \ ν ο 1 ο ί Ι ΐ ι ο ν ο Λ . Τ ΐ ι ε

Α ΐ ΐ ί ο

ι ΐ ϊ & ΐ ε ο ί , Η ο τ ν ε ν ε ι - , & 1 1 ο \ τ 3 1 1 ι Ϊ 8 ο ο η ΐ ρ α ο ί ΐ ο η ο η \ γ

ΐ η

Λ β ο α β β ο ί τ ο ο ί β ε η ί ΐ ϊ η ^

ϊ η α Ι η ι ΐ 3

ή 1 ,

' ί - β τ α - ν α ι ( · ο ι η ι . · 8

( ί - α τ ά - ά σ ι )

ι - σ τ ά σ ι

— τ ί - β ί - ν σ ι —

π - β ε ϊ σ ί

Α ί ί . τ ι - θ έ - ά σ ι

— ί ί - ί ο - ν σ ι — ί ι - ί ο ϋ σ ι — ί ι - ί ό - ό σ ι

— Ι ι ί κ ν υ - ν α ι — ί ί ί κ ν ϋ σ ι — ί ί ί κ ν ύ - ό ι τ ι

ύ .

Τ Ι ΐ Θ

ρ ε Γ β ο η α ε η ( ϋ η § 8

ο £ Ι ΐ ι ε Ο ο ^ α η ο ΐ ϊ ν ο ρ Γ ε β ε η ί

α η ά

I I .

( Ι ο η ο ί

ά ΐ ί Γ β Γ

£ Γ Ο Π Ι

ΐ Η ο β ε

ο £ ί ΐ ι ε ο ο η ΐ π ^ α ΐ ί ο η ί η ω .

κ

4

1 3 6

Ο Ν Τ Η Ε

Υ Ε Κ Β .

€ .

Ρ Ο Γ

Λ ο

Ι η ί ΐ ί ο β ί ϊ ν β

ΐ ι η ρ β ι · ί ο ο Ι ;

8 . η < 1 Ε ο π δ ΐ I I .

8 ί η δ ν ι 1 α Γ ΐ

ν

Ι ι π ρ ί .

' ΐ - σ τ η - ν ε - τ ί - θ η ν

2

ί

ΐ . σ τ η , ς ί - τ ί - θ η ς

9

-

' ί - σ τ η έ - τ ί - β η

Ο ι ι α ΐ

9

τ ο ν

Α Ο Γ . I I .

ε - σ τ η - τ ο ν ε - θ ε - τ υ ν

9

τ η ν

ί - σ τ ή - τ η ν

1 - θ ί - τ η ν

Ρ Ι ϋ Γ & Ι

1

μ ε ν

ε - σ τ η - μ ε ν ε - β ε - μ ί ν

3

τ ε

ε - σ τ η - τ ε

ί - θ ε - τ ε

3

σ α ν

ε - σ τ η - σ α ν ί - β ε - σ α ν

8 ο Ι ΐ ι β Ι η ϋ ο & ί ϊ ν β ρ α δ δ ί ν ο ο £ Ι ι ο ί ΐ ι α ο η δ ί δ ο ί α ΐ ΐ ν β Λ δ 1 - τ ύ φ θ - η ν , ί τ υ π -

η ν , ί - σ τ ά - θ η ν , η ς , η , ή τ α ν , ή τ η ν , η μ ε ν , η τ ε , ή σ α ν , β χ & ο ΐ ΐ ν Ι ΐ ΐ ί β ε σ τ η ν .

ά .

Τ ΐ ι β

ρ β Γ β ο η α Ι β η ( 1 ί η § 8 ο £ ί Η β Ο ρ ί α ΐ ί ν β

ί ΐ ϊ ΐ ρ β Γ ί β ο ί

α η ά

α ο π β ΐ

I I . ,

\ ν ϊ ί ι ί ΐ ι β β χ ο β ρ ί ΐ ο η

ο ί

ί Κ β 1 . ρ β Γ β ο η

β ΐ η ^ ι ι Ι & Γ , ά ϋ ϊ β ι ·

ί τ ο ι η ί ΐ ι ο δ β ο £ ί Κ β

Μ β ί ο π ο α ΐ

ί β η 8 β 3 Ι η ι ϋ ο Β , ί ΐ ν β ,

ϊ η

ί Η β ο ο η ) ΐ ι § α -

Ι , ϊ ο η

ί α ω , ο ι Λ γ ΐ η

1 ) β ί η § ρ Γ ο ο β ά β ά ί ι γ α η η ; 3 θ

σ τ α ί - η ν ι - σ τ α ί - η ν

θ ε ί - η ν τ ι - θ ε ί - η ν δ ο ί - η ν δ ι - δ ο ί - η ν ,

1 .

Ι η

ί Η β

ά ι ι & Ι

α η ι ΐ

ρ Ι υ Γ α Ι

ο ί

ΰ ι β

Ο ρ ί α ί ϊ ν β

ϊ η ι ρ β Γ Γ β ο ί ,

ΐ ΐ ι β

η

Ί

6 χ ο 1 ι ΐ ( 1 β < 1 ,

α η ά

ί ΐ ι β β η ά ί η ^ ο ί

Λ β

3 . ρ β Γ δ ο η ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ β

ή σ α ν

Ϊ 5 ο ο η -

ϊ η ΐ ο

ε ν α δ

τ ι θ ε ί - η μ ε ν = τ ι θ ε ΐ μ ΐ ν ί σ τ α ί - η τ έ = ι σ τ ά ΐ τ ε

τ ί θ ε ί - η σ α ν

=

τ ι θ ε ΐ ε ν

δ ί δ ο ί - η σ α ν =

δ ι δ ο ι ε ν

Τ Η Ϊ 8 Ι ι ο ΐ ί ΐ β § ο ο ά ο ί Λ β Ο ρ ί α ΐ ϊ ν β

ρ α 8 3 ΐ ν θ α ο π β ί δ

ο ί & 1 1

ν β Λ β α β

τ ν φ β ε ί η μ ε ν ,

τ ν π ε ί η μ ε ν =

τ υ φ θ ε ϊ μ ε ν , τ ν π ι ί μ ε ν ( β χ ί ΐ ο ί ^ Ι ϋ β τ ι θ ε ί η ν * ) .

Ο η

ΐ ΐ ι β

ΐ η Λ β

Ο ρ ί α ί ϊ ν β α ο π β ΐ

Π · & ο ί ϊ ν β ο ί ί ΐ ι ο

ν β Λ δ

' ί σ τ η μ ι , τ ί θ η μ ι ,

δ ί ί ω μ ι ,

Λ ο Γ ί β η β ι Ι

& Γ Π 1 3

Β , Γ β ν β Γ 7 Γ ο τ β , τ τ ί Λ Λ β

β χ ο β ρ ί ΐ ο η

ο ί Ι , Ι ΐ Θ 3 .

ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι .

β .

Ι Ό Γ

ί Ι ΐ Θ Ι π ι ρ β Γ α ί ΐ ν ε ρ Γ ε β β η ί ο χ ι ά α ο ι ί β ί I I .

8 ί η § υ 1 ι ΐ Γ 2

0 1 £ ί * σ τ α - θ ι )

( π ' - β ε - β ι )

( δ ί - ί ο - β ι )

3

τ ω ϊ - σ τ ά - τ ω

τ ι - θ ε - τ ω

δ ί - δ ό - τ ω

ϋ ι ι & 1 2

τ ο ν

Ί - σ τ α - τ ο ν

τ ί - θ ε - τ ο ν

δ ί ~ £ ο - τ ο ν

&

τ ω ν

ί - σ τ ά - τ ω ν

Τ ί - θ ε - τ ω ν

δ ι - δ ό - τ ω ν

Ρ 1 ι ΐ Γ & 1

2

Τ Ι Ί - σ τ α - τ ε

τ ί - β ε - τ ι

δ ί - ΐ ο - τ ε

8 τ ω σ α ν

' ι - σ τ ά - τ ω σ α ν

τ ι - θ ε - τ ω σ α ν δ ι - δ ό - τ ω σ α ν

Ο Γ

ι * σ τ ά ν τ ω ν

τ ι - 6 ' ε ν τ ω ν δ ι · * δ ό ν τ ω ν

2 . Τ Η ο 2 . ρ β Γ δ ο η δ ΐ η ^ υ Ι α Γ Ι ι η ρ β Γ α Ι ΐ ν β ρ Γ β δ β η Ι ί ΐ η - ο τ ν β ο δ Γ

§ 1 3 0 . ] Υ Ε Κ Β 8 Ι Ν

Μ Ι .

1 3 7

β η < ϋ η £ θ ι , & η ά , Ι ο ι η α ί ι β υ ρ ί ο Γ ϊ ΐ , Λ β δ ΐ ι ο ι - ί ο Η ω - α ο ί β π δ ϋ ο

ν ο · « Γ β 1

Ϊ 8 1 β η § Λ -

β η β ά ν ϊ ζ . , α ϊ η ί ο η , ε ϊ η ί ο α , ο ϊ η ΐ ο ο ν , ν ί η ί ο ν ,

ϊ - σ Γ α - θ ι

β β ο ο ι η β β

' ί - σ τ η

τ ί - θ ε - θ ι

β β ο ο ι η β δ

π ' - θ ί ΐ

Ι ί - ΐ ο - β ι

—

Ι ί - ΐ ο ν

Ι ί ί κ - ν ί - θ ι

—

ί ι ί κ ν ϋ

Τ ΐ ι β β η ι ΐ ϊ η » θ ι ΐ δ τ β ί α ί η β ο ί } ) γ ν β Γ 7 ί β \ τ ν β Λ β ϊ η Λ β ρ ρ β δ β η ί .

Ι η

Λ θ

α Ο Γ Ϊ δ Ι I I . ο ί τ ί θ η μ ι , ' ί η μ ι , β η ά δ ί ί ω μ ι ϊ ί

1 3

ο ΐ ι α η ^ ε ά ΐ η ΐ ο ς ,

Λ ΐ 1 8

θ ί - θ ι 1 > θ -

ο ο ι η β δ

θ ί ς , ' ί - θ ι

=

? < ; , ί ό - θ ι

=

ί ό ^ ; 1 ) υ ί ϊ η ΐ Η β α ο Γ Ϊ δ Ι Π . ο ί ' ί σ τ η μ ι Λ Ϊ 3 β η ά ϊ η §

Ϊ 8

Γ β ί α ϊ η β ί ΐ ,

Λ ι ΐ 3 σ τ ή - θ ι

& η ά , ϊ η

Λ Θ 8 Μ η β

ν τ Ά γ ,

ϊ η Ι ι ο ΐ ΐ ι α ο Γ Ϊ β Ι β ρ & β δ ϊ ν β ο Γ

α ΐ ΐ ν β Λ δ ,

3 3

τ ν π η - θ ι , π α ι δ ί ύ θ η - τ ι ( ϊ η β ί β α ά ο Γ π α ι ί ι ΰ θ η - θ ι , § 8 , Κ β ι η α Γ ί ι 5 . ) .

Ι η

ο ο ι η ρ ο β ί ί ϊ ο η ,

ί ΐ ι β ο η ά ϊ η ^ ή θ ί ϊ η σ τ ή θ ι η ι α ^ 1 > β

β Ι ι ο Γ ί β η ε ά

ΐ η ΐ ο ό Ε 8

ά τ τ ό σ τ ά .

/ . Τ ΐ ι β ε η ά ΐ η § ο £

Ι ΐ ΐ 6

Ι η £ η ί ί ί ν 6 ρ Γ β β β η ί α η ά α ο π β ί I I . ΐ β

ν α ι . Τ ΐ ι ΐ β ί β α ί Β χ β ά ί ο ί ΐ ι β β Ι ι Ο Γ ΐ ; ο Κ α Γ α ο ί β π 5 ί ΐ ο ν ο · ν ν ε 1 , ϊ η ί ΐ ι β

ρ Γ β Β β η ί ,

ϋ ι ι ί ί ο ί ΐ ι β Ι β η ^ ΐ ΐ ι β η β ά

( α

ϊ η ΐ ο

η ,

ε ΐ η ί ο ε ι , ο ϊ η ί ο

ο υ ) ,

ΐ η ΐ Κ β α ο τ ί β ί Π .

Ρ Γ 6 3 . Ί - σ τ ά ( α ) - ν α ι τ ι - θ ί - ν α ι ί ι - ΐ ό - ν α ι ί ( ΐ κ - ν ύ ( ν ) - ν α ι

Α . I I .

σ τ ή - ν α ι

θ ι ϊ - ν α ι δ ο ν - ν α ι

Τ ΐ ι β

Ι η δ η ϊ ΐ ί ν β ο £ ί ΐ ι β ρ α 8 δ ί ν β

α ο Γ Ϊ δ ί

ο ί α ΐ ΐ ν ε Λ β Ϊ 3 Ι ϋ β

σ τ ή ν α ι

« $

τ ν ι τ ή - ν α ι , β ο ν \ ε ν θ ή - ν α ι ,

ρ .

Τ Η β ο η ύ ί η § 8 ο £ ί Η β

Ρ α Γ ί ί ο ΐ ρ Ι ε

ρ Γ β β ε η ί α η < 1 α ο ή β ΐ ; I I .

α τ έ

ν τ ϊ , ν τ σ α , ν τ ,

\ ν ι ΐ ο 1 ι

ι ι η ΐ ί β λ ν ί ί ΐ ι

ί ΐ ι ε

ο Ι ι α Γ α ο ί β π δ Ι ί ο

ν ο λ ν ε ΐ

Η ^ ο ο Γ ί ϋ η ^ ί ο ί Η β ο ι ΐ Β ί ο ι η ί ΐ ΐ ' ^ τ ι ι ΐ β β

Ί - σ τ ά - ν τ ς = ί - σ τ ά ς ( α ) , ί - σ τ α σ α , ί - σ Γ Ο ν ( α ) < ό ς , σ τ α σ α , ό τ α ν

τ ι - θ ί - ν τ ς

=

Τ ί - θ ι ί ς , ί ΐ σ α , ε ν θ ι ί ς , θ ί ϊ σ ο , Θ Ι ν

ί ι - ί ό - ν τ ς = Ι ι - ί ο ύ ς , ο ΰ σ α , ό ν

Ι ο ύ ς ,

Ι ο ϋ α α , ί ό ν

δ ε ι κ - ν ν - ν τ ς =

δ ε ι κ - ν ν ς ζ ν ) ,

ί σ α , ν ν

Τ Η β

Ρ α Γ ί ϊ ο ϊ ρ Ι θ

ο ί

β ο Λ

ρ α β β ί ν β

α ο ώ ί β

ο ί

& 1 1

ν β Λ β

ί ο ΐ ί ο ι τ β

τ ι θ ε ί ς

Ο Γ

θ ι ί ς 3 . 3 τ υ π - ( ί ς , ε ϊ σ α , ε ν / 3 ο ι > λ ε υ θ - £ ΐ ' ς .

2 .

Τ Η β

ρ β Γ δ ο η α ο η ( 1 ΐ η § 8 ο ί

ί Η θ

π ι ϊ ά ά ΐ β

β η ί ί Γ β ΐ 7

α § Γ β β

\ ν ί ί ι

ί Η θ 8 β ο £

ί ΐ ι β

ν β Λ β

ΐ ι ι ω , 1 > υ . ί , ί η ί ΐ ι β

2 .

ρ β Γ β ο η β ΐ η § α 1 α Γ

Ι η ά ϊ ο α -

ί ϊ ν β ρ Γ β β β η ί ί ΐ η ά ϊ ι η ρ β Γ ί β ο ί , α η < 1 ί ΐ ι β ρ Γ β β ε η ί

Ι π ι ρ β Γ α Ι ί ν β ,

ί ΐ ι β

ρ ε Γ θ ο η α Ι ε η ά ΐ η ^ δ ΐ η τ α & η γ

0 & 8 6 8

Γ θ ί α ΐ η ί Κ β ί Γ ί α ΐ ΐ ί ο π η ( σ α ι

α η ά

σ ο ) β β β ί ΐ ι β ρ α ι · α ά ϊ § π ΐ 8 .

Β & η α τ λ

3 .

ϊ ΐ ι β

δ ΐ η ^ υ Ι β Γ

ί ι η ρ Θ Γ Γ β ο Ι

β ο ΐ ΐ ν β

ο ί τ ί θ η μ ι

& η ά

ί ί ί ω / ι ι

Ϊ 3

§ β η β -

ί ο π η β ά ί ι - ο ι η Τ Ι Θ Ε Ω & η < 1

Δ Ι Δ Ο Ω

- ν τ ί Λ Λ β ο α β ί ο π ι α τ ^ ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί ί ο η β .

1 3 8

[ c h a p . v n .N T H E

V E R B .

I n v e r b s

i n

v p i t h e c o - e x i s t i n g f o r m s i n v i a ( y ) a r e u s e d , f o r t h e w h o l e

p r e s e n t , a n d g e n e r a l l y

f o r t h e

i m p e r f e c t ,

e s p e c i a l l y

f o r

t h e

3 . p e r s o n

p l u r a l I n d i c a t i v e ,

a n d

t h e

P a r t i c i p l e

a n d

e x c l u s i v e l y

f o r

t h e

C o n j u n c t i v e

p r e s e n t , a n d

O p t a t i v e i m p e r f e c t a s I v S t i K v v w , o f i v v w ,

o v f i f i i y v v w ,

a s w e l l

a s

i v S t i i c v v i i i ,

o / i v u / j i ,

a v / t f i i y v v i u .

T E N S E - F O K M A T I O X .

§ 1 3 1 .

I . F i r s t

C l a s s

o f V e r b s i n

f U .

1 . I n

t h e f o r m a t i o n

o f

t h e

t e n s e s o f

t h e

w h o l e a c t i v e ,

a s

w e l l a s o f t h e f u t u r e a n d a o r i s t I . m i d d l e , t h e s h o r t c h a r a c

t e r i s t i c v o w e l , a , e ,

o ,

i s

l e n g t h e n e d

v i z . a i n t o r j , s i n t o

i )

a n d

( i n t h e

p e r f e c t

a c t i v e o f t L Q ^ i

a n d v y / u )

i n t o s t , o i n t o

c o

;

b u t

i t

i s

r e t a i n e d

i n

t h e

o t h e r

t e n s e s

o f t h e m i d d l e ,

a n d

a l l

t h e t e n s e s o f t h e p a s s i v e , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e

p e r f e c t

a n d p l u p e r f e c t o f r l O r j / i i a n d i t j j i i , w h i c h h a v e t h e s i o f t h e

p e r f e c t

a c t i v e ( r e ' d e u e a , T i Q s i f i a i ,

e t i c a , s I / m l i ) .

2 .

T h e

a o r i s t I . a c t i v e a n d

m i d d l e

o f

T i O i j f i i , f y f u ,

a n d

S l S c o / a i

h a s

k

( n o t < r )

f o r

i t s


e - d r j - K - a ,

T j - K - a , s - B c o - K - a .

B u t

t h e

f o r m s

o f

t h e

a o r i s t I . a c t i v e , s f f i j K a , r ^ i c a ,

a n d

e S m i c a , a r e u s e d o n l y i n t h e I n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r i n c i p a l l y i n t h e

s i n g u l a r

o n l y

; i n

t h e

o t h e r p e r s o n s , a s

w e l l

a s

t h e

o t h e r

M o o d s a n d t h e P a r t i c i p i a l s , t h e f o r m s o f t h e a o r i s t I I . a r e

g e n e r a l l y u s e d . S o , a l s o , t h o s e o f t h e a o r i s t I I . m i d d l e

w e r e u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h o s e o f

t h e a o r i s t

I . m i d d l e o f T i d r j / u ,

i r j f i i ,

a n d B i & o o f u .

O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e I n d i c a t i v e f o r m s

o f

t h e

s i n g u l a r

a o r i s t I I .

o f

T t ' 0 » / / u ,

f t y u ,

a n d

B l S c o f u

( e O r j v ,

f y ,

a n d s B t o v ) w e r e

n o t

a t a l l u s e d .

§ 1 3 2 . ]

1 3 9

E R B S I N M I .

3 . T h e v e r b

l a - r r j / i i

f o r m s t h e a o r l s t I . a c t i v e

a n d

m i d d l e ,

l i k e

v e r b s

i n

< o ,

w i t h

t h e


a

s - a r r j - a - a ,

i - a v r i - e r - d / i r j v . T h e a o r i s t

I I . m i d d l e s < r r d p . r f v i s

n o t

a t a l l

u s e d . B u t s o m e

o t h e r

v e r b s

f o r m

i t

a s

h r r a f i i ) v , h r p i r

d f i r ) v .

R e m a r k 1 .

T h e

a o r i s t I I .

a n d f u t u r e

I I .

p a s s i v e a r e w a n t i n g i n

t h e s e

v e r b s , a s

w e l l

a s t h e f u t u r e I I I . ,

e x c e p t

i n

l o r q / u

i a r i f e u , o l d A t t i o , a n d

t f f r i i Z o i i a t .

R e m a r k

2 .

W i t h

r e g a r d t o

s i g n i f i c a t i o n ,

t h e

f o l l o w i n g i s t o b e o b

s e r v e d

r e s p e c t i n g

t h e

v e r b

i ' < r r > ; / «

t h e

p r e s e n t ,

i m p e r f e c t ,

f u t u r e ,

a n d

a o r i s t

I .

a c t i v e h a v e t h e t r a n s i t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , t o p l a c e ; o n t h e c o n

t r a r y , t h e a o r i s t I I . , t h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t a c t i v e , a n d f u t u r e H I .

h a v e t h e

r e f l e c t i v e

o r

i n t r a n s i t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , t o p l a c e

o n e ' s

s e l f ,

t o

s t a n d ;

t h u s

t a T t ) v , I

p l a c e d m y s e l f

o r

s t o o d ; ' i a r n K a ,

I h a v e p l a c e d

m y s e l f , I s t a n d ,

s t o ; i a r r i K t i v , s t d b a m e f f r i j f w , e o T T j i o p a i , s t d b o ( a ^ e t r r i j j w , / s h a l l f a l l o f f )

T h e

m i d d l e

s i g n i f i e s e i t h e r t o p l a c e f o r o n e ' s

s e l f

o r h a v e e r e c t e d , o r p l a c e

o n e ' s s e l f , c o n s i s t e r e , o r

h a v e

o n e ' s s e l f p l a c e d , e . b e p l a c e d .

§ 1 3 2 . I T . S e c o n d

C l a s s o f V e r b s i n

f U .

T h e f o r m a t i o n o f

t h e

t e n s e s o f

t h e s e c o n d

c l a s s

( § 1 2 8 . )

i n v o l v e s

n o

d i f f i c u l t y .

A f t e r

t h r o w i n g

o f f

t h e

e n d i n g

v w f i i

a n d w / u ,

a l l

t e n s e s

a r e f o r m e d f r o m t h e s t e m . T h e v e r b s

i n

o , w h i c h h a v e

t h i s l e n g t h e n e d i n t o

t o

i n

t h e

p r e s e n t , r e t a i n

t h e - c r a > ,

& c .

B u t v e r b s

w h o s e

s t e m

e n d s

i n

a l i q u i d , t a k e a

t h e m e e n d i n g i n

a

v o w e l

i n t h e f o r m a

t i o n o f s o m e o f t h e i r t e n s e s ; a s B / i - w - f i i , A o r . w / t - o - a a f r .

' O M O & > . T h e a o r i s t I I . a n d

f u t u r e

I I . p a s s i v e a r e f o u n d

o n l y i n a f e w v e r b s a s % e v y - w - f i i .

§ 1 3 3 . P a r a d i g m s o f

3

p - i

A C T I V E .

S . l

2

3

D . 1

2

3

P . 1

2

3

D .

P .

X - O T T J - Q

X - o t j i - o i ( v )

X - t r r a - T o v

X - t x r d - T o v

t - a r d - ' f i i e v

X - v r d - r s

( f r .

l o r d - a m )

6 E ,

p u t .

S . 2

3

D . 2

3

P .

2

r - i r r w

i - O T f j

l - o r i j - T o v

t - a r i j - T o v

( f r .

l a r a B i )

i - ( T T a ( a ) - T t a

X - G T a - T O V

i - O T a ( a ) - T i j > v

X - a r d - T i

t - ( r r a ( a ) - r t o t r a v

a n d i - a r a v T t o v

T i - O r i - p i

r i - 9 i \ - q

T l - 0 I ) - ( X t ( v )

r i - O e - r o v

T t - 9 t - T 0 V

T i - 9 i - p t v

r i - 9 t - T 6

r i - 9 t - a m ( v )

& n - 9 i t m ( y )

A O ,

g w e .

A E I K ,

s h o w .

T i - 0 &

n - 9 y

T l - 9 r \ - T O V

T l - 9 r j - T O V

T i - e i j - r e

T t - 9 u i - 1 J t ( v )

f i i - d o - r o v

d i ~ 3 o - T o v

S i - S o - f t i v

d i - S o - r t

d i - S o - d m ( v )

S . 1

2

D .

i - f r r d ( a ) - v a t

a f ( a ) , G t . d v T o g

t - f f T T J - V

' l - < J T r j

X - v r a - T o v

t ~ < r r d ( a ) - T r j v

X - t T T a - f t e v

7 - o r a - r c

r i - 9 u

( f r . H 9 e 9 t )

T i - 9 k - T ( a

T l - Q t - T O V

T l - d k - T O J V

T l - Q k - T l i M J d V

a n d T i - Q k w h i v

r i - d k - v a t

T t - d d g ,

£ t ( r a , k v

G . E V T O Q

6 1 - d t p s

S i - d o v

( f r . d i d o Q t )

S i - 5 6 - r u )

d i - d o - r o v

d t - S 6

- T t o t r a v

& 8 i - 8 6 v t w v

( - H - 9 o v v

i - r i - 9 u

i - T l - 0 l - T O V

i - T l - 9 i - T t \ V

c - H - 9 t - / i e v

h - T l - Q t - T t

k - T i - Q t - t r a v

S i - d o v g , o v a a ,

6 v t

G r . O V T O Q

S t t K - V V - f U \ )

S e i K - v v - r o v

S u K - V V - T O V

B t i i c - v v - f i t v

S e i K - v { ( v ) - d < n ( v )

& c .

S e i K - v v

( f r . d e i i c v v d t )

S U K - V V - ' T O V

S e i K - i r f i - T i o f f a v

^ ( w ) ,

G r .

V V T O Q 2 ) f

i - d i - S o v v

e - S t - S o v c

k - S l - S o - T O V

s - S i - d o - T C

t - d t - d o - f f a v

e - d e t K - v v v

I S f t K - V V - T O V

i - B s t i c - v v - f i e v

i - S t t K - v v - t r a v

i m p i .

t d u K w o v , v i t , v e ( v ) . S e e § 1 3 0 . R e m a r k 3 .

S o

a l s o i n t h e

V e r b s i n f i t .

M I D D L E .

2 T A ,

p l a c e .

6 E ,

p u t .

A O ,

g i v e .

A E I K ,

s h o w .

X - a r a - f i a i

T i - 9 i - n < u

i i - t o - f u u d t U - v v - f i a t

X - c r r d - f f a i r l - 9 t - a a i a n d r i - 9 y

d u K - v u - a a i

X - a r d - T a i

t I - 9 i - t o i

f i i - S o ' T a i

f i e t K - v i j - T a i

i ~ t 7 T a ( a ) - f i £ 6 o v

T i - 9 k - f i t 9 o v

S i - f i o - f t t B o v

f t u K - v v t v ^ ' j i t B o v

X - f T r a - a S o v

r l - 9 i - o 9 o v

5 1 - S o - f f B o v S t i K - v v - o 8 u v

X - t r r a - a 9 o v

T t - 9 t - o 9 o v

S i - S o - o B o v S e i K - v v - a B u v

T i - 9 i - / i t 9 a

l i - d 6 - / i ( B a

d t i i c - v v ( v ) - ) i t 8 a

X - o r a - o O e

r i - 9 i - o 8 e

S i - S o - o B e S c i K - v v - t r B t

X - o r a - V T a t T i - 9 i - v T a t

I t - S o - v r a i

S t i K - v v - v r a t

1 - a T b j - f i a i 3 )

T L ' 9 w - f i a i

8 e u c v v - ( t } [ i c a

i - a r p n - 9 y

f c u c v v - y

i - V T i j - T a i

T t - 9 i ) - T a i

& c .

1 - O T W - / K 0 O J '

T l - 9 l i ) - f l ( 9 o V S i - S h i - f i e d o p

i - f f T i j - ( r 9 o v

T i - 9 r j - < r 9 o v

S i - l w - a B o v

i - o r r j - a B o v

T i - 8 r j - o 9 o v

S i - f i t o - f f B o v

i - a r t a - i x t B a

T L - 9 i o - f i f 9 a

S t - S w - f i e B a

U o T > j - a 8 c

T t - 9 r j - < r 9 i S i - d < S - ( r 8 e

l - O T U - V T a i T i - 9 i o - v r a i

l i - S u i - V T a i

' i - a r a - a o a n d

n - B e - a o a n d 5 i - 5 o - < r o a n d

S t i K - v v - a o

X - a r t i i

r i - 9 o v

t - f f r a - ( T 0 6 > T i - 9 e - a 9 t o

S e u c - v v - f f B u )

X - f f r a - < r 9 o v

t ' i - 9 & - o 9 o v

S L - S o - t r B o v

S s L K - V V - f f B o V

i - o r a - a 9 o i v

T i - 9 e - o 9 u i v S f S o - a B u i v S i i K - v v - a B i o v

X - a r a - o Q t

T i - 9 e < r 9 e

S i - d o - a 8 t

S i l x - v v - a B t

\ - r r T a - a 9 u a a v a n d

T i - 8 t - a 9 a o a v

a n d S i - S o - o B u i t r a v a n d

f o i K - v v - o B w a a v a n d

\ - a r a - a 9 i a v

T i - B i - a B i a v

S i - S 6 - a 0 w v d i i K - v v - a 6 o i v

X - a r a - a 9 a i

T i - 9 t - a 9 a i S i - S o - a B m

S i t K - v v - o t i q i

i - a r a ( a ) - n t v o £ ,

T t - 9 e - f i s v o e ,

o v

d i - d i - p t v o g ,

o v

o v

V > o v

l - r i - 9 ' t - j i r \ v

k - S i - 8 6 ' H T j v

i - S u K - v v ( y ) - ) i r i v

X - m a - c o

a n d i - T i - 9 t - a o a n d

l - S i - S o - o o a n d

1 - B t ' i K - v v - a o

X - I 7 T U 1 l - H - 9 o v

l - S i - l o v

T - f f r a - r o t - T l - 9 t - T O

l - S l - S o - T O 1 - d l t K - V V - T O

i - a T a ( j i ) - i i t 9 o v i - r i - 9 t - f i t 9 o v

i - S i - S o - p t B o v l - S e i K - v i f t i ' ) - j i c B o v

X - g t c i * u 9 o v i - T l - 9 i - t s 9 o V

t - f i i - S o - ^ o v

i - f i e i K - v v - a B o v

i - a r d - t j B r j v l - T i - 9 k ~ ( r 8 j ] v

e - d i - d o - a B t j v

i - f c i K - v v - o 8 t i v

l - O T a ( a ) - f i i 8 a

l - T i - 9 e - / i t 9 a

t - t i L ' d v - f i t B a

i - $ t i K - v v ( i ? ) - j i t B a

X - t r r a - a B e

i - T i - 9 e - o 9 t

i - S i - B o - o B i

i - S t i K - v v - a B e

X - O T C t - V T O

l - T l - 9 l - V T O

i - f i i - f i o - v r o

1 - S e ' l K - V V - V T O

2 )

c o m m o n l y

l c w v v ( y ) - o > v , o v a a , o v .

§ 1 3 0 .

R e m a r k

3 .

3 ) U p o n

t h e

a n o m a l o u s


o f

k m a T a / i a i ,

& c ,

s e e

}

1 3 4 ,

1 .

1 4 2

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N T H E

V E R B .

A C T I V E — c o n t i n u e d .

8

o

S . l

2

3

D .

1

2

3

P . 1

2

3

E T A ,

p l a c e .

i - a r a i - i j

l - f f T a i - T o v

i - t r r a i - r t j v

i - < r r a i - p e v

i - ( r r a i - T t

i - a r a i - e v

1 )

e E ,

j t w t f .

T t - O t t - I J V

r t - Q e i - T j g

t i - O e i - t o v

1 )

T t r - B t l - T f f V

T L - B e X - f i e v

r t - O e l - r e

T l - Q t i - t V

A O ,

g i v e .

B t - d o i - t j s

S t - S o t - T J

S l - S o i - T O V

1 )

S t - d o i - r t j v

S t - d o t - r e

A E I K ,

s h o w .

S e i k v v ( v ) ~ o i q

& c .

S . 1

2

3

D . 1

2

3

P . 1

2

3

S .

1

2

3

D . 1

2

3

P . 1

2

3

D .

1 - v T t i - v , I s t o o d

t - a r r j ~ Q

t - a r r \

e - a r r j - r o v

i - t J T r \ - T y \ v

l ~ U T i \ - t s a v

Q - 9 r , - v )

t - 9 e - r o v

t - 9 e - r r j v

t - 9 e - f i e v

e - 9 e - t e

d ^

5

f f r w

2 )

( T T t o - f X t V

( T T 7 J - T E

f j r c a - r \ v

v t a i - t )

( r r a i - T j T o v 3 )

( T T C t l - r } T T ] V

a r a t - i j f i t v

( j T a ' i - r \ T E

9 &

2 )

9 j

9 r j - r o v

9 r j - T O v

9 w - f l £ V

9 i } - T e

9 u t - a i ( y )

9 e ' i - t i v

9 e ' i - t i q

9 t i - T ) T O V 3 )

9 e t - r j r t i v

9 e i - T } [ 1 £ V

9 e t - r j T £

9 e i - e v

( e - B w - p )

( t - o V )

t - S o - f i e v

E - d o - T E

w a n t i n s ;

S & 2 )

C U J - T O V

f i l Z - T O V

d d S - f i E V

S o t - T J V

d o t - J J

S o i - r j r o v 3 )

S o t - r } T i j v

S o i - r j f i E V

S o ' t - r j T E

S o t - E V

1 ) S e e $ 1 3 0 . R e m a r k 1 .

2 )

T h e

c o m p o u n d s

a s

a - r r o o T u ,

I k Q i S ,

S i a d w ,

h a v e

t h e

s a m e


a s

t h e s i m p l e s a s c n r o o T u i a i , t i c f l ^ r o v , S i a S i J f i t v .

3 ) S e e

§ 1 3 0 .

R e m a r k

1 .

§ 1 3 3 . ] V E R B S I N M I .

1 4 3

M I D D L E — c o n t i n u e d .

S T A ,

p l a c e .

6 E , p u t .

A O ,

g i v e .

A E I K , s h o w .

i - < T T a l - p n v 4 )

T i - 9 o i - p t i v 5 )

n - 9 o i - o

i i - $ o i - p r i v

i - o T a i - o

S i S o i - o

d e i K V v ( v ) - o t o

i - O T a i - r o

T l - 9 o X - T O

l i - d o i - r o

& c .

\ - O T a x - p i t 9 o v

T i - 9 o t - i u 9 o v

S i - S o i - / i t 9 o v

l - a r a i - o G o v

T i - 9 o i ~ c 9 o v

S t - S o i - a 9 o v

T i - 9 o i - f f 9 n v

d i - 8 o i - a 9 t ] v

I ' f f r a i - f i e B a

i - r j r a i - n 9 t

T i ' 9 o i ' f i t 9 a

8 t - f i o i - n t 9 a

T i - 9 o i - t j 9 t

8 t - 8 o i - < T 9 £

$ l - 8 6 i - V T O

' U T a i ' V T O T I - 9 6 1 - V T O

( i - o r d - p t i v

i s

n o t

f o u n d ; b u t :

i - 9 i - j i n v

i - 8 6 - f i r i v

i - 9 o v

( f r . ? 0 £ < r o ) ( S o v ( f r . l o o m )

i - T r p i a - f i r ] v )

l - 9 t - T O E - S o - T O

i - 9 ' i - f i ( 9 o v

l - $ 6 - f i f 9 o v

t - 8 o - a 9 o v

w a n t i n g

i - 9 e - < r 9 o v

i - 9 i - o 9 n v

i - 9 k - f i t 9 a

l - S 6 - p . i 9 a

i - l o - a 9 c

- 9 e - < r 9 e

£ - 9 t - V T O

i - S o - V T O

( o r w - ^ a i i s n o t

9 ( a - / t a i 6 )

S w - p a i 6 )

f o u n d b u t

i r p i - w / i a i )

H

9 r j - r a i

S d S - r a t

9 t o - f i e 9 o v

S ( o - f x t 9 o v

9 r j - o 9 o v

d t S - t r O o v

9 i j - ( r 9 o v

9 ( I > - f i t 9 a

9 i j - a 9 e

S w - t r O e

d u > - v T a i

( 2 - v r a i

( a r a i - p r i v

i s

n o t

f o u n d

b u t

O o i - j i r i v

7 )

S o t - f x r j v

7 )

9 o l - o

S o i - o

i r p i a i j x n v ,

a i o ,

a i r o , & C . )

9 o i - r o

$ o T - r o

9 o t - f i e 9 o v

S o t - f i s Q o v

9 o i - a 9 o v

S o i - a B o v

9 o i - o 9 t ) v

S o i ~ a 9 r j v

•

9 o i - i i i 9 a

d o i - f i e Q a

9 o l - o 9 e

S o i - a O e

9 o i - v t o

S o i - V T O

4 ) U p o n t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n

i n

l i r i a r a i a , & c „

s e e

1 3 4 , 2 .

5 )

S e e

§

1 3 4 ,

2 .

6 ) I n c o m p o s i t i o n , l v 0 u p . m , y , i j r m , & C . ,

a n o Q i S p m ,

y , i j r a i , & c , i x i i S f U U ,

■ j > , c u r a t , & c . ,

d i c o l u f i a i ,

£ ,

w r a i

& c . 7 ) S e e § 1 3 4 ,

2 .

1 4 4

[ c h a p ,

t o .

N

T H E

V E R B .

A C T I V E — c o n t i n u e d .

T e n s e s .

M o o d s .

N u m b e r s .

P e r s o n s .

J I T

A ,

p l a c e .

B E ,

p u t .

A O ,

g i v e .

A E I K ,

s h o w .

S . 2

3

O T r j - 9 l 1 )

9 s g ( f r . S i f t )

2 )

S 6 g

( f r .

S 6 9 i ) 2 )

8 6 - T e

a

9 t - T ( 0

Q t - T O V

9 t - T U ) V

( r r r i - T U )

H

D . 2

3

a r i j - T O v

3

M

< T T l ) - r t 0 V

H

P . 2

3

n r r f - T t

2

C T t j - T l O f f a V & B ' t - r i a a a v a n d d o - r u H T a v a n d

a

i —

a r d v r u i v

H

O T t j - v a i

Q t i - v a i

A

I

o r d g

( a ) ,

a < r a ,

a v

G r . a v r o f

9 e i g ,

l i a a ,

i v

d o v e ,

d o v a a f

b v

B

G r .

8 ' l V T O Q

G .

S o V T O Q

A o b ..

e - 9 n - K a

f o r

t h e

d u a l

a

c a t i v e ,

a n d t

a n d

P a r t i c i p

( § 1 3 1 , 2 . ) .

H - £ a i - K a

n d

p l u r a l I n d i -

l e o t h e r M o o d s

l a l s ,

a o r i s t

I I .

t - S u i Z a

N

X

t - f f r i j - i c a 3 )

s t o .

r e - 0 £ i - i c a

S s - S u > - K a

S e - ^ u x a

&

i

i - a r r j - K t i v &

i - d t - S J i t - K e i v

F . I I I .

t - a r r i Z i U ) o l d

A t t .

w a n t i n g w a n t i n g

w a n t i n g

P A S S I V E .

A O E I S T I .

£ - o r a ( a ) - 0 i ) ) > { - r t - f t j v 4 )

e - d o - B r j v

i - S t t X ~ 6 n v

1 )

A n d i n c o m p o s i t i o n

w a p d < T T n 9 i , i r a p a a r d

a i r 6 < r r t ] 9 i ,

d v o B T a

( § 1 3 0 .

R e m a r k 2 . ) .

2 )

I n

c o m p o s i t i o n i r t p W t g , t v Q i g a v 6 S o g , e i c f i o g p l u r . T r t p i O t r t , e x S o r e .

3 ) S e e § 1 3 4 , 3 .

§

1 3 3 . ]

1 4 5

E R B S

I N M I .

M I D D L E - — c o n t i n u e d .

2 T A ,

p l a c e .

6 E , p v t .

A O , g i v e . A E I K , s h o w .

( a r a - a o

a n d

a r i a a r e

n o t

f o u n d ; b u t :

i r p i a a o o r

9 o i ( f r . 6 6 < T 0 )

5 )

S o i ( f r .

J o t r o )

5 )

9 t - < r 6 u

9 t - a 9 o v

9 k - t r 9 u i v

d 6 - o 9 u t

S 6 ~ t r 9 o v

S 6 - o 9 b t v

0 E - < T 0 E

l o - a 9 c

•

9 k - a 9 i n a a v a n d

9 t - a 9 w v

8 6 - a 9 ( o ( r a v

a n d

S 6 - a 0 u v

( a r a - a B a i ) i t p i -

a a O a i

9 i - < j Q a i

l o - a 9 m

( f f r a - / i £ V O s ) 7 r p t -

a j i t v o Q

9 ' i - p . l V O Q , O V

S o - f i t v o s ,

n , o v

( T T - q - f f o f i a i

9 i i - a o f i a i S u ) - f f o f i a i

I t i Z o p a i

i - a T J i - o a p r i v Q - 9 7 j ' K d - f j L r j v

f o r

t h e s e t h e

A t t

H .

m i d d l e ,

§

1 3

( i - S w - K a - f i r j v )

i c s

u s e d t h e a o r i s t

1 , 2 .

t - S t t Z a f i t ) v

i - a T a - f i c a T £ - 9 e t - f t a i

S e - S o - p a t

S t - S e i y / i a i

l - T t - 9 n - f i t ) v l - S t - l 6 - p . i ] v

I S i - S e i y f i t j v

i - a T i i X o f i a i

w a n t i n g

w a n t i n g

w a n t i n g

P A S S I V E .

F u t u r e I .

B T a - Q r i a o p a i

T f 9 > ' i < r o i i a i 4 )

S i i X - 9 t i < j < > i i a i

4 ) t T t S n v a n d 7 - £ 0 i ; ( x o / j a i i n s t e a d o f I 9 t 9 > ) v a n d e t e q a o f i a i , s e e § 8 ,

5 ) I n

c o m p o s i t i o n n a r a B o v , a m B o v ,

m p i S o v , a v 6 S o v b u t

i v B u v

t i s B o v , v p o d o v , M o v ( §

8 4 .

K e m a r k 2 . ) .

1 4 6

[ c h a p .

v n .N T H E

V E R B .

§

1 3 4 . R e m a r k s

o n - t h e

P a r a d i g m s .

1 .

T h e

v e r b s

S v v a f i a t , I c a n , i i r i t r r a / i a t y I

k n o w ,

K p e / i a f m t , 2 h a n g , a n d

i r p i a o i a t , t o b u y , h a v e a n a c c e n t u a t i o n

d i f f e r i n g f r o m t h a t

o f ' h r a f i a i , i n

t h e


p r e s e n t ,

a n d O p t a t i v e i m p e r f e c t , v i z . : C o n j .

t i v v t o f t a i ,

l i r i < T T U > i i a i ,

i j r a i ,

n r i Q o v , n o B f ,

t a v r a i O p t . $ v v a ' i p r } v ,

l m a r a i u . r ) V ,

a t o ,

a i r e ,

a i o B o v , a i a d e ,

a i v r o

s o a l s o , o v a t f t r j v , a t o , a t r o . ( §

1 3 5 ,

4 . )

2 .

T h e

m i d d l e O p t a t i v e - f o r m s o f t h e

i m p e r f e c t

a n d a o r i s t I I .

i n

o t

T i 8 o i i i n v ,

S o t p n v , a r e p r e f e r r e d t o t h o s e i n

f t

r t B i i / i n v , t l o , t i r o ,

& c ,

B e i f i r i v ,

e T o ,

t i r o , & c . I n c o m p o s i t i o n , t h e a c c e n t r e m a i n s a s i n t h e s i m p l e v e r b s ,

t h u s i v B o i i i r i v ( i v 6 t i ) i > ] v ) , I v B o t o Q v B t l o ) ,

& c .

T h i s i s

a l s o

t r u e w i t h

r e s p e c t t o t h e

c o m p o u n d s o f

d o i / i r / v

a s

d i a d o l / i n v ,

d i a S o l o ,

& c .

3 . T h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t t o - r t j i c a , f o r i / n a v ( n o t

t l a r i i K u v )

f o r m t h e

d u a l

a n d p l u r a l i m m e d i a t e l y f r o m

t h e

s t e m , v i z .

i - a r a - r o v ,

' i - o - r a - p e v ,

e - v r a - r t , t - c r r a f f ( ( v ) P I p f .

' i - a r a - r o v , d r i j v , t - t j r a - f u v ,

E - o r a - r t , E - o r a - o a v

e < r r a v a t ( a )

i s r e g u l a r l y

u s e d

i n s t e a d o f

i a r r i K k v a i .

T h e P a r t i c i p l e

a p p e a r s

i n t h e f o r m l a r t a g ,

S a a , w g ,

G r . d r o g ,

w a n e ,

a s w e l l a s i c r r n n u g , v i a , 6 g , G .

o r o g ,

v l a g .

4 .

T h e

f o r m s

o f

t h e i m p e r f e c t

M O o v v ,

t i g ,

a ,

i d l S o w ,

o v g , o v ,

a r e

f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c o n j u g a t i o n i n k m a n d 6 < o . T h e o t h e r

f o r m s

i r i f f i i v ,

n g , n , i S i S u i v , t a g , w ,

a r e

n o t u s e d . ( § 1 3 0 . K e m . 3 . )

S u r v e y o f

V e r b s

i n

M I .

I . V e r b s i n f u w h i c h j o i n t h e P e r s o n a l

E n d i n g s


o n t o t h e

S t e m - V o w e l .

§ 1 3 5 . V e r b s i n a ( Z - t r r q - f u ,

2 T A - .

1 . i c l - x p T j - f i i ,

I l e n d ,

I l e t

o u t

( X P A - ) ,

K V ) ( p a v a i . F u t .

X p r \ -

< r a > ,

& C .

M i d .

t o

b o r r o w .

F u t .

x p r j a o f i a i .

( A o r .

e x p r j t r a p r j v

i s n o t u s e d b y t h e A t t i c s i n t h i s s e n s e . ) T o t h e s a m e s t e m

b e l o n g

§ 1 3 5 . ]

1 4 7

E R B S I N M I .

2 . X P V >

o p o r t e t

( r o o t X P A - a n d X P E - ) , C o n j . X P V > I n f .

X p r j v a i ,

P a r t ,

( t o )

y p s w v .

I m p f .

s ^ p r j v

o r

' x p r j v ,

O p t .

x p s i r )

( f r .

X P E - ) a n d ,

3 .

a n b ~ j ( p 7 ] ,

i t

i s

s u f f i c i e n t ,

s u f f i c i t , f o r m e d r e g u l a r l y

f r o m

X P A X 1

a T r o y p a x T W , I n f .

a t r o j ^ v .

I m p f . a i r i - ^ p r ) . A o r .

a i r i ^ p r j a s i v ) , & c . M i d . a i r o ^ p w y i u i , I h a v e e n o u g h , a i r o j ^ r j -

a 6 a i , i s l i k e ■ x p d o / u u .

4 . h v i v r i n i , I

b e n e f i t ( ' O N A ) , o v i v a v a i . I m p f .

A c t . w a n t i n g .

F u t . 6 v r j ( r a > , A o r . t o v r j c r a .

M i d .

o v i v a f i a i , I

I i a v e

a d v a n t a g e .

F u t .

o v r j a - o f M U .

A o r .

I I .

{ b v i j f i r j v , r ) < T o , r j T O ,

& c . ,

I m p e r .

o v T j a o ,

P a r t , o v r j f i e v o s ,

O p t . o v a i f i t j v ,

a i o ,

a v r o ( § 1 3 4 , 1 . ) ,

I n f .

o v a a O a i .

A o r . P a s s . w v r j O r i v

i n s t e a d o f

m v r \ ) i t \ v .

T h e o t h e r

f o r m s a r e s u p p l i e d

b y

a x f r s k s i v .

5 .

7 T i ' - / i - 7 r \ ? 7 - / 4 t , J ( I I A A - ) ,

T T i f n r X d v a i .

I m p f .

i T r { / j , 7 r \ r ] v .

F u t . 7 r \ ? ; ( r e o . A o r . h r X r j c r a .

M i d .

i r L f i / i r k a i x a i , t r L i x i r K a a O a i .

I m p f . s T r i , / j L T r \ d f i r j v . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . v i i f K ^ a i i a t , . A o r .

P a s s .

£ i r \ t f ( r 0 r } v .

—

M i d .

T h e / j i n t h e r e d u p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g v e r b , f a l l s a w a y i f

a

n

c o m e s

b e f o r e

t h e

r e d u p l i c a t i o n ,

i n c o m p o s i t i o n a s i f u r i i r X a ^ a i ,

b u t

i v e i r i f i i r X d f i r j v .

6 . i r i / j , 7 r p r j f j L i , I b u r n , t r a n s i t i v e , e x a c t l y l i k e T r t / n r X T j / u .

7 .

T A H - M I ,

I

b e a r . P r e s .

a n d

I m p f . w a n t i n g ( i n s t e a d o f

t h e s e ,

m r o i x h w , a v s ^ o / j , a i ) . A o r . e f K q v ,

r X a v r j v ,

r X f j O i , r X d s .

F u t .

r X t f c r o f i a i .

P e r f .

r h X ^ K a

( u p o n

t h e

f o r m s

T i r X a f i s v ,

& c ,

( s e e

§ 1 3 4 ,

3 . ) .

8 . < f y r j - f i h

1

s a y ( s t e m < E > A - ) h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m a t i o n .

P r e s e n t .

A C T I V E .

I m p e r f e c t .

S . 1

< t w l * )

M s

S . 1

2

3

t f r j v

2

3

< p i j a i { v )

t y m , u s u a l l y e i p q a d a

I n d i e .

D . 2 $ C L T & V

I n d i e .

D .

2

3

t t y a T O V

l ( p d r r i v ( a )

Q a r o v

t p a / i e v

( p a r e

P .

1

2

3

P .

1

2

3

i t p a r t

i f a a a v

V 2

1 4 8

[ c h a p .

v i r .

N

T H E

V E R B .

P r e s e n t .

I m p e r f e c t .

C o n j .

p u , ■ $ ,

p r j r o v , f w p t v ,

O p t .

f j L i v

a n d

Q a i p s v ,

0 a t ^ r € ,

I m p e r . 0 a 0 t

o r

0 d 0 t ( d ) , 0 a r w ( a ) ,

^ a r o v ( a ) , 0 d r w i ' ( d ) ,

a n d 0 a i r £ , < p a u v

F u t .

A o r .

I n f i n .

P a r t .

( 6 a e , 0 d < r a ,

< p a v , G . f a v r o q ,

f a c i n g

M I D D L E .

P e r f . I m p e r . v K j i a a Q t o , l e t

i t

b e

s a i d .

V e r b .

a d j . ( p a r o g , f a r i o g .

I n c o m p o s i t i o n ,

a s d v n ' 0 > ; / « ,

o i f u p n i i i , d v r i i p r i g , a i j i f y g ,

a v r i f n o i ,

a v j i -

t y n a i , & c .

b u t C o n j . a v n t y i Z , a v r u p y g ,

& c .

R e m a r k 1 . I n

t h e

2 . p e r s o n

< p y g ,

b o t h

t h e

a c c e n t u a t i o n a n d

t h e

s u b

s c r i b e d

a r e

c o n t r a r y

t o

a l l a n a l o g y . U p o n

t h e i n c l i n a t i o n

o f

t h e a c c e n t

o f t h i s

v e r b

i n t h e

I n d i c a t i v e

p r e s e n t

( e x c e p t

< P y e ) , s e e §

1 5 .

R e m a r k 2 .

T h i s v e r b h a s a

d o u b l e s i g n i f i c a t i o n

a )

t o

s a y , i n

g e n e r a l

b ) t o a f f i r m ( a i o ~ ) ,

t o a s s e r t ,

t o a d v a n c e , t o a s s e n t , & c .

T h e f u t u r e

f r i u t a ,

h o w e v e r ,

h a s

o n l y

t h e

l a t t e r


t h e

f o r m e r

w a s

e x p r e s s e d

b y

X i J - w , I p i i . T h e i m p e r f e c t

* § n v ,

w i t h

f a v a i a n d

f a g ,

i s u s e d a o r i s t i c a l l y .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

d e p o n e n t s s h o u l d b e a d d e d

1 . d y a f i a i , I a d m i r e .

I m p f .

r j y d f i T j v . A o r . r p / d a 6 r ) v . F u t .

a / y d c r o f j . a i .

2 .

h v v a f i c u , I c a n ,

h v v a c r a i ,

& c . ,

C o n j . S v v c o f i a t . ( § 1 3 4 ,

1 . ) ,

I m p r .

S v v a c r o , I n f . S u v a c r 6 a i , P a r t . S v v d f t s v o s . I m p f .

i S w d -

f w j v a n d r j h w . , i S v v a , & C . , O p t . h x / v a i f j u q v ,

Z v v a i o

( § 1 3 4 ,

1 . ) .

P u t .

h v i n j a o i x a t .

A o r .

h h v v r ) Q i ] v

a n d

r $ .

a n d

s h w d a O r j v

( §

8 5 .

R e m . ) . P e r f .

h e h v v q f i a t , .

V e r b . a d j . S v v a T o s , p o s s i b l e a n d

p o w e r f u l .

3 .

s i r i a r a i x a i ,

I

k n o w ,

s T r i a r a a a i ,

& c . , C o n j . h r u r r w f t a i

( §

1 3 4 ,

1 . ) ,

I m p r . h r i e r T W ,

& c .

I m p f .

r j i r u r r d p v q v , r j i r l a r a i ,

& c ,

O p t . S T r u r r a L y i / r j v , s i r l c r r a i o ( § 1 3 4 , 1 . ) . F u t .

h r i c r r q c r o j j . a i , .

A o r .

r f r r u 7 T r \ d r \ v . V e r b . a d j .

h r u r r T j r o s .

4 . s p a f i a i ,

I

l o v e ,

i p d c o

i s

u s e d

f o r

i t ,

i n

p r o s e ,

i n

t h e

P r e s .

a n d

I m p f . A o r . ■ q p d a O ^ v , a m a v i . F u t .

s p a c r d r j c r o f i a i ,

a m a b o .

5 .

K p s f u t f u i i , I h a n g , p e n d e . o . O o n i . K o i i u n a a i ( § 1 3 4 ,

1 . ) .

§ 1 3 6 . ]

V E R B S I N

M I . 1 4 9

I m p f .

s K p s f i d f i r j v , O p t . K p s f i a i f i r j v , a i o ,

a i r o

( § 1 3 4 , 1 . ) .

A o r .

S K p s f i d a d ' q v . F u t . K p s f i r j a - o / j x t i , p e n d e b o .

6 .

i r p l a a Q a i ^

t o

b u y ,

h r p i d f i T j v ,

d e f e c t i v e .

A o r .

M i d .

h r p i d -

f i r j v , w h i c h t h e A t t i c s u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e A o r . o f w v i o f u u :

i c o v r j a d f i T j v ( § 8 7 ,

4 . ) , n o t u s e d b y

t h e m ; C o n j . i r p U o p , a i

( 1 3 4 , 1 . ) , O p t . ■ K p i a i f j . r j V , a i o ,

a v r o ( § 1 3 4 , 1 . ) , I m p r . i r p t a a o

o r

i r p l a > , P a r t ,

j r p i d f i s v o s .

§ 1 3 6 . V e r b s i n s ( T i - 6 y - / M , © E - ) .

1 . Z - i j - f i i ( s t e m ' E - ) , I s e n d . M a n y f o r m s o f t h i s v e r b a r e

f o u n d o n l y i n c o m p o s i t i o n .

A C T I V E .

P r e s .

I n d .

i r / f u , ' i r j e ,

0 7 < r t ( v )

' U t o v ;

' U f i f v , u r t , t r t f f t ( j ' ) o r U ~ i o i ( v )

C o n j .

i d , l y e , i f j ; i i j r o v ; t & ) i t v , i i j r t , i w a i ( v ) a < p i u ,

d ^ i f j c , & c .

I m p e r .

( i ' f f l i )

h i ,

i e r a i ,

& c .

I n f .

U v a i .

P a r t ,

i « c ,

i f l i r a ,

i i v

I m p f .

I n d . w v v ( f r . ' I E Q ) , a < p i o v v o r r ) i p i o v v ( s e l d o m V e i v ) , V t i s , t ' t t ; T f r o r ,

t s r » / v

X e ^ i e v , f c r f , V c f f a i * . O p t .

i t

i ' i / v

P e r f . t

K a .

P l p f .

t i ' i c f i i ' . F u t . ? / ( T w .

A .

I . f / K a ( § 1 3 1 , 2 . )

A . H .

I n d . S i n g , i s

s u p p l i e d b y

A o r . I . 1 3 1 ,

2 . ) ;

D . t i r o r , t l r j j v ;

P . t l f i i v , K a O t T f i t v , t i r e , a v t i T t ,

u a a v ,

a Q t Z u a v .

C o n j .

d ^ w ,

y C i

& 0 . O p t .

e f y v , t f y c , t T ? 7 f i r o v ,

e f r i j v

f f y t t i ' ,

J r t ,

e l e v .

I m p e r .

f c ,

a 0 t f ,

s r w s V o j ' , e r w i > e r e , ' i r i a a a v a n d t V r w i ' .

I n f .

e l v a i ,

a < j > t i v a i .

P a r t , e t c , e i < 7 « , f r ,

G . e v r o c ,

f f o i / c ,

« 0 f

v t o c .

M I D D L E .

P r e s .

I n d .

T f / i m ,

T c ( r a ( ,

f r r a t ,

& c .

C o n j .

t u i f i a i ,

a f i w f i a i ,

i y ,

c c t p t y ,

& c .

I m p e r . f r i x o

o r

T o n . I n f . l e a d a i , P a r t ,

i e / i f v o f , o v

I m p f .

A T I L

i & l i r j v , ' U o o , & c . O p t .

i o i f L j j v

( l e t f i q v ) , i o l o , c u p i o t o , S e c .

P e r f . i i i m i , f i t d t i / i c u . I n f . t i a S a i , f u f e i o S a i . P l p f . i 1 i n r } v , i l a o , d f t i a o , & c ,

F u t . r i a o f m i .

A o r .

I . r / i c r i / i i j v

o n l y

i n t h e

I n d . a n d t h a t v e r y s e l d o m .

I n d . i X f L t i v C o n j . t i i f i a i , d ( p w / j . a i , d $ y ,

f i r m ,

d f i j T a i

e l a o ,

d i p i i o o O p t . w p o o i p r i v ,

o i o ,

o l r o , o t f u B a , & C .

t i r o , d i p e X r o I m p e r . o t > ,

e o f l w , & c .

f ? j u £ 9 a ,

& c .

I n f . M a t . P a r t . t ' l U f v o f ,

o v

A o r .

I . i X 8 r \ v ,

P a r t .

i B i t g .

P u t .

I S r i a o f i a t .

V e r b .

a d j .

e r o c ,

t r l o c

( a ^ t r o f )

P A S S I V E .

R e m a r k . U p o n t h e a u g m e n t o f

a < j > i t i i i i , s e e

$ 9 1 , 3 .

L 3

1 5 0

[ c h a p ,

v nN T H E V E R B .

§

1 3 7 .

T Z t / i i

( s t e m

' E 2 - ) , I a m ; a n d E t / x t ( s t e m ' - ) , I g o .

P r e s e n t .

I n d i c a t i v e ,

f

i f i t , I a m

e l



I g o


S .

1

Z i

S .

1

2

3

i u

2

3

f t

e l

i y t

I o t I ( v )

i a r o v

i

e l o i ( y )

D . 2

r y r o v

r y r o v

u t j i e v

D . 2

3

i r o v

i q r o v

l i j r o v

t f f T O V

I r o v

P . 1

t o p h v

P . 1

i f i e f

l I D f U V

2

3

I t f T S f l T S

2

3

i r e

i t j T e

t l o t ( v )

l a a i ( v )

M d l ( v )


l o 9 i


t l v a i



S .

2

3

S .

2

3

i e v a i

D .

2

3

t O T h t

t d T O V

t O T U t V


t Z v , o v a a , o v

D . 2

3

I T U ) , i r p o g L r u }

i r o v


i ' w j > , i o v a a

l o v

G e n .

o v T o g ,

G r . I O V T 0 Q ,

P . 2

3

t a r e

o v a i j Q

P . 2

3

i n

i o v a t j g

i T U o a v

o r

m o r e r a r e l y

( s t i l l m o r e

o v t w v )

i a r t t i v

r a r e l y

i o v r u v

I m p e r f e c t .

S . 1

2

3

D . 2

P . 1

2


T

i \ v

r \ t j Q a

t j v

r f T o v

o r

7 ] < 7 T O V

r / r r i v

o r

i j o T t j v

r j j i e v

r \ r e

o r

i j e r r e

r j a a v

O p t a t i v e .

e i i j v

t h i s

e h )

e h } T o v

e h ' l T T j v

e i r i f i e v ( e l f i e v ^

e t r j T e ( f t )

e i r j a a v

a n d

t i e v

S . 1

3

D . 2

8

P . 1

2

3


f i e t v o f

? a , I w e n t

y e i Q

o r

y e i a Q a

y e i r o v o r

y r o v

y e i r t j v o r

y r i j v

y e i / i e v o r

r j p . e v

y e i r e o r

y r e

r j e f f a v

O p t a t i v e .

l o i f i i

o r

i o i r i v

l o t c

t o t

f o i r o v

l o i r r / v

i o i p e v

w i r e

o i e v

F u t . t n o f i a t ,

e f f y

o r

e f f e i , t f f T c u , & c ,

O p t . I t j o i f i r j v ,

I .

e v e o Q a t ,

P . i a o f i e v o g

U p o n

t h e

s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f

t h e

p r e s e n t ,

s e e R e m a r k 3 .

b e l o w

R e m a r k 1 . U p o n t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t o f d p i , I a m ( e x c e p t

t h e 2 .

p e r s o n

f l ) , s e e

J 1 5 . I n c o m p o u n d s ,

t h e a c c e n t

r e s t s

u p o n t h e

p r e p o s i t i o n a s

f a r

a s t h e g e n e r a l r u l e s o f a c c e n t u a t i o n a l l o w a s T r d p e t / i t ,

■ j z a p e i ,

n a p e r i T i ,

& C ,

I m p e r .

7 r a p i < r f l i ;

b u t

i r a p r \ v ,

o n

a c c o u n t o f

t h e

s y l l a b i c

a u g m e n t ;

i r a p ' e o r a i

o n

a c c o u n t

o f t h e e

w h i c h

h a s

f a l l e n

a w a y

( i r a p e o e r a i ) w a p e i v a i a s

a n

I n f i n i t i v e

w i t h t h e

e n d i n g v a i

i r a p S > ,

y e , y ,

§

1 3 8 . ]

1 5 1

E R B S I N M I .

& c ,

o n a c c o u n t

o f t h e

c o n t r a c t i o n

i r a p w v ,

G .

o v r o g a c c o r d i n g

t o § 8 4 .

K e r n . 2 .

R e m a r k

2 .

T h e

c o m p o u n d s o f e t / j t , e o , f o l l o w t h e s a m e r u l e s a s t h o s e

o f t l p i , s u m ; h e n c e m a n y f o r m s o f t h e c o m p o u n d s o f b o t h v e r b s a r e a l i k e

a s T r a p t i f i i y i r a p u

a n d

T r a p u a i

( 3 . s i n g u l a r o f c i / u a n d p l u r a l

o f f i / i Q

b u t

I n f . T r a p ' u v a i , P a r t , T r a p i a v .

R e m a r k 3 .

T h e p r e s e n t

o f

c T / i i ,

e o ,

p r i n c i p a l l y

i n

t h e

I n d i c a t i v e , b u t

a l s o i n t h e I n f i n i t i v e a n d P a r t i c i p l e , h a s t h e


o f t h e f u t u r e ,

i n t h e A t t i c d i a l e c t I s h a l l g o o r c o m e . H e n c e , t h e p r e s e n t i s s u p p l i e d

b y I p x o p c u ( § 1 2 6 ,

2 . ) .

§ 1 3 8 . I I . V e r b s i n f i t w h i c h a f f i x t h e P e r s o n a l E n d i n g s , a f t e r

t h e

A d d i t i o n o f

t h e

S y l l a b l e

w v o r v v t o t h e S t e m - V o w e l .

T e n s e - F o r m a t i o n o f V e r b s

w h o s e S t e m e n d s i n a ,

t ,

o , a n d t h o s e w h o s e R o o t e n d s

i n a L i q u i d .

A . V e r b s w i t h a S t e m e n d i n g i n a , c ,

o .

V o i c e .

T e n s e .

a . s t e m i n a . b . s t e m i n « .

c . s t e m i n o ( w ) .

P r e s e n t

V K t S d - V V V - f i l *

K O p ' t - V V V - m *

b - K O p & - V V V ~ V

*

K t - K O p l - K O .

i - K t - K O p ' k - K H V

o r p w - v v v - f i L *

I m p f .

e - G K t $ a - v v v - v *

i ' f f K s d a - K a

{ . - ( T K e S d ( a ) - K E t v

G K t $ d ( a ) - < j w

A t t . o k e B & j - f a ,

i - G T p h ) - V V V - V

*

P e r f e c t

i - a r p w - K a

l - a r p i i i - K t i v

c t i v e P l u p f .

F u t u r e

A t t . K O p t D , - f t £ ,

- £ l

C T p O ) - ( J U )

A o r i s t

i - K o p e - a a

i - a r p b ) - < j a

P r e s e n t

I m p f .

G K t S d - v v v - f i a i

l - f f K t d a - v v v ^ v ^ -

K o p k . - v v v - p . a i

( T T p t o - V V V - f l C l t

l - ( r r p w - w v ( i ) ) -

f i T J V

f i r j v

K t - K o p e - a - f i a t

i - K E - K O p s - a - f i r i v

f i r j v

E - o r p w - f i a i

E - < j r p d j ~ p , i } v

i d d l e

P e r f e c t

P l u p f .

F u t u r e

A o r i s t

F u t . m .

t - G K e S a - a - f i a t

t - a R e d d - f f - f i t j v

K O p k - G - O f i a i

1 - K O p t - f f - d f l l J V

K i - K o p k - a - O f i a t

P a s s i v e

A o r i s t

F u t u r e

l - G K i 8 d - G - 9 r i v

( T K B d a - G - O r j f f o -

f t a t

E - K o p e - ( T - 9 r j v

K o p E - o - ' O r j a o f i a i

l - o r p w - O r j v

o T p t i i - 9 i ) < T O f i a t

*

A n d < T K £ $ a - V V V l O ) i - ( T K £ 8 a - V V V O V K O p t - V V V W , l - K O p k - W V O V O T j O W - W l S w ,

V e r b .

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w / i v v - o v

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e v e r y w h e r e ) .

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F . I .

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w - 9 r ] v

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S K - v v - f i i .

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a n

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o f a s t e m e n d i n g i n a

m u t e ,

s e e S u k v v i x i a b o v e ,

a m o n g

t h e p a r a d i g m s ,

$

1 3 3 .

T h e P a r t i c i p l e p e r f e c t , m i d d l e

o r p a s s i v e , o f

o p v v f t i i s

d f n o f i o o -

p i v o Q .

T h e o t h e r

f o r m s o f

t h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t ,

a s w e l l

a s t h e

a o r i s t

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a m o n g

t h e A t t i c s a s f y i d / j o r a i ,

i f U O f l O T O ,

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b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s e T w o

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s t e m

e n d s

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a

v o w e l a n d t a k e s - w v .

a ) I n a .

1 . K s p d - w v - f u ,

I m i x .

F u t .

K s p a a a > ( a ) , A t t . i c e p S ) .

A o r .

t t d p a a a . P e r f . n i i c p a i c a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s , / c d / c p a f i a t . A o r .

P a s s . i i c p d 6 r ] v { a ) ,

a l s o

e K S p d c r d r j v . — M i d .

2 . K p s p ^ - w v - j i i , 1 h a n g , t r a n s i t i v e l y . F u t . - a o w ( a ) , A t t .

K p s f i S ) . A o r .

s K p i f i a t r a .

M i d .

o r

P a s s . K p s p A v w / u u ,

I

h a n g m y

s e l f o r

a m

h a n g e d

( b u t

K p e / j , a / x a i ,

I h a n g , i n t r a n s . §

1 3 5 ,

5 . ) .

F u t .

P a s s .

K p E i x a a O r j o o i u u . A o r . i K p s f j u u r B r j v , I t e a s h a n g e d

o r I

h u n g ,

i n t r a n s .

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1 5 3

E U B S

I N M L

3 . T T S T t i - w v - f i i ,

I

s p r e a d

o u t ,

I o p e n . F u t . i r s r a a a > { a ) , A t t .

7 T S T 0 ) . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s , i r h n a p M u A o r . P a s s , h i r s r a o - d r j v .

4 . a / c s S d - w v - i x i , I s c a t t e r . P u t . a K s B d o - a > ( a ) , A t t . c v e s S w .

P e r f . M i d . o r

P a s s .

i c r / c i S a c r u a i . A o r . P a s s . e o - K s B d a 0 T j v .

b )

I n

s .

1 . s - v v v - f j , i , I c l o t h e ,

i n

p r o s e d p , i s a f i a i ,

i j f u p l e a a i , q f t . A o r . s ^ e o - o .

P e r f .

M i d . o r

P a s s , s ^ s o - f i a i .

A o r .

P a s s .

V ^ i a Q i p . — o n t h e

c o n t r a r y ,

u s u a l l y i n t r a n s . )

3 .

K o p i - v v v - y . i ,

I s a t i a t e . F u t . K o p s a m , A t t . « o / 3 w . A o r .

« c o -

p f c r a . P e r f . M i d . o r

P a s s , / c e / c o p s o - f i a i .

'

A o r . P a s s . E K o p i a O r j v .

— M i d .

4 .

a - ^ i - v v v - f i i , I q u e n c h .

F u t .

< r / 3 i o - a > . A o r . I .

i o - f i z a a ,

1

q u e n c h e d . A o r . I I . i a $ r ) v , I w e n t o u t , o r / w a s e x t i n g u i s h e d .

P e r f .

s o - ^ r j K a ,

I a m g o n e o u t , o r q u e n c h e d . P e r f . M i d .

o r

P a s s . E o - f t e o - f i a i . A o r .

P a s s .

s a ^ e a 6 r ] v . B e s i d e s

t h i s

v e r b ,

t h e r e i s n o o t h e r

i n

v w / i i w i t h a n A o r . I I .

5 . a r o p ^ - w v - f i i , , I s p r e a d f o r t h ; s h o r t e n e d , o T o p w / u . F u t .

o T o p i o - c o ,

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a T o p S ) . A o r . s a r o p s c r a .

T h e

r e m a i n i n g

t e n s e s

f r o m

a r p r n v v v f i i : s a r p c o f i a i , e a r p w d v v ,

( r r p o n o s .

S e e

§ 1 3 8 ,

A ,

c .

c )

I n o , w h i c h , h o w e v e r , i s l e n g t h e n e d

i n t o

a > .

1 .

% c o - w v - f j . i ,

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o r

P a s s . i t f o c j i a L

( § 9 5 . ) . — M i d .

2 . p d n - w v - f u , I s t r e n g t h e n . F u t . p m a w . A o r . t p p a s c r a . P e r f .

M i d . o r P a s s , e p p w f i a t . I m p r . s p p c o a o , v a l e .

I n f .

e p p G x r O a i .

A o r .

P a s s , s p p t o a f f r j v ( § 9 5 . )

3 .

< r r p o > - v v v - f U ,

I

s p r e a d

f o r t h .

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a r p o i f f o ) .

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e c r r p a ) -

a a , & c , s e e a r o p s p p v / i i .

1 5 4 [ c h a p . V I I .

N T H E V E R B .

4 . ^ p x o - w v - f i i ,

/ c o l o u r .

F u t .

x p w r a . A o r .

s x p a t r a .

P e r f .

M i d . o r P a s s . K e x p o o / u u .

§ 1 4 0 . B . T h e s t e m

e n d s

i n

a c o n s o n a n t

a n d t a k e s - v v

w - f t . § 1 3 3 . ) .

1 . w y - w - f t i , I b r e a k .

P u t .

a g o o . A o r . g ' a ^ a , I n f . a | f a t

P e r f . I I .

e a r / a ,

I a m b r o k e n . A o r . P a s s . s d r / T ] v ( a ) .

A u g m .

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8 7 ,

4 .

—

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2 .

e p y - v v - / u

o r s i p y c o ,

I

s h u t i n . P u t .

e i p ^ a .

A o r . e t p f j a .

( b u t s i p y c o , d p % a > , e l p % a , I s h u t o u t . )

3 . % e v y - v v - f i i ,

I j o i n .

F u t . £ e v £ < B . A o r .

s £ e v t j a . P e r f . M i d .

o r

P a s s , s ^ s v y p a i . A o r .

P a s s .

i ^ e v ^ O i j v , e ^ v y r j v f i i ) .

4 . p , v y - v v - / j , i , I m i x . F u t . / u ' £ & > . A o r . e / x t ^ a ,

p u g a i .

P e r f ,

f j j f i i ^ a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s , t i s L u y / u u . A o r .

P a s s .

s p j i % 6 r ] v ,

s / x l r y r ) v ( i ) . F u t . I I I . f i e p i ^ O f i a i .

5 .

o i y - i r i i - f i i

o r

o t < y a > ,

i n

p r o s e

d v o t r / w f u ,

a v o l r / m ,

I

o p e n .

I m p f .

d v d c o y o v .

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d v o l f j c o . A o r . d v i q i ^ a , a v o i g a i . P e r f . I .

a v s a r ^ a ,

I

h a v e o p e n e d . P e r f . I I . d v ^ q y y a ,

I

s t a n d o p e n , f o r

w h i c h

t h e

A t t i c s

u s e d v i a y p a i .

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y S r f v a i .

A u g m .

§

8 7 ,

6 .

6 .

6 p , 6 p y - v v - / u ,

I

w i p e o f f .

F u t .

h p L p ^ w . A o r .

c b / A o p g a .

— M i d .

7 .

o p - v v - L u ,

I

s t i r

u p .

F u t .

S p a m .

A o r .

w p a a .

M i d .

o p w -

/ t a t , / r o w s e

m y s e l f ,

I r i s e .

F u t .

o p o v p u u . A o r .

m p o / i r j v .

8 . i r ^ y - v v - f M i , I f a s t e n . F u t . i r r f e w . A o r . s i n j ^ a . P e r f . I .

i r s i r r f x a . P e r f . I I . i r s i r T f y a , I s t a n d f a s t . M i d . T n f y i w p a i , I

c o n t i n u e

t o s t i c k . P e r f . T r e i r r j y p a i , ,

I s t a n d f a s t .

A o r . P a s s .

t i r d y r } v { a ) .

—

M i d .

9 . p r f j - v v - p . 1 , I t e a r ,

F u t .

/ ^ f o ) .

A o r . e p p r j ^ a .

P e r f .

I I .

e p p a y y a , I a m t o r n . A o r . I I .

P a s s . s p p d y r ] v ( a ) .

F u t . p a y r j -

a o f i c u .

§ 1 4 1 . ]

1 5 5

E R B S

I N

M I .

§

1 4 1 . I n f l e x i o n o f

t h e T w o P e r f e c t s , K s t f i a i a n d f j f i a i .

a )

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I

l i e

d o w n .

K s l / x a i ,

p r o p e r l y ,

I

h a v e l a i d

m y s e l f , I a m l a i n

d o w n , h e n c e ,

I l i e

d o w n , i s

a p e r f e c t

w i t h o u t r e d u p l i c a t i o n .

P e r f .

I n d . k s i / m u ,

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x e f y u d a ,

i c e i a r d e ,

K s l v r a i .

C o n j .

K s a / i a i ,

K i r j , K s l r a i , & c .

I m p r . K s i a o , K s l a O c o ,

& c . I n f .

K s l f f d a i . P a r t . K s l f i e v o s .

P l p f . I n d . S K E i f i r / v , s k s u t o ,

s k s i t o ,

3 . P L s k s l v t o .

O p t . K S o L f u r f v ,

K S O i O ,

K S O V T O ,

& C .

P u t . K s l a o f u u .

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K a r a i c u a d a i .

I m p r . k o t o k s k t o , s j K s u r o .

b ) r H / j L a i , I s i t .

1 . * H / x a t , p r o p e r l y , I

h a v e

s e t m y s e l f , I h a v e b e e n s e t , h e n c e ,

I s i t , i s a p e r f e c t b e l o n g i n g t o t h e p o e t i c a l a c t i v e f o r m o f t h e

a o r i s t ,

e t a - a ,

I

d i d

s e t ,

I

f o u n d e d .

T h e

s t e m

i s

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( c o m p a r e

f i < r - r a i i n s t e a d o f f j S - r a i [ a c c o r d i n g t o

§

8 , 2 , 7 . ] , a n d t h e

L a t i n s e d - e o ) .

P e r f .

I n d . r j f u u , f j a a i , r j a r a i , r j ( i e 6 a ,

r \ a 0 s ,

■ r \ v r a i .

I m p r . 7 ) a o ,

r \ a O w ,

& c .

I n f . r j a O a i . P a r t ,

r j i i e v o s .

P l p f . t f p T j v , f / v o , r j ( T T O , t f f i s d a , r \ ( T 0 £ , 9 7 1 T O .

2 .

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o f t h e

s i m p l e v e r b ,

t h e

c o m p o u n d K a d r / f i a i i s

u s e d

i n p r o s e , t h e i n f l e x i o n o f w h i c h v a r i e s f r o m t h a t o f t h e

a b o v e i n

n e v e r

t a k i n g

t h e

a

i n

t h e

3 .

p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r p e r f e c t ;

n o r i n t h e p l u p e r f e c t , u n l e s s i t h a s t h e t e m p o r a l a u g m e n t

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K a O i j / M a i ,

K a G r j a a v ,

K a 0 T ) r a i . C o n j .

x d O c o f i a i ,

i c a d y ,

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l i e v o s .

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a n d

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e / c d O r j a o a n d

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a n d

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( p r o s e « r a 0 « £ { < 7 0 a i , < c a f l < ? e f f 9 a i ) .

1 5 6

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V E H B .

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i n e o

w h i c h

f o l l o w

t l i e

A n a l o g y

o f

V e r b s

i n

h i

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e ,

o ,

v ,

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t i o n

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i t

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c o n

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s t e m . A l l t h e o t h e r f o r m s o f t h e s e

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f o l l o w t h e f o r m a t i o n

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o f

t h e a o r i s t

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t h e M o o d s

a n d

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c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l

i s

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O l r t

f i a i e v

y v o T f i *

I m p r .

S .

/ 3 i j 9 t , j j ™ 2 )

j O j r o v , i j r u v

[ 3 r ) T u t f f a v a n d

< t / 3 i j 0 ( , j j r w

2 )

y v w f l i , ( i r w 2 )

. 2 )

D .

P .

2

a f i r j T O V ,

r \ T t i > v

a f i r j r e

y v u t r o v ,

( o r ( O V

y v w r f i

f i v r o v ,

V T i o i > ( y )

l i r e

3

< T / 3 t ) T u > < m v

a n d

y v w r w f f a i ' a n d

h v T w a a v { i f ) &

y V Q V T U l V

I n f i n i t i v e

o f H j v a i

y v w v a i

i v v a i

P a r t i c i p l e

/ 3 a e ( a ) , a o - a ,

< j | 3 e i ' c ,

e Z o a ,

G .

o & i v T o g

y v o v C f o v f f a y

6 v

S i g ( v ) ,

v o a ,

G .

U v t o c

1 )

C o m p o u n d s ,

a s : a v a f i S i ,

i v a f i f j e ,

& C . d 7 i w / 3 w ; d i a y v u i ; a v a U u i .

» » ( 4 ) .

G .

( i a v r o Q

G .

y v o v T o e

2 )

C o m p o u n d s ,

a s : a v d ( 3 t ) 6 i ,

a v a p a , a v i f i t f r i a w o a ^ e i l i d y v u i d i ;

a v a f i v Q i .

R e m a r k . T h e O p t a t i v e

f o r m

$ v r i v ( v ) i n s t e a d o f i v i t i v

i s

n o t f o u n d i n

t h e

A t t i c

d i a l e c t .

T h e

a o r i s t

I L

m i d d l e

i s

f o u n d ,

i n

o r d i n a r y

l a n g u a g e ,

o n l y i n a f e w v e r b s a s i r h o f i m ( § 1 2 4 , 2 3 ) , T r p i a a B a t ,

t o

b u y

( §

1 8 5 . ) .

B e s i d e s t h e v e r b s a l r e a d y g i v e n , a f e w o t h e r s f o l l o w t h i s

f o r m a t i o n

a s

1 . h ( Z p a o ~ K ( o , I r u n a w a y ( §

1 2 2 , 6 . ) . A o r . ( A P A - ) s S p d v ,

a s ,

a , d f i s v , a r e , d a a v . C o n j . B p S ) , S p a s , S p a , B p a r o v , S p w p . e v ,

S p a r e , B p & c r t ( y ) . O p t . B p a l r j v . I m p r .

B p a d i ,

d r t o . I n f . B p d v a i .

P a r t .

B p d s ( a ) ,

a c r a , d v .

2 . w h o f u u , I f l y ( § 1 2 4 , 2 3 . ) . A o r . ( I I T A - ) s V t t j v . I n f .

m i j v a i . P a r t . T r r d s ( d ) .

1 5 8

[ c h a p . V I I .

N

T H E

V E R B .

3 .

o t c A A g j

o r a K s \ s c o , I d r y . A o r . I I . ( 2 K A A - ) s c r i e X i j v , I

w i t h e r , i n t r a n s . I n f . a K k r j v a u

O p t .

( T i c K a L r j v .

4 .

 0 r j v a i ,

^ > 6 d s { a ) , < p 0 o ) , ( p d a t i j v .

5 .

S t S a o v o a , / t e a c h ( B i B c u t k o / j u i i , I l e a r n ) ( § 1 2 2 , R e m . ) .

A o r . I I . ( A A E - ) i S d r j v , / l e a r n t ;

b u t , A o r .

I .

i S l & a f c , I

t a u g h t .

6 . K a i c o ,

I

b u r n ,

t r a n s . ( §

1 1 6 , 2 . ) .

A o r .

I I . ( K A E - )

s K a r j v ,

I b u r n t , i n t r a n s . b u t , A o r . I . e t c e t e r a , t r a n s .

7 .

p £ a > ,

I

f l o w

( § 1 1 6 ,

3 . ) .

A o r .

( ' P T E - )

i p p v q v ,

I

f l o w e d .

8 .

x a V Q , >

I

r e j o i c e ( §

1 2 4 , 2 4 . ) . A o r . ( X A P E - )

e x d p r j v .

9 .

a X u T / c o f i a i , A o r . ( ' A A O - ) r j k w v , A t t . e d \ a > v ( 5 )

( §

1 2 2 ,

• ) •

1 0 .

/ 3 i o t o ,

J f e e .

A o r

I I .

l / 3 i W .

C o n j .

y S t a i , q > s ,

a > ,

& c .

O p t . f t i q y r j v ( n o t f t i o t r j v ,

l i k e

y v o f y v ,

t o

d i s t i n g u i s h i t f r o m t h e

O p t . I m p f .

f i i o i r j v ) . I n f . f i i w v a i . P a r t ,

f i i o v s , t h e

c a s e s o f t h i s

a r e

s u p p l i e d

b y

t h o s e

o f t h e

A o r .

I .

f i i w a a s .

S o

a v e f i u o v ,

I

r e v i v e d , f r o m a v a f i i a x r t c o f i a i .

—

T h e

p r e s e n t a n d i m p e r f e c t a r e

l i t t l e

u s e d b y t h e A t t i c s , i n s t e a d o f t h e s e t h e y e m p l o y £ « ,

w h i c h , o n t h e o t h e r

h a n d , b o r r o w s

t h e r e m a i n i n g t e n s e s f r o m

/ 3 t o o ) , t h u s P r e s . £ w . I m p f . s % a > v ( § 9 7 , 3 . ) . F u t . f i u o a o / i a i .

A o r .

e j S u o v . P e r f .

/ 3 s / 3 ( W a . P e r f . P a s s .

f t e f i k o T a i .

P a r t

y 3 e / 3 t < » / i i v o y .

1 1 . < j > v o ) , I b r i n g f o r t h . A o r . I I . e ^ C v , I a r o s e , < f > v v a i , < j > v f ,

C o n j .

< £ w » .

( O p t .

i s

w a n t i n g

i n o r d i n a r y

l a n g u a g e . )

B u t

A o r . I . e < f > v c r a , 1 b r o u g h t

f o r t h .

F u t . ( p v c r a > ( y ) , I s h a l l

b r i n g

f o r t h . T h e P e r f . i r t y v i c a , I

h a v e

a r i s e n o r b e c o m e , I a m . A l s o

M i d . P r e s . ( p v o / x a i .

F u t .

< p v a o i u u ( y ) .

§ 1 4 4 . ]

1 5 9

R R E G U L A R

V E R B S .

§ 1 4 3 .

O Z S a

( s t e m ' E I A , v i d e o ) ,

I k n o w .

P e r f e c t .


s .

1

o i S a

a

o l a Q a

8

o U f ( v )

D .

l a r o v ,

U J T O V

P .

1

l a / t i v

2

W T t

3


t i t i j j c

l i l r j r o v ,

t j r o v

t i S w f i e v

t i d i j r e


u r d i

l O T O V , l U T U I V

I a n

i t r r w a a v


t i ' c i v a i


l i S w c . , v i a , 6 q

P l u p e r f e c t .

i l n d . l

2

3

S . p & i v 1 ) D .

P .

f i S u u i v

■ p S a e a n d p J t u r f l a

p j f i r o v y S u r e

y l u y d t i r n v p t W a v

O p t .

S . t l S t i n v , 1 7 c D . t i d f h f T O V y

t j t i j v ,

P . ( t f k i T j f i e v , r j r e , f i d u e v .

F u t . i i a o f i a i , I s h a l l k n o w o r

e x p e r i e n c e .

C o m p o u n d o f

o l t i a

a i v o i l a , I

a m c o n s c i o u s

t o m y s e l f ,

I n f .

c v v t t S s v a i ,

I m p r .

a i v i o Q i ,

C o n j .

o v v u t i w ,

& c .

1 ) A t t i c , 1 . f S j ) , 2 . y S q o O a , 3 . f W i j

§ 1 4 4 . D e p o n e n t s ( § 1 1 8 . R e m . ) a n d A c t i v e V e r b s w i t h a

M i d d l e F u t u r e

F o r m .

a . C a t a l o g u e o f t h e D e p o n e n t s M i d d l e m o s t

i n

U s e .

A y i D v i ^ o / i a i , I c o n t e n d .

a ( « £ o / x < u ,

I i l l - t r e a t .

a l v i T r o p a t , I

s p e a k

i n

r i d d l e s .

a i o B a v o p a i , I

p e r c e i v e ,

a l r i a o f i a t ,

I

a c c u s e .

a x i O f i a i , I h e a l .

d i e p o a o / i a t , I

h e a r

a x p o p o X i i o u a i ,

I h u r l

w e a p o n s f r o m a d i s

t a n c e o r a n e l e v a

t i o n .

a b X o f t a t , I l e a p .

d v a ^ u l i a K o f t a i ,

I r e v i v e .

a v a K o i v o o p a t , I

c o m

m u n i c a t e w i t h .

a i r t x S a v o / i a t , I a m

h a t e d .

a T v u X o y t o / i a i ,

I a p o l o

g i z e ,

a p a o f x a i , I p l o u g h ,

a a i r d ^ o f t a i ,

I

g r e e t .

a Q u c v t o p a i , I c o m e .

/ 3 i a ? o j « a t , I f o r c e .

1 6 0

[ c h a p . V I I .

N

T H E

V E R B .

y i y v o / i a i ,

I b e c o m e ,

i i ^ i o o f i a i , i w e l c o m e .

U x ° l l a l t

I

r e c e i v e .

S i a c t K i v o p a i , I r o u s e .

S w p i o p a i , I p r e s e n t .

l y t t X t v o p a i ,

I r o u s e .

I v r i X X o p a i ,

I

c o m m i s

s i o n .

i i r u c t X t v o p a i , I r o u s e .

I p y d Z e i t m , I w o r k .

e v x o u a i , J w i s h .

r i y t o p a i ,

I

p r e c e d e .

B t d o p a i ,

I

b e h o l d .

i d o p a i , I h e e d .

i X d m c o p a i , I

a p p e a s e .

i i r n d Z f i p a i , I r i d e .

l a x v p l Z o p a i , I e x e r t

m y s t r e n g t h .

K a v x a o f i a i , I b o a s t .

K o i v o X o y i o n a i , I

c o m

m u n i c a t e w i t h .

K r d o f i a i , I o b t a i n .

X t ] ' i £ 6 u a i , I

l a y

w a s t e .

X o y i Z o p x u , I c o n s i d e r .

X v p . a i v o p . a i ,

I i l l - t r e a t .

X i a j i d o p a i ,

I i n s u l t .

p a v r e t i o p a i , I p r o p h e s y ,

p a p r v p o p a i ,

I c a l l

t o

w i t n e s s ,

p a x o f i a i , I f i g h t ,

p i p j p o p a i ,

I

b l a m e ,

p r j x a v d o p a t , I c o n t r i v e ,

p i p k o p a t , I

i m i t a t e .

p v B s o p a i ,

J s p e a k .

p v O o X o y i o p a i ,

I r e l a t e .

f i v K a o f i a i , I

b e l l o w .

Z v X i v o u a i , I f e t c h w o o d .

Z v X ' i Z , o p a i , I

f e t c k

w o o d .

o S v p o f i a t , I

m o u r n .

o i t o v i £ o f i a i 9 J o b s e r v e

t h e f l i g h t o f b i r d s .

b X o f y v p o p a t ,

I l a m e n t ,

o p x s o p a t , I d a n c e ,

o a i p p a i v o p a i , I s m e l l .

T r a p a i r k o p a i , I

b e g .

i r a p a x e X t v o p a t , 1 r o u s e .

i r a p a p v B i o p a i ,

I

c o m f o r t .

i r a f > p 7 ) O i a £ o p j x t , I s p e a k

f r e e l y ,

i r k r o p a i , I f l y .

■ K p a y p a r i v o p a i ,

I a m

o c c u p i e d .

i r p o o i p . i a Z o p . a i , I m a k e a

p r e l u d e .

i r p o Q a o i Z o p A i ,

I

p r e

t e n d .

i r v v S a v o p a t ,

I

l e a r n

b y

i n q u i r y .

o i f i o p a i ,

I

h o n o u r .

o K t i r r o p t i i , I c o n s i d e r .

O T a 0 p . a o p . a i ,

I w e i g h .

f f T o x a % o p . a i ,

I a i m .

o r p a T t v o p a t , I g o t o

b a t t l e .

f f r p a r o i r e d s v o p a i , I e n

c a m p .

T t K p a i p o p a i ,

I

f i x , l i m i t .

T i t e r a i v o p a i , I

f a b r i c a t e .

T t x v a o p . a i , I d e v i s e ,

v i r t o ' x v a o p . a i , I p r o m i s e ,

i m o i c p i v o p a i , I

i n t e r p r e t .

t p t ' t S o p j x i , I s p a r e .

Q B t y y o p a i ,

I

s p e a k .

< p i k o < p p o v k o p . a i , I r e c e i v e

i n a f r i e n d l y w a y .

X a p g o p a i , I g r a t i f y .

X p a o p a i ,

I u s e .

i i v s o p a t ,

I b u y .

b .

C a t a l o g u e o f t h e D e p o n e n t s

P a s s i v e

m o s t

i n

U s e .

A y a p a t , I a d m i r e . S t a v o s o p a i , I t h i n k . t v X a f i s o p a i , I t a k e h e e d ,

a t d e o p a t , J

r e v e r e . l i v a p a i ,

I

c a n .

y d o p a i , I

r e j o i c e .

a p A X d o p a i , I c o n t e n d . i v a v T i 6 o p a i , I a m a g a i n s t . K p t p a p a i , I

h a n g ,

d p v s o p a i ,

I d e n y . I v B v p i o p a t , I

t a k e

t o p v o d r r o p a i , 1 l o a t h e .

d x < > o p . a i , 1 a m

d i s p l e a s e d .

h e a r t .

o i o p a i ,

I t h i n k .

j i o i X o p a i ,

1

w i s h .

i v v o e o p a i , 1 t h i n k . i r p o B v p k o p a t , I a m i n -

f i p v x a o p a i ,

2 r o a r . l i r i p t X k o p a i ,

1 c a r e

f o r .

d i n e d .

S i o p a i , I n e e d . i T n v o k o p a i , I t h i n k u p o n . Q i X o T t p i o p a i , l a m a m -

S i a X i y o p a t ,

I

c o n v e r s e .

t m a r a p a t ,

I

k n o w .

b i t i o u s .

R e m a r k .

A i X i Z o p a t , I

l o d g e , a n d X o i d o p s o p a i , 1 s c o l d , h a v e

t h e i r a o r i .

b o t h

w i t h a

p a s s i v e

a n d a

m i d d l e

f o r m .

§ 1 4 4 . ]

1 6 1

R R E G U L A R

V E R B S .

c .

C a t a l o g u e o f

t h e

A c t i v e V e r b s , w i t h

a M i d d l e

F u t u r e F o r m , m o s t

i n U s e .

' A y v o e i a ,

I

k n o w

n o t .

i r a i v i w ,

1

p r a i s e .

w a a x i a ,

I

s u f f e r .

a S i a , I s i n g .

i m o p K e t o , I s w e a r f a l s e l y . ■ a - i j S d u i , I l e a p .

a K o i w , I h e a r .

i a B i i a ,

I e a t .

i r i v o ) , I

d r i n k .

d p a p r d v i a , 1 m i s s .

B a v i m Z , u > ,

I a d m i r e .

n * i 7 r r w ,

I f a l l .

d i r a v r d w , I m e e t .

B i n ) , I r u n .

n - X e w , I s a i l .

d i r o X a i u ,

I e n j o y .

B n p d u ) , — p t i w , I h u n t . n v k u i , I U o i B .

a p i r a Z i a ,

I s n a t c h .

B t y y d v u , I

t o u c h . w v i y n ) ,

I c h o k e .

p a S i Z i a , I

w a l k .

B v t i O K i a ,

I

d i e .

i r o B i v , I d e s i r e .

( 3 a ' i v o > ,

I w a l k . 0 j O ( £ < T K ( i j , I l e a p . p i t a , I f l o w .

/ 3 i 6 u > ,

J

l i v e .

K a p v t o ,

I

l a b o u r .

a i y d t u ,

J

a m

s i l e n t .

/ 3 o a w , I

c r y o u t . c X a t u ,

I

w e e p .

a u a v a t i ) , I

a m

s i l e n t .

y t X d m ,

I l a u g h .

K X i i r r i D , I s t e a l . m c u m r w ,

I j e s t .

y n p u a K o p a i ,

I g r o w o l d . K o X a ? a > , / p u n i s h .

a i r o v S A X i a ,

I a m

e a r n e s t .

y i y v b J O K i i ) , I k n o w . X a y x d v w , I o b t a i n .

a v p i r r o ) , I b l o w ( t h e

f l u t e )

S w e v u ,

I

b i t e . \ a p . f 3 d v u > , 1

t a k e .

r u r a l , I b e g e t .

t i a p B a v u , I s l e e p . i m v O d p w , I l e a r n . r p s x u . ; I r u n .

S i i a a i ,

t o f e a r .

o l S a , I k n o w .

r p i i y u i ,

I g n a w .

d i S p a < r K < o , I r u n a w a y . o t f w Z o , I

l a m e n t .

0 £ v y a > , I f l e e .

f o w l ™ ,

I

p u r s u e .

o f i w / u ,

I

s w e a r .

i p B d v u ) ,

I

g e t b e f o r e .

l y x u / u a Z u i , I p r a i s e . 6 p d u > , I s e e . x d o K w , I g a p e .

t l f i i , I a m .

n a i l t a , I

p l a y .

X < » p « u > , I c o n t a i n .

1 6 2

S Y N T A X .

C H A P .

L

O N T H E P R I N C I P A L E L E M E N T S O F

T H E

S I M P L E S E N T E N C E .

§ 1 4 5 . N a t u r e o f

a S e n t e n c e .

— S u b j e c t . — P r e d i c a t e .

1 . S y n t a x i s t h e d o c t r i n e o f t h e s e n t e n c e .

A

s e n t e n c e i s

t h e e x p r e s s i o n

o f

a

t h o u g h t

i n

w o r d s

;

a s

t o

p o S o v

O d X X e i ,

6

a v d p c o T r o s

O v r j T o s s a r i v , t o k o X o v p o B o v

d d X k s i

i f r m

t o v i r a -

r p b s i c r j i r c p . I n e v e r y t h o u g h t

o r

p r o p o s i t i o n t h e r e m u s t n e

c e s s a r i l y b e t w o n o t i o n s o r i d e a s r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r a n d

c o m b i n e d i n t o o n e w h o l e ,

v i z . t h e n o t i o n o f

a n a c t i o n , a n d

t h e

n o t i o n o f

a n

o b j e c t

i n w h o m

t h e a c t i o n i s

p e r c e i v e d .

T h e

f o r m e r

w e

c a l l t h e p r e d i c a t e ; t h e

l a t t e r ,

t h e s u b j e c t .

2 .

L a n g u a g e

e x p r e s s e s

t h e

r e l a t i o n

o f

i d e a s ,

p a r t l y

b y

i n

f l e x i o n , a s :

t o p o B o v

6 a \ \ - g i ,

6

< r r p a T i a > r r } s f i d ^ - s r a i , o l

c r r p a -

• n w r a i

p M % - o

V T a i ;

a n d p a r t l y b y s e p a r a t e w o r d s , a s

t h e

t r e e

i s

g r e e n , 6

a v O p a n r o s O v r y r o s

i c m v .

3 . T h e s u b j e c t i s e i t h e r — a ) a s u b s t a n t i v e ; o r — / S ) a s u b

s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n

o r

n u m e r a l ;

o r

— 7 ) a n a d j e c t i v e

o r

p a r t i c i p l e

u s e d a s

a

s u b s t a n t i v e o r — S ) a n a d v e r b i n v e s t e d w i t h t h e

f o r c e o f

a

s u b s t a n t i v e b y m e a n s

o f a n

a r t i c l e p r e f i x e d ;

o r — s )

a

p r e p o s i t i o n i n c o n n e x i o n

w i t h

i t s c a s e ; o r

—

£ ) a n i n f i n i t i v e

m o o d

o r ,

l a s t l y , — r f ) e v e r y w o r d , e v e r y l e t t e r , e v e r y s y l l a b l e ,



§

1 4 5 . ]

1 6 3

A T U R E O F A

S E N T E N C E .

e v e r y c o m b i n a t i o n o f w o r d s m a y b e c o n c e i v e d o f

a s

a n e u t e r

s u b s t a n t i v e ,

a n d h e n c e

m a y a p p e a r

a s

a s u b j e c t ,

u s u a l l y i n

c o n n e x i o n

w i t h t h e n e u t e r

f o r m

o f

t h e

a r t i c l e .

T o p 6 S o v

d d X X e i .

— ' E y

u

y p a Q t o . — T p t i g r i X Q o v . — ' O a o t p o c

t i j S a l f M o v

e a r i v . —

O i

i r a X a i d v d p e i o i

r / a a v , —

0 1 i n i t i X n d S n v K a X w g I p a x ^ o c L v r o .

—

T o

S i d d f f K e i v K a k o v i f f n v . — T 6 e l

o 6 v $ e o f W Q l a r t v .

4 . T h e s u b j e c t s t a n d s i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e .

R e m a r k

1 .

I n i n d e f i n i t e a n d d i s t r i b u t i v e e x p r e s s i o n s o f n u m b e r , t h e

s u b j e c t i s e x p r e s s e d

b y

a p r e p o s i t i o n w i t h i t s c a s e a s t l s r i r r a p a g

j j X f f o v

8 0 x a f f U a o T o v s , s i n g u l i , c a r d I B v n , s i n g u l a g e n t e s .

R e m a r k

2 .

T h e

s u b j e c t ,

i n


c a s e s ,

i s

n o t e x p r e s s e d

b y

a

s e p a r a t e w o r d

a .

W h e n

t h e s u b j e c t i s a p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n , i t

i s

n o t s e p a r a t e l y e x

p r e s s e d , u n l e s s i t i s r e q u i r e d t o b e b r o u g h t f o r w a r d w i t h

p a r t i c u l a r

e m p h a s i s a s y p d f u ) ,

y p d i p e i g , y p d t p e t .

b . W h e n t h e

i d e a e x p r e s s e d

b y

t h e v e r b

o f

t h e

p r e d i c a t e , i s o f

s u c h a

k i n d

t h a t i t

i s n o t a d a p t e d t o e v e r y s u b j e c t , b u t o n l y t o s o m e p a r t i c u l a r

o n e , a n d , i n a c e r t a i n d e g r e e , i n c l u d e s t h e n o t i o n o f t h i s s u b j e c t i n i t s e l f

a s

i i r e i

o i

n o X e f j u o t

d v q X d o v ,

k t c y p v K t

( s c . 6

K T j p v K )

r o X g E X X r j a i i r a p a o K t v d '

a a a B a i .

S o

a l s o

a n f u i l v e i

t j ?

a d X i r i y y i ,

i e a X m y i t v ,

S C .

b d a X m y K T r i g .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g a r e t o b e

t h u s

e x p l a i n e d ' i n , v l f e i , / 3 p o i

r q ,

d a r p d i r r u , s c .

6 % t i g .

c .

W h e n

t h e s u b j e c t i s e a s i l y s u p p l i e d

f r o m

t h e c o n n e x i o n t h u = , i n

e x p r e s s i o n s l i k e p o o l , X l y o v m , & c , t h e s u b j e c t a v B p i n w o i i s r e g u l a r l y

o m i t t e d , a s b e i n g s e l f - e v i d e n t .

R e m a r k 3 .

T h e

i n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n ,

o n e ,

t h e y , ( F r e n c h , o n G e r m a n ,

m a n , ' )

i s

e x p r e s s e d

i n G r e e k

b y r i c ,

o r t h e 3 .

p e r s o n

p l u r a l , a s X t y o u c r i ,

$ a a i

o r b y t h e 3 . s i n g u l a r

p a s s i v e , a s

X i y c r a t o r p e r s o n a l l y

X e y o p a i ,

d i c o r ; o r

b y

t h e 2 . p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e o p t a t i v e w i t h d v ,

a s t p a i r i s

a v , d i c a s ,

o n e m a y s a y .

5 .

T h e p r e d i c a t e

i s e i t h e r

— a ) a

v e r b , a s

t o p 6 8 o v

O a K X e i

o r —

a n a d j e c t i v e ,


n u m e r a l , o r

p r o n o u n , i n c o n

j u n c t i o n w i t h A v a l , w h i c h , i n t h i s r e l a t i o n , i s u s u a l l y c a l l e d a

c o p u l a o r p a r t i c l e o f

a f f i r m a t i o n ,

s i n c e

i t c o m b i n e s t h e a d j e c

t i v e o r

s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h t h e s u b j e c t

i n t o o n e w h o l e t h o u g h t ,

a s t o p o S o v

k o X o v

i o r i v . —

K . v p o s

r j v

f i a a i k e v s .

—

2 t >

r / a - Q a

w d v T c o v

i r p & r o s .

—

O i

a v S p s s

T j t r a v

r p s l s .

—

T o w t o

t o

w p a r / f i d

i a r i

T o S e .

M 2

1 G 4

E L E M E N T S

O F

T H E S I M P L E

S E N T E N C E .

[ c h a p , l

R e m a r k 4 . W e m u s t d i s t i n g u i s h i l v a i , w h e n u s e d t o e x p r e s s a d e f i n i t e

i d e a , s u c h

a s e . g .

t h a t o f

e x i s t i n g ,

a b i d i n g ,

& c . ( a s :

t a n 6 t 6 g ) , f r o m

t h e

s a m e

w o r d

u s e d

m e r e l y a s a

c o p u l a . I n

t h e

f o r m e r s i g n i f i c a t i o n i t

m a y

b e j o i n e d w i t h a n a d v e r b a s

6

Z w r p a r i j c r p >

d t i

a v p r o l g

v i o i g

K a X u g ,

K a K u > e t a r t y , i t i s

w e l l ,

i l l , & c .

§ 1 4 6 . O n C o n c o r d .

1 .

T h e v e r b a g r e e s w i t h t h e s u b j e c t

i n

p e r s o n

a n d n u m b e r ;

— t h e p r e d i c a t i v e

o r

a t t r i b u t i v e

a d j e c t i v e

( o r

a d j e c t i v e - p a r t i c i

p i a l ,

p r o n o u n , o r n u m e r a l ) , a n d t h e p r e d i c a t i v e s u b s t a n t i v e , o r

s u b s t a n t i v e s t a n d i n g i n a p p o s i t i o n ( i f i t d e n o t e s

a

l i v i n g b e i n g ) ,

—

a g r e e w i t h

i t i n g e n d e r , n u m b e r ,

a n d

c a s e ( n o m i n a t i v e ) .

' E y w

y p a t p w , a i l y p d t y t i g , o v r o g y p d t p t t . —

' O

d v O p u t w o g

B v n r d g t a r t v .

— ' H

a p e r y K a X y

i o r i v . —

T o i r p d y f i a

a i a \ p b v i a r t v .

— O t E A X j j j ' t c

T r o X t f u K U T a r o t

r \ a a v .

—

' O

i c a X b g

i r a i g ,

a o i p r j

y v v r j ,

r b

p i K p b v

r ' t K v o v .

—

H L v p o g

r \ v

^ a a i X t v g .

— T 6 p . v p i g i j v ( l a a i X t i a . — K v p o g b j 3 a a i \ t i g , T 6 p . v p i g j i d a i X t i a ,

2 . A s a d o u b l e n o m i n a t i v e ( v i z . t h e n o m i n a t i v e o f t h e

s u b

j e c t , a n d t h a t o f t h e p r e d i c a t e )

s t a n d s i n c o n n e x i o n

w i t h e i p a i ,

w h e n a c o p u l a s o t h e f o l l o w i n g v e r b s a l s o , w h i c h e x p r e s s

n o c o m p l e t e p r e d i c a t i v e

i d e a ,

a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h a d o u b l e

n o m i n a t i v e

m r d p ^ s i v , t o b e a t h a n d ; / v y v e a r O a i , , t o b e c o m e ;

< f } v v a t ,

t o

a r i s e

;

a v g d v s c r f f a i ,

t o

( / r o w

;

f i e v s i v ,

t o

r e m a i n

;

K a r a -

c r T p j v a i ( f r . K a 0 l a r r ) f u ) , t o

s t a n d ; B o / c e i v ,

e o a c e v a i , a n d

< p a i v s a 6 a i ,

t o

a p p e a r ; S r j k o v a d a i , t o s h o w o n e ' s s e l f ; K a X e i a d a i , o v o f i a Q -

c r O a i

a n d

~ X j y s a O a i , t o b e c a l l e d ; a / c o v s w ,

t o

b e i n

r e p u t e , t o b e

c a l l e d ( a u d i r e )

a i p s c a B a i ,

w r r o h s i K w c r O a i , K p l v s a O a i , t o

b e

c h o s e n

s o m e t h i n g ;

v o f i i & a O a i , t o

b e c o n s i d e r e d s o m e t h i n g

;

a n d

o t h e r v e r b s o f t h i s n a t u r e .

' O

K v p o g

t y t

v t r o

/ S a a i X t v g

t U v

T t t p a w v .

—

A i d

r o i r w v

b

i > i X n r i r o g

i j u i r i B t i

I t i y a g .

—

' A X K i f i t d H n g y p ' t O i i a r p a r n y o g .

—

' A v r i i p i X i o v ( c a t U v u v v v v t o X a n t

£

c a t

S t o l e

i \ 0 p o i d i c o v o v a i v

( a u d i u n f ) .



§ H 7 . ]

1 6 5

O N C O R D .

R e m a r k . S o m e o f t h e s e

v e r b s a r e a l s o

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h a d v e r b s ,

b u t

t h e y t h e n e x p r e s s a c o m p l e t e p r e d i c a t e a s t o d v B o s K a X H g a v ^ a v e r a i .

T h e v e r b s y i y v e a B a i a n d i p v v a i p a r t i c u l a r l y ,

a r e

t h u s

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

t h e

a d v e r b s

& ' x a > X w P ' e >

' « * f t e y y f e , u \ i g

a s r o i e , ' A B n v a i i D V O T p a r n y o l Q

i y l y v o v r o

l i x a

a i

y v u i p . a i ,

t h e v i e w s o f t h e A t h e n i a n g e n e r a l s w e r e

d i v i d e d ;

t o . w p d y f u t r a o i i r w i r i f v i c t v ,

t h e a f f a i r s

a r e

o f s u c h

a

n a t u r e .

§

1 4 7 . E x c e p t i o n s t o

t h e

g e n e r a l R u l e s o f

C o n c o r d .

*

a ) T h e f o r m o f t h e p r e d i c a t e f r e q u e n t l y c o r r e s p o n d s , n o t

t o t h e g r a m m a t i c a l f o r m

o f

t h e s u b j e c t , b u t t o i t s m e a n i n g

( c o n s t r u c t i o K a r a a v v s a w o r a d

i n t e l l e c t u m ) .

T b T r \ r j & 0 £ t T r e f l o r j d i j t r a v . — ' O v r p a r o Q d i r ' t f i a i v o v . — T 6 a r p a T o i r e d o v d v e \ & -

p o v v .

—

T 6

f X t i p a K t o v t a r t

K a X o g .

—

T 6

y v v a ' i K i o v t e r n

K a X i / .

b ) I f t h e s u b j e c t i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d ,

n o t

a s a d e f i n i t e o b

j e c t , b u t a s

a g e n e r a l n o t i o n , t h e p r e d i c a t i v e a d j e c t i v e i s

p u t

i n

t h e n e u t e r s i n g u l a r , w i t h o u t a n y r e g a r d t o t h e g e n d e r

a n d

n u m b e r o f t h e s u b j e c t . I n E n g l i s h , w e g e n e r a l l y j o i n t h e

i n d e f i n i t e w o r d s o m e t h i n g t o t h e a d j e c t i v e , o r t h e s u b s t a n t i v e s

t h i n g , b e i n g .

O w e

d y a B b v

t t o X v k o

i p a v i a '

t i e

K o i p a v o s

f i r ™ .

—

A l

u t T a f 3 o \ a l

X u t t i j -

p o v .

—

* H f i o v a p x i a i c p d r i u t o v .

R e m a r k 1 . I f

t h e p r e d i c a t e

i s

e x p r e s s e d

b y a


p r o n o u n ,

t h i s

a g r e e s w i t h i t s s u b j e c t i n c a s e , g e n d e r , a n d n u m b e r , a s i n L a t i n a s

o ^ t o q i a n v 6

d v i j p . — a v r n i o t i

^ n y r j K a i a p x *

n d v r w v r S i v k o k u v . —

t o v t o

i o n

t o

a v d o Q . T h e G r e e k s ,

h o w e v e r , v e r y

o f t e n p u t

t h e d e m o n s t r a t i v e

i n t h e n e u t e r s i n g u l a r , b o t h

w h e n i t s t a n d s

a s t h e s u b j e c t ,

a n d w h e n a s

t h e p r e d i c a t e ; a s ; t o v t o i a n v S i K a i o a i v n . — t o v t o l a r i T r n y f i K a i

a p x v

y € v k ( T £ ( t t g .

c ) V e r b a l a d j e c t i v e s

i n

r o s

a n d r i o s

o f t e n s t a n d i n t h e

n e u t e r p l u r a l w h e n t h e y a r e u s e d i m p e r s o n a l l y , l i k e

t h e

L a t i n g e r u n d .

M 3

1 6 6

E L E M E N T S O F T H E S I M f L E S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p .

\ U a r a t o r t

r o i c 0 i X o i f , o n e

s h o u l d t r u s t

f r i e n d s ,

i n s t e a d o f m o r o n

t o r t . S o

a l s o

w h e n

t h e s u b j e c t

i s

e x p r e s s e d

b y

a n

i n f i n i t i v e

m o o d

o r

a

w h o l e

s e n t e n c e ;

w h e r e

w e i n E n g l i s h

m a k e

u s e

o f

t h e p r o n o u n i t .

T r j v

n n r p u j p i v i j v i i o l p a v d S v v a r d

l a r i v d m x p v y t i v

c a t

B t i f . — A q X a ,

o n S t i ' i v a

y k r i v a t ' t f i u i v

f i a o i k k a y t v i o d a i .

d )

T h e

s u b j e c t i n 4 h e n e u t e r p l u r a l i s

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

t h e

v e r b i n t h e

s i n g u l a r .

T i t £ < 3 a

r p e x ' —

T d i r o a . y n a . r a i a r i K a X d . — K a x o v a v S p o g i w p a 6 v > ) < n v o i i c

R e m a r k

2 . W h e n t h e s u b j e c t i n t h e n e u t e r p l u r a l d e n o t e s a

p e r s o n

o r l i v i n g b e i n g , t h e v e r b i s o f t e n p u t i n t h e p l u r a l t o

r e n d e r

t h e p e r

s o n a l i t y m o r e p r o m i n e n t a s

r d r t ' X i j

( t h e m a g i s t r a c y ,

t h e

m a g i s t r a t e s )

r o i i g o r p a r u o r a c i X i m p t y a v . T h i s t a k e s

p l a c e ,

a l s o , i f t h e n o t i o n o f i n

d i v i d u a l i t y o r

p l u r a l i t y i s t o b e

m a d e

p a r t i c u l a r l y

p r o m i n e n t a s

i p a v i p a

y t r a v i t m ) x o > p o i i v r i i ) V K a i

X i r m o v

K a l a v O p w m o v

i X p r l

m y X X a .

e ) T h e s u b j e c t i n

t h e

d u a l

i s v e r y

o f t e n c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

t h e

p r e d i c a t e

i n t h e p l u r a L

A l i o d v S p e i p a x i o a v r o .

—

' A S t \ < p C t S v o r j a a v K a X o i .

R e m a r k

3 . T h e

d u a l i s n o t a l w a y s

u s e d

w h e n t w o o b j e c t s

a r e

s p o k e n

o f , b u t

o n l y w h e n t h e y a r e

e i t h e r t w o

t h i n g s

c o n n e c t e d t o g e t h e r

b y

n a t u r e , a s m > S e , % f i p ( , w r t o r s u c h a s a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s s t a n d i n g i n a

c l o s e a n d m u t u a l r e l a t i o n

t o

e a c h o t h e r , e . g .

a d t X Q w ,

t w o

b r o t h e r s .

R e m a r k 4 . W h e n a f e m i n i n e s u b s t a n t i v e i n t h e d u a l i s c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

a n

a d j e c t i v e

a s

a n

a t t r i b u t i v e ,

t h i s

l a t t e r

i s

p u t

i n

t h e

m a s c u l i n e

d u a l

a s

d / . 0 r w

7 t o X e e .

—

r t a y v v a x K i .

—

a f i i p u t

r o v r w r u i

t ' l / i e p a .

—

r o i v

y t v e a e o i v .

—

r o v r i i t

r a >

r k % v a .

f ) W h e n t h e p r e d i c a t e i s

a

s u p e r l a t i v e , a n d t h i s s t a n d s i n

c o n n e x i o n w i t h a g e n i t i v e , t h e g e n d e r o f t h e


g e n e r a l l y c o n f o r m s

t o

t h a t

o f t h e s u b j e c t ,

a s i n L a t i n ; m o r e

r a r e l y , t o t h a t o f t h e g e n i t i v e .

4 > ( f o v o e

\ a \ t m o r a r 6 g

£ < m

r u i v

v b o t a v .

—

' O

y X i o g

m i v r t a v

X x t f i i r p o r a r o Q

l o r w .

S o l

o m n i u m

r e r u m l u c i d i s s i m u s e s t .

§ 1 4 7 6 . ]

1 6 7

O N C O R D .

§

1 4 7

b .

C o n c o r d

i n

t h e

C a s e

o f

s e v e r a l

S u b j e c t s .

1 . W h e n

t h e r e a r e

t w o

o r m o r e s u b j e c t s , t h e v e r b

o r

c o p u l a

s t a n d s i n t h e p l u r a l . I f t h e s e s u b j e c t s h a v e o n e g e n d e r o n l y ,

t h e

a d j e c t i v e

t a k e s

t h a t g e n d e r i n

t h e

p l u r a l ; b u t i f t h e y

h a v e d i f f e r e n t

g e n d e r s ,

t h e m a s c u l i n e ,

i n

t h e c a s e o f l i v i n g

b e i n g s , i s p r e f e r r e d t o t h e f e m i n i n e a n d n e u t e r ; a n d t h e

f e m i n i n e t o

t h e

n e u t e r w h i l e , i n

t h e

c a s e o f t h i n g s ,

t h e

a d

j e c t i v e

t a k e s

t h e

f o r m

o f

t h e

n e u t e r

p l u r a l

w i t h o u t

a n y

r e g a r d

t o

t h e i r

g e n d e r .

' O ^ t K i i r i r o Q

K a i

6 ' A X t K a v t i p o g i r o W d

K a i

Q a v p a a r d t p y a a T r e d e i Z a v r o . — ' O

2 t i ) K p a T 7 i Q

K a i b T V K c l t o i v

T \ a a v

a o t p o i . — ' H p - r f T i j p K a i B v y d r i j p i j a a v

K a k a i . — ' H

b p y y K a i d a v v t a i a e t a i K a t c a i .

f O d v i j p

K a i

y v v i ]

d y a d o i f l a w . — ' H y v v i )

K a i

t o .

T i K v a

d y a B a i d a i v .

' Q g

f W f i r a r i p a

r e K a i f i i ] T k p a K a i

d

S e \ t p 0 £ K a i

r ^ v i a v r o v y v v

a i K a a i x f i a \ t i > T O V c .

y t y e v r j f i B V O v g , I S a K p v a t v .

—

' H d y o p d K a i i r p v T a v e i o v

H a p l y

X i B i p

r } O K H ] i i v a

r j v .

—

A i 0 o t

r e

K a i

x X i V G o i

K a i

f

i \ a

K a i

K i p a f i o g

d r a K T i i i Q

t p p i f i f i & v a o v S e v

x p f j f f i f i a i a r i v .

R e m a r k

1 . S o m e t i m e s t h e v e r b a n d a d j e c t i v e c o r r e s p o n d , i n p o i n t o f

f o r m ,

t o t h e

s u b j e c t

w h i c h

s t a n d s n e a r e s t a s < p i \ t i a t 0 i r a r i i p K a i

( i r j T t j p j

a n d

d y a 9 o £

l a n v

b

i r a r i l p

K a i

f i r i r i j p .

2 .

W h e n s e v e r a l s u b j e c t s o f

d i f f e r e n t

p e r s o n s a r e c o n n e c t e d

t o g e t h e r , t h e f i r s t p e r s o n i s p r e f e r r e d t o t h e ,

s e c o n d

a n d t h i r d ,

b u t

t h e

s e c o n d

t o

t h e

t h i r d ;

a n d

t h e

v e r b

i s

p u t

i n

t h e

p l u r a l .

' E y u K a i a i i y p d i p o f i e v , e g o e t t u s c r i b i m u s ; i y u j K a i I k u v o q y p d ^ o f i € v t e g o e t

i l l e s c r i b i m u s a i K a i

I k u v o i

y p a Q t r e , t u e t i l l e

s c r i b i t i s ; i y u >

K a i

I k u v o i

y p d i p o f i t v , a i

K a i

I k u v o i y p d i j i t T i , r ) f i u Q K a i I k u v o i y p d f o / i e v , i / i u g K a i

k K e i v o g y p a Q e r e .

R e m a r k 2 . O f t e n t i m e s , i n

a d d i t i o n

t o o n e s u b j e c t i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e

w h i c h

e x p r e s s e s

t h e n o t i o n o f p l u r a l i t y , w e f i n d o n e o r m o r e e x p r e s s i n g

t h e

s e p a r a t e

p a r t s

o f

w h i c h

t h e

f o r m e r

c o n s i s t s

( a x w a

K a f f ' 6 K o v K a i

p k p o o ) \

a s : o t

a r p a r i u t T a i o i p i v

i \ v a v T i < j i Q r \ a a v r o l e T r o ' h f f i i o i c ,

o l c i

d - i r e f v y o v .

M 4

1 6 8

E L E M E N T S

O F

T H E S I M P L E S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p . 1

§

1 4 8 .

O n

t h e A r t i c l e .

1 T h e s u b j e c t , a n d , i n d e e d , e v e r y s u b s t a n t i v e , i s c o n n e c t e d

w i t h t h e

a r t i c l e 5 , r ) , t o , t h e , w h e n

t h e s p e a k e r

w i s h e s t o d e

n o t e

a n o b j e c t

a s d e f i n i t e , a n d

t o


i t f r o m

a n o t h e r

o f t h e

s a m e

k i n d . T h e s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h o u t t h e

a r t i c l e

e x

p r e s s e s t h e n o t i o n w i t h o u t a n y l i m i t a t i o n , a s d v 8 p a ) i r o s ,

m a n

;

b u t

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h t h e

a r t i c l e d i s t i n g u i s h e s

t h e o b j e c t

a s o n e t h a t i s d e f i n e d , a n d r e l a t e d t o t h e v i e w o f t h e

s p e a k e r ,

a s

6 a v O p a y i r o s , i . e . t h e m a n w h o m I s u b m i t t o m y c o n s i d e r

a t i o n ,

a n d

r e g a r d a s

a d i f f e r e n t

b e i n g

f r o m t h e

r e s t o f

m e n . S o

< j > i \ o c r o < l > i a , p h i l o s o p h y , i n g e n e r a l ; r ] < f > t K o o - o c p i a , p h i l o s o p h y , a s

a s e p a r a t e

b r a n c h o f k n o w l e d g e .

2 . H e n c e t h e

a r t i c l e

i s a l s o u s e d t o d e n o t e t h e w h o l e c o m

p a s s o f

t h e

i d e a ,

i n a s m u c h

a s

t h e s p e a k e r

s u b m i t s

a n

o b j e c t

t o

h i s

c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,

a s

t h e

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

o f

a l l

o t h e r s

o f

t h e

s a m e

k i n d

a s 6 a v B p m i r o s 6 v t j t o s

e a r i v , m a n

( i . e . a l l

m e n ,

o r

t h e c r e a t u r e

m a n )

i s m o r t a l ; r j a v S p l a i c a X r i s o t i v , i . e . a l l t h a t

I c o m p r e h e n d

u n d e r

t h e

i d e a a v Z p l a ; t o

y d X a i a r l v

q S v .

R e m a r k 1 .

T h e

E n g l i s h i n d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e a o r a n h a s a d o u b l e

m e a n

i n g .

I t d e n o t e s e i t h e r a

c l a s s g e n e r a l l y , a s a

m a n , i n w h i c h c a s e t h e

G r e e k s u s e t h e s u b s t a n t i v e a l o n e , a s

a v e p u i r o g o r

i t d e n o t e s

a n

i n d i v i d u a l

o f t h a t c l a s s , l i k e t h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e , b u t n o t o n e t h a t i s

d e f i n e d

a n d

d i s t i n g u i s h e d

f r o m

t h e

r e s t ,

i n

w h i c h

c a s e

t h e

G r e e k

l a n

g u a g e f r e q u e n t l y c o n n e c t s t h e s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h t h e i n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n

r i g a s

& v $ p u > i r 6 e

r i g

( i . e .

a c e r t a i n

o n e o f m e n ,

h o m o q u i d a m )

y w i ]

r i g .

o p v i v

& % t v .

I n

a g e n e r a l w a y ,

r i g

i s

p l a c e d a f t e r

i t s s u b s t a n t i v e a s a n

e n c l i t i c , b u t , i n c o n n e c t e d

d i s c o u r s e ,

i t s o m e t i m e s g o e s

b e f o r e .

3 . W i t h r e g a r d

t o

p r o p e r n a m e s i t s h o u l d b e

o b s e r v e d

t h a t

t h e y g e n e r a l l y o m i t t h e

a r t i c l e ;

a s X w / c p a T y s

e c j y n .

— ' E v i -

K T j c r a v

© r j f i a l o i

A a / c s S a t f i o v l o v s .

—

o t e a O e

f x r y r s

T L s p c r o -

f i \ J T r r 7 ] v i n r s p ~ K e p p o v r j o - o v , f i ^ r s

< f > l \ n n r o v

v r r e p ' A f i t j y n r o K s m s

7 r o \ £ f i ^ a s i v , o r a v i B a a i v

^ / J , d s f i v B s v b s t & v d X K o T p i w v

s < j > i s f i i

§ H 8 . ]

1 6 9

E T I C L E .

v o v s .

T h e y t a k e

t h e

a r t i c l e , h o w e v e r ,

i f t h e y h a v e

b e e n

p r e

v i o u s l y

m e n t i o n e d

a n d

a r e

a g a i n

a l l u d e d

t o ,

o r ,

e v e n

t h o u g h

n o t

m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , i f t h e y a r e t o b e d e n o t e d a s

l o n g

k n o w n

a s a i r b

r o d ' i X w o - o v

A i - y e r a t 6 H o p i a s r r j v

, D , p s i 9 v i a v

a p T r c u r a i .

R e m a r k

2 .

E v e n

i n

c o n n e x i o n

w i t h a n a d j e c t i v e ,

p r o p e r n a m e s

g e n e

r a l l y h a v e n o t t h e

a r t i c l e

w i t h t h e m a s c o i p b g S o w c p a n j c ,

t h e w i s e S o c r a t e s .

F u r t h e r , i f a n

a p p o s i t i o n

w i t h t h e a r t i c l e f o l l o w s t h e p r o p e r n a m e , t h e

a r t i c l e i s

g e n e r a l l y

o m i t t e d ; a s :

K p o l c r o f , 6

w A v l w v P a o t X e v g . T h e

n a m e s

o f

r i v e r s

a r e

g e n e r a l l y

p l a c e d ,

a s


b e t w e e n

t h e

a r t i c l e

a n d t h e w o r d i r o r a u o c a s 6 I I i j M i o e m r a u o e .

4 . W h e n a d j e c t i v e s o r p a r t i c i p l e s a p p e a r a s s u b s t a n t i v e s ,

t h e y

g e n e r a l l y

t a k e t h e

a r t i c l e

( a c c o r d i n g t o

N o .

2 . ) . I n

E n g l i s h , i n s u c h a

c a s e ,

w e e m p l o y ,

e i t h e r

a n a d j e c t i v e u s e d

s u b s t a n t i v e l y , a s , o t

a y a Q o i , t h e

g o o d

;

o r

a s u b s t a n t i v e ,

a s ,

t o

a r y a O o v ,

t h e a d v a n t a g e , 6 X p y a J V , t h e s p e a k e r ; o r

t h e

i n d e f i

n i t e

a r t i c l e ,

a

o r

a n

;

o r

r e s o l v e

t h e

p a r t i c i p l e

b y

w h o ,

w h i c h

( i s , q u i ) . I n G r e e k , t h i s

u s e

o f t h e p a r t i c i p l e i n

a l l

t e n s e s i s

u n c o m m o n l y

f r e q u e n t

a s : 6

T r X s l o - r a a n p s X & v t o

k o i v o v f i s -

y u r r t o v r i f i e o v a ^ i o v r a i , 6 T f X e i c r r a d t ) < f > e \ r ] o ~ a s t o k o i v o v a t j i o v -

r a i , - 6

t t X . a x f r s X t f o - c o v t . k . p . . r .

d g u o O t f o - S T a i .

— r T o X X o u s

e ^ o f i s v t o w e t o I / m o s o - w a y a > v i £ o f i £ v o v s . B u t i f o n l y a p a r t o f

t h e w h o l e i s

t o

b e e x p r e s s e d , t h e a r t i c l e i s o m i t t e d ; a s : i c a i c a

K a l a l o - x p a

e i r p a g e v .

T h e i n f i n i t i v e m o o d a l s o h a s t h e

a r t i c l e

w h e n i t i s

t o

b e

r e g a r d e d a s

a

s u b s t a n t i v e a s t o y p a q b e w .

5 . O t

a X X o t d e n o t e s

t h e r e s t , r ) a \ \ r } ' E X X a y , t h e r e s t o f

G r e e c e . E t c / j o s , a l t e r ,

t a k e s t h e

a r t i c l e

( 6

s r s p o s ) , i n

o r d e r

t o

d e n o t e o n e o f t w o d e f i n i t e p e r s o n s o r t h i n g s ; s o o t s r s p o i ,

t h e

o n e o f t w o p a r t i e s .

I l o X X o t d e n o t e s

m a n y , o t

7 r o X X o t , t h e

m u l t i t u d e , t h e

g e n e r a l

m a s s ( i n

c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n

t o p a r t s o f

t h e

w h o l e ) i r X s i o v s ,

p l u r e s , o t w X s i o v s ,

t h e

g r e a t e r p a r t ( i n

c o n

t r a d i s t i n c t i o n t o

t h e

s m a l l e r

p a r t )

;

i r X s i o - r o i ,

p l u r i m i ,

o t

7 r X e t -

o T o t ,

m o s t ( t o d e n o t e a n

e x c e s s

o f n u m b e r ) .

6 . T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e l i b e r t y o f u s i n g a d v e r b s o f

1 7 0 E L E M E N T S O F T H E

S I M P L E

S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p . X .

p l a c e a n d

t i m e

( m o r e r a r e l y t h o s e o f q u a l i t y ) , a s a d j e c t i v e s o r

s u b s t a n t i v e s ,

b y

p r e f i x i n g

t h e

a r t i c l e .

I n

l i k e

m a n n e r ,

a


w i t h i t s c a s e m a y b e t r e a t e d a s a n a d j e c t i v e .

' i f a v i a

i r S X i g — 6

f i t r a l i v t 6 x o c —

o i i v B d S t a v B p u n r o i , o r o l I v B d S t

—

6 v v v

$ a < s i K t i ) Q

—

o l w d X a i a o < p o i

a v f p t Q —

o l r d r e

— a v p w v

( s c . i j p k p a )

—

o

d t i

K p a r i i v — o l

i r d v v

r i a v a T p a r u m u i v ,

t h e

b e s t o f

t h e s o l d i e r s

—

d y a v

d / u X e w , t h e t o o

g r e a t

c a r e l e s s n e s s

—

6

i r p b g t o v q n i p a a s

v o X s / t o g

— t v

X t p p o v i i a i f t

r v p a v v ' i s .

7 .

W h e n t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , w h i c h h a s t h e a r t i c l e , i s

c o n

n e c t e d w i t h


l i m i t a t i o n s

o r d e f i n i t i o n s , s u c h a s , e .

g .

a n a d j e c t i v e , a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n o r n u m e r a l , s u b s t a n t i v e i n t h e

g e n i t i v e , a d v e r b , o r p r e p o s i t i o n

w i t h i t s c a s e ( N o .

6 . ) ;

t h e

t w o f o l l o w i n g c a s e s m u s t b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d , w i t h

r e g a r d

t o

t h e

p l a c i n g

o f t h e

a r t i c l e

a ) T h e a t t r i b u t i v e i s c o m b i n e d w i t h

i t s

s u b s t a n t i v e i n t o

t h e u n i t y

o f o n e i d e a , a s , t h e g o o d

m a n

= t h e w o r t h y , t h e

w i s e

m a n

=

t h e

s a g e

;

a n d

e x p r e s s e s

a n

o b j e c t

w h i c h

i s

c o n t r a s t e d

w i t h

o t h e r o b j e c t s

o f t h e

s a m e

k i n d b y

m e a n s

o f t h e a n n e x e d

a t t r i b u t i v e .

T h e


t h e n s t a n d s e i t h e r b e t w e e n t h e

a r t i c l e

a n d

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e ,

o r i s p l a c e d

a f t e r t h e


w i t h

t h e a r t i c l e r e p e a t e d .

' O d y a B b s d v r / p o t 6 d v r j p 6 d y a B o Q ( i n

o p p o s i t i o n t o

t h e b a d m a n ) o i

i r X o v a i o i

■ k o X X t c u ,

o r

o l j r o M r a i o l

? r A o u < r i o i i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e O t h e r

c i t i z e n s ) ; 6 t u v ' A B r i v a i m v S i j f w g , o r 6 d r j / i o i b t i S v ' k B r f v a i i a v ( i n o p p o

s i t i o n t o a n o t h e r p e o p l e ) o l v v v a v O p t o i r o i ,

o r

o t

d v Q p u > i r o i

o l v v v 6

n p b g

r o i > £

U e p o a g i r 6 k e i w e , o r

6

n o X e f t o g

b

w p o s r o i t H i p a a g .

b )

T h e a t t r i b u t i v e i s n o t c o m b i n e d w i t h i t s s u b s t a n t i v e

i n t o

t h e

u n i t y o f o n e i d e a , b u t r e p r e s e n t e d a s

t h e

p r e d i c a t e o f

a s h o r t e n e d c o o r d i n a t e s e n t e n c e a n d f o r m s a c o n t r a s t , n o t t o

a n o t h e r o b j e c t

o f t h e s a m e k i n d ,

b u t

t o i t s e l f ,

i n a s m u c h

a s i t

i s

i n t i m a t e d

t h a t

t h e

o b j e c t

i s

£ o b e

c o n s i d e r e d

a s p o s s e s s i n g

a

c e r t a i n

q u a l i t y

f o r

i t s e l f , w i t h o u t

r e f e r e n c e

t o

a n o t h e r .

I n

E n g l i s h , i n

s u c h

c a s e s , w e m a k e

u s e

o f

t h e

i n d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e ,

a

o r

a n ,

i n

t h e s i n g u l a r ,

a n d

o m i t t h e

a r t i c l e

a l t o g e t h e r i n t h e

§

H 8 . ]

1 7 1

K T I C L E .

p l u r a l . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e a d j e c t i v e , w i t h o u t t h e a r t i c l e , t a k e s

i t s

p l a c e ,

e i t h e r

a f t e r

t h e

a r t i c l e

a n d

t h e


o r

b e f o r e

t h e a r t i c l e a n d t h e s u b s t a n t i v e .

' O d v r ] p d y a B o g ,

o r d y a B b g

b d v r i p , a g o o d

m a n

( = d y a B b g u > v , t h e

m a n ,

w h o i s g o o d ; s o f a r a s , b e c a u s e , i f , h e i s g o o d ) . 0 1

d v B p w i r o i

j u a o v a i

r b v a v d p a K a n o v

o r K a K o v

t o v

d v c p a , m e n h a t e a b a d m a n ,

e . h a t e a m a n

s o f a r a s , b e c a u s e , i f , h e i s b a d . ( O n t h e c o n t r a r y , r b v x a i c b v

d v S p a

o r

r b v

d v S p a

t o v K a x b v

t h e b a d

m a n , i n o p p o s i t i o n

t o t h e g o o d h e n c e r o i c

p i v d y a B o v g d v B p i o i r o v g d y a i r u i f j t t v , r o i i g S k K a K o b g i i t o o v p e v . ) ' 0 f i a o i X e v g

r ' l S t w g

x a p i & T a i

r o l e

w o X i r a i g

d y a B o l g ,

g o o d

c i t i z e n s ,

e .

i f ,

o r

b e c a u s e ,

t h e y

a r e g o o d ( o n t h e c o n t r a r y , r o l e d y a B o t g i r o X i r a i g ,

o r

r o l e 7 r o X i ' r a t e

r o l e

d y a B o X g ,

t h e g o o d

c i t i z e n s , i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e

b a d

c i t i z e n s ) .

' 0

B t b g

r i ) v i p v x v v K p a r i a r r j v r y

d v B p w i r q i

i v k t y v a i v , a s o u l i n i t s g r e a t e s t

p e r f e c

t i o n .

0 1 v i r o

t o v r ) X i o v

K a r a X a i x i r o p i V O i r d x p & p - a r a p t X a v r t p a e x o v a i v , a

d a r k e r s k i n

( t h e g r e a t e r d a r k n e s s o f

t h e

s k i n i s

t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f

K a r a X d f i i r e t j B a i

v i r b t o v r ) X i o v ) .

R e m a r k 3 . W h e n a s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h

t h e

a r t i c l e i s

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

a

g e n i t i v e ,

t h e

a r r a n g e m e n t

s p e c i f i e d

u n d e r

a ) t a k e s

p l a c e ,

o n l y

w h e n

t h e

s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h i t s

g e n i t i v e

f o r m s a

c o n t r a s t

t o

a n o t h e r o b j e c t

o f

t h e

s a m e

k i n d a s b

r i S v

' A B t j v a i w v

S i j / i o g , o r 6 d i j p o g b r t S v ' A B r i v a i m v

( i n

o p p o s i t i o n t o a n o t h e r

p e o p l e ) ;

t h e e m p h a s i s t h e n l i e s

o n

t h e

g e n i t i v e .

O n

t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e g e n i t i v e , w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e a r t i c l e , i s p l a c e d

e i t h e r

b e f o r e o r

a f t e r

t h e o t h e r s u b s t a n t i v e , w h e n t h i s s u b s t a n t i v e e x p r e s s e s a

p a r t

o f


a n d

t h e e m p h a s i s t h e n l i e s

u p o n

t h e

g o v e r n i n g

s u b

s t a n t i v e

a s 6 S r j p o g t & v K B r \ v a m v , o r r u v ' A B r j v a t o J v 6 S r j f w g , t h e p e o p l e ,

n o t t h e n o b l e s .

W h e n

t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e

s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n

i s u s e d

i n s t e a d

o f

t h e

p o s s e s s i v e

p r o n o u n ,

t h e

r e f l e c t i v e

p r o n o u n s h a v e

t h e

p o s i t i o n

m e n t i o n e d

i n

N o .

7 , a ) a s d i p a v T o v i r a r r i p , o r 6 i r a r r i p

6

I p x i v r o v ,

& c .

b u t t h e s i m p l e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s p o v , o o v , & c ,

s t a n d

w i t h o u t t h e

a r t i c l e , e i t h e r a f t e r o r

b e f o r e

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h t h e

a r t i c l e

a s

d

i r a r r i p

y t o v , o r i i o i 6 i r a r r i p ° i r a r r i p a i m , o r a o v d i r a r r i p d i r a r r i p a i i r o v , o r a i i r o v

6 i r a r r i p m y , t h y ,

h i s ( e j u s ) f a t h e r

6 i r a r r i p r ) f u S v , i / i a v ,

a v T < S v ,

o r r ) p . C i v ,

i f i M v ,

a i i r i S v

o

i r a r r i p ,

o u r i y o u r , t h e i r ( e o r u m )

f a t h e r .

I n

t h e s i n g u l a r

a n d

d u a l , t h e e n c l i t i c

f o r m s

a r e a l w a y s u s e d .

R e m a r k 4 . T h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d c a s e s

a p p e a r s

v e r y

p l a i n l y

i n i n d e f i n i t e

a d j e c t i v e s

a s

a i c p o e ,

p i a o g ,

l a x a r o g .

I f t h e a r r a n g e m e n t m e n t i o n e d u n d e r a ) t a k e s p l a c e , t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , w i t h

i t s a t t r i b u t i v e ,

f o r m s

a c o n t r a s t t o a n o t h e r

o b j e c t

o f t h e s a m e k i n d a s

V

p i a n

i r o K i g ,

t h e

m i d d l e

t o w n , i n o p p o s i t i o n t o

o t h e r

t o w n s t a x d r n v i j o o g ,



1 7 2

E L E M E N T S

O F T H E S I M P L E S E N T E N C E . . [ c h a p . I .

t h e o u t e r m o s t

i s l a n d ,

i n o p p o s i t i o n t o o t h e r i s l a n d s i f , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e


m e n t i o n e d

u n d e r

6 )

t a k e s

p l a c e ,

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e

i s

c o n

t r a s t e d w i t h i t s e l f ,

s i n c e

a

m o r e p a r t i c u l a r

d e f i n i t i o n o f i t i s

e x p r e s s e d b y

m e a n s o f

t h e


I n

E n g l i s h , w e

e x p r e s s t h e s e


e i t h e r

b y a d v e r b s ,

o r

( a n d i n d e e d u s u a l l y ) b y a s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h

t h e

g e n i t i v e ;

a s i i r i r $ S p e t & x p t p ,

o r l i r ' a i c p q t

t i $ o p t t , u p o n t h e m o u n t a i n a b o v e , a b o v e

u p o n

t h e m o u n t a i n ;

o r u p o n

t h e t o p o f t h e m o u n t a i n ( p r o p e r l y ,

u p o n

t h e

m o u n t a i n

w h e r e

i t i s h i g h e s t ) I v

p S o y r y

i r o A « o r i v

r y

i r o k t i

p i a r i ,

i n t h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e

c i t y

; v l u x u r y r j j v t ' i a i f , o r v i \ a i p r p l a \ a T y , o n t h e h a r d e r o f

t h e i s l a n d .

R e m a r k

5 .

I n

a

s i m i l a r

m a n n e r ,

t h e

a d j e c t i v e

i w v o c t a k e s t h e

f i r s t

a r r a n g e m e n t w h e n i t e x p r e s s e s a r e a l l y a t t r i b u t i v e d e f i n i t i o n o f i t s s u b

s t a n t i v e , a s 6

i w v o q i r a i t ,

t h e o n l y

s o n ;

b u t

t h e

s e c o n d , w h e n i t i n c l u d e s

a m o r e p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e p r e d i c a t e , a s 6 i r a i g p . 6 v o g , o r p o v o s

6

i r a i c , T r a i X , n ,

t h e

h o y p l a y s a l o n e ( w i t h o u t

c o m p a n y ) .

8 . W i t h

r e g a r d t o t h e u s e o f t h e a r t i c l e

i n

t h e c o n n e x i o n

o f a


w i t h a n a d j e c t i v e , t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d a l s o

b e

o b s e r v e d :

a ) T h e a r t i c l e i s

j o i n e d

t o a s u b s t a n t i v e

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h a n

a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n , i f t h e o b j e c t i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a d e f i

n i t e o n e a n d t h e a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n t a k e s i t s p l a c e b e t w e e n

t h e a r t i c l e a n d t h e s u b s t a n t i v e ,

a s ,

6 e f i b s i r a r r i p o n t h e c o n

t r a r y , e f w s d S e X ^ o s ,

a b r o t h e r o f m i n e ( u n d e t e r m i n e d w h i c h ) ,

i f i o s i r a i s .

b ) T h e a r t i c l e i s j o i n e d t o a s u b s t a n t i v e c o n n e c t e d w i t h

t o i o v t o s ,

r o w c r h e , t o o - o v t o s ,

i f

t h e

q u a n t i t y

o r

q u a l i t y

d e n o t e d

b y t h e m i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a t t a c h i n g , e i t h e r t o a d e f i n i t e

o b j e c t ,

o r

t o t h e w h o l e

c l a s s

o f o b j e c t s p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d .

T h e a r t i c l e g e n e r a l l y s t a n d s b e f o r e

t h e p r o n o u n a n d t h e s u b

s t a n t i v e ; a s 6 t o i o v t o s d v r ) p O a v f m o r o s

i o r i v , t o .

T o i a x n a

i r p d y / J M T a

K a \ d

i c r r i v . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e a r t i c l e

m u s t

b e

o m i t t e d , i f t h e

o b j e c t

i s

i n d e f i n i t e

( a n y

o n e

o f t h o s e w h i c h

a r e

o f

s u c h a k i n d

o r

s o g r e a t ) ;

a s :

t o i o v t o v

d v S p a

o v k

d v

s i r a i -

v o h j i .

c ) W h e n a s u b s t a n t i v e i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h w a s , i r d v r e s , t h e

f o l l o w i n g c a s e s a r e

t o

b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d

§ 1 4 8 . ]

1 7 3

A R T I C L E .

a )

W h e n

t h e

n o t i o n

o f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e i s

r e p r e s e n t e d

q u i t e

g e n e r a l l y , t h e a r t i c l e i s n o t u s e d ; a s

i r a s

a v d p a - r r o s , e v e r y

m a n

( i .

e .

e v e r y

o n e ,

t o

w h o m

t h e

i d e a

o f

m a n

a t t a c h e s ) ,

i r a v r s s

a v Q p o m o t , , a l l

m e n .

I n

t h e

s i n g u l a r ,

i r a s h a s t h e n t h e

m e a n

i n g , e v e r y .

/ 3 ) W h e n


c o n n e c t e d

w i t h i r d s , n r a v r e s , i s

t o

b e r e p r e s e n t e d

a s a

w h o l e , i n o p p o s i t i o n

t o i t s s e v e r a l

p a r t s ,

i t

t a k e s t h e a r t i c l e ,

a n d

t h e


m e n t i o n e d

i n

N o . 7 ,

a ) t a k e s p l a c e ; a s 1 7 i r a a a < y r j , t h e w h o l e e a r t h ;

o i

7 r o X i y t u o t

a i r i i c r r s w a v r o v s i r a v r a s n r o X i r a s , a l l t h e

c i t i z e n s w i t h o u t

e x c e p

t i o n . T h i s

u s e

i s m o r e r a r e . T h e

s i n g u l a r i r a s h a s t h e n

t h e


t h e

w h o l e , a l l .

7 ) W h e n t h e n o t i o n o f t h e w h o l e o r a l l i s t o b e a n n e x e d t o

a d e f i n i t e o b j e c t ( w h i c h i s , t h e r e f o r e , c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e a r t i

c l e ) ,

m e r e l y

a s

a

m o r e

p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n , t h e


m e n t i o n e d

i n

N o .

7 ,

b ) i s a d o p t e d a s

o i a r p a T i w r a i e t X o v

t o a r p a T c n r s B o v a i r a v ,

o r a i r a v

t o a r p a r d i r s B o v

;

o i

O T p a T i w r a i

i r d v T S s ,

o r

i r a v r s s

o i

o - T p a T i t b r a t ,

k o X w s

i f i a ^ s a a v r o .

T h i s

4 s

b y f a r t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t u s e o f

i r a s ,

i r a v T e s . I n t h i s w a y t h e

w o r d o X o s

a l s o ,

i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h a s u b s t a n t i v e a n d t h e

a r t i

c l e , i s a l w a y s

u s e d

a s B i a t t j v i r o X i v o \ t ] v , o r B u i o k r j v t t j v

• j r o K i v ( n o t B i A t t j v

o K t j v

i r o K i v ) .

d ) W h e n a


i s

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

s K a c n o s ,

e a c h ,

e v e r y ;

t h e

a r t i c l e

i s o m i t t e d , a s w i t h

i r a s , i n

t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n

e v e r y ,

i f

t h e

i d e a

o f t h e


i s


q u i t e

g e n e

r a l l y ,

a s K a f f S K a c r r r j v

r / f i f y a v ,

e v e r y

d a y , o n a l l d a y s ; i f ,

o n

t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e i d e a o f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e i s t o b e e x p r e s s e d

w i t h

e m p h a s i s , t h e a r t i c l e i s a n n e x e d t o i t , a n d t h e a r r a n g e

m e n t

m e n t i o n e d u n d e r

N o . 7 ,

i ) i s

a l w a y s

a d o p t e d , a s

K a r a

t t j v f j f i l p a v

e j c a o r r j v , o r ,

u s u a l l y ,

i c a d '

S K c u r r q v t t ) v f i f i s p a v ,

o n

e a c h p a r t i c u l a r d a y .

e )

W h e n

a *


i s

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

s K a r s p o s ,

e a c h

o f

t h e

t w o , d f u f x o a n d a f i c p o T s p o s ,

b o t h , i t

a l w a y s t a k e s t h e a r t i c l e ,

a n d t h e


m e n t i o n e d i n N o . 7 , b )

i s

e m p l o y e d

a s

1 7 4

E L E M E N T S

O F

T H E

S I M P L E

S E N T E N C E .

[ c h a p . I .

h r l

t w v

T r X e v p w v

E K a r i p c a v ,

o r h r l s K w r s p a v

t w v

T r X s v p o i v

t o ,

5 ) T a a f i f f i o T i p a , o r a f u p o T E p a T a S r r a ; a f u j x u v t o X v ^ e p o l v , o r r a l v

X e p o l v

a f i c f r o i v .

f ) W h e n a s u b s t a n t i v e i s c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

a

c a r d i n a l

n u m

b e r , t h e a r t i c l e i s o m i t t e d , i f t h e n o t i o n o f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e i s

u n d e f i n e d , a s

T p s i s

a v B p s s

T j X d o v

o n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e

a r t i c l e

i s

e m p l o y e d

w i t h

t h e


—

a )

i n t h e p o s i t i o n m e n

t i o n e d i n N o . 7 , a ) , i f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e

n u m e r a l i m p l i e s t h e n o t i o n o f a c o m b i n a t i o n , a s : o i

t & v

f i a c r i X E c o v

o i v o y p o i

S c B o a a i ,

t o l s

T p i c r l

B a i c r v X o i s

o ^ o v v r e s

t t ) v

< j > i d \ r ) v ,

i .

e .

w i t h

t h e t h r e e

f i n g e r s

( s p e c i f i e d ) ;

a n d

v e r y f r e

q u e n t l y , i f

i t i m p l i e s

a

r e f e r e n c e t o

a

p r e c e d i n g


( w i t h o u t

a r t i c l e )

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

a

c a r d i n a l n u m b e r ; —

/ 3 ) i n

t h e

p o s i t i o n m e n t i o n e d i n

N o . 7 , b ) , i f t h e n u m b e r

i s

a n n e x e d

t o a d e f i n i t e o b j e c t , m e r e l y a s a m o r e p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n ,

a s

E f u v y i a a v T O o i

f i e r a

U s p u c X J o v s o t t X I t u i % £ X i o i ,

o r

% t X w i

o i f A E r a

L T . c n r X l r a i .

• < ? )

F u r t h e r ,


c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

t h e

d e m o n s t r a

t i v e s , o v t o s , o B s , e k s I v o s ,

a n d

a v T o s , i p s e , a l s o g e n e r a l l y t a k e

t h e

a r t i c l e

b u t i t h a s

o n l y

t h e

p o s i t i o n

m e n t i o n e d i n N o . 7 ,

b ) o v t o s 6

a v r / p ,

o r 6 a v r j p o v t o s ( n o t 6 o v t o s a v q p ) r j B s f )

y v c o f i r j ,

o r

f i y v c o f i r ) t f B s ; e k e i v o s 6

a v r \ p , o r

6 a v r j p i / c e i v o s ; a i / T o s

6 f i a a i X s v s ,

o r

6

f i a a i X E v s

a v T o s ( b u t 6 a v r o s —

i d e m ) .

' R e m a r k 6 . T h e a r t i c l e

i s

o m i t t e d — a ) w h e n t h e p r o n o u n s u p p l i e s t h e

p l a c e

o f

t h e

s u b j e c t ,

a n d


t h a t

o f

t h e

p r e d i c a t e ,

a s

a v r i )

l a r i v d v S p b g d p t r i ) ,

t h i s

i s t h e v i r t u e o f t h e m a n ; t h u s

w e d i s t i n g u i s h

b e t w e e n r o u r y r i p l i S a a r d X t p x p u v r m ,

t h e y h a v e

t h i s t e a c h e r , a n d T o b r t p

S i S . \ p . , t h e y h a v e t h i s m a n a s , o r f o r , a t e a c h e r ;

—

6 ) w h e n t h e s u b s t a n t i v e

i s

a

p r o p e r

n a m e ,

a s o v r o e , t i t i i v o s ,

a v r b c

S u M c p d n j j ,

§ H 9 . ]

1 7 5

E R B .

§ 1 4 9 .

O n t h e K i n d s

o f V e r b s .

T h e p r e d i c a t e

r e l a t i n g

t o t h e s u b j e c t

a n d


a

v e r b , m a y b e e x p r e s s e d i n - d i f f e r e n t w a y s , a n d h e n c e a r i s e d i f

f e r e n t k i n d s o f v e r b s , w h i c h

l a n g u a g e

d e n o t e s

b y

d i f f e r e n t

f o r m s .

a ) T h e

s u b j e c t

a p p e a r s a s a c t i n g ( a c t i v e f o r m ) a s 6 - i r a l s

y p a c p e i ,

t o

a v d o s O a X k u . T h e a c t i v e f o r m h a s , h o w e v e r , a

d o u b l e m e a n i n g

a ) t h e

t r a n s i t i v e , i f

t h e o b j e c t t o w a r d s w h i c h t h e a c

t i o n

i s

d i r e c t e d ( o b j e c t ) , s t a n d s i n t h e

a c c u s a t i v e , a n d

a c c o r d i n g l y a p p e a r s

a s s u f f e r i n g ; a s t v t t t c o

t o v i r a l h a ,

y p d < p c o

r r j v s t t i o - t o X ^ v . — T r a n s i t i v e v e r b .

/ 3 ) t h e

i n t r a n s i t i v e ,

i f t h e a c t i o n e i t h e r

r e m a i n s

c o n

f i n e d t o t h e s u b j e c t ,

a s t o

a v d o s d d W e i

o r h a s

a n

o b j e c t i n t h e g e n i t i v e o r

d a t i v e ,

o r w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n , a s

£ T r i 6 v / M b

t t ) s

d p s r r j s ,

% a l p a )

r y

a o c p l a ,

s p ^ o f i a i

s i s r r j v

i r o X i v .

— I n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b .

b ) T h e

s u b j e c t

a p p e a r s a s o n e

w h i c h

p e r f o r m s a n a c t i o n

t h a t c o m e s b a c k u p o n i t s e l f ,

s o t h a t

t h e s u b j e c t

i s a t

t h e s a m e

t i m e t h e o b j e c t a l s o o f t h e a c t i o n

a s

T V T T T O f i a i , I s t r i k e m y

s e l f ; f i o v X e v o f i a i ,

I

a d v i s e m y s e l f = z I d e l i b e r a t e . —

M i d d l e

f o r m ,

M i d d l e o r

R e f l e c t i v e v e r b .

R e m a r k

1 .

W h e n

t h e

r e f l e c t i v e

a c t i o n

o f

t w o

o r

m o r e

s u b j e c t s

i s

d i r e c t e d

t o w a r d s

o n e a n o t h e r ,

i t i s c a l l e d

r e c i p r o c a l ;

t h u s :

r i i t T o v T a i ,

t h e y s t r i k e o n e a n o t h e r S t a K i X i i o v r c u , t h e y e n c o u r a g e o n e a n o t h e r .

c ) L a s t l y , t h e

s u b j e c t

a p p e a r s a s s u f f e r i n g ; a s o l a r p a -

r i S n a i i n r b

r & v

7 t o \ s / j , 1 ( o v i h t a y ^ O r j i r a v , w e r e

p u r s u e d . —

P a s

s i v e f o r m , P a s s i v e v e r b .

R e m a r k 2 . T h e a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e f o r m s a r e c o m p l e t e . F o r t h e

p a s s i v e ,

t h e

G r e e k

l a n g u a g e

h a s

o n l y

t w o

t e n s e s

f o r m e d

t h e

f u t u r e

a n d

t h e a o r i s t . A l l t h e o t h e r f o r m s a r e

d e n o t e d

b y t h e m i d d l e f o r m , i n a s

m u c h a s t h e p a s s i v e w a s r e p r e s e n t e d a s a r e f l e c t i v e a c t i o n .

1 7 6

E L E M E N T S O F

T H E


[ c h a p . I .

§ 1 5 0 . R e m a r k s

u p o n t h e

K i n d s o f

V e r b s .

1 .

M a n y A c t i v e

v e r b s , e s p e c i a l l y

s u c h

a s e x p r e s s m o t i o n ,

h a v e a n

i n t r a n s i t i v e

a s w e l l a s a t r a n s i t i v e m e a n i n g ( c o m p a r e

t h e E n g l i s h v e r b s , t o c h a n g e , t o b r e a k ,

t o

m e l t ;

a n d

t h e

L a t i n ,

v e r t e r e ,

m u t a r e , d e c l i n a r e ) , t h u s , e . g . a v a r / s i v ,

t o

d r a w

b a c k ,

r e g r e d i ; S i d y u v , p e r s t a r e ; s X a v v s i v , t o r i d e ; i f i f i a W s i v a n d

e t s P d W s i v , t o f a l l i n ; e / c f t a W e i v , t o s p r i n g

f o r t h

;

a v o K k w u v ,

d e c l i n a r e ;

r p i i r e i v ,

l i k e v e r t e r e ;

< r r p i < p e i v ,

l i k e

m u t a r e ;

e % e i v ,

i n

c o n n e x i o n w i t h a d v e r b s , a s : « 5 , i c a / e m s , t y i - t v , b e n e , m a l e s e

h a b e r e ; r s X s m a v ,

t o e n d , t o d i e ; a n d m a n y o t h e r s .

2 .

S e v e r a l A c t i v e

v e r b s , h a v i n g a t r a n s i t i v e

m e a n i n g ,

a n d

f o r m i n g b o t h

a o r i s t s , h a v e a

t r a n s i t i v e

m e a n i n g i n a o r i s t I . ,

b u t a n i n t r a n s i t i v e i n

a o r i s t I I .

M m ,

I w r a p u p A . I . U v a a , I w r a p p e d

u p

A .

I I . t o w , I

p l u n g e d

i n t o .

w t i ) \ u ,

I

p l a c e

—

l a r n o a ,

I

p l a c e d

—

l a r n v ,

I

s t o o d .

< t > v u i ,

I

b r i n g f o r t h

—

l t f > v a a ,

I b r o u g h t f o r t h

—

t < j t v v , I

a r o s e .

O K t X K w ,

I

d r y — ( ? < r « : i j \ a , p o e t .

I

d r i e d )

— i m X t i v , I

w i t h e r e d .

S o s e v e r a l

A c t i v e s

h a v i n g

a t r a n s i t i v e m e a n i n g , a n d f o r m i n g

b o t h p e r f e c t s , h a v e a t r a n s i t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n i n p e r f e c t L ,

b u t a n i n t r a n s i t i v e o n e i n p e r f e c t I I .

l y t i p w , I a w a k e n

P f .

I .

e y r i y t p x a ,

I

h a v e

P f . I L

l y p - q y o p a , I

a m a w a k e -

a w a k e n e d

o W v p i , p e r d o — 6 \ u \ t K a , p e r d i d i — 6 \ < o \ a , p e r i i .

i r u B u ,

I

p e r s u a d e

— i r i i r i u t a , I

h a v e

—

i r i m i B a , I t r u s t ,

p e r s u a d e d

F u r t h e r , s o m e p e r f e c t s I I . , f r o m t r a n s i t i v e

v e r b s

w h i c h

f o r m

n o p e r f e c t L , h a v e

a n

i n t r a n s i t i v e m e a n i n g a r / w / u , I

b r e a k , e a r / a , I a m b r o k e n ; i n j y v v f i i , I f a s t e n , • n - i n r r f / a , I

s t a n d

f a s t ; p r f f W f i i , I t e a r , s p p u r / a , I a m t o r n ; a r f i r w , I m a k e r o t t e n ,

a i a i ) i r a , l a m c o r r u p t ; t t \ k x o ,

I m e l t , e . g . i c e ,

r s r r j K a ,

I

a m

m e l t e d ; ( p a l v t o , I s h o w , i r t y r j v a , I a p p e a r .



§ 1 5 0 . ]

1 7 7

E R B .

R e m a r k 1 T h e p a s s i v e a X i a K O / i m ,

I a m

t a k e n ,

f o r m s

i t s p e r f e c t a n d

a o r i s t w i t h

a n a c t i v e f o r m e a X w i c o ,

I

h a v e

b e e n t a k e n , i a X u v , I

w a s

t a k e n .

3 .

W i t h

r e g a r d

t o

t h e


a n d

u s e

o f t h e

M i d d l e

f o r m , t h e f o l l o w i n g i s t o b e o b s e r v e d :

a ) T h e

M i d d l e

f o r m d e n o t e s , f i r s t ,

a n

a c t i o n w h i c h t h e

s u b j e c t d i r e c t s

i m m e d i a t e l y t o w a r d s

h i m s e l f , w h e r e

i n

E n g l i s h

w e u s e t h e a c t i v e

w i t h


o f

t h e

r e f l e c t i v e

p r o

n o u n ; a s :

T V T r T O f i a i . , I

s t r i k e

m y s e l f ,

i n r ^ r d f i r j v ,

I s t r u c k

m y s e l f ,

r v y f r o f i a i , I

s h a l l s t r i k e

m y s e l f . T h i s u s e o f t h e M i d d l e i s

r a r e .

T o

t h i s

h e a d

b e l o n g

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

v e r b s ,

w h i c h

w e

w i l l e x h i b i t i n t h e a o r i s t i c a l f o r m : a m i y u ) , I k e e p f r o m ,

a w o o y i a - d a i , s e a b s t i n e r e ; d i r d y ^ a i

T i v d ,

t o

t h r o t t l e

o r h a n g

a n y o n e , d i r d y 1 ; a a - Q a i ,

t o

h a n g o n e ' s

s e l f ; r v y f r a c r O a i , K o ^ j r a a O a i ,

t o

s t r i k e

o n e ' s s e l f ;

b r i f i a k i a B a i

n v i , t o t h r o w

o n e ' s

s e l f u p o n

a n y

t h i n g

; T r a v a a a O a i , t o

c e a s e

( f r . r r a v a , I c a u s e t o c e a s e )

h s i ^ a a d a i , t o s h o w o n e ' s s e l f ; a n d e s p e c i a l l y v e r b s

w h i c h

e x p r e s s

t h e

a c t i o n

o f

a

s u b j e c t d i r e c t e d

t o w a r d s

h i s

o w n

b o d y

a s

X o v a a c r d a i , v c y f r a a O a i , d X e i y j r a a O a i , y p i a a a Q a u , y v f i v d a a a d a i ,

K a X v y f r a c r d a c , K o c r f i i j a a a d a i ,

e v B v c r a a d a i , e x B v a a a O a i , K e l p a a B a i ,

o ~ T £ t $ > a v u ) c r a c r 8 a i , & c . E x c e p t t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d

a n d

s o m e

o t h e r v e r b s , t h i s r e f l e c t i v e r e l a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y e x p r e s s e d b y

t h e a c t i v e f o r m w i t h t h e

a c c u s a t i v e

o f t h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n

a s e r r a i v e l v

e a v r o v , d v a p r d v

e a v r o v , t o h a n g o n e ' s s e l f u p ,

d i r o K p i m r s i v e a v r o v , e O i & i v e a v r o v ,

r r a p e y e w

e a v r o v ,

d i r o X v u v

e a v r o v , t o l o o s e n o n e ' s s e l f , a r r o a f y d r r e i v e a v r o v ,

d n r o i c r e i v u v

e a v r o v . T h e M i d d l e f o r m

h a s

t h e n

t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f t h e

p a s s i v e ,

t h u s e r r a i v e i c r O a i , d w o i c r e i v e a d a i ,

d r r o a ^ i d r r e a O a i ,

l a u d a r i , i n t e r f i c i , j u g u l a r i a h a l i o ; a n d a l s o h a s i t s a o r i s t a n d

f u t u r e w i t h a

p a s s i v e

f o r m .

R e m a r k 2 . I n a l l

t h e

a b o v e m i d d l e v e r b s ,

t h e

a c t i o n i s s u c h a s d o e s

n o t

n e c e s s a r i l y r e q u i r e t o b e d i r e c t e d

t o w a r d s t h e

s u b j e c t f o r I

c a n ,

e . g . ,

j u s t

a s

w e l l

w a s h

a n o t h e r

a s

m y s e l f .

B u t

t h e

a c t i o n

m a y

b e

o f

s u c h

a

k i n d a s t o b e n e c e s s a r i l y d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s t h e s u b j e c t , i n a s m u c h a s t h e

s u b j e c t p e r f o r m i n g t h e a c t i o n m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a c t u a l l y b o u n d u p

1 7 8

E L E M E N T S

O F

T H E S I M P L E S E N T E N C E . | c h a p . L

w i t h

t h e

o b j e c t

e x p e r i e n c i n g t h e a c t i o n .

S i n c e , i n t h i s

c a s e , t h e

s u b j e c t

c o i n c i d e s w i t h

t h e

o b j e c t ,

t h e

m i d d l e f o r m e x p r e s s e s

t h e s i m p l e i d e a o f

a n

i n t r a n s i t i v e

a c t i o n t o

t h i s c l a s s

e s p e c i a l l y

b e l o n g

v e r y

m a n y

v e r b s

w h i c h e x p r e s s a n a c t i o n

o r

p e r c e p t i o n o f

t h e m i n d . O n l y a

v e r y

f e w

v e r b s

o f t h i s k i n d

h a v e

t h e i r

a o r i s t

w i t h a

m i d d l e

f o r m

a s Q v X a Z a a S c u ,

t o g u a r d o n e ' s

s e l f ( < f > v X a Z m r i v a ,

t o

w a t c h

o n e ) , f 3 o v \ t v a a o 6 c u , t o

a d v i s e

o n e ' s

s e l f

= t o d e l i b e r a t e { j 3 o v \ i v a a i r i v a , t o

a d v i s e

a n y o n e ) , y i v a a o S a t , t o

t a s t e

; m o s t o f t h e m ,

o n

t h e c o n t r a r y , w i t h a

p a s s i v e

f o r m t h e f o l l o w i n g ,

h o w e v e r ,

h a v e t h e f u t u r e w i t h a m i d d l e f o r m v i a . d v a p v n r r S i j v a t , d v a / i v i i -

a t a B a i , t o

r e m e m b e r ,

r e c o r d a r i

( d v a p v r j a a i

r i v a , t o r e m i n d a n y o n e )

a i o y v v -

B i j v a t , a i a x v v t i a O a i , t o

b e

a s h a m e d ( a t o x v v a i r i v a , t o s h a m e ) i p o f i n O r f v a i ,

< p o f i t i ( T t o 9 a i ,

t o

b e

i n

f e a r

( t p o f i i j i r a i

r i v a ,

t e r r e r e )

T r o p t v Q i i v a i ,

i r o p t v v i a Q a i ,

p r o f t c i s c i

( j r r o p i v a a i

r i v a , t o c o n v e y a n y o n e

o v e r )

■ K i p a i u i d r j v a i , m p a i w a i a d a i

( i r o r n / i o v ) , t o c r o s s ( v c p a u i a c d r i v a , t r a j i c e r e ) i r X a y x d f j v a i , i r X a y % t < r 9 a i ,

c i r c u m v a g a r i ( w X a y K c u r i v a , t o l e a d a s t r a y ) a v i a Q r j v a i , d v i a a e a B a i , t o a f f l i c t

o n e ' s

s e l f ,

t o g r i e v e

( a v i a a a i

r i v a ,

t o a f f l i c t

a n y

o n e )

f u r t h e r S i d k v Q i i v a i ,

S i a K p i O i j v a i , d i s c e d e r e , a i r a X X a y t j v c u , d b i r e , K O i f i n B i j v a i , t o s l e e p , ( p a v i j v a t ,

a p p a r e r e , i r a y i j v a i , t o c o a g u l a t e , I n a p O T j v a i , t o r a i s e o n e ' s s e l f , a n d m a n y

o t h e r s .

b )

T h e

M i d d l e f o r m

d e n o t e s ,

s e c o n d l y ,

a n

a c t i o n

w h i c h

t h e

s u b j e c t

p e r f o r m s

o n

a n o b j e c t b e l o n g i n g t o h i m , c o n

n e c t e d w i t h h i m , o r s t a n d i n g i n a n y n e a r r e l a t i o n t o h i m . I n

E n g l i s h w e t h e n g e n e r a l l y u s e e i t h e r a p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n

o r

a


w i t h a p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n ; a s T w r r o f i a i , E T t A j r d f i r j v

t t ] v

K E < p a \ t f v ,

I

s t r i k e , s t r u c k m y

h e a d

( j i n r r e i v

k .

t h e h e a d

o f

a n o t h e r )

\ o v a a o - 0 a c

t o v s i r d Z a s ,

t o

w a s h o n e ' s

f e e t

( \ o v s i v t .

i t .

o f

a n o t h e r )

d / i r o K p v ^ a a O a i ,

r a

k a v r o v ,

t o

c o n c e a l t h a t

w h i c h

i s

o n e ' s

o w n

; K a T a a T p t y a c r O a i y r j v , s i b i s u b j i c e r e t e r r a m ; d v a p r ^ -

c r a a d a l

T i v a ,

s i b i d e v i n c i r e , t o

m a k e d e p e n d e n t u p o n o n e ' s

s e l f ;

a i r o \ v a a o - 6 a l r i v a , t o

l o o s e n

f o r o n e ' s s e l f , t o r e d e e m ; i r o p L o - a -

a Q a i t i , s i b i a l i q u i d c o m p a r a r e

( i r o p i ^ e i v

r l r i v i ,

a l i i

a l i q u i d

c o m p a r a r e ) K r r j o - a c r O a i ,

i r a p a o - K S v d a a a d a i

r i , s i b i c o m p a r a r e ;

d f i v v a o - 0 a i r o w

T r o X s f i l o v s ,

p r o p u l s a r e

a

s e h o s t e s ; d i r c o a a a d a t

K a i c d ,

a

s e

p r o p u l s a r e

m a l a . T h i s u s e o f t h e

M i d d l e

i s b y f a r

t h e

m o s t

f r e q u e n t .

R e m a r k

3 .

A s

t h e

a c t i v e m a y b e u s e d w n e n

t n e s u b j e c t

d o e s

n o t

h i m s e l f p e r f o r m a n a c t i o n b u t

h a s

i t p e r f o r m e d b y a n o t h e r a s ' X X i

§ 1 5 0 . ]

1 7 9

E R B .

% a v 8 p o g t i ) v

v o k i v K a r e a K a ^ / a > ,

h a d i t d e s t r o y e d ; s o

a l s o

m a y

t h e

m i d d l e b e

t h u s U s e d , w i t h

t h i s

d i f f e r e n c e ,

h o w e v e r , t h a t

i n

t h e

m i d d l e

t h e a c t i o n

i s

a l w a y s

d r a w n

b a c k

i n

s o m e

w a y

u p o n

t h e s u b j e c t a s 6 i r a r r i p t o v q v d i S a g

i S i S d ^ a r o , w h i c h e i t h e r m e a n s t h e

f a t h e r

i n s t r u c t e d h i s o w n c h i l d r e n , o r ,

i f

i t i s c l e a r f r o m t h e c o n n e x i o n , h a d t h e m i n s t r u c t e d ; K u p a o B m ,

t o

s h a v e

o n e ' s s e l f o r h a v e o n e ' s s e l f s h a v e d ; ' M p y i i o t e a v r u v e U o v a c t r o i n a d j i t v o i

d v i & K j a v

t i g A s X t p o i g ; i r a p a B i a B a i r p d - n e ' C a v ^ t o

s e t

b e f o r e

o n e ' s

s e l f o r

h a v e

s e t b e f o r e o n e ' s s e l f

4 .

F r o m t h e

r e f l e c t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n

o f t h e M i d d l e f o r m , t h e

P a s s i v e m e a n i n g o f i t

h a s

b e e n d e v e l o p e d , a c c o r d i n g

t o

w h i c h

t h e s u b j e c t

c a u s e s

a n a c t i o n t o b e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s

i t s e l f

i n

s u c h a m a n n e r

t h a t

i t a p p e a r s a s t h e s u f f e r i n g o b j e c t a s

f i a c r r i y o v f i a i , f y f i i o v f i a t

( y r r o t w o s ) ,

I r e c e i v e a b l o w , p u n i s h

m e n t ,

c a u s e

m y s e l f t o b e

s t r u c k , p u n i s h e d

= I

a m s t r u c k , p u

n i s h e d ( b y a n y

o n e ) ; ^ K a i r r o f m i , a B i K o v / x a i ,

I

s u f f e r

i n j u r y ,

w r o n g

; 8 i 8 a c r i c o / j , a i , I

h a v e

m y s e l f

i n s t r u c t e d ,

I r e c e i v e

i n s t r u c

t i o n ,

I

l e a r n , h e n c e v t t o t w o s ,

b y

a n y

o n e = d o c e o r a b a l i q u o ;

i r s l B o / m i ,

I

p e r s u a d e

m y s e l f ,

o r

s u f f e r

m y s e l f

t o

b e

p e r s u a d e d ,

m r o n v o s , b y a n y o n e = I a m p e r s u a d e d .

5 .

F o r t w o t e n s e s ,

h o w e v e r , v i z . t h e

f u t u r e

a n d

a o r i s t ,

t h e r e

a r e s e p a r a t e

f o r m s e m p l o y e d t o

e x p r e s s a P a s s i v e

i d e a ,

t h e a o r i s t

o f w h i c h ( s e e R e m . 2 . ) i s u s e d i n s t e a d o f

t h e

M i d d l e

f o r m

i n m a n y r e f l e c t i v e

a n d i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s a l l

t h e

o t h e r

t e n s e s a r e

e x p r e s s e d

b y t h e M i d d l e f o r m .

H e n c e

a r i s e s

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

r u l e

t h e

f u t u r e

a n d

a o r i s t

M i d d l e

h a v e

o n l y a r e f l e c t i v e o r i n t r a n s i t i v e

m e a n i n g ,

— n o t a

p a s s i v e

o n e ,

f o r t h i s t h e r e a r e s e p a r a t e f o r m s ( f u t u r e

a n d

a o r i s t P a s

s i v e )

—

a l l t h e

o t h e r t e n s e s

o f t h e

M i d d l e s e r v e a t

t h e s a m e

t i m e t o d e n o t e

t h e P a s s i v e a l s o . T h e

f u t u r e M i d d l e , h o w

e v e r ,

h a s

s o m e t i m e s

a P a s s i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n

;

a s 6 Z U a t o s

f i s v

w v , S o k & v

S ' s h a i

a S i i c o s ,

f i a c r T i y d o a e T a i ,

a T p e [ S \ d > o - £ T a i ,

h s h r j o s r a i , i K K a v O i j o s r a i , r w .

R e m a r k

4 . T h e

a u t h o r

o f

a

p a s s i v e s t a t e i s

g e n e r a l l y e x p r e s s e d b y t h e

p r e p o s i t i o n i t r i

w i t h

t h e

g e n i t i v e

a s

o l a r p a r u i r a i v i r b

t < S v j t o X e ^ i W

i l u i x O > i a a v . I n s t e a d o f t u r d , i r p o g i s

s o m e t i m e s

u s e d w i t h

t h e

g e n i t i v e

N 2

1 8 0

E L E M E N T S O F T H E S I M P L E S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p . I .

w h e n t h e p o w e r f u l a n d i m m e d i a t e i n f l u e n c e o f

a p e r s o n i s

t o

b e

d e n o t e d

a s

a r i f i a Z t o B a i ,

d S t x t i a S a i

i r p o c

t i v o q

f u r t h e r ,

i r a p d

w i t h

t h e g e n i t i v e i s

u s e d

w h e n

t h e

a u t h o r

i s

t o

b e

e x h i b i t e d

a s

t h e

p e r s o n

f r o m

w h o s e

n e i g h

b o u r h o o d , e n v i r o n s , i n w a r d

o r

o u t w a r d m e a n s ,

t h e a c t i o n

h a s p r o c e e d e d ,

h e n c e e s p e c i a l l y w i t h T r e p m r 6 a i , S i E o o B a t ,

i i f e X t i a O a i , o v X X k y t o D a t , X t y i a & a i ,

m t p a i v e o i a i ,

l i r i f a ' i K v v o B a i ( d e m o n s t r S r i ) a s

6 a y y i X o g

l i r k p t p O t ) i r a p a

j 3 a -

o i A s w f , f i e y i o T T ) t v T V \ i a T o v T t p r £ d v S p i i r a p a 6 t ( * i v S k F o r a i ,

w o X X d

x P V ^ a r a

K v p i p w a p a t w v ( p i X u v e v v t i X i y f i i v a r \ v . I f t h e

p a s s i v e

s t a t e i s c a u s e d , n o t

b y

p e r s o n s ,

b u t t h i n g s , t h e d a t i v e i s

g e n e r a l l y u s e d ( = L a t i n

a b l a t i v e )

a s t t o K i q t t o X X o a q

f f v p i p o p a X g

I m i ^ e T O .

6 .

I t

i s

a

p e c u l i a r i t y

o f t h e

G r e e k

l a n g u a g e

t h a t

t h e

a c

t i v e f o r m , n o t m e r e l y o f t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s w i t h t h e a c c u s a t i v e ,

a 8 i n L a t i n a n d G e r m a n , b u t a l s o o f i n t r a n s i t i v e o n e s w i t h

t h e

g e n i t i v e a n d

d a t i v e , m a y

b e

t u r n e d i n t o t h e

p e r s o n a l

p a s s i v e

f o r m .

< S > $ o v o v f i a i

v t t o

t i v o q , i n v i d e t u r m i h i a b a l i q u o ( f r .

Q O o v t i v

r a n , i n v i d e r e

a l i c u i ) .

— T l i a r i i o p a i ,

a i r i a r o v f i a i

v n o

t i v o q , c r e d i t o r , n o n c r e d i t u r ,

m i h i a b

a l i q u o

( f r . f f i f f r t u f i v ,

a i r i O T i i v t i v i . )

— K a i t i r i f i o v X w o v T t Q ,

c a t

i

i r t f i o v ' K

t v

6 / i s v o i t i i a K o v a i n d v r a

r b v

x p o v o v ( f r . I m f i o v X t v t i v r t v t ) .

—

' A f f c e i r a t

t o

d e l T i p & f i t v o v , d f i t X t l r a i

t o

d r i p a ^ o p i v o v ( f r . d p e X t i v t i v o q ) . — S o :

a p x o p a c , K p a r o v u c u , n a r a t p p o v o v f i a i v t t o t w o s ( f r . d p x c v , K P - i * * r . t i v o q ) .

R e m a r k 5 . D e p o n e n t

v e r b s

( § 1 1 8 . R e m a r k ) a r e

m e r e l y v e r b s

w h i c h

s t a n d o n l y

i n t h e m i d d l e f o r m ,

a n d

h a v e a r e f l e c t i v e o r i n t r a n s i t i v e s i g n i

f i c a t i o n . I n E n g l i s h ,

w e c a n n o t

a l w a y s

r e n d e r

t h e r e f l e c t i v e o r

i n t r a n s

i t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n a s / 3 i a ? o u a i , I f o r c e , p r o p e r l y I b r i n g i n t o m y

p o w e r ,

H i x o p a i , I

t a k e , p r o p e r l y , I t a k e

t o

m y s e l f .

R e m a r k

6 .

A s

t h e

r e f l e c t i v e m e a n i n g

o f t e n

c a m e

v e r y

n e a r t h e

p a s s i v e ,

D e p o n e n t s

w e r e f r e q u e n t l y

u s e d

i n

t h a t s e n s e , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e p e r f e c t

a n d a o r i s t ;

a s : p t p i f i r / p i v o Q ,

a d

i m i t a t i o n e m

e x p r e s s e s ; v i j t Q o v k

t x P V S r i -

o a v , a d h i b i t a s

s u n t . S e v e r a l v e r b s h a v e

t h e

m i d d l e a s w e l l a s

t h e p a s s i v e

m e a n i n g

t h e

p a s s i v e f o r m

h a s t h e n a

p a s s i v e

m e a n i n g ,

e .

g .

i d t Z a p r i r ,

e x c e p t , i i i x Q n v ,

e x c e p t u s

s u m

;

I f i i a a a p n v , c o e g i , I j 3 i d a 9 n v , c o a c t u s s u m

l K T t \ a d f . n v , m i h i c o m p a r a v i ,

e c r i j Q j j v ,

c o m p a r a t u s s u m ( /

a m

g a i n e d ) .



§

1 5 2 . ]

1 8 1E R B .

§

1 5 1 .

O n

t h e

T e n s e s

a n d

M o o d s

o f

V e r b s .

1 .

N e x t t o t h e

k i n d s

o f

v e r b s ,

w e

d i s t i n g u i s h ,

s e c o n d l y ,

t h e T e n s e s

b y w h i c h

t h e t i m e o f t h e p r e d i c a t e i s e x p r e s s e d ,

i n

a s m u c h a s i t

i s

r e p r e s e n t e d e i t h e r a s

a

p r e s e n t , f u t u r e ,

o r

p a s t , a s

t h e r o s e

b l o o m s ,

w i l l b l o o m ,

b l o o m e d .

2 . T h i r d l y , w e d i s t i n g u i s h i n

v e r b s

t h e M o o d s , b y w h i c h

t h e '

m a n n e r

o f s p e a k i n g i n t h e p r e d i c a t e i s e x p r e s s e d , i n a s m u c h

a s t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t t o t h e p r e d i c a t e , i s r e p r e s e n t e d

e i t h e r

a s a

f a c t ,

a

c o n c e p t i o n ,

o r a n

i m m e d i a t e e x p r e s s i o n

o f t h e w i l l . T h e m o o d o f f a c t , a s t h e r o s e b l o o m s , i s c a l l e d

t h e

I n d i c a t i v e

;

t h a t

o f c o n c e p t i o n , a s s h o u l d t h e r o s e b l o o m ,

t h e

C o n j u n c t i v e ; a n d

t h a t o f

i m m e d i a t e

o r

d i r e c t

e x p r e s s i o n

o f t h e w i l l , a s

g i v e ,

t h e I m p e r a t i v e .

§

1 5 2 . A . O n t h e T e n s e s o f V e r b s , i n D e t a i l .

1 . A l l t e n s e s

a r e

d i v i d e d

i n t o t w o

c l a s s e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r

f o r m a n d

s i g n i f i c a t i o n , v i z .

a )

i n t o

P r i n c i p a l t e n s e s ,

w h i c h ,

b o t h i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e a n d c o n j u n c t i v e , a l w a y s d e n o t e a p r e

s e n t o r f u t u r e ;

a n d

b ) i n t o H i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , w h i c h , i n t h e

i n d i c a t i v e a l w a y s

d e n o t e a

p a s t , i n

t h e

c o n j u n c t i v e ( o p t a t i v e ) ,

s o m e t i m e s

a p a s t a n d

s o m e t i m e s

a p r e s e n t o r

f u t u r e .

2 .

T h e p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g

a . T h e P r e s e n t

a )

i n

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e , a s y p a t p o / i e v ,

s c r i b i m u s

V ) i n

t h e

c o n j u n c t i v e , a s y p a p u t f i i v ,

s c r i b a m u s .

b .

T h e

P e r f e c t

a )

i n

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e ,

a s

y t y p c u j i a f n v ,

s c r i p s i m u s

;

b )

i n

t h e

c o n j u n c t i v e , a s

y t y p d i p u i / u v , s c r i p s e r i m u s .

c . T h e F u t u r e :

i n

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e , a s : y p d \ p o / t t v ,

s c r i b e m u s ,

w e

s h a l l

w r i t e .

N 3

1 8 2

E L E M E N T S

O F T H E S I M P L E

S E N T E N C E . | c h a p .

t

d T h e F u t u r e P e r f e c t i n

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e , a s j } t j 3 o v \ t v o o f i a i , I s h a l l h a v e

d e l i b e r a t e d

o r

h a v e

b e e n

a d v i s e d .

3 .

T h e h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e s a r e t h e

f o l l o w i n g

a .

T h e

A o r i s t : a ) i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e , a s

Z y p a f a ,

I w r o t e ;

b ) i n

t h e

o p t a t i v e , a s y p n ^ / a i j u , 1

m i g h t w r i t e

o r

h a v e

w r i t t e n .

b . T h e I m p e r f e c t

a )

i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ,

a s :

Z y p a i p o v , s c r i b e b a m ; V ) i n

t h e

o p t a t i v e , a s y p d ^ o i f i i , s c r i b e r e m .

c .

T h e

P l u p e r f e c t

a )

i n

t h e i n d i c a t i v e ,

a s

i y t y p d < p t i v , s c r i p s e r a m ;

b )

i n

t h e o p t a t i v e , a s

y t y p a Q o i p i ,

s c r i p s i s s e m .

d .

T h e

o p t a t i v e

o f

t h e

s i m p l e

F u t u r e ,

a s

y p d ^ o i / i i ,

I

s h o u l d

w r i t e ,

a n d

o f t h e F u t u r e P e r f e c t , a s f S t f i o v k t v o o i i i r i v , I s h o u l d

h a v e

d e l i b e r a t e d o r h a v e

b e e n a d v i s e d , w h e n

i n n a r r a t i o n ( a n d

c o n s e q u e n t l y

i n


t h e

p a s t ) ,

t h e

c o n c e p t i o n o f

a f u t u r e

a c t i o n ,

o r

o n e

c o m p l e t e d

a t

a

f u t u r e t i m e , i s t o

b e

e x p r e s s e d a s 6 d y y e X o g i X i y t v ' 6 n o t 7 T o X e / 4 i q i v i K i } a o i t v , t h e m e s s e n g e r s a i d

■ t h a t t h e e n e m i e s w o u l d c o n q u e r ; t X e y e v o r i w d v r a v t t o

t o v

a r p a r r i y o v t v

f i i f i o v X t i o o i T o ,

h e s a i d

t h a t e v e r y t h i n g w o u l d

( h a v e

b e e n = ) b e

w e l l

c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e g e n e r a l .

4 .

T h e

P r e s e n t

( i n

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e )

p l a c e s

t h e

a c t i o n

i n

t h e

t i m e p r e s e n t

t o t h e s p e a k e r . I n

n a r r a t i o n

o f p a s t

e v e n t s ,

t h e

P r e s e n t i s o f t e n u s e d ,

s i n c e i n

t h e

l i v e l i n e s s o f

d e s c r i p t i o n t h e

p a s t i s

r e g a r d e d

a s p r e s e n t .

( H i s t o r i c a l

P r e s e n t . )

T a v r n v r f f t i r d < p p o v / 3 a < n X i i g p . i y a g i r o t c l d v r i I p i i / i a T o g , I n c i S r ) i r v v B d v e r a i

K v p o v i r p o f f t X a v v o v r a . — T H V r i g H p t a p i S u i v v & i Z i r a r o g H o X v d t o p o g , *

E n d i n g

w a i f , o v

£ K T p o i a g l p . o i

i r a r i i p

d i S w o i H p i a p o g t v 8 6 / i o i g T p i f u v .

R e m a r h

1 .

T h e

p r e s e n t ,

c l / u

( e o ) ,

w i t h

i t s

c o m p o u n d s ,

h a s

a

f u t u r e

s i g n i f i c a t i o n i n

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e a n d c o n j u n c t i v e

/

s h a l l

g o ; t h e i n f i n i t i v e

a n d p a r t i c i p l e

p r e s e n t

h a v e

t h e


o f

b o t h

t h e p r e s e n t

a n d

f u t u r e ; e . g . o i i K

t v B v g

d t p r / s u a i r b v o & S '

a i r i i p i

( a b i b o ) , d X X ' i p r i a o p a t

a i i r b v x a i I X t r d a i j i c o l t X i y % u > , — T h e t w o p r e s e n t f o r m s , o l x o p a i a n d

j J k m ,

a r e o f t e n t r a n s l a t e d

i n

E n g l i s h b y t h e

p e r f e c t v i z . d i x o f u u ,

I a m

g o n e a w a y , a n d i j i c w , / a m c o m e b u t o i x o p . a i p r o p e r l y m e a n s , I a m a w a y ,

a n d t j k o i , l a m p r e s e n t ( a d s u m ) ;

a s :

f i r j X u 7 r o 5 o n ' A p d a i r a g o f x e r a i t i g

r o i i g w o X e / t i o v g , t h a t A . i s o f f ( = t r a n s f u g i f ) t o t h e e n e m i e s . H t u v t K p C i v

K t v 9 j i i o v a

K a i

o k o t o v

i r i i X a g

X n r w v .

' Y / i t T g

f i o X t g

d t p i K v u a d i ,

' 6 k o i

l y / i t t j

i r d X a t

y K o / i e v .

5 .

T h e

P e r f e c t

( i n

t h e


p l a c e s a

p a s t

a c t i o n i n

§

1 5 2 . ]

1 8 3

E R B .

t h e t i m e p r e s e n t

t o

t h e s p e a k e r .

T h e

a c t i o n

a p p e a r s

a s o n e

t h a t i s c o m p l e t e d i n t h e t i m e p r e s e n t t o t h e s p e a k e r .

T k y p a i p a ™ } v i i r w T o X r j v , I

h a v e w r i t t e n t h e l e t t e r , t h e

l e t t e r i s

n o w

w r i t t e n ,

i t m a t t e r s n o t w h e t h e r j u s t n o w , o r a l o n g t i m e a g o ; i r o X i g U r u i T a t ,

t h e c i t y

i s n o w b u i l t ,

s t a n d s

t h e r e n o w b u i l t .

R e m a r k 2 . M a n y G r e e k p e r f e c t s ( a n d p l u p e r f e c t s ) a r e t r a n s l a t e d

i n

E n g l i s h b y

t h e

p r e s e n t ( a n d i m p e r f e c t )

o f

o t h e r v e r b s w h i c h e x p r e s s

t h e

c o n d i t i o n

o c c a s i o n e d

b y t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e

a c t i o n

a s n t y r i v a

( I

h a v e

s h o w n

m y s e l f ) , I

a p p e a r

;

o l l a ,

n o v i

{ I h a v e

s e e n , a s c e r t a i n e d ) , I

k n o w

;

r i d r j X a ( I h a v e

b l o o m e d ) , I b l o o m ; n i i r o i S a

{ I h a v e

c o n v i n c e d

m y s e l f ) , I

t r u s t ; / 3 f / 3 > / i c a ( I h a v e s t e p p e d o u t ) , I g o f i i n v r j / x m , m e m i n i ( I h a v e r e m i n d e d

m y s e l f ) , I

a m

m i n d f u l ; K E < c r r ; / i a i ( I h a v e p r o c u r e d f o r m y s e l f ) , I p o s s e s s

K u X j j p c u , ( Z h a v e b e e n

n a m e d ) ,

I a m c a l l e d ; a n d m a n y o t h e r s .

6 .

T h e

F u t u r e

( i n

t h e


p o i n t s o u t a n a c t i o n a s

f u t u r e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e t i m e

p r e s e n t t o

t h e s p e a k e r . I n a c

c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s , t h e

G r e e k s

v e r y o f t e n u s e t h e i n d i c a t i v e

F u t u r e ,

e v e n

a f t e r a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e , t o

e x p r e s s

t h a t w h i c h

o u g h t ,

m u s t ,

o r

m a y

h a p p e n ,

w h e r e

t h e

L a t i n s

u s e

t h e

c o n

j u n c t i v e

a l l

t h e f o r m s o f t h e F u t u r e

( e s p e c i a l l y

t h e

p a r t i c i

p l e )

a r e s o u s e d .

H o f i o v g v i r a p X a l i i i r o i o i r o v g , S i Z i v

T o i g f i i v

d y a S o i g t v r i u o g

K a l

I X e v B i p o g

o

f i l o g T r a p a f f K t v a t j O i i a t T a i , r o i g K a K o i g

r a i r u v o g

r e x a i

d X y t t v b g

K a t

d f 3 i < A > r o £

o

a l u i v

i w a v a n t t a e T a i .

—

' H y e p o v a g t X a p o v o i

a r p a T i d r m ,

o l

a i r o t i g d Z o v o i v , t v S t v e £ o u < 7 i r a I w i r v l u a .

7 .

T h e

F u t u r e

P e r f e c t

( i n

t h e


p o i n t s

o u t

t h e

a c t i o n a s p a s t ( c o m p l e t e d ) i n t h e f u t u r e

i n

r e l a t i o n

t o

t h e

t i m e

p r e s e n t t o t h e s p e a k e r .

K a i r o i g t a i c o i g u t u i t i r a i

l a d X a .

— ' H i r o X i r t i a

r e X i w g

K C K o a f t r i a i r a i ,

l & v 6 T o i o v r o g a { i T i ) v t i r i < r K 0 7 r p Q v X a i 6 r o u r w v l i r u r r r ) u u > v . — T h e f u t u r e

p e r f e c t

o f

t h o s e

v e r b s w h o s e

p e r f e c t

w e t r a n s l a t e

b y t h e

p r e s e n t o f

o t h e r

v e r b s ( s e e

R e m .

2 . ) , m u s t b e t r a n s l a t e d b y

t h e

s i m p l e

f u t u r e

a s n i / i v r i a o u m , m e m i n e r o ( 1 s h a l l h a v e r e m i n d e d m y s e l f ) , I s h a l l b e

m i n d f u l .

R e m a r k 3 . T h e f u t u r e p e r f e c t i s , i n o t h e r c a s e s , u s e d i n G r e e k ,

o n l y

i n

p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e s

a n d

t h o s e a c c e s s o r y

s e n t e n c e s w h i c h a r e i n t r o d u c e d

N

4

1 8 4 E L E M E N T S

O F T I I E

S I M P L E

S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p .

b y 8 ™ a n d < l c ( t h a t ) . I n a l l o t h e r a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s , t h e c o n j u n c t i v e

a o r i s t

( m o r e

r a r e l y

p e r f e c t ) i s

u s e d i n s t e a d ,

i n

c o n n e x i o n w i t h

a c o n

j u n c t i o n

c o m p o u n d e d

o f

d v ,

s u c h

a s

i d v ,

I n d v ,

i i r t i S d v ,

o r a v ,

i r p i v

d v ,

t a r d v , i s d v ,

& c .

a s

i d v

t o v t o

X e f p e ,

s i

h o c

d i x e r i s .

R e m a r k 4 . T h e c o n j u n c t i v e p r e s e n t a n d p e r f e c t , a s w e l l

a s

t h e a o r i s t ,

a l w a y s h a v e t h e

s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f

t h e

f u t u r e , i n r e l a t i o n t o

t h e t i m e p r e s e n t

t o t h e s p e a k e r .

8 . T h e A o r i s t ( i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ) e x p r e s s e s t h e p a s t , s e p a

r a t e d f r o m t h e

t i m e

p r e s e n t t o t h e

s p e a k e r , a l t o g e t h e r

g e n e

r a l l y , w i t h o u t

a n y a c c e s s o r y r e l a t i o n a s

e y p a y f r a , I

w r o t e ,

6

K O p o s T r o W a

e d n j e v i K r j c r e v . I t f o r m s a c o n t r a s t

w i t h

t h e

o t h e r

t e n s e s

w h i c h d e n o t e a

p a s t t i m e , b u t

m a y b e u s e d i n

t h e p l a c e o f

a l l

t h o s e t e n s e s , i n a s m u c h

a s

i t d e n o t e s t h e p a s t

q u i t e

g e n e r a l l y .

9 .

T h e I m p e r f e c t ( i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ) a l s o r e p r e s e n t s t h e

a c t i o n a s p a s t

i n d e e d ,

b u t a l w a y s a s s t a n d i n g

i n r e l a t i o n t o

a n o t h e r p a s t t i m e .

' E v o v t

T r a i f e f ,

e y u i t y p a t y o v .

—

O r e i y y i ) £ t ) < r a v

o l

f i d p f i a p o t ,

o l E \ X ) j -

v i g t p a x o v T O .

—

O r « o t

f i d p f i a p o i

i T r e X r j X v O e r T a v

( o r

i w t t X G o v ) , o i E X X q v £ £

I f t a x o v r o . — T o r t ( = i v r a v r t ) T y / * « x p )

E X X q v t s

O a p p a K t u r a r a

i f x a ^ o v r o .

1 0 .

H e n c e t h e

A o r i s t

( i n t h e


i s

u s e d

i n

h i s

t o r i c a l n a r r a t i o n , t o e x p r e s s t h e p r i n c i p a l

f a c t s ,

w h i l e t h e

I m p e r f e c t ( i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ) i s u s e d t o d e n o t e t h e a c c o m

p a n y i n g

c i r c u m s t a n c e s .

T h e

A o r i s t

n a r r a t e s ,

t h e

I m p e r f e c t

d e s c r i b e s .

t o v g

i r i X r a o T a s

k d e % a

v t o o l j i d p f i a p o i

x a l

I p . d x o v T O ' I v i i

8 i y y i l S 5 o a v

o l o i r X X r a i , I t p d n o v r o ' ( c a t o l

w t X T a a r a i

i v 9 i s t X i r o v r o .

R e m a r k

5 .

T h e a o r i s t ( i n

t h e


i s

o f t e n u s e d

i n

g e n e r a l

s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h e x p r e s s a f a c t d r a w n f r o m

e x p e r i e n c e ,

a n d t h e n i s

t r a n s l a t e d i n E n g l i s h

b y

t h e

p r e s e n t

o r t h e v e r b t o

b e

a c c u s t o m e d

w i t h

t h e i n f i n i t i v e ;

a s :

k u X X o s y x p o v o s d v d X t o a t v , v o a o s i p . d p a v e v .

1 1 . T h e P l u p e r f e c t ( i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ) p o i n t s o u t t h e a c t i o n

a s p a s t ( c o m p l e t e d ) b e f o r e

a n o t h e r p a s t

t i m e .

§ 1 5 2 . ]

1 8 5

E R B .

E i r t i d f j o i

E X X j j v t f i

J T t X i j X u f l e c r a

v ,

o i i r o X i j i w i d i r n r t t j > t v y t o a v . — O T e

o t

t r v f i f t a x o i

t T r k r j t r i a Z o v , o i ' A O i j v c i i o i T o i g T l k p a a g I v t v i K i i K t o a v . — ' E y f -

y p a t p u v

t > ) v l i r i a T o \ i ) v

( w h e n

t h e

f r i e n d

c a m e ) .

R e m a r k 6 .

I t s h o u l d b e

o b s e r v e d , t h a t

w h e n t h e

r e l a t i o n o f

o n e

p a s t

t i m e t o a n o t h e r i s e a s i l y

p e r c e i v e d

f r o m

t h e c o n n e x i o n ,

a n d n o p a r t i c u l a r

s t r e s s l i e s u p o n i t

t h e

G r e e k s

a r e f o n d

o f u s i n g

t h e

a o r i s t i n s t e a d o f

t h e

p l u p e r f e c t ; a s :

i i r t i S r i

o i E X X i / v t £ l i r i j X B o v , o i v o X i / u o l d - K t i r i t y t i y t a a v .

I n f a c t , t h e a o r i s t i s o f t e n u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e p e r f e c t , w h e n t h e r e l a t i o n

o f

t h e

p a s t t o

t h e

p r e s e n t

i s n o t

r e q u i r e d

t o b e e m p h a t i c a l l y

b r o u g h t

f o r w a r d .

1 2 . A s t h e A o r i s t ( i n t h e

i n d i c a t i v e ; r e p r e s e n t s

a f a c t o f

p a s t t i m e a s i s o l a t e d a n d e n d e d , n o t d e p e n d i n g u p o n a n o t h e r

p a s t t i m e w h i l e t h e I m p e r f e c t , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , c a u s e s t h e

a c t i o n t o

b e c o n s i d e r e d

i n i t s d u r a t i o n a n d

p r o g r e s s , s i n c e i t

a l w a y s r e f e r s a t r a n s a c t i o n i n t h e p a s t t o a n o t h e r p a s t t i m e ,

a n d i s u s e d i n d e s c r i p t i o n a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n : s o t h e o t h e r

m o o d s a l s o ( c o n j u n c t i v e , o p t a t i v e , a n d i m p e r a t i v e ) , t o g e t h e r

w i t h t h e

i n f i n i t i v e

a n d

p a r t i c i p l e , o f t h e A o r i s t , a r e u s e d

w h e n

t h e s p e a k e r w i s h e s

t o p o i n t

o u t

a n a c t i o n

a s e n d e d ,

i n

i t s e l f

b u t t h e m o o d s , w i t h t h e

i n f i n i t i v e

a n d

p a r t i c i p l e o f

t h e P r e s e n t , a s w e l l

a s

t h e o p t a t i v e o f t h e

I m p e r f e c t ,

w h e n

t h e

s p e a k e r w i s h e s t o e x h i b i t

t h e

a c t i o n

d e s c r i p t i v e l y ,

i n

i t s

d u r a t i o n

a n d p r o g r e s s .

I n t h i s w a y t h e

f o l l o w i n g f o r m s

s t a n d

c o n t r a s t e d

t o g e t h e r

a . T h e


A o r i s t , a n d t h e


P r e s e n t a s

< p v y < a p t v

a n d ( p i v y i a f i t v , l e t u s f l e e ; X t y u t , X v a ( i d O y g a n d t v a p a v Q d v p g , t h a t t h o u m a y e s t

l e a r n .

b . T h e I m p e r a t i v e

A o r i s t ,

a n d

t h e

I m p e r a t i v e P r e s e n t a s i p v y e a n d

< j > i v y t ) f l e e ; S o g a n d S i S o v

f i o i t o

/ 3 i / 3 X i W , g i v e .

c .

T h e

I n f i n i t i v e

A o r i s t , a n d

t h e I n f i n i t i v e P r e s e n t

a s W s X m Q v y i i v a n d

^ c u y f i v ,

I

w i s h

t o f l e e K t X e v u )

a t S o v v a i a n d

h d o v a t f i o i r b f i i f i X l o v

b u t

t h e

i n f i n i t i v e a o r i s t m a y a l s o

d e n o t e a p a s t t i m e ,

a n d

s u p p l y t h e

p l a c e o f

t h e

i n f i n i t i v e

p e r f e c t ,

w h e n

t h e

r e l a t i o n

t o

t h e

^ f i n i t e

v e r b

i s

n o t r e q u i r e d

t o

b e

p r o m i n e n t

a s r j y y e i X t r o i g i r o X t f i t o v g d i r o Q v y t i v a n d d i r o m f v y i v a t ,

n u n c i a v i t h o s t e s f u g i s s e .

d . T h e O p t a t i v e A o r i s t , a n d

t h e

O p t a t i v e I m p e r f e c t a s i X t y o v , I v a f i d S o i g

1 8 6

E L E M E N T S

O F T H E S I M P L E

S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p .

I .

a n d X v a p a v Q a v o i f , i n o r d e r

t h a t

t h o u m i g h t e s t

l e a r n ,

u t d i s c e r e s

; i ' 8 e t q v t o

y i v o i r o a n d y i y v o i r o ,

O

t h a t

t h i s m a y

h a p p e n

T h e

O p t a t i v e

A o r i s t m a y

a l s o

s u p p l y

t h e p l a c e

o f

t h e

O p t a t i v e

P l u p e r f e c t ,

w h e n

t h e

r e l a t i o n t o

a n o t h e r p a s t t i m e d o e s n o t r e q u i r e t o b e

p r o m i n e n t

a s

y y y u X i v o n ,

i i r t i d t )

o i E X S . n v f t

i i r e X Q o i e v ,

o i

f i a p f i a p o t

T / f l i ; d i r o i p v y o i t v .

T h e P a r t i c i p l e o f

t h e A o r i s t

a l w a y s

d e n o t e s a

p a s t

t i m e ,

a n d

h e n c e

a p p e a r s i n c o n t r a s t w i t h t h a t o f t h e P e r f e c t , s i n c e t h e f o r m e r m e r e l y

p o i n t s

o u t t h e a c t i o n a s p a s t , w h i l e t h e

l a t t e r ,

o n t h e

c o n t r a r y , p l a c e s

i t ,

a t

t h e s a m e t i m e , i n

r e l a t i o n t o

t h e f i n i t e

v e r b a s

o i

a i r o p o X o i

y y y i

i X a v

t o v q i r o X i f i i o v s d i r o Q v y o v r a c a n d d i r o i r t i p t v y o r a c . .

§ 1 5 3 .

B . O n t h e M o o d s , i n D e t a i l .

1 .

W e


t h e t h r e e

f o l l o w i n g

m o o d s

t h e I n d i c a

t i v e ,

t h e C o n j u n c t i v e ( O p t a t i v e ) , a n d t h e

I m p e r a t i v e

( §

1 5 1 ,

2 . ) .

a . T h e I n d i c a t i v e i s t h e m o o d o f f a c t ; a s t o

p o B o v

d d W s i

— 6 i r a r r j p y £ y p a < f > s t t j v i m a r o X ^ v — o i

i r o X i f i i o i

a i r i -

< j > v y o v

—

o i

T r o X i r a i t o v s i r o \ s ( i ( o v s v i K i j a - o v a - t v

b . T h e C o n j u n c t i v e i s t h e m o o d o f c o n c e p t i o n . T h e C o n

j u n c t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s i s c a l l e d , i n G r e e k g r a m m a r ,

t h e O p t a t i v e ( § 7 3 ,

2 . ) .

a ) T h e C o n j u n c t i v e o f t h e

p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s ,

( t h e p r e s e n t

a n d

p e r f e c t , )

a s w e l l a s t h a t

o f

t h e a o r i s t , i n

G r e e k

a l w a y s

r e p r e s e n t s t h a t w h i c h i s c o n c e i v e d a s f u t u r e . H e n c e t h e

f u t u r e h a s n o C o n j u n c t i v e f o r m c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o

t h a t

o f t h e

I n d i c a t i v e . T h e


o f t h e p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s

i s

u s e d

i n p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e s — 1 ) i n t h e 1 . p e r s o n s i n g u l a r

a n d

p l u r a l

t o

d e n o t e

a n

e x h o r t a t i o n

o r

a d m o n i t i o n

—

2 )

i n

t h e

2 .

p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r a n d p l u r a l o f t h e a o r i s t ( n o t t h e p r e s e n t ) t o e x p r e s s a

p r o h i b i t i o n — 3 ) i n d o u b t f u l q u e s t i o n s ( i n p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e s ,

§

1 5 3 . ]

1 8 7

E R B .

a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y i n 1 .

p e r s o n s i n g u l a r a n d p l u r a l ;

i n

a c c e s

s o r y

s e n t e n c e s ,

t h r o u g h

a l l

t h e

p e r s o n s ) .

I u / i t v , e a m u s , l e t u s g o

M i )

i u / u v .

M » )

0 o / 3 i j 0 ? ? f , n e m e t u a s . T t

T r o t u f i e v

q u i d

f a c i a m u s

f

w h a t m u s t w e d o ? — I n a c c e s s o r y

s e n t e n c e s

o v k e x « > , ' o i r o i

r p a i r u p a t , n o n h a b e o

q u o

m e v e r t a m ,

w h e r e

t o

g o .

O w e e x £ < >

b j r o i

T p d i r t i T C U ,

0 ) T h e C o n j u n c t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , — t h e

O p t a t i v e

o f t h e a o r i s t ,

i m p e r f e c t , a n d p l u p e r f e c t ,

a s w e l l a s

t h a t

o f t h e

f u t u r e

( §

1 5 2 ,

3 ,

< T ) ,

—

r e p r e s e n t s

w h a t

i s

c o n c e i v e d ,

e i t h e r

a s

p a s t , p r e s e n t , o r f u t u r e . T h e O p t a t i v e d e n o t e s a p r e s e n t o r

f u t u r e t i m e , o n l y i n c o n d i t i o n a l p r o p o s i t i o n s ,

a n d

s u c h e l l i p t i

c a l

p r o p o s i t i o n s a s a r e t h e n c e d e r i v e d ; a s

d

t i e % o i s ,

B o I t j s

a v ,

i f t h o u h a d s t a n y t h i n g , t h o u w o u l d s t g i v e i t .

T h e c o n d i t i o n ,

e X n e ^ o i s , a s w e l l a s t h e c o n s e q u e n c e , S o l r j s a v , i s h e r e e x

h i b i t e d a s a p r e s e n t m o s t l y , a s a n u n c e r t a i n f u t u r e , a n u n

d e t e r m i n e d p o s s i b i l i t y , a m e r e s u p p o s i t i o n , i d e a ,

o r

c o n j e c t u r e .

S e e

§

1 8 5 .

F r o m

t h i s

f o r m

o f

t h e c o n d i t i o n a l p r o p o s i t i o n ,

e l w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e , t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f a w i s h

w a s e v o l v e d ,

t h e c o n s e q u e n t p r o p o s i t i o n b e l o n g i n g t o

i t b e i n g

s u p p r e s s e d

a s

e l

t o v t o y i v o n o i f t h i s w e r e t o t a k e p l a c e

( t h e n

I

s h o u l d

b e

h a p p y , s v r v % r ) s a v e v q v ) . I n s t e a d o f t h e s i m p l e

e l

t h e s t r e n g t h

e n e d e X O e , e l y a p ,

O

t h a t , a r e g e n e r a l l y

u s e d

i n

s u c h

c a s e s ; a s

e l d s

( e l y a p )

i f w l 6

s o l r a v r r j v

t t j v B v v a f i i v

i r a p a O e l e v V e r y

f r e q u e n t l y ,

t h e

c o n s e q u e n t

p r o p o s i t i o n

i s

u s e d

e l l i p t i c a l l y ,

t h e c o n d i t i o n b e l o n g i n g t o i t b e i n g s u p p r e s s e d ; a s r ) M w s a v

a / c o v o r a i f i i ,

I

s h o u l d l i k e t o h e a r

( v i z .

i f i t w e r e a l l o w e d ,

e l

e ^ e l r f ) .

( C o m p a r e N o .

2 ,

c . ) W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n

o f

t h e

c a s e s j u s t e n u m e r a t e d , t h e O p t a t i v e

a l w a y s

r e f e r s t o t h e

p a s t .

R e m a r k 1 .

I f a

w i s h i s t o b e

p o i n t e d o u t

a s

o n e

t o

t h e f u l f i l m e n t

o f

w h i c h t h e

s p e a k e r k n o w s h e c a n n o t

a t t a i n , t h e i n d i c a t i v e

o f

t h e

h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e s

i s u s e d ;

a s :

i l d e t o v t o t y t y v t r o

O

t h a t

t h i s

m i g h t h a p p e n e W t

t o v t o l y i v t r o , O t h a t t h i s h a d h a p p e n e d

c . T h e I m p e r a t i v e i s t h e m o o d o f a n i m m e d i a t e e x p r e s s i o n



1 8 8

E L E M E N T S

O F T H E


[ c h a p .

r .

o f t h e w i l l ; a s :

B o s

a n d B i B o v p o t t o f i i / i k i o v , g i v e ;

y p a ^ f r a T O )

a n d

y p c u f r i r a ) t t j v h r u r r o X r i v ,

s c r i b i t o , l e t h i m

w r i t e

o r h e s h o u l d

w r i t e . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

A o r i s t a n d

P r e s e n t

s e e

§

1 5 2 , 1 2 .

R e m a r k 2 . I n n e g a t i v e o r p r o h i b i t o r y f o r m s o f s p e e c h w i t h a p r e c e d

i n g p i i ( t i c ) , t h e G r e e k s u s e t h e i m p e r a t i v e p r e s e n t , n o t t h e i m p e r a t i v e

a o r i s t b u t , i n s t e a d o f t h i s l a t t e r , t h e c o n j u n c t i v e a o r i s t a s p i ) y p c u p t

o r u > ) y p a \ f o g ( b u t n o t u i ) y p a i f i o v ) .

R e m a r k s

u p o n

t h e

M o d a l

A d v e r b

a v .

2 . T h e d i s c u s s i o n

o f

t h e

m o d a l

a d v e r b a v i s

c l o s e l y

c o n

n e c t e d

w i t h t h e

s u b j e c t o f

t h e m o o d s . T h e p o w e r

o f

t h i s

p a r t i c l e c o n s i s t s i n

s h o w i n g

t h e r e l a t i o n

o f

a c o n d i t i o n a l a s s e r

t i o n t o

i t s

c o n d i t i o n , s i n c e

i t

i m p l i e s

t h a t

t h e

p r e d i c a t e

o f t h e

p r o p o s i t i o n c o n n e c t e d w i t h i t i s

c o n t i n g e n t

u p o n a n o t h e r p r o

p o s i t i o n , e i t h e r a c t u a l l y e x p r e s s e d

o r t o

b e s u p p l i e d ,

a n d

a c

c o r d i n g l y t h e

r e a l i s a t i o n

o f

t h i s

p r e d i c a t e

i s

d e p e n d e n t

u p o n

t h a t

o f a n o t h e r . A t h o r o u g h i n s i g h t i n t o t h e u s e o f a v

c a n

o n l y

b e g a i n e d h e r e a f t e r , f r o m t h e

a c c o u n t

g i v e n

o f

c o n d i

t i o n a l

p r o p o s i t i o n s

f o r

t h e p r e s e n t , t h e

f o l l o w i n g r e m a r k s

u p o n i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l b e s u f f i c i e n t . I t i s c o n n e c t e d —

a . W i t h t h e I n d i c a t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , v i z . t h e

I m p e r f e c t ,

P l u p e r f e c t , a n d A o r i s t , f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g p u r

p o s e s .

a )

T o

d e n o t e a

c o n s e q u e n c e ,

t h e r e a l i t y

o r

p o s s i b i l i t y o f

w h i c h i s d e n i e d o r a n n u l l e d , i . e . i t i m p l i e s t h a t s o m e t h i n g

m i g h t

h a v e

t a k e n p l a c e o n

a

c e r t a i n

c o n d i t i o n , b u t d i d n o t

t a k e

p l a c e ,

b e c a u s e t h e c o n d i t i o n

w a s

n o t

f u l f i l l e d .

E t

T o v T o i X t y f Q

( t k t Z a g ) , f i f i a p r a v e g ( r i f i a p r i s ) a v , s i h o c d i c e r e s , e r r a r e s

( b u t I k n o w n o w , t h a t y o u w o u l d n o t

s a y i t ,

c o n s e q u e n t l y y o u d o

n o t

e r r ) . E t t o v t o

I X t J a p , t j / i a p r t s

a v , s i h o c d i x i s s e s , e r r a s s e s i a t h o c n o n

d i x i s t i ,

e r g o , n o n ,

e r r a s t i

( t h e

a o r i s t

h e r e

s u p p l i e s

t h e

p l a c e

o f

t h e

p l u

p e r f e c t ) . O r

w i t h o u t

a p r o t a s i s ;

a s :

I x ^ - p t c

a v ,

l a t a r e r i s

o r

l a t a t u s

f u i s s e s

( s c .

s i h o c

v i d i t s e s ) .



§ 1 3 3 . ]

1 8 9

E R B .

/ 3 ) T o d e n o t e t h a t a n a c t i o n t o o k p l a c e ( w a s r e p e a t e d ) i n

p a s t t i m e u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , c o n d i t i o n s , a n d r e l a

t i o n s .

E n g T i p S w r p d r t i i r t p i r o v d v T i X ' e y O i , I w t t t ) v v i r o Q e o i v i i r d v t i y e v d v

i r d v r a t o v X o y o v ( a s o f t e n a s a n y o n e c o n t r a d i c t e d ) .

R e m a r k

3 .

a v i s

n o t c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e

p r i n c i p a l

t e n s e s .

b .

W i t h t h e C o n j u n c t i v e , i n o r d e r t o e x h i b i t t h e c o n c e i v e d

f u t u r e

e v e n t

w h i c h

t h e

G r e e k


d e n o t e s

( §

1 5 2 ,

R e m . 4 . ) , a s

c o n d i t i o n a l

a n d d e p e n d e n t u p o n c i r c u m s t a n c e s .

I n

o r d i n a r y l a n g u a g e t h i s c a s e

o c c u r s

o n l y i n a c c e s s o r y s e n

t e n c e s , a n d t h e n » t h e

m o d a l

a d v e r b d v u n i t e s

c l o s e l y

w i t h t h e


o f

t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e , o r b l e n d s w i t h i t

i n t o

o n e

w o r d . T h u s t h e r e

a r i s e

l a v ( f r . s i

a v ) ,

o r a v ( f r . o r e a v ) ,

o V o r a v ( f r . S t t o t s

a v ) ,

n r p i v a v , 0 6 1 a v ,

o v

a v ,

o t t o v

a v , o l a v ,

o i r o b

a v ,

y

a v ,

o t t t )

a v ,

5 6 s v

a v ,

o i r o O e v

a v ,

a n d

a l s o

o s

a v

( q u i -

c u n q u e

o r s i

q u i s ) ,

o l o s

a v ,

o t t o i o s

a v ,

o c r o s

a v , o i r o a - o s a v ,

& c .

c .

W i t h

t h e O p t a t i v e ( v e r y s e l d o m w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e

F u t u r e ) , i n o r d e r t o e x h i b i t

a

p r e s e n t ( m o s t l y a f u t u r e ) u n c e r

t a i n e v e n t , — o r a n

u n d e c i d e d p o s s i b i l i t y ,

a m e r e

s u p p o s i t i o n ,

i d e a , o r

c o n j e c t u r e ,

— a s c o n d i t i o n a l . T h e O p t a t i v e

w i t h

a v

s h o u l d a l w a y s b e r e g a r d e d a s t h e p r i n c i p a l p r o p o s i t i o n o f a n

a n n e x e d c o n d i t i o n a l o n e , e v e n i f t h e c o n d i t i o n b e l o n g i n g t o i t

i s s u p p r e s s e d ( N o .

I ,

j 8 ) .

E i t o v t o X t y o i q ,

a / i a p r a v o t e a v ; —

w i t h o u t

p r o t a s i s , a s

x a ' P ° ' S v >

y ™

w o u l d , y o u m i g h t r e j o i c e

( v i z .

i f y o u h e a r d t h i s } ,

r i v o i r a v i r a v

i v t £

f u i K p y x p ° v V > i t m i g h t a l l h a p p e n .

A t y o i g a v , t h o u

m a y e s t

s p e a k

( s c . s i t i b i

p l a c u e r i t ) .

—

V e r y o f t e n ,

t h e

o p t a t i v e i s u s e d w i t h a v ,

w h e n t h e s p e a k e r

w i s h e s t o p u t f o r t h a s t r o n g a f f i r m a t i o n i n a m o d e s t w a y .

d .

W i t h t h e

I n f i n i t i v e a n d P a r t i c i p l e

( v e r y

s e l d o m w i t h

t h e I n f i n i t i v e a n d P a r t i c i p l e F u t u r e ) w h e n t h e

f i n i t e

v e r b , i f

p u t

i n t h e

p l a c e

o f t h e I n f i n i t i v e

a n d

P a r t i c i p l e , w o u l d b e

j o i n e d w i t h a v .

1 9 0

[ c h a p ,

i l

T T R I B U T I V E

C O M B I N A T I O N .

E J

r i

< ? x « v , t y t i , S o v v c u a v ( o r a t . r e c t . t l

r i

i l x o v > t S u i K a a v ) . — E J

t ^ o t ,

t t p j ) ,

d o D v a i a v

( o r a t . r e c t . f r i t x o t / > i o i i / v — A q X o e i l a u a p r i v t a v

a v ,

l i

t o v t o

X e y o i j

( =

S r j \ 6 v

i a r i v ,

6 r i

a / i a p r d v o i c

a v ,

l l

r o v r o

R e m a r k 4 . S i n c e a v e x p r e s s e s t h e p r e d i c a t e a s

c o n d i t i o n a l ,

i t o u g h t

p r o p e r l y t o b e j o i n e d

t o

i t a s X i y o t f t i

a v ,

( X t y o v a v i t u s u a l l y ,

h o w e v e r ,

c o m e s

a f t e r

t h a t m e m b e r

o f t h e

s e n t e n c e w h i c h

i s t o

b e

b r o u g h t f o r w a r d

w i t h e m p h a s i s h e n c e i t

i s g e n e r a l l y j o i n e d

t o

t h o s e

w o r d s b y

w h i c h

t h e

s m o o t h u t t e r a n c e

o f t h e

s e n t e n c e

i s

a f f e c t e d ,

v i z . t o

n e g a t i v e a d v e r b s a n d

i n t e r r o g a t i v e s

a s o v k

a v ,

o v b

a v , o v i r o r a v , o v d i -

■ k o t

a v ,

& C .

—

r i g

a v ,

r i

a v ,

r i

I '

a v ,

r i

S r j r

a v ,

i r u i g

a v ,

v u g

y a p

a v ,

a p '

a v ,

& c .

f u r t h e r ,

t o a d v e r b s o f

p l a c e ,

t i m e , m a n n e r , a n d o t h e r s

b y

w h i c h

t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e

p r e d i c a t e

i s

i n

m a n y

w a y s m o d i f i e d

a n d

m o r e

c l e a r l y

d e f i n e d

a s I v r a v O a a v , t o t a v , i U o r w g a v , i t t i a g a v , r a x a v ,

p a k u r r

a v , ( i k u t t a v , p a i t w g a v , t j U i o g a v ,

& c .

H e n c e l t

a l s o

h a p p e n s , t h a t

i t

i s

s o m e t i m e s

r e p e a t e d i n

a s e n t e n c e .

C H A P . I I .

§

1 5 4 . O n t h e

A t t r i b u t i v e

C o m b i n a t i o n .

1 . T h e a t t r i b u t i v e

c o m b i n a t i o n

s e r v e s t o d e f i n e m o r e c l e a r l y

t h e

i d e a


a

s u b s t a n t i v e a s :

t o

k o \ o v

p o S o v

6

f i e y a s i r a i s . I t i s f o u n d

i n

t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s

a . I n t h e f o r m o f a n a d j e c t i v e ; a s

t o

k o \ o v p o S o v .

b .

I n

t h e

f o r m o f

a


i n t h e g e n i t i v e

; a s o i

r o d

h i v & p o v K a p i r o L

c . I n t h e f o r m o f a p r e p o s i t i o n j o i n e d t o

a

s u b s t a n t i v e ; a s

T ) t r p O S T 7 ) V t t o X i v 6 S 6 s .

d .

I n

t h e

f o r m

o f

a n

a d v e r b

a s

o i

i w

a v O p a y i r o i .

e . I n t h e f o r m o f a

s u b s t a n t i v e i n

a p p o s i t i o n ; a s

K p o u r o s ,

6

^ a a C K s i i .

§ 1 5 4 . ] A P P O S I T I O N . 1 9 1

R e m a r k . I f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e w h i c h

i s t o b e m o r e c l e a r l y

d e f i n e d b y t h e

a t t r i b u t i v e e x p r e s s e s

a

g e n e r a l

n o t i o n o r

o n e w h i c h c a n e a s i l y b e s u p

p l i e d

f r o m

t h e

c o n n e x i o n

o f

t h e d i s c o u r s e

o r , l a s t l y ,

o n e

w h i c h

m a y

b e

s u p p o s e d t o b e k n o w n b y

f r e q u e n t

u s e

i n

a p a r t i c u l a r c o n n e x i o n a s

a v d p t o i r o g , a v t i p { m a n , c o n s o r t ) , y v v r ] ( w o m a n ,

s p o u s e ) ,

i r a r y p , f i i j T t i p , v i o g , i r a t e

O v y d r n p , a l e X t y o g , T r p a y f i a ,

% p q j « a ,

e p y o v , x p o f o g , r i p k p a , \ i i > p a , y i j , 6 S 6 g , o U i a ,

o ' k o £ ,

& c . i t i s

o f t e n

o m i t t e d ,

a s

b e i n g t h e s u b o r d i n a t e

m e m b e r o f

t h e


c o m b i n a t i o n , a n d

t h e

a t t r i b u t i v e , g e n e r a l l y a c c o m p a n i e d

b y

t h e

a r t i c l e , i s t r e a t e d a s

a

s u b s t a n t i v e .

O i

d n v r o i ( s c . a v 8 p o i i r o i ) ,

m o r t a l e s , —

r d i j / t e r t p a ( s c .

x p y p a r a ) ,

r e s n o s t r a ,

—

v a r e p a i a

( s c .

i j ^ k p a )

—

i r o X e f i i a

a n d

< p t \ i a

( s c .

x ^ P a ) y

t h e

h o s t i l e

a n d f r i e n d l y c o u n t r y , — o i K o v i i i v n ( s c . y i j ) , t h e i n h a b i t e d e a r t h , t h e

h a b i t a b l e

g l o b e ,

—

r i j v

r a y i a r n v ( s c . o t o v ) , q u a m

c e l e r r i m e ,

— r i i m w ,

t h e

e v i l ,

— r d k c i k i ' i ,

t h e

e v i l s ,

—

' A X t K a v S p o g 6

$ M m r o v

( v i o g ) — i v t f S c v

( i i L K t f t )

t l v t t i —

t i g

S i S a o - K d X o v , t i g H X d r i o v o g

< p o i T a v ,

—

r d

r i j g t v \ i \ q , f o r t u n e

a n d

a l l

t h a t

b e l o n g s t o

i t , r d r i j g

w o X t w g , t h e

a f f a i r s o f

t h e

s t a t e ,

r d r o O

i r o X t p o v , t h e w a r

i n i t s w h o l e e x t e n t ,

o i v v v , o i r o r t ,

o i i r d X a i

( a v Q p u n r o i ) ,

r d

o I k o i ( v p a y p a r a ) ,

r e s d o m e s t i c a l ,

—

o i

K a 6 ' v p d g , o u r c o n t e m p o r a r i e s ,

—

o i A j u j i i o r i r t p i n v a , a p e r s o n w i t h h i s c o m p a n i o n s , d e p e n d a n t s ,

o r

d i s c i p l e s ,

o i

d / x i j i i

H e i a i a r p a r o v ,

P i s i s t r a t u s

w i t h

h i s

c o m p a n i o n s

o i

d / i Q i

O a A i j V , T h a l e s a n d h i s d i s c i p l e s .

2 .

A p p o s i t i o n i s

a f f i x e d

n o t m e r e l y , a s o t h e r

f o r m s o f

t h e

a t t r i b u t i v e , t o t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , b u t a l s o t o t h e s u b s t a n t i v e -

p r o n o u n

a s

^ / x e t s , o i o - o < p o i —

i / c s l v o s , 6 f t a c r C k e v s

a n d

e v e n t o t h e

p e r s o n a l

p r o n o u n i m p l i e d

b y

t h e v e r b .

O t / i i a T O K X ^ g

I j k i j ) i r a p a a t . — ' O M a i a g

r i j g

A r X a v T O g C i a K o v o v f i a i

a i r u i g

( i n s t e a d

o f

i y o )

6

M a i a g

S C . v i o g ) .

^

3 . W h e n a n a p p o s i t i o n i s a d d e d t o t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s ,

i t s t a n d s i n t h e g e n i t i v e , b e c a u s e t h e s e p r o n o u n s s u p p l y t h e

p l a c e o f t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s .

' J Z p b g t o v d B X i o v

( 3 t o g

— r d f i a r o v S v o r r j v o v x a x d — < r i )

r i j g

K a X X i o r n g l i / i o p -

< p i a . —

I n

E n g l i s h

w e

g e n e r a l l y t r a n s l a t e t h e g e n i t i v e b y

a n

e x c l a m

a t i o n , s i n c e w e c o n n e c t t h e p e r s o n i m p l i e d b y t h e p r o n o u n a n d t h e

a d j e c t i v e i n

t h e

n o m i n a t i v e

w i t h o n e

a n o t h e r

a s

/ u n f o r t u n a t e ,

m y

l i f e , & c . U p o n t h e e x p r e s s i o n s

6 ^ f i ' t r t p o g ,

v f d r t p o g , a f t r t p o g a i / r u t v

i r a r l i p , s e e b e l o w , i n t h e a c c o u n t o f t h e p r o n o u n s .

1 9 2 O B J E C T I V E

C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p m .

C H A P .

I I I .

§ 1 5 5 .

O n t h e O b j e c t i v e C o m b i n a t i o n .

A s t h e a t t r i b u t i v e

c o m b i n a t i o n s e r v e s

t o d e f i n e t h e s u b j e c t

( a s u b s t a n t i v e - i d e a ) m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y , s o t h e o b j e c t i v e s e r v e s

t o d e f i n e t h e p r e d i c a t e ( a v e r b a l i d e a ) m o r e

p a r t i c u l a r l y .

B y

t h e o b j e c t

w e

u n d e r s t a n d ,

i n a w i d e r s e n s e , e v e r y t h i n g

b y

w h i c h t h e p r e d i c a t e i s m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y d e f i n e d , v i z .

a )

t h e

c a s e , i ) t h e p r e p o s i t i o n , c ) t h e


d ) t h e p a r t i c i p l e , a n d

e )

t h e a d v e r b .

' K - j r i O v f i u i

r y e

a o Q i a Q — y p a f t o r i \ v

i m t T T o X T j V m

— e v x o f i a i t o X q f o o i c

—

t < J T i \

j r a p d T < p f i a a i X t l — i m B v / i d y p a f t i v

—

y t X i i v i l i r i v

—

K a X w s

I f i a y i a a T O .

O N T H E C A S E .

§

1 5 6 .

I . G e n i t i v e .

T h e

G e n i t i v e

i s t h e c a s e

d e n o t i n g

w h e n c e , a n d h e n c e

e x

p r e s s e s ,

—

a ) i n

a

l o c a l

s e n s e ,

t h e o u t - g o i n g o r r e m o v a l

a n d

s e p a

r a t i o n

o f

a n o b j e c t ,

s i n c e

i t p o i n t s o u t t h e o b j e c t o r p o i n t

f r o m

w h i c h

t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b p r o c e e d s

;

a s

s i k s i v

6 S o O ,

c e d e r e v i a ; — b ) i n a c a u s a l s e n s e , t h e c a u s e , o r i g i n , o r a u t h o r ,

e s p e c i a l l y t h e

o b j e c t

w h i c h c a l l s f o r t h , e n g e n d e r s ( g i g n i t ) ,

e x

c i t e s ,

o r

o c c a s i o n s

t h e

a c t i o n

o f t h e

v e r b

a s

e i r i O v i M o

T r j s

d p e r r j s .

§ 1 5 8 . ]

1 9 3

E N I T I V E .

§ 1 5 7 . A . L o c a l S e n s e . — S e p a r a t e G e n i t i v e .

T h e G e n i t i v e , i n a l o c a l s e n s e , i s f o u n d i n e x p r e s s i o n s o f

r e m o v a l , s e p a r a t i o n , a n d d i s j o i n i n g

;

— o f

c o m m e n c e m e n t a n d b e

g i n n i n g ; — o f r e l e a s i n g , k e e p i n g

o n e ' s

s e l f f r o m , a b s t a i n i n g

f r o m ,

d e s i s t i n g f r o m , c e a s i n g , k e e p i n g o f f f r o m , f r e e i n g f r o m ,

m i s s i n g ,

d e v i a t i n g f r o m , b e i n g

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m , a n d d e p r i v i n g .

O X T f S v A c u c i S a i f l o v i u y v v e i l n t p o i r o i £ i r p E ' j ^ V T ' i p o i Q a v v r v y x d v o v T i Q t i K O v o i

r i j c o l o v .

—

' A i r s x * '

T t S v

d p y v p t i u i *

l y y v r a r a

i r o X i g .

—

M i y a p a

t t o \ v

n X e t o v r w v

T r t V T a K o a i w v

t r r a d l o j v .

—

M y r r j p i r a t S b g t i p y t i p v T a v .

—

H a v o v

T 7 ) £ { j / 3 p £ W f . — ' H T r o X i g

r i \ e v 8 e p w 9 r j

t u j v

r v p d v v t o v .

— 0 1 T r o X i p i o i T O V Q

i r o X i r a g r i H v

d y a Q w v d T r t t r r e p q a a v .

— v t p

o i a v Q p w i r o i

S i a t p h p o v t r t

T t o v

d W t o v Z t a u > v . — k p x t o Q a i

n v o s

s i g n i f i e s t o b e g i n

s o m e t h i n g ,

g e n e r a l l y

a s a i v

r d i q B t o l g

d p x t o O a t X P $ i r a v r b s i p y o v b u t

a p x « > l S & p x t l v i

v i r a p -

a n d t c a r a p x t i v , s i g n i f y

t o

d o o n e

t h i n g

f i r s t a m o n g

o t h e r s , t o b e g i n ,

h e n c e a l s o , t o b e t h e

a u t h o r , a s

o t i r o X t p w i t j p £ a v d d i x u v

i p y m v .

—

O i

' A 0 i ; v a ( o i

k m

A a K t C a i p o v w i

v i r i j p ^ a v

r i j s

l \ t v 6 i p i a £ a n d a y r p ' H X X d d i ,

l i b e r t a t i s

a u c t o r e s

f u e r u n t .

§ 1 5 8 . B . C a u s a l S e n s e .

T h e G e n i t i v e , i n a c a u s a l s e n s e ,

l i k e w i s e

d e n o t e s a n o u t

g o i n g , y e t n o t , a s i n t h e l o c a l s e n s e , a m e r e

o u t w a r d

o n e , b u t

a n i n w a r d a n d a c t i v e o n e , s i n c e i t e x p r e s s e s t h e o b j e c t b y

w h o s e i n w a r d p o w e r t h e a c t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t i s c a l l e d f o r t h

a n d

e n g e n d e r e d ( g i g n i t u r ) .

a .

T h e

G e n i t i v e a s a n

E x p r e s s i o n

o f A c t i v i t y g e n e r a l l y .

1 . I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , t h e G e n i t i v e o f a c t i v i t y a p p e a r s a s t h e

g e n i t i v e

o f t h e

o r i g i n

o r

a u t h o r ,

a n d

i s

f o u n d

w i t h

v e r b s

o f

b e c o m i n g ,

a r i s i n g ,

h a v i n g b e c o m e o r a r i s e n , p r o d u c i n g , a n d

c r e a t i n g ; a s y i y v e o ~ 6 a i , v v a t , e l v a i .

O



1 9 4

[ c h a p . i n .

B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .

' A p i o T i a v

d v S p i S v d p i a r a

P o v X i i i i a r a y

i y

v

t r a i . — T l a r p b i

p l v

f l i } X i y c r a t

6

K v p o s

y c v e t r d a i K a f i p v o o v , H t p a u i v

f l a e i X t w ; '

6 S i K a / i f i v t n j g

o t ; 7 - 0 £

r o v

H t p m i d u v

y ' t v o v Q

i j v ,

p n r p b s

i t

o f i o X o y t i r a i

N a v S a v i j e

y e -

v k o - Q a i .

2 . I n t h e s e c o n d

p l a c e ,

t h e G e n i t i v e

o f

a c t i v i t y

a p p e a r s

a s

t h e o b j e c t w h i c h h a s

a c q u i r e d

a n o t h e r ,

m a d e i t

i t s

o w n ,

a n d

p o s s e s s e s i t , — a s a n

o w n e r

o r p o s s e s s o r { G e n i t i v u s * p o s s e s s o r s ,

s .

p o s s e s s i v u s y

T h i s

g e n i t i v e i s f o u n d w i t h t h e v e r b s e h c u

a n d y s v d a 0 a i a n d w i t h t h e a d j e c t i v e s , i S c o s , o I k u o s , i e p o s ,

i c v p w s .

T r j g

t p v a i u Q

i i k y i a r o v

k o X X o q l a r i v . —

T o i S w K p a r o v c

t t o X X j ) r / v d p t r t ] .

H e n c e

t h e

g e n i t i v u s

q u a l i t i v u s ,

t o

w h i c h

i n E n g l i s h

w e a f f i x t h e s u b

s t a n t i v e s , b u s i n e s s ,

n a t u r e ,

c u s t o m ,

p r o p e r t y , d u t y ,

m a r k , & c . a s

d v S p o g

i t j T i v

d y a O o v l u i r o u i v t o v q Q i X o v q . — O t p X v

k i v S v v o i

t t o X X c l k u ;

t i o v i ) y € f i 6 v u / v i d i o t , p u r O b g c o v k t o r i v . — K v p o g r a v r i j g r i j f g \ u i p a g K v p i o g

l y k v t r o .

3 .

T h i r d l y ,

t h e

G e n i t i v e

o f

a c t i v i t y

a p p e a r s

a s

t h e

o b j e c t

w h i c h

i n c l u d e s a n d

h o l d s t o g e t h e r

o n e

o r m o r e o t h e r o b j e c t s ,

a s p a r t s b e l o n g i n g t o i t , — a s t h e w h o l e i n

r e l a t i o n

t o i t s p a r t s

( G e n i t i v u s t o t i u s ,

s . p a r t i t i v u s ) .

T h i s g e n i t i v e i s f o u n d —

a )

W i t h t h e

v e r b s e t v c u a n d

y i y v e c r d a t . *

' H v

K a i

6 S w K p a r i j c t i S v a / i 0 i W i X n T o v O T p a T C V 0 ) * e v i i > v . — ' H Z i X u a

i t r r i r i j f ' A a i a g . — T o v Q a v a r o v i i y o v v r a i i r a v r i g

o i a X X o i t i Z v

/ x t -

y i a r i o v

K a K u v

c l v a i .

I n

E n g l i s h

w e

g e n e r a l l y

m a k e

u s e

o f

t h e

p r e p o s i t i o n s ,

o f ,

a m o n g .

R e m a r k

1 . T h e p a r t i t i v e g e n i t i v e v e r y

o f t e n h a s

a n


f o r c e

— a )

W i t h

s u b s t a n t i v e s ; a s : a r a y o v e s

U S a r o s ,

o i A p a T o c

p i p o c . .

—

' / 3 ) W i t h

a d j e c t i v e s

u s e d

a s

s u b s t a n t i v e s , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h s u p e r l a t i v e s , a n d w i t h

s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n s

a n d n u m e r a l s

a s

o i

x p n v r o i t £ v d v d p a i r i a v ,

o i t v

Q p o v o v v T E Q

t w v d v 9 p u > i r w v . —

I l o X X o t ,

o X i y o i , n v i g t u j v d v B p i a i r t t i V . ( O n

t h e c o n t r a r y

o i O v n r o i d v B p w i r o i , b e c a u s e

t h e

p r o p e r t y o f m o r t a l i t y

b e l o n g s

t o

t h e w h o l e c l a s s v o X X o i o r

b X i y a t d v O p t o w o i e x p r e s s e s a

w h o l e ,

c o n s i s t i n g o f m a n y o r f e w , b u t i r o A A o i

o r

b X i y o i d v O p o i w u v d e n o t e s

t h e

m a n y o r f e w a s a p a r t o f t h e w h o l e )

y )

W i t h a d v e r b s , 1 ) o f p l a c e a s

o v f i a j i i j A i y v T z r o v . — O v k o l S a , 8 T r o t / y q £ t o r i v . —

H a v T a % o v

r i j c y i f e ,

§ 1 5 8 . ]

1 9 5

E N I T I V E .

u b i q u e t e r r a r u m . — 2 )

o f t i m e

a s f y i

r r j s y p i p a s , t o v

x p o v o v , T i j c

i ) X i K i a i

— r p i g r i j s t ' l / i i p a e — i r o X X a K t g

r i j s i i p i p a g ,

b )

W i t h

w o r d s w h i c h

e x p r e s s

t h e

n o t i o n o f

p a r t i c i p a t i o n ,

s h a r e , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a s s o c i a t i o n ; — t o u c h i n g ,

s e i z i n g ,

l a y i n g

h o l d

o f ,

b e i n g

c o n n e c t e d

; — o b t a i n i n g , r e a c h i n g , o r

s t r i v i n g t o

o b t a i n .

H o X X a K i g o i K a K o i d p x & v K a i T i p w v

f i t r i x o v a i v .

— Q a X m v g f i i v K a i t y > x V Q

K a i a W w v K a i t t o t i S v K a i i i r v o v d v a y x r ) K a i t o i q S o i X o i g p i T a S i i o v a i ,

T r o X e p i K r j z

d ' i i r i a T r t p r j g K a i p e X t r i j g o v f i t r a S o T t o v . — ' O o o f y b g

T t j c

v f i p t w c

d p o i p o g

£ ( t t i v . — A i r T t a G a t t t } q \ t i p o Q . — A i f i v t j i ^ E r a i ( b o r d e r s

u p o n ) t o v

a r t f i a r o Q

p t y a X n .

—

E p y o v

f ^ w / i t S a ,

o p u s a g g r e d i a m u r .

—

O

a r p a r n y o Q

T t S v a v r w v r o i g

f f r p a r i w r a i g a v v a i p i T a t

K i v S i v t a v . —

' E i r u d t l

B v t j t o v

a w p a r o g t r i / ^ f f , d O a v d r o v

S k i / w ^ ' / C i

T r a p a J

T i j g

i ^ i ' X * f f f

d B & v a r o v

p v r \ p r \ v K a T a X n r t i v .

—

T v y x d v t i v , X a y x a v t i v x p * l p d T ( i > v , e v r v x i a g — t v x & i v

T i X t v T T j c ,

6 v 6 p a T o g — ' O p t y t o 6 t o r

i < j > u < s 9 e T r j g

d p i T t j g .

4 .

F o u r t h l y , t h e

p l a c e

i n w h i c h , a n d t h e t i m e w h e n , a n

a n

a c t i o n

t a k e s

p l a c e , a p p e a r

a s

t h e

G e n i t i v e

o f a c t i v i t y .

T h e

d e e d

o r

e v e n t

b e l o n g s ,

a s

i t

w e r e ,

t o

t h e

p l a c e

a n d

t i m e ,

p r o

c e e d s i n a c e r t a i n m e a s u r e f r o m t h e m ,

a n d

i s d e p e n d e n t u p o n

t h e m .

T h e g e n i t i v e o f p l a c e i s r a r e i n p r o s e . A d v e r b s o f p l a c e w i t h a g e n i t i v e

i n f l e x i o n

o f t e n a p p e a r

a s o i ,

w h e r e ,

a i r o v ,

t h e r e ,

a t

t h a t

v e r y p l a c e ,

o i S a f i o v ,

n o w h e r e , & c . —

A v 8 r )

B d X X u

t o v t a p o c ,

t h e s p r i n g i s c o n s i d e r e d

a s t h e p r o d u c e r a n d

s u s t a i n e r

o f f l o w e r s . S o O e p o v c ,

x ( ' ^ v o ( ,

i j p t p a r ,

r i j s a v T r j c i / p i p a g , v v k t o q .

—

B a o i X t i g o v

f i a x i i r a t

S u a y p i p u v , w i t h i n t e n

d a y s .

5 . L a s t l y , t h e G e n i t i v e o f a c t i v i t y a p p e a r s a s t h e m a t t e r o f

w h i c h a n o b j e c t i s m a d e , f o r m e d , a n d , a s i t w e r e , p r o d u c e d .

T h i s

g e n i t i v e i s f o u n d — «

a ) W i t h v e r b s o f m a k i n g

o r

f o r m i n g

f r o m a n y

t h i n g : w i t h

e x p r e s s i o n s o f a b u n d a n c e o r w a n t o f a n y

t h i n g

w i t h

v e r b s o f

e a t i n g , d r i n k i n g , e n j o y i n g ,

h a v i n g

b e n e f i t o r

a d v a n t a g e ;

o f

s m e l l i n g ,

a n d

s m e l l i n g

o f

a n y

t h i n g .

X o X k o v j t £ j r o

i v a i a r i r d

d y d X p a r a .

—

' E a r p u f i t v r )

i a r i v

o l d g X i 9 o v .

H e n c e , w i t h a n a t t r i b u t i v e f o r c e : t K i r w p a Z i X o v — T p d i r i X , a a p y v p i o v —

O 2



1 9 6

[ c h a p . I I I .B J F . C T I V E


O T t t y a v o g v a K i v O u v . — ' H v a v g a t o a y j x ' t v i ) i \ v d v O p w T T i a v . — T a ' A v a £ a -

y o p o v f i i f i X i a y k f i e i a o Q u t v X o y t o v . — ' E v r a i > 6 a i j a a v K & f i a t i r o X X a i f i t a r a i

a i r o v K a i

o t v o v .

—

' A i r o p t l v ,

T r ' t v t a Q a i ,

o i r a v l Z & i v

r u i v

x p r i ^ L a T i a v .

—' E a Q i t i v K p t & v — K o p k a a o O a i Q o p f i i j g — i r i v t i v

o t v o v

— ' A i r o X a v e i v

i r a v T u i V T t a v d y a Q i a v . — T t v t a B a i T i p i j g . — y e p t i v n v d r i p . r j g . — O ^ t i v

w i v , f i v p o v i r v d v —

U p o a f 3 a X \ e

i v p . i p o v . — X l v i i v r p a y o v . — 0 £ f i v

K p o f i v i a v . — ' Q g t j S v

f i o i

i t p o a t T T v i v o ' t x o i p t i t a v

K p t & v .

R e m a r k 2 . T h e a c c u s a t i v e s t a n d s w i t h

v e r b s

o f e a t i n g a n d d r i n k i n g

■ w h e n

t h e s u b s t a n c e a ) i s c o n s u m e d a s a w h o l e o r

i n

a l a r g e m a s s , o r

6 )

i s

t o

b e p o i n t e d o u t a s t h e c u s t o m a r y f o o d w h i c h a n y o n e t a k e s a s

T r i v i a r b v

o l v o V f i r o X i i v o l v o v . — ' A T r o X a v t i v r i v o g t i s i g n i f i e s t o r e c e i v e g o o d o r

e v i l

f r o m

a n y

o n e .

5 )

W i t h

v e r b s o f s e n s a t i o n

a n d

p e r c e p t i o n , a s u k o v s i v ,

c u c p o a c r O a i , i r v v d d v s o ' O a i , a l c r d a v e c r B a i ,

6 a ( f > p a l v s a 0 a t ,

c v v i s -

v a i y

t o

u n d e r s t a n d ;

a n d

w i t h v e r b s o f r e m e m b e r i n g

a n d

f o r g e t t i n g .

K a i K U H p o i r o v v i r ) p . i ,

K a i

o i l t p i o v o v v r o g d i e o v a . —

' Q g

w a f p o v r o r a \ W T a

T w p

K a p q X w v o i X m r o i f K a i e l S o v a v r a g ,

b i z i a u ) a v k a r p t t y o v . — O v k a K p o i Z i -

p t v o t

r o v

a d o v r o g

c j p v v e r e

a S e t v

a p w r a .

—

A k o v h v

d i K r j c ,

t o

h e a r

a

c a u s e ,

a i a O a v i a B a t . K p a v y r j c , 6 o p v 0 o v ,

I w i f i o v X f j g .

F r e q u e n t l y

t h e t h i n g

i s

p u t

i n

t h e

a c c u s a t i v e , a n d o f t e n

a l s o t h e


t h e

t h i n g i s u s e d

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n ;

a s :

6 ' A p p i v i o g , u g i j K o v e

r o v d y y s X o v t o . i r a p d r o v

K v p o v , t & i r X a y i j . —

O i d y a Q o i K a i

a i r o v r i a v

t u / v

t p t X a j v

f i k f i v r t v r a i .

— M r ) i i r t X a v Q d v o v t Q v t v i p y t a i i j i v .

c ) W i t h

e x p r e s s i o n s

o f b e i n g

a c q u a i n t e d w i t h a n d i g n o r a n t

o f , o f b e i n g s k i l l e d a n d

u n s k i l l e d

i n ,

o f b e i n g

e x p e r i e n c e d

i n

a n y

t h i n g ,

o f

a b i l i t y

a n d

d e x t e r i t y .

E p i r e i p o g a r i 7 T i . o - T r ) i i u ) v e i p i r r j g r i x v y g . — A i r a i b ' t v T o g a p t r r j g , p o v a i K t j g ,

i r v y y v & p b t v T i a v d v 9 p o > 7 r i v ( o v i r p a y p d r i a v . — ' A i r e i p u i g t % t i v T t v o g . —

' A i r o i r t t p a a Q a t y v w f i n g . — K a i

T r a p a a K t v a f t T i K b v

T t S v t i g r b v i r o X t -

j i o v r b v f f T p a r t j y b v

e l v a i X P ' I K a *

T r o p t a r i K b v t u v e i r i T r t c ' u w v

T o i g

a r p a r i h i T a i g .

d ) W i t h

v e r b s

o f s e e i n g , c o n s i d e r i n g , e x a m i n i n g ,

a n d

t h e

l i k e ,

e s p e c i a l l y ,

a d m i r i n g ,

p r a i s i n g ,

o r

b l a m i n g

s o m e t h i n g

i n

a n y

o n e ,

e .

g . a n y a c t i o n , e x t e r n a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n , o r p a r t i c u l a r

c i r c u m s t a n c e .

§ 1 5 8 . ]

1 9 7

E N I T I V E .

T o p p a S v

K a i

/ l i W o v ,

o

p . i p - < p o v T a i

p a X w r a i j j i w v , f t ? ) a l a x i v t o B t . — E i

a y a a a i t o v i r a r p b g o a a / 3 i j 3 o v \ t v T a i q o a a

m T r p a x s , i r d v v n o t

a v p f i o v -

\ i v i a

t o v t o v

i i i p i i o B a i .

—

' E y Q % i v i a v . — T o p y i o v

f i a X t O T a

r a v r a

a y a p a t . — O B a v p

d £ w

t o v i r a i p o v , r o d e l a r ' t v . —

I l o X X d ' O p i i p o v l i r a i v o v f i e v .

R e m a r k 3 . W h e n t h e s e

l a s t - m e n t i o n e d v e r b s

a r e m e r e l y r e l a t e d t o

a t h i n g

w h i c h

o n e a d m i r e s , b l a m e s , o r

p r a i s e s

t h e y

g o v e r n

t h e a c

c u s a t i v e , s o m e t i m e s a l s o

t h e


t h e

p e r s o n a l o n e l i r a t v i i v ,

i j / e y u v ,

j i i f i i p t a d a i r i v a S O

a l s o ,

d y a a B a t , B a v p a Z u v T t v d , t o

g a z e

a t a n y

o n e ,

t h e

p e r s o n

o r

w h o l e

b e i n g

o f

t h e

p e r s o n .

b . G e n i t i v e a s a n E x p r e s s i o n o f C a u s e ( O r . c a u s e s , G . c a u s a -

t i v u s ) .

6 .

T h e s e c o n d

d i v i s i o n

o f t h e

c a u s a l G e n i t i v e

c o m p r e h e n d s

t h e

g e n i t i v e w h i c h e x p r e s s e s

t h e c a u s e , i . e . t h e o b j e c t w h i c h

c a l l s f o r t h

a n d c a u s e s t h e

a c t i v i t y

o f t h e

s u b j e c t . T h e

E n g l i s h

a v a i l s

i t s e l f

o f v a r i o u s p r e p o s i t i o n s , a s t o w a r d s , f o r t h e s a k e

o f ,

o v e r . T h i s

g e n i t i v e

i s

u s e d

—

I . W i t h m a n y v e r b s w h i c h e x p r e s s a

c o n d i t i o n

o f t h e m i n d ,

a ,

f e e l i n g o f t h e s o u l { v e r b a a f f e c t u u m ) , v i z . a ) w i t h

v e r b s o f

l o n g i n g

a n d

d e s i r i n g ; — b )

o f

c a r e ;

—

c ) o f

p a i n ,

s o r r o w ,

a n d

c o m p a s s i o n ; — d ) o f b e i n g a n g r y

a n d

d i s p l e a s e d ; - — e )

w i t h

t p O o v s i v ( j l v L t w o s , d a t . o f t h e

p e r s o n

a n d g e n i t . o f t h e t h i n g )

— f ) o f a d m i r i n g ,

p r a i s i n g ,

c o m m e n d i n g , a n d b l a m i n g

( r i v d

t i v o s ,

a c c u s a t i v e

o f t h e

p e r s o n ,

a n d

g e n i t i v e

o f

t h e

t h i n g ) .

O v f i t i g

7 T 0 T 0 V

k i r t B v j u e 7 , d X X d x p n f f r o v t t o t o v ,

K a i o v

a t r o v , d W u x p y l 7 T ° v

f f i T O V i r d v T e g

y d p d p a T t a v

d y a B d i v

i i r i B v p L o v a i v . — T d

d v o p - o t o v

d v c -

f t o i t a v e i r t B v p . £ t

K a i

e p a \ — H e t v r j v t i Z v a t T u v , t w v

t t o t & v , t o v

t - j r a i -

v o v . —

O i

v o p o i

t o v

k o w o v d y a B o v t i r t p \ k \ o v T a t . — O i

y o v t i g

n i v B t K o i g

t \ x o v

r ° v T T a t S b g T t B v v K o r o g . —

I l o a t t S u i v K u i c X w 7 r o g

t i c e ^ o X w r o , o v

' O S v a a e b g

r j X d h j a z v . —

O t

K a K o i t p B o v o v a t

r o i g

d y a B o i g

T r j g

a o t p i a g . —

A y a

p a t a s

r i j g

d v S p i a g . —

Q a v [ i d £ o f j i s v r b v S t o K o d r i j r i j £ a o t p i a g . -

—

Z j j X w

a s

t o v

t t X o v t o v .

—

' E v d a t f i o v i ^ t o

a s

r w v

d y a B u t v .

—

A i v t H

a s

r r j g

n p o B v u - i a g .

R e m a r k 4 . T h e v e r b s

a y a w d v , t p i K s l v , a r i p y i t v ,

t o l o v e ,

a r e

j o i n e d ,

n o t

t o a g e n i t i v e , b u t a n a c c u s a t i v e .

T h e v e r b s

B a v p . d l . s i v a n d d y a a B a t

O 3

1 9 8 [ c h a p . i n .B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .

h a v e

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

c o n s t r u c t i o n s : — a )

a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n o r a c

c u s a t i v e o f t h e t h i n g a l o n e ,

w h e n t h e a d m i r a t i o n

e x t e n d s i t s e l f t o

t b e

w h o l e p e r s o n o r t h i n g , o r t h e w h o l e b e i n g o f t h e p e r s o n o r

t h i n g

a s

O a v p d Z t o ( d y a f i a i )

r i i v

a r p a r n y o v — Q a v f i d ^ i a T t j v a o t p i a y — b ) g e n i t i v e o f t h e

p e r s o n a n d

a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e t h i n g ,

w h e n I a d m i r e a n

a c t i o n , e x t e r n a l

m a n i f e s t a t i o n , o r

p a r t i c u l a r

c i r c u m s t a n c e

o f

a n y

p e r s o n a s

r o v r o

B a v p & Z u o o v —

O a v p a % u

( d y a f i a i ) a o v , S i 6 n o v k

d p y v p i o v i c a i

\ p v a i w

i r p o e i K o v Q n a a v p o i - Q K i K T i j a Q a i f i d W o v a o i p i a g . C o m p a r e 5 , d ; — c ) a c c u

s a t i v e o f t h e

p e r s o n a n d g e n i t i v e

o f t h e

t h i n g ,

w h e n

I a d m i r e a p e r s o n o n

a c c o u n t o f a

p r o p e r t y a s

0 a u / j d ? w

( d y a f i a i ) r b v

S u w p d r i ] r i / c

a m p i a g .

C o m p a r e

6 ,

1 .

I n s t e a d o f

t h e

g e n i t i v e

o f

t h e

t h i n g ,

a


m a y

a l s o

b e u s e d ,

g e n e r a l l y l i r i , w i t h t h e d a t i v e B a v f i d Z w a t l i r i r f j a o t p ' t a .

I I . T h e

G e n i t i v e

e x p r e s s i n g

t h e c a u s e

i s u s e d w i t h

v e r b s

w h i c h e x p r e s s t h e n o t i o n o f r e q u i t a l , v e n g e a n c e , a c c u s a t i o n ,

a n d c o n d e m n a t i o n .

T h e g e n i t i v e

p o i n t s

o u t t h e f a u l t

o r

c r i m e a s t h e c a u s e o f t h e r e q u i t a l , v e n g e a n c e , & c .

' O t v a a t i g I r i a a T O

t o v s

n v n O T t j p a s r i j t i n r t p f i a o i a q . — T i p w p i i o O a i

r i v a

t p o v o v . — > - , E T r a i T i d a 6 a i

T t v a Q o v o v .

—

M i X r i d d n v

o i

I ^ O p o i

t S i t o ^ a v

( J u d i c i a l l y

p u r s u e d )

r v p a v v i d o g T r j g I v X i p p o v i ' i t r t p .

—

T p d ( f > t a 9 a i n v a

( t o a c c u s e )

x a p a v o f i u v .

— Q t v y e i v ( t o b e a c c u s e d ) i c \ o i r i ] £ , 0 o v o u , d < r e -

f i t ' i a g . — K p i v t a O a i ( t o b e a c c u s e d ) d a t f i t i a g , — * A i x d Z o v e r i v o i Y l t p a a i

K a i i y K \ i ] i x a . T O £ , o t 5 t v t i c a d v O p i o w o t f i u r o v t n p e . v d \ \ r j \ o v g f i d k i o r a , d u c d -

Z , o v r a i 8 i

i ' l K t o r a ,

d x a p i a r i a g . — ' A X w v a t k X o t t j / c . —

T h e

p u n i s h m e n t

o f t h e c r i m e a l s o s t a n d s

i n

t h e g e n i t i v e a s O a v d r o v

K p i v u v ,

K p i v t a O a i .

c .

G e n i t i v e

t o

d e n o t e

c e r t a i n

I d e a s

o f E x c h a n g e .

7 .

T h e t h i r d d i v i s i o n o f t h e c a u s a l G e n i t i v e

c o m p r i s e s

t h e

g e n i t i v e b y w h i c h c e r t a i n i d e a s o f e x c h a n g e a r e e x p r e s s e d , i n

w h i c h o n e n o t i o n i s t h e c o n d i t i o n o f a n o t h e r , a n d t h u s , i n a

c e r t a i n s e n s e , c a l l s

i t f o r t h a n d

c a u s e s i t . A c c o r d i n g l y

t h e

g e n i t i v e i s f o u n d —

a ) W i t h v e r b s o f r u l i n g , p r e e m i n e n c e , s u r p a s s i n g , b e i n g p r o

m i n e n t ,

a n d t h e c o n t r a r y v i z . o f

b e i n g

s u b j e c t , y i e l d i n g t o , a n d

b e i n g

i n f e r i o r ,

' O \ 6 y o g

t o v

t p y o v I x p a r e i , f a m a s u p e r a b a t r e m i p s a m . —

T d

p o x O n p a

a v O p t i i i r i a 7 r a < r < 5 j ' , o f y i a i , r i v i i r i B o f x i i i v d i c p a r r j i a r i v . — I l o X X d i c i c \ i i r y

§ 1 5 9 . ]

1 9 9

C C U S A T I V E .

v i r e p f i d X X e i

r b

d S t K t i v t o v

a S i K t i c Q a i .

—

O i i r o v n p o l

t j T T & v r a i r w v

t T T l O v f i l U I V .

8 ) W i t h t h e c o m p a r a t i v e d e g r e e ,

a n d

w i t h a d j e c t i v e s i n

t h e p o s i t i v e d e g r e e ,

w h e n

t h e n o t i o n

o f

t h e

c o m p a r a t i v e

i s

i n v o l v e d i n

t h e m ,

t h e o b j e c t o f c o m p a r i s o n s t a n d s i n t h e

g e n i t i v e . ( G e n i t i v u s c o m p a r a t i v u s . )

' O

v i b e j i t i Z w v I o t l

t o v

i r a r p o Q , g r e a t e r

t h a n t h e f a t h e r .

—

X p v a b q

K p i i a -

e u i v p v p i u v X 6 y u v

P p o r o i Q . —

T b ' E X X i j v i k o v O T p a T i v / i a ( p a i v t r a i n o X i

X a i r X d o - i o v i a t o O a i r o v ^ f i t r t p o v . —

O v S e v b g

d e v r e p O £ 9 ' % 0 T € p o g . —

T u v

A p K O V v r u v

i r i p i T T C t

K T r i a a o Q a i .

7 ) W i t h

v e r b s

o f

b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g ,

o f

e x c h a n g e , a n d e x

p r e s s i o n s o f v a l u e ( a ^ w v v , a g i o s ) .

O i Q p a K t g

t t v o v v r a i r a g

y v v t u K a g

i r a p a r d v

y o v t t o v

x p T J i i d r w v

f t t y d X i a v .

— T w v i r o v t o v i r w X o v a i v f i f i i v n d v r a r a y & Q ' o i 6 e o L — O i

d y a 9 o l

o i t f i t v b g

a v K t p S o v g

t i j v r r j c

i r a r p i S o g

i X t v O t p i a v d v T a X X d % a v r o . — ' l a r p b g

T r o X X w v

a X X u i v d v T & X i o g i a n v . — E y w y i o M i v d v i a w r t p o v v o p i t Z u ) r i S v i v d v 9 p w -

T r o i g

e l v a i t o v r w v i f f t o v t o v t ( K a i c b v i c a i d y a Q b v d ^ i o v a O a t .

§ 1 5 9 .

I I . A c c u s a t i v e .

1 . T h e A c c u s a t i v e e x p r e s s e s w h i t h e r ,

a n d

d e n o t e s — a ) i n a

l o c a l s e n s e ,

t h e a i m

o r

p o i n t t o w h i c h t h e a c t i o n

o f t h e v e r b

m o v e s

h e r e ,

h o w e v e r ,

a


i s

g e n e r a l l y

a f f i x e d

i n

p r o s e , a s s i s a a r v e X . 8 s i v — b ) i n a c a u s a l s e n s e , t h e e f f e c t

( t h e r e s u l t , c o n s e q u e n c e ,

w o r k ) ,

a s t h e o b j e c t w h i c h

i s

p u t

i n t o a

s u f f e r i n g c o n d i t i o n , a f f e c t e d

a n d w o r k e d

o u t b y

t h e

a c t i o n .

a . A c c u s a t i v e o f E f f e c t .

2 .

T h e

A c c u s a t i v e o f

e f f e c t

i s

u s e d

a s i n

o t h e r l a n g u a g e s

a s

y p d < f > c 0

h n , o - T o \ ^ v .

I n

r e f e r e n c e

t o

t h e

G r e e k

l a n g u a g e ,

i t s h o u l d b e

r e m a r k e d ,

t h a t

v e r y

o f t e n a v e r b , w h e t h e r t r a n s

i t i v e o r

i n t r a n s i t i v e , i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e a c c u s a t i v e o f a

o

4

2 0 0

[ c h a p , m ,



w h i c h i s e i t h e r

f r o m

t h e s a m e

s t e m ,

o r

o f

a

k i n d r e d m e a n i n g . A n


a d j e c t i v e

o r

p r o n o u n i s

g e n e r a l l y j o i n e d t o t h e a c c u s a t i v e .

' E

t r i f i t X o v v r a t i r d c r a v

I

i r i p . k X e t a — o f i a i v f i i j U v S u c a i a v $ k t } 0 i v .

—

S o K a X d g

i r p d t u g

i r p d r r e t v , t p y d & a Q a i i p y o v K a X o v ,

d p x ^ t v d p x v v ,

S o v X t i a v S o v X e v t i v , i r o X f f t o v

i r o X f p e t v , v b a o v

v o a i i v .

—

O p K O v g

b f t v v v a i ,

d f f Q t v t i v

v o a p v , X J \ v ( 3 i o v .

R e m a r k

I . T h e a c c u s a t i v e a l s o

s o m e t i m e s

e x p r e s s e s

t h e

m e r e l y i n

t e n d e d e f f e c t , t h e

a i m

o f t h e

a c t i o n , m o s t l y , h o w e v e r , o n l y w i t h

p r o

n o u n s

a s r a v r a

a t k i r o r p v v i o , w h i l e , w i t h

a


a


i s

g e n e r a l l y

u s e d

a s

i f f *

n ) v

d p £ T t ) v

i i r o T p v v w

t r e .

* b . A c c u s a t i v e o f t h e s u f f e r i n g

a n d a c c o m p l i s h e d

O b j e c t .

3 .

W e

m e n t i o n

h e r e ,

f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , o n l y

s u c h

v e r b s

a s

i n t h e

L a t i n

a r e c o n s t r u e d w i t h

a n o t h e r

c a s e

t h a n

t h e a c c u

s a t i v e o r w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n .

1 ) T h e

v e r b s d x p s X s i v ,

o v i v d v a t , b v ' w a u d a i

( X v a i r s X s l p

a l w a y s

w i t h d a t i v e ) t o b e n e f i t , p X a i r r e i v ,

a Z u c e l v , v f t p l f a v ,

\ v / j , a l v s c r 9 a i ,

X c o f t a c r d a L

e v a s f i s l v , a a s f i s l v X o ^ a v , i v s S p s v s i v ,

i n s i d i a r i ; r i p M p s l a O a t ,

O s p a i r e v e i v , B o p v < p o p e i v ,

h r t r p o i r e v e i v ,

t o

p u t u n d e r a

g u a r d i a n ;

K o X a i c e v e i v ,

B w i r e v u v ,

d a n r r u v ,

i r p o c r -

K v v e l v i r s l d s i v a f i s l f t e c r O a i , r e s p o n d e r e a n d r e m u n e r a r i ;

( ^ v k o T T S a d a i ,

e i i k a f i s i c r d a t ,

p L i ^ s u r d a v , f y j k o v v .

Q t p d n t v t

r o v g

d O a v d r o v g . —

M i )

Q H j i r r e r b v

K p a r o v v r a .

— ' A X K i f i i a S t i g

i i r t i Q e

r b

T r X i j Q o g . — T l X e i t T T a p x o v , r b v

A e w v i d o v ,

o v r a

f 3 a ( r i \ e a K a i

v k o v

t r i ,

l i r t T p o i r f v e v

b

T l a v a a v i a g .

—

M i )

K o X a K e v e

r o i t g

Q i X o v q ,

—

' Q Q & X f t

r o i i g Q i X o v g , i c a i

/ i i )

| 8 \ a i r r e r o v g i x O p o v g .

— M i )

a S i K i i r o i g

f i X o v g ,

—

M / )

v f t p t Z s r o v g 7 r a i S a g . - — n o W a i a g

K a i S o v X o t r i p o i p o v v r a t

r o v g

d d t K O v g

S e a i r o T a g . —

' K f i i i j i i t r B a i

r i v a p v d o i g , X o y o i g , — ' A f i s i f i e o O a t x d p i v ,

t v e p y e a i a v , O r

d f j t £ i l 3 e a 9 a i r i v a x a p i r t .

2 )

V e r b s w h i c h e x p r e s s

t h e

n o t i o n

o f c a u s i n g g o o d o r e v i l

t o a n y

o n e ,

e i t h e r

b y

w o r d o r d e e d .

A v Q p w m t

f i i j d p d

r o v g

r t Q v r j K o r a g K a K u t g .

—

M j ) x a x o v p y t i r o v g

f i X o v g .

—

E v e p y s r e t

r i ) v

i r a r p i S a .

—

E C

r r o i t i

r o i i g < p C X o v g .

—

E w

X i y c

r b v

i v X t y o v r a , K a i e v t t o U i

r b v

t v i r o i o v v r a . S o w e

s a y :

K a X d , K a x d

i r o u l v , X i y u v n v d . S e e t h e a c c o u n t

o f t h e

d o u b l e a c c u s a t i v e .

§ 1 5 9 . ]

2 0 1

C C U S A T I V E .

3 ) V e r b s

o f p e r s e v e r i n g , a w a i t i n g ,

a n d t h e o p p o s l t e s o f

t h e s e ;

a s

i x e v s i v ,

B a p p s i v ; < f > s v y s i v , a i r o h i S p a c n c s i v , h p a i r s r s v e i v .

M r )

< p t v y e r b v

t i v l w o v .

—

X p r ) B a p p t i v O a v a r o v , n o n r e f o r m i d a r e m o r

t e m , — ' O E o v X o g

a i r i S p a r b v

f t e a i r o T q v , — O t

r t Z v

i r p a y n a r t a v

K a i p o i o i l

[ i s v o v a i r r ) v y f i t r k p a v f i p a S v r i j r a .

4 ) T h e v e r b s ,

t o b e

c o n c e a l e d ,

t o

c o n c e a l : X a v O d v s i v , i c p v -

t t t s i v ( c e l a r e ) , K p v i r r s a O a i ; —

a l s o

t h e

v e r b s ,

< $ > Q a v e t v

( a n t e -

v e r t e r e ) ,

\ s h r s i v ,

h r i k e l i r u v , d e f i c e r e

; — v e r b s

o f

s w e a r i n g a n d

o t h e r s .

Q t o v g

o v r s

\ a v 9 d v u v t

o v r s

f i i a f f a t r Q a t

S v v a r o v .

—

O t

x o X s f i w i

t i p B r i a a v

r o i g

' A S r i v a i o v Q

a c / M c o / i t v o i

e i ' s r b d a r v . —

' ' E i r i X t i i r t i

f i e

6 x p o v o s , y f i e p a .

—

O / i v v i i i i r d v r a Q r o i f

9 t o v Q

( I s w e a r b y ) .

5 ) V e r y m a n y v e r b s

o f

t h e

f e e l i n g s

a n d

a f f e c t i o n s , a s :

< £ > o / 3 « c r 0 a t , B s i a a i

a l e r y y v z a Q a i ,

a l B s l a d a i

a ^ d e a d a t

S w ^ s -

p a i v u v ; i / a r X f y r r s a d a i , K a r a i r X r i V T S c r B a i , o u c r s i p e t v , i K s e i v ,

b X o f y v p s o - O a i , a n d o t h e r s .

X p > )

a i t i t i o d

a t r o b g

G t o v Q .

—

A t ' t r ^ u

v o p a t

r b v

Q t o v ,

—

' O X o Q v p o v

r o i j g

i r i v n r a c .

6 )

S p a c e

o r d i s t a n c e s t a n d s i n t h e A c c u s a t i v e w i t h v e r b s

o f

m o t i o n , a s t h e s u f f e r i n g o b j e c t

s u b j e c t

t o t h e m o t i o n s o a l s o

t h e t i m e d u r i n g w h i c h a n a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e ( i n a n s w e r t o

t h e q u e s t i o n s w h e n ? h o w l o n g

? ) a n d

t h e

s i z e a n d

w e i g h t

( i n a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n

h o w

m u c h ? ) .

B a l v t t v ,

r r t p d v ,

e p m i v ,

i r o p t v i a B a i

6 S 6 v

l i k e i t q u e

r e d i t q u e

v i a m .

—

X p o v o v ,

r b v

x p ° v 0 v i t i m e

l o n g ;

v v K r a , r / f i s p a v .

—

' H 2 u / 3 a o i £ i j i c p a Z e r o v r o v r b v

X p o v o v

p a X t a r a . —

' l a x v a a v

r i

t c a i Q n p a i o i

r o v g

r e X s v r a i o v g

r o v -

r o v a i

X P ° V 0 V £

f i e r i r r ) v

t v X i v K r p o i Q

f i & x y v .

—

M t A r t a c ^

a 7 T 6 7 r \ f t

T I a p o v

r r o \ i o p K T ] a a . Q t £

K a i

t i K O t r i v

t ) f i e p a s *

— T o

B a ( 3 v X u t v i o v r d X a v r o v

S v v a r a i E u / 3 o £ o ' a c t ( 3 8 o f i r ) K o v r a f i v a Q .

7 ) L a s t l y ,

t h e A c c u s a t i v e

o f t h e

s u f f e r i n g

o b j e c t

i s

f o u n d

w i t h

i n t r a n s i t i v e o r p a s s i v e v e r b s , a n d i n t r a n s i t i v e a d j e c t i v e s

o f

e v e r y

k i n d

i n

o r d e r

t o

p o i n t

o u t

t h e

o b j e c t

t o

w h i c h

t h e

s u b j e c t

d i r e c t s a n d r e f e r s i t s i n t r a n s i t i v e a c t i o n , e x p r e s s e d

b y

t h e v e r b o r

a d j e c t i v e

( A c c u s a t i v e o f m o r e

p a r t i c u l a r

d e f i n i t i o n ) .

2 0 2

O B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .

m .

K d / i r n v r o i g i < p 9 a \ p o v t ; ,

r a g

p p i v a g v y i a i v t i v , i X y t t v

r o i g i r o S a g ,

t u l o u / t a T a , r a g i f / « x < i c

< w

i r t f v K t v a i .

—

A i a t y i p e t

y u v i )

a v l p b g

t t ) v

$ v a i v . — ' 0

a v O p u i j r o g

r b v

S o k t v X o v

A X y t X .

—

' A y a B b g

r k x v t ) v

T i v a .

—

A u f 9 a p p k v o g

t i ) v i | f v ^ ^ v .

—

T i g

o v k

a v r a i g t / S o v a i g S o v X e v i o v a i a x p & g

S i a T t O t i r i K a i t o t y t a p \ a j c a i r i ) v t y v x v v i — Q a v r j g K a X y v w p r j v i x a v b g ,

K a i r a i r o X i p u a a X x t p o g r i v . — ' A v i a r t ) Q i p a v X a g t o a u p

a o i x

a Q v r j g

x a i r i ) v

i ^ « x ' ) v I

a y i v v d i v l p i

i o t i c w g .

I n K n g l i s h , w e g e n e r a l l y

m a k e u s e o f v a r i o u s


a s i n , o f , a s t o o r t u r n t h e a c

c u s a t i v e

o f t h e

t h i n g

i n t o a

p e r s o n a l s u b s t a n t i v e , a n d j o i n

t h e

a d j e c t i v e

t o

i t , a s

a n a t t r i b u t i v e , a s :

d y a O b g

r i x v r \ v ,

a g o o d

a r t i s t

; o r p r e f i x t h e


o f , w i t h ,

t o

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e o f t h e

t h i n g ,

w i t h t h e

a t t r i

b u t i v e

a d j e c t i v e ,

a s

v t a v i a g

K a X d g

r i } j >

T f / v x ^ v ,

o f ,

o r

w i t h ,

a

n o b l e

s p i r i t .

R e m a r h 2 . I n t h i s w a y , m a n y a d v e r b i a l e x p r e s s i o n s a r e t o

b e e x

p l a i n e d ,

a s

t v p o g , i t y o c , p i y t Q o g , ( 3 a 9 o g , p i j i c o g , i r X i j Q o g , a p i B p o v , y i v o g ,

b v o p a ,

p i p o g ; a s : K X t a v S p o g

y t v o g r ] V Q i y a X i v g

a i r ' A p n a S i a g .

— M t r d

r a v r a

d ^ U o v r o

k n i

t o p

2 , a f } a r o v

i r o r a p o v t o e v p o g

T t r r a p t o v

7 r X £ 9 p < * t v .

§

1 6 0 . D o u b l e A c c u s a t i v e .

I n

t h e f o l l o w i n g c a s e s , t h e

G r e e k s c o n n e c t

t w o o b j e c t s

I n

t h e

A c c u s a t i v e

w i t h a

v e r b

—

a . W h e n , i n t h e

c o n n e x i o n m e n t i o n e d a b o v e ,

§ 1 5 9 , 2 „

t h e

v e r b

h a s

a

t r a n s i t i v e

m e a n i n g ,

a s

< j > i \ i a v

c f i t X e i v

;

t h e

n o

t i o n o f a c t i v i t y , f o r m e d b y t h e

c o m b i n a t i o n

o f t h e v e r b

a n d

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e ( t h e l a t t e r o f w h i c h g e n e r a l l y h a s

a n

a d j e c

t i v e ) , m a y a l s o

b e

e x t e n d e d t o a p e r s o n a l o b j e c t

a s

 t \ < £ ) r b v w a i S a ,

k o X S >

a s t o v t o t o

o v o f i a .

b . T h e p h r a s e s , t o d o o r s a y g o o d o r e v i l , t a k e t h e o b j e c t

t o

w h i c h

t h e

g o o d

o r

e v i l

i n

w o r d

o r

d e e d

i s

d o n e ,

a s

a

s u f f e r

i n g o b j e c t , i n t h e A c c u s a t i v e a s i r o i s i v , T r p d - r r e u v , e p i y d £ e o - d a i ,

a n d o t h e r s ,

\ i y s i v , e h r s l v ,

a n d o t h e r s , a r y a O d ,

i c a i c d

r i v a .

§ 1 6 0 . ]

2 0 3

C C U S A T I V E .

T o r t

i i )

o

B t / u t T T O K K i j e U e i v o v T t

K a i r o i t g K o p i v 8 l o v g i r o X X d

r e

K a i k u k u

I X e y t v . — O i S t i r u i r o r t

i n a v o v r o

i r o X X d k 8 k < x

r i p d g

i r o i o v V T t g .

c . F u r t h e r , t h e d o u b l e

A c c u s a t i v e

i s f o u n d i n t h e e x p r e s

s i o n s : t o

m a k e

s o m e b o d y s o m e t h i n g , a s i n v e r b s o f m a k i n g ,

c h o o s i n g , n o m i n a t i n g , c o n s i d e r i n g

a s a n y

t h i n g , d e c l a r i n g ,

e x

h i b i t i n g , r e g a r d i n g , k n o w i n g ,

s a y i n g ,

n a m i n g ,

a n d

o t h e r s .

' 0 K v p o g r o i g

i p i X o v g

l i r o i t f a t

i r X o v a i o v g . —

H a i t i t v u v T t v d

a o < p 6 v . — A ' p t i v

r i v d p t y a v . — H o p i Z t i v , f i y t i a B a i r i v a a v t i p a d y a O & v .

—

' O v o p d & i v T i v d

c o f y i a r i y v . — A X p t i a Q a i r i v a a r p a T t j y o v . — T d v T w f l p v a v a v v t i t i i r v o v i r a p t -

X a f i e v .

—

J l o X t t o g

i r X o v r o v

q y o v p a i

a v p p d x o v g ,

t t l o t i v , e v v o i a v .

R e m a r k 1 .

I n

t h e p a s s i v e

c o n s t r u c t i o n ,

t h i s

a c c u s a t i v e

b e c o m e s t h e

n o m i n a t i v e , a n d a g r e e s

w i t h

t h e s u b j e c t .

d . W i t h v e r b s — a ) o f e n t r e a t i n g , b e s e e c h i n g , d e s i r i n g , e n q u i r

i n g ,

a n d

a s k i n g , a s

a v r e i v ,

i r p a r r s i v ( t o d e m a n d ) ,

i r p d r r s a O a i ,

i p c o r a v ,

i g e r d Q i v , l a r o p s i v — Z > ) o f

t e a c h i n g ,

a s S i S d c r i c e i v ,

n r a i Z e v s w ; — c ) o f d i v i d i n g , d i s j o i n i n g ; — d ) o f d e p r i v i n g , a s

d < p a i p e i o - 6 a i ,

a T s p s i v ,

d i r o a - T s p s l v , a v X a v ,

a n d

o t h e r s ;

—

e ) o f

c o n c e a l i n g

o r

h i d i n g ; — f ) o f p u t t i n g o n a n d o f f .

H t p i p a g K a / i ] 3 » ( r i ) £ t i g

A l y u j n - o v

K t j p V K a , t j r f A p , a a i v O v y a r t p a . — A v T o v g

t K a r o v T a X a v T a

t T T p a Z a

v . - ~ - ' A p y v p i o v

i r p a T T t i v

n v d .

—

I I o X A d 5

d

a k

1

p t 6

i r o X i g

f i t o r o g .

—

H a i t i i v o v a i

r o i g w a T t i a g

r p l a p 6 v a .

— T X C b r r d v

T t

r y v ' A r T i K t j v

K a i

r p o i r o v g

t u i v

' A Q r } v a i w v I t i i t i a a K o v r o i g i r a i t i a g , —

T p t l g

p o i p a g 6

S i p Z t j g

i t i d a a r o i r d v r a

r o v 7 t e £ o V

a r p a r o v .

—

T t p v t i v , t i i a i p t X v

t i

p i p y ] , p o i p a g .

— ' O K v p o g t o a r p d r t v p a

x a r i v e

i p t t i w t i u c a p i p r ) . — T o y

f i o v o v

p o i

K a i

f i X o v

i r a i t i a

d ( p s i X e r o

r r / v

i p v x q v .

—

T f j v

r i p f j v

a i r

O G T t p t X

/ i f . — T d - q p i r t p a r i p d g d i r o a T t p i X 6 f r i X n r i r o g . — K p 6 » r r u > a t

t o d r v x n p a .

— T l a Z g f i t y a g , p i K p o v ? x w v X t r ^ ^ a ) ' t r t p o v - r r d i t i a p i K p o v , p t y a v t x o v r a

X i r & v a , i K t i v a a g a v r o v ,

t o v p t v

i a v r o v

I k i X v o v

p i p

i t

a t ,

r o v

I k e ' i v o v

a v r d g k v t t i v .

R e m a r k

2 .

I n

t h e

c h a n g e o f

t h e

v e r b s

m e n t i o n e d

u n d e r

d ,

f r o m

t h e

a c t i v e i n t o

t h e p a s s i v e , t h e


t h e s u f f e r i n g

o b j e c t b e c o m e s

t h e

n o m i n a t i v e ,

b u t

t h e


t h e

t h i n g r e m a i n s ( a c c o r d i n g t o §

1 5 0 ,

4 . ) ; a s :

i p i a r & p a i

t i ) v

y v w p n v ,

I

a m

a s k e d

m y

o p i n i o n .

—

H a i d t v o p a t ,

t i i t i d a K o / i a i p o v a i K r i v ,

I

h a v e m y s e l f t a u g h t , o r i l e a r n m u s i c .

—

r i j S i

K a i o U r j a t t g r d

a v r d

p i p n

t i i a v t p r j O - t j T o ) . — A t p a i p t O r j v a i ,

d i r o o r t p r j 9 i j v a t <

t i ) v

d p x i j v , —

Y L p v - K T O p a t

r o v r o t o i r p a y p a .

—

A p v v p a i x t r & v a .

2 0 4

[ c h a p ,

u l


R e m a r k

3 .

E v e n

w i t h

s o m e

v e r b s w h i c h , i n

t h e

a c t i v e ,

a r e c o n

s t r u e d

w i t h

t h e d a t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n a n d t h e a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e

t h i n g ,

t h e d a t i v e

o f t h e

p e r s o n

i s

c h a n g e d

i n t o

t h e

n o m i n a t i v e ,

b u t

t h e

a c -

s a t i v e o f t h e t h i n g

i s l e f t

u n a l t e r e d , w h e n

t h e y

a r e p a s s i v e . T h e f o l

l o w i n g a r e g e n e r a l l y t h u s t r e a t e d , I t t i t u t t u v , i i r i r p i i r u v ,

i i t i a r i X k u v

™

T t a s l i r i r p t T r o f i a t , l i r i r a T T O f i a i , i T r i r r r e X K o f i n i r t ) v < * > v \ a K r j v .

R e m a r k

4 . A s i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e

( §

1 4 7 .

R e m a r k 2 . ) , s o

a l s o i n

t h e

a c c u s a t i v e ,

w e

f i n d

t h e

a \ T j n a

K a 9 ' o \ o v

K a i

f i t p o g a s o i

i r o X i / u o i r o v y

v u X i r a g T o i > £ f t f v a i r ' t K T i t v a v r o t ' c $ k I d o v X u t o a v T O .

§ 1 6 1 .

I I I .

D a t i v e .

1 . T h e D a t i v e e x p r e s s e s

w h e r e , a n d

h e n c e i s

f i r s t

u s e d t o

d e n o t e —

a )

t h e p l a c e i n w h i c h a n a c t i o n o c c u r s . I n p r o s e ,

h o w e v e r , p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y a n n e x e d , a s h > o p e i , i n

m o n t e ;

—

6 ) t h e t i m e i n w h i c h a n

a c t i o n

o c c u r s , a s r a v - r t j r y

r j p s p a , T y a v r f ) v v k t L , t t o W o i s s r s a i v h e r e , a l s o , h i i s o f t e n

f o u n d — c ) s o c i e t y , c o m p a n y ,

a n d

e s p e c i a l l y a ) t h e

d a t i v e

s i n g u l a r o f c o l l e c t i v e n o u n s ,

o r

a p p e l l a t i v e n o u n s

i n

t h e

p l u r a l , c o n n e c t e d w i t h a v e r b o f g o i n g

a n d c o m i n g ,

a s

' A ^ -

v a t o i f j X d o v T r X r f & e i o v k

6 \ v y a > ,

o r

7 r o X \ a i s

v a v c r l v , o r o T p a r m ,

o r

< T T p a T u i y r a b s , & c . —

/ 8 )

t h e d a t i v e c o n n e c t e d w i t h a v r o s ,

i n

t h e

d a t i v e ,

t o

e x p r e s s

t h e

n o t i o n o f

a t

t h e

s a m e

t i m e

w i t h ,

a s

o i 7 r o X i / i t o t i v s i r l p m p a G a v

r t j v i t o K i v

a v r o i s t o I s i s p o l s , t o

g e t h e r w i t h

t h e

s a n c t u a r i e s .

2 . S e c o n d l y ,

t h e D a t i v e i s u s e d t o d e n o t e

a n

o b j e c t w h i c h

i s s t r i v e n a f t e r , i n d e e d , b y t h e

a c t i o n

o f t h e s u b j e c t , b u t n o t ,

a s

i n

t h e


o b t a i n e d , t o u c h e d , o r h i t ,

b u t

o n l y m a d e

t o

p a r t i c i p a t e

a n d b e c o n c e r n e d i n i t . H e n c e t h e d a t i v e i s

f o u n d

a ) W i t h e x p r e s s i o n s o f a s s o c i a t i o n a n d u n i o n ( D a t i v u s c o m -

m u n i o n i s ) . T o t h i s c l a s s b e l o n g e x p r e s s i o n s a )

o f

s o c i a l i n t e r

§ 1 6 1 . ]

2 0 5A T I V E .

c o u r s e , a s s o c i a t i o n , a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n — / 3 ) v e r b s o f g o i n g

t o w a r d s , m e e t i n g , a p p r o a c h i n g ,

a n d

t h e c o n t r a r y , a s r e t i r i n g

a n d

g i v i n g

w a y

;

—

7 )

y e r b s

o f

' f i g h t i n g ,

d i s p u t i n g ,

a n d

c o n t e n d

i n g ; — 8 ) v e r b s o f f o l l o w i n g , s e r v i n g ,

o b e y i n g ,

a n d a c c o m p a n y i n g ;

—

e ) v e r b s o f a d v i s i n g a n d e n c o u r a g i n g , a s i r a p a i v e l v , i r a p a -

K e k s v e a O a u

' O f i i X ' e t r o t g a y a Q o i Q a v 9 p u i i r o t g , — E 5 ^ « ( T 0 « t o I q O e o i g . — ' A i r a v r d v , 7 r X i j -

o i a K u v , l y y i Z t t v T t v i . — M i ) t i n t T t r o i q T r o X t f i ' w t g . — O l E X X i / y e j c a \ w £

i f i a x ^ f f a V T 0 t o T q H k p t r a t g . — O i o r p a r t w r a i a v r } K o v a r t ) a a v r o i g o r p u -

T t j y o i g . — U s t O o v r o t f v o / x o i f . — T p a p c r p c t K o X o v O t t o o £ a .

J )

W i t h e x p r e s s i o n s

o f

p r o b a b i l i t y a n d

i m p r o b a b i l i t y , o f

l i k e n e s s a n d u n l i k e n e s s , o f a g r e e m e n t a n d

d i f f e r e n c e .

O i i r a l o t c i p t p i p i o T a r o t t / a a v t < ? i r a r p ' t . — ' £ 2 7 r X t o - / j E v o t 7 r d » T £ f i j f f a i ' o i r t p l

t w K v p o v r o t f a i r o t f

r £ K v p t p

o i r X o t g .

c )

W i t h v e r b s o f a s s e n t i n g t o , a n d t h e l i k e ; o f r e p r o a c h

i n g : f x e / x t p s o - d a i ,

( w i t h a c c u s a t i v e , i t

s i g n i f i e s t o b l a m e ) ,

h r n i f i a v , i y K a X s l v , h r i K a X s i v

( j i v l

t i ) ,

e T T i / i f K r j T T S i v ,

6 v E i 8 l £ e i v ,

& c . o f

b e i n g a n g r y ,

o f e n v y i n g

:

< f > 0 o v s l v o f

h e l p i n g

a n d

b e

n e f i t i n g :

\ v a - V T s \ s l v , t r v / x t p s p E i v ,

a v f i i r p a T T e w ,

a n d o t h e r v e r b s

c o m p o u n d e d w i t h c r i i v , e x p r e s s i n g t h i s i d e a o f f i t t i n g , b e c o m

i n g ,

a n d

p l e a s i n g ,

a n d

m a n y o t h e r s ; t h e p e r s o n a l o b j e c t

s t a n d s i n t h e

D a t i v e .

T h e a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e t h i n g i s f r e

q u e n t l y f o u n d w i t h i t . T h e

d a t i v e

i s g e n e r a l l y u s e d w h e n

t h e a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e , f o r t h e

b e n e f i t

o r i n j u r y o f a

p e r s o n

o r

t h i n g

( D a t i v u s

c o m m o d i

e t

i n c o m m o d i ) .

T l o a i w i Z v a < p 6 l p a i p t v i a t v i v ' O t v a a t i . — ' E 7 r u r X q r r c t v , 6 v t i S i Z c i v ,

t y t c a X t t v

T t v i

T t . — O v r o i g d p x e t v

f i o v X o f i t v o t g

f t i / i ^ O f i a t ,

d X X a r o i g

v i r c t K o v t t v i r o i p o T t p o i Q o v t r t v . — ' l i v u ^ X e i 6 Q i X i i r i r o g r o i g i A 9 r } v a i o t g . —

♦ O o v t T

v

t i v i . — ' A / i v v i S , o a o v

T r i p I v v a r o g

t l f u , T i p

v 6 / u f .

— ' O p e o r i j c ) ) 0 t -

\ r j < r t T i p t o p t t v i r a T p i , r r ) v

f i r j H p a

a i r o K T t i v a q .

—

' A ^ i X X f v c ; i r i f i w p r j a t

n a r p o n X y T t f t T a i p t p t o v t y o v o v . — ' H d p t r i ) a p t a

K i t

r o i g

d y a B o t g .

d ) L a s t l y , t h e D a t i v e i s

u s e d

t o

p o i n t

o u t t h e

p o s s e s s o r ,

w i t h

t h e v e r b s , s t v a i ,

{ m a p ) ( s i v ,

a n d

< y l y v e o - 0 a i , ;

a n d , i n g e

n e r a l , w h e r e a n a c t i o n i s p e r f o r m e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e ,

a n d

i n

2 0 6

[ c h a p .

m .

B J E C T I V E


r e l a t i o n , t o a p e r s o n , o r a t h i n g c o n s i d e r e d a s a p e r s o n a s

I t t o K p a r q s t o w v t o s w v T i / x f j s d ^ o o s

r \ v t t )

t t o X e l

/ x a X K o v ,

r j

O a v d r o v .

H e n c e

t h e

d a t i v e

o f t e n

s t a n d s ,

e v e n

w i t h

t h e p a s

s i v e ,

a n d r e g u l a r l y w i t h

v e r b a l

a d j e c t i v e s i n t s o s a n d t o s ,

i n s t e a d

o f i m b w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e ; a s : & s p , o i v r p o r e p o v S e B r j -

X / B T O t .

3 .

T h i r d l y ,

t h e D a t i v e , l i k e t h e L a t i n a b l a t i v e ( i n s t r u m e n -

t a l i s ) , i s

u s e d

t o d e n o t e t h e c a u s e , m a n n e r , a n d

i n s t r u m e n t

( h e n c e w i t h y j r q a d a i ) , t h e m o d e

a n d

w a y , t h e

m e a s u r e

( b y

w h i c h

t h e a c t i o n i s

l i m i t e d ) ,

c o n g r u i t y , a n d o f t e n

a l s o

t h e

m a t e r i a l .

O i 7 r o X £ / « o t < p 6 f i ( p a i r ^ X Q o v . — ^ K y & X X o f i a i r f j v u c y . — 2 r « p y w , a y a T r S b t o X q

v i r a p \ o v a i v a y a Q o i g . —

' O f B a X f i o i g b p u i p . e v ,

w f f l v

a K o v o f i t v .

— ' l a x v f i v

r i p f f w / i a r i . —

O t a T p a r u H r a i

a v f i f o p a '

f t e y a X y I x p q a a v T O .

— ' A X t Z a v S p o c

S i S a f f K a X i p

I x p r i t r a T O

A p i o T O T t X u . —

O t

i r o X s f i t o i

/ 3 i £ e t c r i ^ v

T r d X t v

H O r j e t r a v .

— O l

' A 9 > ] v a i o i t o v

M i X r i d S r i v

i r i v r i i K O V T a T a X a v r o i Q k ^ r t i i i u K s a v . —

' H

a y o p a

H a p l y X i Q t p i ] < T K r \ p k v r \ f j v .

§ 1 6 2 . O n t h e P r e p o s i t i o n s .

1 , A s t h e c a s e s d e n o t e t h e l o c a l

r e l a t i o n s

o f w h e n c e , w h i t h e r ,

a n d

w h e r e ,

s o

t h e

p r e p o s i t i o n s

e x p r e s s o t h e r

l o c a l r e l a t i o n s , i n

w h i c h t h e e x t e n s i o n ( d i m e n s i o n ) o f t h i n g s i n s p a c e , — t h e

c o n j u n c t i o n o f t h i n g s

( t h e i r

b e i n g t o g e t h e r , b e f o r e , b y , a r o u n d ,

o r

w i t h ) ;

— o r t h e l o c a l c o n t r a r i e s o f a b o v e , b e l o w , w i t h i n a n d

w i t h o u t , b e f o r e

a n d

b e h i n d , & c , a r e c o n s i d e r e d .

2 . T h e c a s e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e

p r e p o s i t i o n ,

s h o w s i n

w h i c h

o f t h e t h r e e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d l o c a l r e l a t i o n s o f w h e n c e , w h i

t h e r , a n d w h e r e , t h e l o c a l i d e a e x p r e s s e d b y t h e p r e p o s i t i o n i s

t o b e

c o n c e i v e d .

T h u s ,

e .

g . ,

t h e


- r r a p d

d e n o t e s

m e r e l y

t h e

l o c a l

i d e a

o f

n e a r ,

b y t h e s i d e ,

o r b y , b u t , i n

c o n n e x i o n

w i t h

t h e

g e n i t i v e , a s i J X O t i r a p a

§

1 6 3 . ]

2 0 7

R E P O S I T I O N .

r o w ( 3 a s i \ i u > c , i t d e n o t e s ,

a t t h f t s a m e t i m e ,

t h e

r e l a t i o n o f w h e n c e

( h e

c a m e

f r o m

t h e s i d e o f t h e

k i n g ,

d e

c h e z l e

r o i ) i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h

t h e

a c c u s a t i v e , a s

p «

i r a p d i

t o v

/ S a o - i X t a ,

t h e

r e l a t i o n

o f

w h i t h e r

( h e

w e n t

t o

t h e

s i d e o f

t h e

k i n g ) a n d

i n

c o n n e x i o n w i t h a

d a t i v e ,

a s

t o r i j

n a p d r £

j 3 a m X { ( , t h e

r e l a t i o n o f w h e r e ( h e s t o o d

b y

t h e s i d e o f t h e k i n g ) .

3 .

T h e

p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e

d i v i d e d ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e i r c o n

s t r u c t i o n —

a ) I n t o p r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e

a m i ,

a i r o , I k , i r p o ,

c v t x a .

b ) I n t o t h o s e w i t h

t h e

D a t i v e i v a n d a i v .

c )

I n t o t h o s e w i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e d v d , t i e , i i c .

d )

I n t o

t h o s e

^ j t h

t h e

G e n i t i v e

a n d

A c c u s a t i v e

S i d ,

x a r d ,

v i r i p .

e ) I n t o t h o s e w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e , D a t i v e , a n d A c c u s a t i v e d f t f i , I w l , y a r d ,

i r a p d , i r i p i , i r p o q a n d v i r o .

4 . T h e l o c a l r e l a t i o n s o f

t h e

p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e m e r g e d i n t o

t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t i m e a n d c a u s a l i t y ( c a u s e ,

e f f e c t ,

& c . ) a s :

i n r b

T r j s y r j s

s l v a i a n d

i n r b < f ) 6 / 3 o v ( p s v y s i v s k T r j s

t t o X e c o s

d w e X O s l v

a n d

r j i x s p a s d t r e k O u v .

A . P R E P O S I T I O N S

W I T H

O N E C A S E .

•

§

1 6 3 . 1 . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e

o n l y .

1 . ' A j r t , L a t . a n t e , o r i g i n a l

m e a n i n g ,

b e f o r e , i n t h e f a c e

o f ,

o v e r

a g a i n s t ,

t h e n ,

f o r ,

i n s t e a d

o f

i n

t h e

p l a c e

o f ;

a s :

o - r i j -

v a i

d v r l

t w o s

—

S o v X o s d v r l f i a o - i X e o i s

— d v r l

r j / j J p a s

v t i ^

k y i v s T O

— d v f f

o v , w h e r e f o r e .

2 .

T l p o , p r o ,

p r c e , b e f o r e , f o r , a g r e e s i n

a l l i t s s e n s e s

w i t h

d v r l ;

b u t i s u s e d i n m a n y v a r i o u s s e n s e s ; e . g . o - r f j v a i i r p b

r r r v X c b v , i r p b f j f i i p a s ( a v r l

i s

n o t u s e d

i n r e f e r e n c e

t o

t i m e )

— f i d y s a O a i ,

d i r o O a v e l v

i r p b T r j s

i r a r p l Z o s

— S o v X o s i r p b

S s a i r o T o v

;

—

i r p b

t w v S s ,

t h e r e f o r e ,

o n

t h a t a c c o u n t .

R e m a r k 1 . T h e r e a s o n w h y t h e p r e p o s i t i o n s

d v r l

a n d v p o

a r e

c o n

n e c t e d w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e i s , t h a t t h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e r e g a r d s t h e r e l a t i o n

2 0 8

O B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .

n r .

o f b e f o r e , n o t m e r e l y a s l o c a l , b u t a s a * e l a t i o n o f

d e p e n d e n c e ,

i n a s m u c h

a s t h e g e n i t i v e d e n o t e s t h e

p l a c e

o r

o b j e c t t o

w h i c h a n o t h e r o b j e c t b e

l o n g s , a s i t w e r e . T h i s h o l d s g o o d i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p r e p o s i t i o n s v r r i p ,

j r p o f , l i d , a f i < p i , T r t p i , i i r i , a n d u i r o w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e b e c a u s e t h e g e n i t i v e

p o i n t s o u t t h e p l a c e o r o b j e c t a s t h e s u p p o r t e r o f t h e a c t i o n ( $ 1 5 8 , 4 . ) .

3 .

' A t t o , a b ,

o r i g i n a l

s e n s e ,

f r o m ,

a s :

a i r b

r r j s

i r o X s a s

r / \ -

6 a / ' ,

—

i n

r e f e r e n c e

t o t i m e ,

f r o m , s i n c e , a f t e r ,

a s :

a i r b

S s i i r v o v

i / x a x & c r a v T o

( a f t e r t h e

m e a l )

—

s l v a i ,

y t r / v s o - Q a i

a i r b

r i v o s , t o

d e s c e n d f r o m ; — T e a a i r b t o j v

i r o \ e p , i u ) v

( f > 6 j 3 a > ,

l i k e

m e t u s

a b

a l i q u o

; — i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e m e a n s , f r o m , w i t h ,

r p d f a w

t o

v a v r i K o v

a i r b

i r p o o - b h w v

—

a i r b

t w o s

K a X s l c r d t L i .

4 .

' E / e , e g ,

e x ,

o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g , o u t o f , a s s k t t j s i r o k e a s

u - r r r ) X 6 e v

— i n r e f e r e n c e t o a n i m m e d i a t e s e q u e n c e

o f

t i m e ,

a f t e r ,

a s i f r j f i i p a s , e x q u o d i e s i l l u x i t , I k i r a i h m v , i f a l O p i a s

i s K a l v r j v s f i i a s < r v v i h p a p . s v s ^ a i r o v r j s v s t j y t ] — ' O o ~ b s • j r a r r j p

i v T r j S s T r j f i i a r i f i i p a i f a ( j > p o v o s

o - c b < f > p c o v

y s y i v r p - a i — s l v a i ,

y l y v s c r 6 a i s k t w o s , t o d e s c e n d f r o m ; — a c c o r d i n g t o , b y v i r t u e

o f ,

i n


o f ,

a s

s k

r f j s

o i j r s a s

r o v

o v s t p o v .

—

' O v o -

f i d & a O a i s k

t w o s .

5 . Y w s K a

( b e f o r e

o r a f t e r t h e g e n i t i v e ) , f o r

t h e

s a k e o f ,

i n

c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f , b y v i r t u e o f

R e m a r k 2 . F u r t h e r , s o m e a d v e r b s a n d


a r e a l s o v e r y

o f t e n u s e d a s p r e p o s i t i o n s , a n d a r e , a c c o r d i n g l y ,

c a l l e d

i m p r o p e r p r e

p o s i t i o n s ,

a s i r p o a Q t v a n d t p . T r p o o G t v ,

b e f o r e ,

o i r i a Q t v , b e h i n d ,

a v t v

a n d

X ^ P ' C i

w i t h o u t ,

t t X i / v , e x c e p t ,

p t r a Z v , b e t w e e n ,

^ x P h u n t i l ,

x a p i v

( g e n e r a l l y

a f t e r

t h e

g e n i t i v e ) , g r a t i a ,

f o r

t h e

s a k e

o f

( i n s t e a d

o f

t h e

g e n i t i v e

o f

t h e

p e r s o n a l

p r o n o u n s ,

t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n i n t h e s a m e

c a s e , g e n d e r ,

a n d

n u m b e r ,

i s

g e n e r a l l y

u s e d ,

a s i / u j v

a i ) v

x < * P ' v > m e a ,

t u a ,

g r a t i a ) .

§ 1 6 4 . 2 . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e D a t i v e o n l y .

I . ' E j ;

d e n o t e s t h e

b e i n g

i n ,

u p o n ,

b y ,

a n d

t o g e t h e r

w i t h

;

i n

g e n e r a l , a n

a c t u a l

u n i o n w i t h a n o b j e c t

a n d

h e n c e f o r m s a



§

1 6 5 . ]

2 0 9

R E P O S I T I O N

c o n t r a s t w i t h t i c , a s i v v q a t p , i v y f } , i v ^ i r d p T r ] , i v o t t X o i s , e v

r o b o t s

h i c u y a j v L ^ e a O a i ,

e v

i r p o f i d y p i s , e v r e 6 s o t s K a l

d v d p d n r o i s

h e n c e

b e f o r e , c o r a m ; u p o n

: J v o p e a i v , e v ' O m r o i s , i v

O p o v o i s

a t ,

b y , t h u s e s p e c i a l l y w i t h n a m e s o f t o w n s ,

a n d

i n a c c o u n t s

o f b a t t l e s , a s 1 7 i f M - a v r i v s l a

p - a y r ) ,

a t

o r

n e a r . I t i s u s e d i n

r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e , a s i v r o v r t o

t o o

y p o v m , e v a > , w h e n , w h i l e ,

h i T r i m s

r j p J p a i s .

A l s o i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e m e a n s a n d i n s t r u

m e n t , w i t h t h e e x p r e s s i o n s , S r j X o v v , S ^ X w e l v a i , a i ) p u L v s w e v

n v i , a s

O T t

o i 6 e o l a s

' C K s m

r e , i c a l e v f i e v e l s i r i p v i r o v a i ,

x a l

e v

i s p o l s

B r j X o v

K a l

e v

o v p a v w i s

a r ) / t e u > i s .

R e m a r k

1 .

W i t h

s o m e v e r b s

o f

m o t i o n t h e G r e e k s g e n e r a l l y u s e

i v

w i t h

t h e

d a t i v e ,

i n s t e a d

o f « c

w i t h t h e

a c c u s a t i v e

a s r i O i v m ,

K a r a T i S i v a i ,

a v a r S i v m

( t o d e d i c a t e ) ,

a n d t h e l i k e .

2 . 2 , v v ( J ; v v , m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y i n

o l d A t t i c ) . T h e

o r i g i n a l

m e a n i n g o f a v v a g r e e s , a l m o s t t h r o u g h o u t , w i t h t h e L a t i n

c u m

a n d

t h e E n g l i s h w i t h , a s 6

a r p a r r f / b s

a v v r o l s a r p a n c t ) -

r a i s

i t

d e n o t e s

a s s i s t a n c e ,

a s

a v v 6 e w

a w

r d y j i ,

a v v

/ 8 t a

7 T 0 1 S I V T l .

R e m a r k

2 .

T h e i m p r o p e r p r e p o s i t i o n

t l / i a , a t

t h e

s a m e t i m e

w i t h ,

b e

l o n g s h e r e .

§ 1 6 5 . 3 . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e o n l y .

1 . ' A v a , o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g ,

o n , u p o n .

I t

f o r m s

t h e

s t r o n g e s t

c o n t r a s t

w i t h K a r a f o l l o w e d b y a n a c c u s a t i v e . A s t h e l a t t e r

s e r v e s t o i n d i c a t e a m o t i o n f r o m a b o v e d o w n w a r d s , s o t h e

f o r m e r s e r v e s

t o

i n d i c a t e

a

m o t i o n f r o m

b e l o w

u p w a r d s ,

a s

a v a

t o v i r o r a p L o v ,

a v a

p o o v

t t X s i v , u p

t h e

s t r e a m .

( O n t h e

c o n

t r a r y

K a r a

r r o r a p A V ,

d o w n

t h e

s t r e a m . )

' A v a g e n e r a l l y

s e r v e s

t o

i n d i c a t e a

l o c a l

e x t e n s i o n f r o m b e l o w u p w a r d s ,

t h r o u g h o u t ,

t h r o u g h :

a v a r r j v ' E X X a S a

—

a v a

t o v i r o k i f i o v t o v t o v

( p e r ,

P

2 1 0

[ c h a p . m .

B J E C T I V E


d u r i n g ) t h u s

a v a t r a a a v T i ) v r / f i e p a v , t h r o u g h o u t

t h e

w h o l e

d a y ;

a v a

i r d v

t o

s t o s , t h r o u g h o u t t h e

w h o l e

g e a r ; h e n c e , w i t h

o u t

a r t i c l e

a v a

i r d a a v

r \ p A p a v ,

a v a

i r d v

e r o s ,

e v e r y

d a y ,

y e a r , d a i l y ,

y e a r l y ;

a v a v v / c r a , p e r n o c t e m ; a v a

x p o v o v , i n t i m e ;

—

t o

d e n o t e

t h e w a y

a n d

m a n n e r , a s : a v a K p a t o s , w i t h

a l l

o n e ' s m i g h t ; a v a

f i e p o s ,

a l t e r n a t e l y ; — t o e x p r e s s a d i s t r i b u t i v e

s e n s e , a s a v a

i r e v r e

- r r a p a a a r f / a s r t j s f j f i e p a s , J i v e p a r a s a n g s

d a i l y ; — a n d t o s t a t e n u m b e r s i n d e f i n i t e l y , l i k e t h e L a t i n -

c i r c a ,

a s

a v a ,

h i a K o m a a r d & i a .

2 .

E l s

( i s ,

o l d

A t t i c )

a l m o s t

e n t i r e l y

c o r r e s p o n d s

t o

t h e

L a t i n i n w i t h

a c c u s a t i v e , a n d t h e

E n g l i s h

i n t o , a s

l e v a *

e l s r r j v

t t o X i v ;

—

i n a h o s t i l e

s e n s e c o n t r a , a s : i o T p a r s v a a v

e l s r r j v

' A t t i k i j v

—

i n

n u m b e r s , u p t o ,

a s :

v a v s e l s r a s T s r p a i c o o - l a s

— i n

a d i s t r i b u t i v e s e n s e , a s e l s s k o t o v , c e n t e n i ; e l s S v o , b i n i ,

— c o r a m , w i t h t h e

n o t i o n o f w h i t h e r ,

\ 6 y o v s i r o i e l a O a i e l s r b v

S r j f i o v . — I n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e

u n t i l ,

t o w a r d s ,

u p o n ,

e l s

s e n r e -

p a v ,

t o w a r d s

e v e n i n g ; e l s t t j v v a r e p a l a v , o n t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y ;

e l s

T p l r r j v r j i x i p a v .

—

I t

d e n o t e s

t h e a i m , i n t e n t i o n ,

o r

r e s p e c t ,

a s e ' X p j j a a T O

t o i s

x p r j f i a o - i v

e l s r f j v

7 r 6 \ i v ,

e l s

i c e p S o s t i S p a v

B i a t f > E p e i v r i v b s

e l s

a p e r r j v

e l s

n r a v r a , i n e v e r y r e s p e c t .

3 .

' U s , a d ,

t o , i s

o n l y u s e d

i n

r e f e r e n c e t o p e r s o n s , o r

t o

t h i n g s c o n s i d e r e d

a s p e r s o n s , a s l e v a i , i r i n i r s i v

m s f i a o - i k e a ,

7 ] k s w m s T r j v

M i X n T O v ( t o

t h e M i l e s i a n ) .

R e m a r k . F r o m

t h i s w c , w e

m u s t


£ > c i n

c o n n e x i o n

w i t h

u s ,

I r i ,

T r p o Q

w i t h t h e a c c u s a t i v e ( « £ i i ' c , & > t

i f ' ,

< > f f v p o g r i v a ) .

I n

t h i s

l a t t e r

c o n n e x i o n , < i e i s n o t a


b u t

e x p r e s s e s

a

d i r e c t i o n

t o a p l a c e

w h i c h i s

n o t

a c t u a l l y r e a c h e d ,

b u t

o n l y

s u p p o s e d ,

a n d

h e n c e ,

i n t e n d e d

t o

b e r e a c h e d a s a m - r t K i o v w f t t { r a g ' A 8 i \ v a s ( t h e y s a i l e d a w a y , a s t h e y

s a i d

o r w i s h e d , t o A t h e n s ) .



§

1 6 6 . ]

2 1 1


B .

P R E P O S I T I O N S

W I T H

T W O C A S E S .

§

1 6 6 .


w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e a n d t h e A c c u s a t i v e :

C i a , K a r a , v r r e p .

1 . A i d , o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g , t h r o u g h . —

A . W i t h

t h e G e n i

t i v e —

t h r o u g h

a n d o u t

a g a i n o r f o r t h , a s

h l - r f k a v v E t o v o - r p a -

t o v S i d t t ) s Q p a i c r j s s t t I

r f j v

' E W o S a

t h r o u g h ,

a s S i d i r s S i o v ,

p e r

c a m p u m ,

S i d

i r o \ s p . L a s

i r o p e v s a O a i .

S e e

§

1 6 3 ,

R e m .

1 .

I n

r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e , i t d e n o t e s t h e

c o u r s e o f

a s p a c e o f

t i m e

t h r o u g h , i n , p r o p e r l y , u p t o

t h e

e n d o f

t h e s p a c e

o f t i m e ,

t h r o u g h o u t , a s

S i

s t o v s , S i d t t o W o v , f x a K p o v , 6 \ v y o v y p o v o v ,

S i d i r a v r b s t o v ^ p o v o v r o i a v r a o v k s j s v s t o , t h r o u g h o u t t h e

w h o l e t i m e . S o , a l s o , i n r e f e r e n c e t o a n a c t i o n

r e p e a t e d

a f t e r

d e f i n i t e p o r t i o n s o f

t i m e ,

a s S i d

r p i r o v s t o v s

o v v y e c r a v , e v e r y

t h r e e

y e a r s ,

t e r t i o

q u o q u e

a n n o ,

a l i o a y s a f t e r

t h r e e

y e a r s

;

S i d

i r s f i T T T O v

s t o v s ,

S i d t t s v t s s t £ > v , q u i n t o

q u o q u e

a n n o ,

S i d

T p L r r j s

r i f i i p a s .

I t d e n o t e s t h e m e a n s , a s S i 6 ( p 6 a X p , u v o p d v t h e

m a n n e r a n d

w a y ,

a s

S i d

a v r o v S r j s ,

S i d

T a % o v s .

—

B . W i t h t h e

A c c u s a t i v e i n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e , a s S i d u v / c r a , p e r

n o c t e m .

I t d e n o t e s t h e r e a s o n , t h e m e a n s , a s S i d t o v t o , r a v r a , o n t h i s

a c c o u n t , t h e r e f o r e ; S i d f i o v k d s , S i d f i r j v i v .

2 . K . a r d ,

o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g , f r o m

a b o v e d o w n w a r d s ( d e s u -

p e r ) .

—

A .

W i t h

t h e G e n i t i v e ,

a s

s p p v n T o v v

s a v r o i i s

K a r a

t o v

t e i % o v s k o t o )

—

d o w n w a r d s ,

a s K a T a S s S v K s v a i K a r a T r j s

6 a X d . T T r j s ' , — u n d e r , a s : / c a T a y f j s . — I t d e n o t e s t h e c a u s e , o r

a u t h o r :

d e ,

a s X e y e i v K a r a t w o s , d i c e r e d e a l i q u a r e ; e s p e c i a l l y

i n

a h o s t i l e

s e n s e ,

a s X i y e i v

K a r a t w o s , a g a i n s t a n y o n e ,

y f r s v S s o - d a i K a r a t o v d s o v . — B . W i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e ,

K a r a

f o r m s

a

s t r o n g c o n t r a s t t o d v d ,

a s

f a r

a s

r e g a r d s

t h e

c o m m e n c

i n g p o i n t

o f t h e

m o v e m e n t

o f

t h e

a c t i o n ,

b u t

a g r e e s

w i t h

i t

i n d e n o t i n g

d i r e c t i o n t o

a n

o b j e c t a n d

e x t e n s i o n o v e r

i t .

T h e

u s e o f d v d i s n o t s o f r e q u e n t i n p r o s e a s t h a t

o f

i c a T c L — I t

p

2

2 1 2

[ C H A P . 1 X L


d e n o t e s a

l o c a l e x t e n s i o n f r o m

a b o v e d o w n w a r d s

:

t h r o u g h ,

t h r o u g h o u t ,

o v e r , a s n a f f

' E W a S a , K a r a

r r a a a v r r j v y i j v

i t

o f t e n s i g n i f i e s o v e r - a g a i n s t . — I n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e , i t d e n o t e s

e x t e n s i o n

i n

t i m e , d u r a t i o n : d u r i n g , a s : K a r a t o p

a v r b v

x p o v o v ,

K a r a r b v

i r p o r e p o v

r r b X s f t o v . —

I t

d e n o t e s

t h e

a i m ,

t h e

i n t e n

t i o n , a s

K a r a 6 s a v t ) k s l v ,

s p e c t a t u m v e n i s s e

; c o n f o r m i t y { s e

c u n d u m ) , t h e r e s p e c t , t h e r e a s o n ,

a s

K a r a

v b f w v ,

K a r a \ 0 7 0 v ,

a d

r a t i o n e m , p r o r a t i o n e , k o t o ,

^ v d > p , r ) v

r r ) v k p , r ] v

K a r a ,

r o v r o ,

h o c r e s p e c t u , h e n c e , p r o p t e r h o c ; K a r a , c p v c n v , s e c u n d u m n a t u -

r a m ;

K a r a

B v v a p . i v , a c c o r d i n g t o

o n e ' s

s t r e n g t h ;

K a r a

K p d r o s ,

f o r c i b l y , w i t h f o r c e ;

K a r a

( w e p a v ,

n e a r l y ,

b y l i t t l e

a n d

l i t t l e ;

K a r d v O p w r r o v ,

i n

a

m a n l y

m a n n e r

; — i t d e n o t e s

a n

i n d e f i n i t e

q u a n t i t y ,

a s

K a r a e ^ K o v r a e r i j ;

—

i t

d e n o t e s

t h e w a y

a n d

m a n n e r , a s : K a r a r d j f p s , K a r a a v v r v y i a v , c a s u ; —

i t d e n o t e s

a

d i v i s i o n , a s : K a r a K c o f i a s , v i c a t i m ;

K a r a

p , r ) v a , m o n t h l y ; K a f f

■ t j f i i p a v ,

d a i l y

; K a r S r o s , y e a r l y ; K a 6 '

s i r r d ,

s e p t e n i .

3 .

T i r s p , s u p e r , o v e r ,

a b o v e .

— A .

W i t h t h e

G e n i t i v e ,

a s

i n r s p

y f j s .

—

I t

d e n o t e s

t h e c a u s e

f o r ,

t o

t h e

g o o d

o f

s o m e

o n e ,

a s

p A y e o - Q a i

i n r s p

r r ) s

r r a r p l h o s , t o f i g h t s t a n d i n g

o v e r

a s i t

w e r e ; b i n r s p

r r j s ' E W d S o s

Q d v a r o s .

— B .

W i t h

t h e A c c u s a

t i v e

o v e r ,

b e y o n d , a s p L r r r s w i n r s p r b v B b p , o v , o v e r t h e h o u s e ;

i n r s p

' E W r j c n r o v r o v o I k s l v ,

b e y o n d , i .

e .

a c r o s s t h e

H e l l e s p o n t

i n r s p

r r j v r f K i K i a v , i n r s p S v v a f i i v , i n r s p d v O p r o i r o v , i n r s p r d r s r -

r a p a K O v r a s r r j .

C . P R E P O S I T I O N S W I T H T H R E E C A S E S .

§

1 6 7 .


w i t h

t h e

G e n i t i v e , D a t i v z ,

a n d A c c u s a t i v e :

d f i t p i , r r s p i , h r L ,

f i e r d ,

i r a p d ,

i r p b s , i n r b .

1 . A u < f > l d e n o t e s t h e e n v i r o n s o f t h i n g s ( o f t w o s i d e s ) , t h e i r

b e i n g

n e a r

o n e

a n o t h e r

a n d

t o g e t h e r .

—

A .

W i t h

t h e

G e n i t i v e ,

s e l d o m

i n r e f e r e n c e t o p l a c e ,

a s

d p j p l r r j s

T r b \ s a ) s

o I k s I v

§ 1 6 7 . ]

2 1 3


( § 1 6 3 , R e m . l . J . — I n


t h e c a u s e :

a b o u t ,

f o r , a s :

/ X d ^ s a O a i

d f i < f > l

t w o s .

—

B .

W i t h

t h e

D a t i v e

a s

w i t h

t h e g e n i

t i v e .

— C . W i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e , a s : a / t $ l

t t ) v

i r o k w .

I n

r e

f e r e n c e t o t i m e

a n d

n u m b e r , i n i n d e f i n i t e s t a t e m e n t s , a s d p j p l

s e n r i p a v ,

d / j , < f > l t o v s

f i v p t o v s .

2 .

U s p t d e n o t e s t h e

c i r c u i t o f t h i n g s

r o u n d a b o u t , a b o u t

( c i r c u m f e r e n c e ) . — A .

W i t h t h e G e n i t i v e .

I n

a

l o c a l

s e n s e ,

i t

i s

n o t f o u n d

i n

p r o s e ,

b u t

p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y

o f t e n e r i n

t h e

c a u s a l

s e n s e ,

t o

d e n o t e

t h e

c a u s e

f o r , a b o u t ,

f o r

t h e

s a k e

o f ;

a s f i d ^ s o - d a i , d i r o O a v s l v i r s p l r r j s i r a r p l S o s , \ & y e i v i r s p l t w o s ,

( p o f t s i a O a i i r s p l i r a r p t h o s ' ,

— t o d e n o t e

a

v a l u a t i o n ,

i n t h e

p h r a s e s :

i r s p l i r o X K o v , i r s p l i f K s l o v o s , i r s p l

i r X s l a r o v ,

i r s p l o K v y o v ,

i r s p l

o v h s v b s

i r o i s l a d a i o r r p / s t c r O a i

n ,

t o v a l u e ,

e s t e e m h i g h l y ,

m o r e h i g h l y , & c . — B . W i t h t h e D a t i v e a b o u t , o n , n e a r , a s

i r s p l T a t s K S < f > a \ a l s e l ^ p v T i d p a s , i r s p l T r j % s i p l y p v a o w S a j e r v -

\ w v ( p f y s w , — i n a c a u s a l s e n s e : a b o u t , f o r , o n a c c o u n t o f , a s :

B s B i s v a i , i r s p l

t w i .

—

C .

W i t h

t h e

A c c u s a t i v e

a b o u t ,

a t ,

o n ,

t h r o u g h , a s w k o w Q o w i k s s i r s p l i r d a a v t t j v

X i k s X I u v ,

p e r t o t a m

S i c i l i a m . — I n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e

a n d n u m b e r i n i n d e f i n i t e s t a t e

m e n t s ,

a s i r s p l t o v t o v s t o v s

x p o v o v s , i r s p l

f i v p l o v s

o - T p a T i c o r a s .

— I n a c a u s a l s e n s e ,

i t

d e n o t e s w i t h

r e s p e c t t o ,

a s : a a x p p o v s w

i r s p l T o i l s B s o v s .

3 . ' E m ' h a s t h e

o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g ,

u p o n , a t .

—

A . W i t h t h e

G e n i t i v e ,

a s

t u

a % # » ?

o l

f i s v

d v B p s s

i i r l

t & v

K s c p a X & v

( p o p o v a w ,

a i B s

y v v a i K S s i i r l

t £ > v w / a c o v ( a c c o r d i n g

t o § 1 6 3 , R e m .

1 . )

p J v s w i i r l

T r j s d p % f i s , s i r l r f j s

j v t o f i r j s , t o

r e m a i n

i n ; o l h r l

t w v

i r p a y p A T e o v , m e n o f b u s i n e s s , c i v i l o f f i c e r s . I t m e a n s t o w a r d s , i f i t

i s t o b e

i m p l i e d t h a t a n y o n e s t r i v e s

t o r e a c h

a

p l a c e , a s : i r \ s w

i i r l

L d f J b o v

( a c c o r d i n g t o

§ 1 5 8 ,

3 ,

b ) .

—

I n

a t e m p o r a l

s e n s e ,

i t

d e n o t e s

t h e t i m e

i n , o r

d u r i n g w h i c h ,

a n y

t h i n g

t a k e s p l a c e ,

a s

i i r l

K v p o v

f i a c r i k s v o v r o s ,

d u r i n g

t h e

r e i g n

o f

C y r u s .

—

I t

d e n o t e s t h e o c c a s i o n

a n d

t h e

a u t h o r ,

a s K a X s u r O a i h r l t w o s ,

t o

b e

n a m e d a f t e r

a n y

o n e ; c o n f o r m i t y , a s K p w s w t l h r l t w o s ,

t o j u d g e

a c c o r d i n g

t o a n y t h i n g . — B .

W i t h

t h e D a t i v e

: u p o n ,

P

3

2 1 4

[ c h a p , i i l


a t , b y , a s : h r l r o l s

B o p a a i

p o i a s s l ^ o v ■ x p v o - a . s ; o I k e w h r l

B d X a T T t ) .

—

I t

d e n o t e s

d e p e n d e n c e ,

a s :

h r l

t w o

s l v a t ,

p e n e s

a l i -

q u e m

e s s e

; y l r y v e o - O a i h r l r m , t o c o m e i n t o t h e p o w e r o f s o m e

o n e ;

— t h e c o n d i t i o n ,

a i m ,

i n t e n t i o n ,

d e s t i n a t i o n ,

a s

h r l t o v t w ,

h a c

c o n d i t i o n e

;

h r l

K a i c a > a v d p a n r o v o - i h r ^ p o s

a v s v p y y r a i , i n

p e r -

n i c i e m h o m i n i s

; — t h e r e a s o n , a s y a l p u v h r l t i v i . —

C . W i t h

t h e A c c u s a t i v e u p o n , u p , t o w a r d s , o v e r t h i t h e r ( t o b e d i s t i n

g u i s h e d

f r o m

h r l

w i t h g e n i t i v e ,

s i n c e ,

w i t h t h e a c c u s a t i v e ,

m e r e l y d i r e c t i o n t o

a p l a c e i s d e n o t e d ) , a g a i n s t , a s

a v a f t a i -

v e w

e < \ >

h r i r o v h r a v O p a m o v s

( a m o n g ) .

—

I n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e ,

u n t i l :

e t f h a r r e p a v ;

f o r ,

d u r i n g ,

p e r ,

i i r l i r o W a s

f j i x s p a s . —

I t d e n o t e s t h e a i m o r i n t e n t i o n , a s h r l 6 r ) p a v U v a i , v e n a -

t u m

i r e ; i n a h o s t i l e s e n s e ( a g a i n s t ) , a s c r p a T S v s a d a i , h r l

l l s p c r a s .

4 .

M e r a

d e n o t e s

t h e

m i d d l e o f t h i n g s ,

a n d


t o

t h e E n g l i s h w i t h . I t i s d e r i v e d f r o m p i c r o s , a s t h e G e r m a n

m i t

c o m e s f r o m

m i t t e n .

—

A .

W i t h

t h e

G e n i t i v e

i t

d e n o t e s

a s s o c i a t i o n

a n d

c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

a n d a c o m m u n i o n i n a n i n

t e r n a l s e n s e , a n i n t e r n a l

c o n n e x i o n ,

a s p e r a v Q p a m w v s i v a i ,

a m o n g

m e n

; s l v a i p s r r a

t w o s , a b

a l i c u j u s p a r t i b u s s t a r e ;

i f u v o l i r p o y o v o u t o v t o

t o y s p a s

S K T r j a a v r o i c a i K a T s k i i r o v f i S T a

• j r o W a i v K a l p s y a X w v k i v B v v o o v — i t d e n o t e s c o n f o r m i t y : p s r a

t 5 > v

v o p r o v ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t l i e

l a w s

( t w v

v o p c o v

h ^ o p s v o s ,

l e g i b u s

a d h e r e n s ) ;

p E T a

t o v

\ 6 y o v ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o

r e a s o n .

—

B .

W i t h

t h e

D a t i v e , o n l y p o e t i c a l i n t h e

m i d s t

o f , a m o n g , a s p e r a . 6 a v a ~

r o t s . — C . W i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e , i n p r o s e a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y i n

r e f e r e n c e t o s u c c e s s i o n i n ' s p a c e ,

t i m e , a n d

a r r a n g e m e n t , a s

e T r s a - 6 a i

p E T a

T i v a , a f t e r ; p s r a t o v

f i l o v ,

a f t e r l i f e ; T r o T a p b s

p s y i o r o s p s T a * l o ~ T p o v a n d i n t h e p h r a s e p s r a ^ s l p a s a y e w

n ,

t o

h o l d a n y

t h i n g b e t w e e n , i n t h e h a n d s .

5 .

T l a p d d e n o t e s t h e

s i d e

o f t h i n g s b y , n e a r .

—

A .

W i t h

t h e

G e n i t i v e

i t

s h o w s a

r e m o v a l f r o m

t h e s i d e o f a p e r s o n

f r o m , a s s X B s l v i r a p a

t w o s ,

l i k e t h e F r e n c h d e c h e z q u e l q u ' u n .

— I t d e n o t e s t h e a u t h o r , a s : i r s p c p O r j v a t , i r a p a t w o s

( §

1 5 0 ,

§ 1 6 7 . ]

2 1 5


K e r n . 4 . ) , d y y s K o i , i r p e c r f i s i s i r a p d t w o s ,

d y y i W s w i r a p d t w o s ,

t o .

i r a p d t w o s ,

t h e

c o m m i s s i o n s ,

c o m m a n d s ,

& c ,

o f s o m e

o n e

;

—

f i a v O d v e i v i r a p d t w o s , d / c o v s w i r a p d t w o s .

—

B . W i t h t h e

D a t i v e , i t

d e n o t e s

a

q u i e t

r e s t i n g

n e a r

a p l a c e o r o b j e c t , a s

s a r - q i r a p d t & > f 3 a a i \ s i . — C . W i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e , i t d e n o t e s a

d i r e c t i o n o r m o v e m e n t t o w a r d s t h e s i d e o f a p e r s o n o r t h i n g ,

a s : a v a i r a p i i v a i ,

b y B a b y l o n . H e n c e

i r a p d

B o ^ a v , p r a t e r o p i n i o n e m

; i r a p

i X i r l B a , i r a p d < f > v o - w , i r a p d t o S t i c a i o v , i r a p d t o v s o p i c o v s , i r a p d

B v v a f i w a l s o , e x c e p t , p r c e t e r , i r a p d

T a v r a ,

p r a t e r h c e c ;

—

i t d e n o t e s a

l o c a l

e x t e n s i o n

b y

t h e s i d e o f

a n

o b j e c t ,

a l o n g ,

a s :

i r a p d

t o v ' A c r a n r o v ,

a l o n g

t h e A s o p u s . — I n

a t e m p o r a l

s e n s e , i t

d e n o t e s

t h e e x t e n s i o n

o f t i m e , a s i r a p '

r ) p A p a v ,

i r a p d

t o v i r o K e -

f i o v ,

d u r i n g

; i r a p d t t j v i r b a w , i n t e r p o t a n d u m .

S o

a l s o i n r e

f e r e n c e

t o

i m p o r t a n t p e r i o d s o f t i m e d u r i n g w h i c h

a n y

t h i n g

t a k e s

p l a c e ,

a s

i r a p '

a v r b v

t o v K w h v v o v ,

i n i p s o d i s c r i m i n e . -

—

I n a c a u s a l s e n s e , i t d e n o t e s a c o m p a r i s o n ,

a s

f j k l o v e t c k e t y s i s

i r v K V O T S p a t

T j a a v i r a p d T a e k t o v i r p \ v y j p o v o v p , v r ) [ w v s v b -

f i s v a .

6 . T l p o s ( a r i s i n g f r o m i r p o ) d e n o t e s t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h i n g s

b e f o r e . —

A . W i t h

t h e

G e n i t i v e ,

i t d e n o t e s a

d i r e c t i o n

o r

m o t i o n

f r o m t h e

p r e s e n c e o f a n

o b j e c t , e s p e c i a l l y i n r e f e r e n c e t o

t h e

s i t u a t i o n

o f a

p l a c e ,

a s

o u c e i v

i r p b s

v o t o v

d v s f i o v

( t o w a r d s

t h e

s o u t h ) , l i k e a b o r i e n t e . S o m e t i m e s i t i s t o b e t r a n s l a t e d

b y


t h e

j u d g m e n t o f

s o m e

o n e ( p r o p e r l y b e f o r e s o m e

o n e ) ,

a s

6 t i h u c a d r r a T o v

i c a l

i r p b s O e w v k o X i r p b s a v O p d y i r c o v ,

t o v t o i r p d j f w , — f u r t h e r ; t o t h e a d v a n t a g e o f s o m e o n e , o n t h e

s i d e o f s o m e o n e ,

f o r

s o m e o n e ,

a s

S o / e e t y f i o i t o v \ 6 y o v i r p b s

i f i o v \ s y e w . — I t d e n o t e s t h e c a u s e , o c c a s i o n , o r a u t h o r , h e n c e

w i t h p a s s i v e o r i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s , a s d , T i f i d % e o - 6 a i i r p b s n « -

o - i o r p a T o v i n s w e a r i n g , a s i r p b i 0 e w v , p e r d e o s , p r o p e r l y , b e

f o r e t h e g o d s . — B . W i t h t h e

D a t i v e ,

i t

d e n o t e s

a l o c a l ,

r e s t i n g

b e f o r e

o r n e a r a n

o b j e c t , a s i r p b s

T j j i r o X e t , b e f o r e , n e a r ;

i r p b s

P 4

2 1 6

[ c h a p .

m .


t o I s K p i T a i s , b e f o r e ;

e l v a i ,

y l r y v s a - O a i i r p o s

t i v i , t o

b e e a r n e s t l y

o c c u p i e d w i t h a n y t h i n g ,

a s i r p b s

i r p d y / M o a t ,

i r p b s

r q > \ 0 7 0 j .

T h e n

c l o s e

b y ,

b e s i d e s ,

a s

i r p b s T o v r t p ,

i r p b s t o v t o i s ,

p r a t e r

e a .

— C . W i t h t h e

A c c u s a t i v e , i t d e n o t e s

t h e l o c a l

a i m ,

t h e

d i r e c t i o n ,

o r

m o t i o n b e f o r e a n

o b j e c t ,

b o t h i n

a

f r i e n d l y

a n d a h o s t i l e

s e n s e , a s

S \ 6 s i v

i r p o s

r i v a , t o ; d i r o / 3 X J i r s w

i r p o s t w o , u p o n

;

X e y e i v i r p o s r i v a , t o ; a v f i f m ^ i a v i r o i z i a Q a i i r p o s T w a s , w i t h ;

( t d x e t r d a i , i r o \ s p , e w i r p o s r i v a , a g a i n s t ; i r p o s n e a r i f i ^ p i a v , t o

w a r d s ; a S s w i r p b s a v h b v , t o . — I t

d e n o t e s

a n i n d e f i n i t e s t a t e

m e n t

o f

t i m e ,

a s

i r p b s r j p J p a v ,

t o w a r d s

d a y b r e a k . S i m i l a r l y

i n o t h e r i n d e f i n i t e s t a t e m e n t s .

—

I n a c a u s a l s e n s e , i t d e n o t e s

t h e

a i m , a s

i r a v r o S a i r a ,

e v p ^ j f i s v a

r a l s i r o \ s o ~ i

i r p b s < $ > v K a K T ] v

k o X & a ) T T ) p L a v — c o n f o r m i t y : c o n f o r m a b l y , a c c o r d i n g t o , a s

i r p b s r r } v o i ] r i v , r a v r r j v r b v y d f i o v t o v t o v e o - i r s v a a . T h u s

K p l v e i v

t i

i r p o s t u F u r t h e r i r p b s

f i i a v ,

f o r c i b l y , a g a i n s t t h e

w i l l , i r p b s d v a y i c r j v ,

h e n c e

o n a c c o u n t o f ,

p r o p t e r ,

a s i r p b s

T a m a , p r o p e r l y , c o n f o r m a b l y t o t h i s , h e n c e ,

o n

t h i s a c c o u n t ,

f o r

t h e

s a k e o f

t h i s ;

—

h e n c e ,

i t d e n o t e s a

c o m p a r i s o n l i k e c o n t r a ,

a n d

w i t h

r e s p e c t t o ,

i n g e n e r a l ,

a s a i c o i r s w ,

f i X s i r s w i r p o s

t i ,

& i a < p e p e w

i r p b s d p s r q v .

7 .

T i r o ,

s u b ,

o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g ,

u n d e r .

— A .

W i t h

t h e G e n i

t i v e , i t d e n o t e s

a m o t i o n f r o m o u t

o f t h e

d e p t h

:

f o r t h

f r o m

u n d e r , a w a y f r o m u n d e r , a s v i r b d i r r j v q s \ v u v i r i r o v s ; — i t

d e n o t e s a q u i e t r e s t i n g u n d e r a n o b j e c t ( § 1 6 3 , R e m . 1 . ) , a s

v i r b

y f j s

o l i c e w .

—

I t

d e n o t e s

t h e

a u t h o r ,

w i t h

p a s s i v e

a n d

i n

t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s ,

K r s w s o - 8 a i

v i r b

t w o s , d i r o Q a v f w

b i r o

t w o s

;

—

t h e

c a u s e ,

o c c a s i o n , a n d

a c t i n g i n f l u e n c e ,

a s

v i r b

K a v p , a T o s ,

f o r

t h e

h e a t ;

i n r

b p y r j s ,

o u t

o f a n g e r ;

— i t d e n o t e s

t h e m e a n s

a n d

i n s t r u m e n t ,

e s p e c i a l l y

i n

r e f e r e n c e t o t h e

a c c o m p a n i m e n t

o f m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s , a s i f f T p a r s v o v r o v i r b a a X i r v y y c o v , v i r

a i / \ o v x p p s v e w . — B . W i t h t h e D a t i v e , a s v i r b y f j e w a i , & c ,

a s

w i t h

t h e

g e n i t i v e .

—

C .

W i t h

t h e A c c u s a t i v e ,

i t

d e n o t e s

d i

r e c t i o n o r m o t i o n d o w n w a r d s , a s l e v a i v i r b y r j v e x t e n s i o n

u n d e r

a n o b j e c t , a s

v t t s o - t w

o i K i j p , a T a v i r b y t ) v . — I t d e n o t e s

§ 1 6 8 . ]

2 1 7

E R B A L

A D J E C T I V E S .

a n a p p r o a c h t o a p o i n t o f t i m e ,

a s

v n r o

v v i c r a ,

s u b n o c t e m , t o

w a r d s

;

i t

d e n o t e s

t h e

e x t e n s i o n

o f

t i m e ,

a s

v t t o

t t j v

v v i c r a ,

d u r i n g .

R e m a r k .

W h e n

t h e a r t i c l e i n


a

p r e p o s i t i o n , e i t h e r

a l o n e

o r w i t h a s u b s t a n t i v e ,

e x p r e s s e s a

s u b s t a n t i v e - i d e a , a n d

t h e p r e

p o s i t i o n i v o u g h t t o b e u s e d t h i s


i v i s

a t t r a c t e d ,

a s i t w e r e ,

b y t h e v e r b w h i c h i s i n t h e s e n t e n c e ( o r t o b e s u p p l i e d ) , i f i t i m p l y t h e

r e l a t i o n

w h e n c e ,

a n d c h a n g e d i n t o

d i r o

a n d t K a s o i

i i c

r i / f

d y o p a c

d v Q p w -

i r o i c n r e t p v y o i 1 , i n s t e a d

o f

o i i v r p d y o p a

d v G p u t i r o i

T t j g

d y o p d c

d i r i f v y o v .

§

1 6 8 . R e m a r k s

u p o n

t h e C o n s t r u c t i o n o f V e r b a l A d j e c t i v e s

i n t e o s , T e a , r i o v ,

a n d o f t h e C o m p a r a t i v e a n d S u p e r l a t i v e .

1 . V e r b a l a d j e c t i v e s

d e r i v e d

f r o m t r a n s i t i v e

v e r b s ,

i . e . s u c h

a s

g o v e r n

t h e


a r e

e i t h e r

u s e d

i m p e r s o n a l l y

l i k e

t h e

L a t i n

g e r u n d i n t h e n e u t e r f o r m s t s o v o r r i a ( § 1 4 7 , c ) ) ,

o r p e r s o n a l l y l i k e t h e L a t i n p a r t i c i p l e i n - d u s b u t t h o s e d e

r i v e d f r o m i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s a r e a l w a y s u s e d i m p e r s o n a l l y .

2 . T h e v e r b a l a d j e c t i v e , w h e n u s e d i m p e r s o n a l l y , t a k e s i t s

o b j e c t i n t h a t c a s e w i t h w h i c h

i t s

v e r b i s

u s u a l l y c o n n e c t e d .

T h e a g e n t

s t a n d s

i n t h e d a t i v e ( § 1 6 1 , d ) ) .

' A t n c n r i o v

( o r

—

r l a )

t o r t ' < r o i r r j v a p e r i ' i v . — i i u B u p i j T t o v t o r i < r o t r i j £ d p e r i j c

—

i i r i x i t p n r e o v i a r i

a o t T i p t p y t p

—

K o X a f f T t o v ( o r — T e a )

t o r i

c o t

t o v

d v Q p w i r o v .

S o f r o m

d e p o n e n t v e r b s a s p t u q r e o v ( o r

- H a )

i a r i

a o t

t o v c d y a Q o v c ( f r . f i i f i t l a Q a i T i v a ) .

R e m a r k 1 . B u t n o t u n f r e q u e n t l y , a m o n g t h e A t t i c s , t h e p e r s o n a l s o

i s d e n o t e d

b y

t h e a c c u s a t i v e , b e c a u s e t h e i d e a o f t h e i m p e r s o n a l v e r b l i t

w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e ,

i s

i n v o l v e d

i n

t h e

v e r b a l a d j e c t i v e

a s : t o v ( i o v \ 6 -

f i t v o v t v d a i f i o v a e t v a t a u t t p p o a v v n v d i u i K T e o v

K a l d a K i j H o v

( — t o v

/ 3 o w \ o -

f t t v o v — c t Z S l w k s i v ) .

3 .

W h e n

t w o

o b j e c t s

a r e

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

o n e

a n o t h e r , t h a t

w h i c h i s

e m p l o y e d

a s t h e o b j e c t o l c o m p a r i s o n

s t a n d s ,

e i t h e r

i n t h e

g e n i t i v e

( § 1 5 8 , 7 , / 3 ) ) , o r i s

c o n n e c t e d

b y t h e c o n j u n c

2 1 8 O B J E C T I V E

C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .

l i t

t i o n » J ,

t h a n

; a s : 6 i r a T r j p

f i e i t y o v

« m t o v v l o v ,

o r

6 i t . f i . l o - r i v

r j

o

v i o t .

R e m a r k 2 . T h e f i r s t f o r m i s a l w a y s u s e d

w h e n t h e s u b j e c t

i s c o m

p a r e d

w i t h

i t s e l f , i .

e .

w h e n

i t i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d t h a t

t h e s u b j e c t

a t

a n y

t i m e

s h o w s a q u a l i t y i n a h i g h e r d e g r e e t h a n u s u a l . I n t h i s c a s e ,

t h e G r e e k s a n n e x t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s , i f u w r o v ,

f f i a v r o v ,

i a v r o v ,

t o t h e

c o m p a r a t i v e ,

a n d

a v r o g

i s j o i r i e d

t o

t h e p r o n o u n o f

t h e

3 .

p e r s o n a s

( i i k r i u i v

t l p i

i u a v r o v

— f i e X r i t o v

t l

a e a v r o v — f l t X r i u v

i a r i v a i r o e i a v r o v . T h e s u p e r l a t i v e i s a l s o u s e d i n

a

s i m i l a r w a y , i n


a i i r o e

a n d

t h e

g e n i t i v e

o f t h e

r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s , w h e n

t h e

s u b j e c t

i s

t o

b e


a s a t

a n y

t i m e

e x h i b i t i n g

a

q u a l i t y

d w e l l i n g i n h i m i n t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e ( i n a h i g h e r d e g r e e t h a n a t a n y

o t h e r t i m e ) a s d p i a T O Q a v r o c i f i a v r o v i t f i t .

R e m a r k 3 . W h e n t w o q u a l i t i e s i n a n o b j e c t

a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h o n e

a n o t h e r , b o t h

a r e d e n o t e d

b y

t h e

c o m p a r a t i v e o f

t h e a d j e c t i v e ,

a n d

c o n n e c t e d b y a s B a r r o i v a o < p w r e p 6 e i a r i v , c e l e r i o r q u a m p r u d e n t i o r ,

h e i s m o r e q u i c k t h a n p r u d e n t . S i m i l a r l y w i t h a d v e r b s

a s

t o v t o B d r r o v ,

a o t p u r c p o v

i i r o i r i a a Q , c e l e r i u s

q u a m p r u d e n t i u s .

§ 1 6 9 . R e m a r k s u p o n

t h e

U s e

o f t h e P r o n o u n s .

1 .

T h e s u b j e c t ,

p r e d i c a t e , a t t r i b u t e , a n d o b j e c t a r e

e x

p r e s s e d b y p r o n o u n s ,

w h e n t h e s e

p a r t s

o f

t h e s e n t e n c e a r e n o t

t o

b e


a s i d e a s

o f

o b j e c t s

o r

q u a l i t i e s ,

b u t

i t i s

o n l y

t o b e s h o w n t h a t a n o b j e c t o r q u a l i t y i s r e l a t e d e i t h e r t o t h e

s p e a k e r

h i m s e l f ,

o r a n o t h e r ( s e c o n d a n d t h i r d ) p e r s o n o r t h i n g

( § 5 5 . ) .

2 . A l l t h e r u l e s g i v e n u p o n t h e

s u b s t a n t i v e a n d

a d j e c t i v e

r e l a t e

a l s o t o

s u b s t a n t i v e - a n d a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n s t h e r e

a r c ,

h o w e v e r ,

a f e w r e m a r k s

u p o n t h e u s e o f

p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s

t o

b e

a d d e d h e r e .

3 .

B o t h

t h e

s u b s t a n t i v e - p e r s o n a l

p r o n o u n s

i n

t h e

n o m i n a

t i v e — e y a > , a v ,

a v r o i ( f i , o ) , f i j x e l s ,

& c ,

— a n d t h e

a d j e c t i v e -

p o s s e s s i v e )

p r o n o u n s a s a t t r i b u t i v e s , e . g .

e f w s

i r a r r j p , —

§ 1 6 9 . ]

2 1 9

R O N O U N .

a r e , i n G r e e k a s i n L a t i n , u s e d o n l y w h e n a p a r t i c u l a r s t r e s s

l i e s

u p o n

t h e m ,

h e n c e

e s p e c i a l l y

i n a n t i t h e s e s ;

a s :

x a l

< r i >

T a v r a h r p a ^ a s i c a l

< r b s

i r a r r j p a i r e d

a v s v

— i y a >

f i e v

a i r e i / u ,

( r v B e f i s v e .

B u t w h e n t h i s

i s n o t

t h e c a s e , t h e y a r e

o m i t t e d ,

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n s

b e i n g

s u p p l i e d b y t h e v e r b a l e n d

i n g s ,

a n d

t h e a d j e c t i v e - ( p o s s e s s i v e ) o n e s b y t h e a r t i c l e p r e

f i x e d

t o

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e ;

a s

y p d c p c o , y p a < f > u s , y p a f a t , — 1 7 / M ^ r t j p

e l i r e j i o i ( m y m o t h e r )

—

o i y o v e i s

o T e p y o v o - t , t o , r i x v a

( t h e i r

c h i l d r e n ) .

( S e e

a b o v e § 5 6 . a n d § 5 9 . )

R e m a r k 1 .

T h e

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

a c c e n t e d

a n d t h e

e n c l i t i c a l

f o r m s o f t h e

p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s ,

a s

i j j t o v

a n d / * o u , l i e s i n t h e g r e a t e r o r

l e s s

e m p h a s i s w i t h w h i c h t h e y

a r e

u t t e r e d i n d i s c o u r s e .

T h u s ,

i n a n

t i t h e s e s , e . g . ,

t h e

a c c e n t e d f o r m s

a r e n a t u r a l l y

u s e d

a s

l / i o v

p l v

K a r t -

y i \ a a f ,

o e l e

i i r y v t a t v . U p o n

t h e u s e

o f

t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e -

p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n

i n s t e a d o f

t h e

a d j e c t i v e - ( p o s s e s s i v e ) o n e , s e e

a b o v e ,

§

1 4 8 . R e m . 3 . a n d §

5 9 .

U p o n t h e

a p p o s i t i o n t o

t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s

i n

t h e g e n i t i v e , a s i j / u r t p o e

a v r i i v

i r a r n p ,

s e e

R e m . 3 .

4 . T h e r e f l e c t i v e

p r o n o u n s

a r e a l w a y s u s e d i n s u c h a m a n

n e r t h a t t h e y r e l a t e t o a p e r s o n o r t h i n g a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d ,

t h i s

b e i n g p u t i n o p p o s i t i o n

t o

i t s e l f

a s a n

o b j e c t ( i n t h e

g e n i

t i v e , d a t i v e , o r a c c u s a t i v e , o r

i n

c o n n e x i o n w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n )

o r a s a n


' O a o t p o Q l a v r o v K p a r t l — a i a e a v r i f a p ' t a K U Q — 6 7 r a i £

i a v r o v

i i r a i v t t

—

o i

y o v i i g

a y a i r C j m

t o v q

e a v r u i v i r a Z S a g

—

y v ( Z 9 i

a e a v r o v

—

o ^ j t o q 6

a v t ) p

i r a v r a l i e a v r o v f i e n d 9 > i K t v

—

6 o r p a T q y o g » J r d t & v k a v r o v a r p a n o i T u i v

a - i t i Q a v t v .

5 . T h e p e r s o n o r t h i n g m e n t i o n e d , t o w h i c h t h e r e f l e c t i v e

p r o n o u n s

r e f e r ,

i s

a ) T h e s u b j e c t o f

t h e

s e n t e n c e ,

a s i n t h e

e x a m p l e s

i n

N o . 4 .

b ) A n o b j e c t

o f

t h e s e n t e n c e ; a s K v p o s B w r j v e y i c e t & v a X K m v

^ a a i X J w v ,

t & v

a p x a s B C e a v T & v

/ c r r j a a f i e v r n v

—

f x i a o v j j , e v t o v s

a v d p d m o v s t o v s ( p d o v o v v r a s e a v r o l s — c u r b a a v T o v i y d > e g

B i B d l j c o .

2 2 0

O B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p ,

n t

6 . T h e

r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s

m a y , i n G r e e k a s i n L a t i n ,

b e

a l s o

u s e d

i n

t h e

a b o v e

c a s e s ,

w h e n

t h e y

a r e

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

a n i n f i n i t i v e ( a c c u s a t i v e w i t h i n f i n i t i v e ) , o r w i t h a p a r t i c i p l e

a n d

e v e n w h e n t h e y s t a n d

i n a

s u b o r d i n a t e p r o p o s i t i o n .

T h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e , i n s u c h

c a s e s , m a k e s u s e o f t h e p e r

s o n a l p r o n o u n s , h i m , h e r , i t ,

i n s t e a d

o f t h e 3 . p e r s o n o f t h e

r e f l e c t i v e .

' O r v p a v v o g v o p i Z t i r o i g i r o K i r a g

v i r n p t T t i v t a v r i f .

— I I o X X i S j ' i O v i a v y j p K e v

6 K v p o g o v & i a v T y o f t o y X u t T T t t i v o v t w v , o u r e

a W f t X o t Q .

—

' O

K a r i j y o p o g

i $ r \

r o v

S t o K p a T q v

a v a - K t i Q o v r a

r o i i g

v t o v g ,

u t g

a i i r b g

t i t }

f f o Q u y r a r o g

r e

x a i

d W o v g i K a v t a r a r o g i r o i r j a a i f f o i p o v g , o v r t o S i a r t O e v a i r o i t g c c v t $

o - v v o v r a g ,

H a r t

/ H i S a p o v T r a p ' a v r o i g

r o v g

d W o v g t t v a i i r p o g

i a v r o v ,

p r < E s e , i n

c o m p a r i s o n w i t h h i m .

7 . O n t h e

c o n t r a r y ,

t h e

d e p e n d e n t

c a s e s o f t h e p r o n o u n ,

a v r o s , r \ , 6 a v r o v , r j s , a v r p , f j , a v r o v , r j v , 6 ,

a v r & v ,

& C , o r

e v e n o f a d e m o n s t r a t i v e p r o n o u n , a r e a l w a y s u s e d , i f a n o b

j e c t i s

s e t i n o p p o s i t i o n , n o t t o i t s e l f ,

b u t

t o a n o t h e r a s o

r r a r r ^ p a v r m ( t o h i m ,

t o

t h e s o n )

e 8 a > / c e t o

( S i f i X l o v

—

a r s p y e o

a v r o v

( h i m ) ,

a i r s ^ o f i a i a v r o v

( f r o m

h i m ) .

T h e p r o n o u n a v r o v

i s h e r e n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o f t h e t h i r d

p e r s o n .

R e m a r k 2 .

T h e p e r s o n a l

p r o n o u n ,

o f , o T , & c , r e g u l a r l y

h a s , a m o n g

t h e

A t t i c s ,

a

r e f l e c t i v e

m e a n i n g .

B u t i t i s g e n e r a l l y

u s e d ,

o n l y w h e n

t h e

r e f l e c t i v e

f o r c e r e l a t e s ,

n o t

t o

t h e

o b j e c t s t a n d i n g n e x t ,

b u t

t o

t h e

m o r e

d i s t a n t

o n e

a s

6

r v p a v v o g

v o f i i ^ u

r o v e

T r o k i r a g

V T r r j p e r t X v

o i

( b u t

n o t

i r v p a v v o g x a p i Z t r a i o i ) . T h e f o r m s o i a n d o f l m ( r a r e l y a f d g ) h a v e

s o m e t i m e s a l s o t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o T , t o h i m , t o h e r ,

o $ i m , t o t h e m ( o < p d g , t h e m ) . H o w e v e r , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e u s e o f t h i s

p r o n o u n i t s h o u l d b e r e m a r k e d , t h a t t h e c o m p o u n d r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n

( a v r o v , f j g , & c , i s

g e n e r a l l y

u s e d , b y

t h e

A t t i c s , f o r t h e r e f l e c t i v e

s i g n i

f i c a t i o n , a n d

t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m s o f a v r o g f o r t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f a

p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o f t h e 3 . p e r s o n . T h e f o r m s e a n d , p a r t i c u l a r l y , o f ;

a r e

v e r y

r a r e o i i s

f o u n d f a r m o r e f r e q u e n t l y , a n d o i p i i g ,

a f H v ,

o - Q i a i ,

o t p d g

p r e t t y

o f t e n .

8 . I n t h e c a s e s m e n t i o n e d i n N o . 6 . , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m s

o f a i i r o s a r e v e r y o f t e n u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n

§ 1 0 9 . J

2 2 1

R O N O U N .

a n d

t h i s a l w a y s t a k e s p l a c e w h e n a m e m b e r o f a s e n t e n c e , o r

a

s u b o r d i n a t e

s e n t e n c e , i s


a s

p r o c e e d i n g ,

n o t

f r o m

t h e

m i n d

o f

t h e

p e r s o n

t o

w h o m

t h e

p r o n o u n

i s

r e l a t e d ,

b u t

f r o m

t h a t

o f t h e s p e a k e r ( t h e a u t h o r ) .

K v p o g I f i e i r o r o w

X a i c a T r d v r b i Q f f r j f i a t v e i v a v r t p

b i r o r e

l y x t o p o i r j

t i a i t v a t

i r p o g

t o v

i r a i r r r o v ,

C y r a s

r o g a b a t

S a c c a m

u t i n d i e a r e t s i b i

q u a n d o

t e m p e s t i v u m

e s s e t .

—

O i T r o X t p i o i t v 9 v £

d Q y a o v o i

r r \ v X t i a v , i r r i i f i a v X f i t i t o i r i v a q l i r

a v r o v t ;

I X a v v o v r e q

( c o n t r a s e ) . — T i j v t a v r o v

y v w p n v

d i r t Q a t v t r o ^ u i K p d r r j Q

i r p b g

t o v q

o p i X o v v r a g a v r t p .

—

S w c p a r j / g

t y v w t o v

t r i

t o r t O v a v a i

a i i r i p K p t i r r o v t l v a i .

9 .

I n

t h e

c o m p o u n d

r e f l e c t i v e

p r o n o u n s ,

a i r r o s

e i t h e r

k e e p s

i t s

e x c l u s i v e p o w e r ,

o r g i v e s i t u p .

a ) A U a i o v l a r i

Q t X o v g

u l v i r o u l a O a t r o v g b p o i w g a v r o i g r e

( o r

a < p i f f t T t

a v r o i g ) K a l t o i q d X X o i g ^ p w p ; t v o i » f ,

< p o f i t i a 9 a i

K a i f i t f i t i v a i

r o v e

r r p u q

a < p a g n ' t v a v T o v g

( o r

i a v r o v g ) o i K t i o r a r a f i t a i c t t p s v o v G , r r p o Q r o v g

d X X o v g d X X o r p i i o g ( s e i p s i s a n d s e i p s o s ) . — i ) O i f f r p a r t w r a i i r a p t i x o p

i a v r o v g

( o r o p a g a v r o v g )

a v f i p t i o r d r o v g

( s e ~ ) .

—

O t

T r o X e f i t o i

w a p e -

f i o a a v i a v r o v g

( o r o Q a g

a v r o v g )

r o t g E X X i j f f i v ( & & ) •

R e m a r k

3 .

T h e

r e f l e c t i v e

p o s s e s s i v e

p r o n o u n s

a r e

e i t h e r

u s e d

s i m p l y ,

a s :

p t r a f i ' i f i t D p i a o i r u i v i p & v x p t i p d r w v — f i u c a i b r e p o v i a r i r a i / p e r t p a i j p a g

t X * l v h r o v r o v g

—

v p t i g u i r a v r t g

r o v g

v p t r ' t p o v g i r a t f i a g d y a n d r t — o t i r o X t r a t

r a o - t p h e p a

o w & t v I m i p U v r o , o r w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e

g e n i t i v e

o f a i r 6 s

( a c c o r d i n g t o § 1 5 4 , 3 . ) o r


o f

t h e c o m p o u n d

s u b s t a n t i v e -

r e f l e c t i v e , i s u s e d i n s t e a d o f

t h e

p o s s e s s i v e ; a n d , i n g o o d w r i t e r s ,

t h e

l a t t e r f o r m

i s

a l w a y s u s e d i n

t h e s i n g u l a r

o f

t h e

p r o n o u n , a n d

i n t h e

3 . p e r s o n p l u r a l

m o r e

c o m m o n l y ; b u t t h e

f o r m e r

o n e i n t h e

p l u r a l

( e x c e p t t h e 3 . p e r s o n ) . T h u s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r —

S . d

i f i a v r o v

( a z a v r o v ,

i a v r o v )

w a r r i p ,

n o t

d t p o g ( a o g , i d s ) 7 1 * .

T t / v i p a v r o v ( o c a V T O v , i a v r o v ) p t j r i p a , n o t t i ) v t p i ) v

( a i ) v ,

i > ) v ) p .

r o i j i p a v r o v ( a t a v r o v ,

e ' a u r o S )

X o y o i g ,

n o t

r o i f

i p o i g ( o o i g , t o t e )

X .

P .

d r / u e T t p o g a v r w v

i r a r y p , s e l d o m d i i p w v

a v r w v r r .

t t ) v v p e r k p a v a v r w v p n r i p a , s e l d o m r i ) v i p w v a v r w v

p . .

r a

» / f t 6 r f p a

a v r w v

d p a p r t ) p a r a , s e l d o m

r a

7 ' i p u i v a v r w v

d .

6 o f k r t p o g a v r w v i r a r r i p , m o r e f r e q u e n t l y d i a v r w v T r a r r j p .

b u t n e v e r 6 o Q w v a v r w v r r .

H e r e ,

a l s o ,

t h e

p r o n o u n

o A r d e

e i t h e r

k e e p s

i t s

e x c l u s i v e

f o r c e ,

o r g i v e s

i t

u p

— a )

o

w a i t v f i p i & i t o v i a v r o v

n a r i p a ,

s u u m

i p s i u s

p a t r e m , v p t i g t ' / S p t ' S t r e

r o u e

v p - t r i p o v g a v r w v

r r a r t p a g ,

v e s t r o s i p s o r u m

p a t r e s , o i

i r a l f i t c v j 3 p i

2 2 2

[ c n A P . m .


Z a v a t r o i ' f * a v r w j ' v a r i p a g ,

s u o s

i p s o n l m p .

—

6 )

S r p a r o v H e q v , r i j v

k a v r o v

6 £ i \ f r ) v , l i S u i m T i v O y , s v a m s o r o r e m .

R e m a r k 4 . T h e p r o n o u n a i r o e , i n t h e r e f l e c t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , i s r e

g u l a r l y

p l a c e d

a f t e r

b o t h

t h e

s u b s t a n t i v e -

a n d

a d j e c t i v e -

( p o s s e s s i v e )

p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s ,

w h e t h e r

i t s e x c l u s i v e

f o r c e

b e p r o m i n e n t o r s u p

p r e s s e d

a s

r / f i u i v a v r w v , v / u i ' a v r o X g , o Q d c

a v r o v g , 6

v p t r f p o Q a v r u i v i r a r r i p ,

& c .

B u t

w h e n t h e

p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s

a r e

u s e d

w i t h o u t

r e f l e x i o n , a i r o g

m a y b e p l a c e d e i t h e r

b e f o r e

o r

a f t e r

t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n , p r o v i d e d i t

h a v e a n

e x c l u s i v e f o r c e :

— a )

a v r o v

e / i o u ( j i o v ) ,

a i i T < p

i f t o i

( / * o i ) ,

a i r o v

I p ' t ( / x f ) , a v T o v q

i 7 / t a £ , & C .

a s : a u r q i k f t o i ( o r f i o t ) r o v r o o ' v t w q l - ^ n v d o n e i

— K a i a v T t Z v u / i w v

K a T i t y p 6 v r \ a a v

o i n - o X i / i i o i .

—

f t ) s p o i l a v r o v , e / i o i a v r $ o k

a h r 6 v % r i p u i v a v r u c , & C .

a s :

i r o Q f v a K k o Q i v l a \ v p b g y ' & y o v e v T r a p ' r j f i b i v

a i r u v

$ i X i 7 r 7 r o c ;

—

r o i J

9 s p o v g 6

i j \ i o g

v i r i p

r / f i t S v

a v r t i i v K a i

r u i v

o - r s y J p

i r o p e v o f u v o Q f f K i d v T r a p i \ u .

§

1 7 0 .

O n t h e I n f i n i t i v e .

T h e i n f i n i t i v e d e n o t e s t h e i d e a o f t h e v e r b

a s a n

a b s t r a c t

s u b s t a n t i v e - i d e a ,

b u t

d i f f e r s

f r o m

t h e


i n

s o

f a r

r e t a i n i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e v e r b

a s ,

o n t h e o n e h a n d , t o i n

c l u d e

w i t h i n i t s e l f t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e

a c t i o n

— c o n t i n u a n c e ,

c o m p l e t i o n ,

a n d

f u t u r i t y ,

—

a s :

< y p d < f > s i v , y e y p t u p s v a i ,

y p d y f r a i ,

y p d y f r s c v

o n t h e o t h e r , t o r e t a i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f

t h e

v e r b , i . e . t o g o v e r n t h e c a s e o f t h e v e r b ,

a s

y p d f a i v h r i a r o -

\ r j v , h r i O v f i s l v T 7 ) s

d p s T r j s ,

s v a v r b o v c r O c u

r o l s

i r o K e f i l o i s

;

a n d

t o

t a k e t h e


d e f i n i t i o n

i n

t h e

f o r m

o f

a n

a d v e r b ,

a s

K c t i u S i s

d i r o d a v s l v

( o n t h e c o n t r a r y i c c t X b s d d v a r o s ) .

W e

s h a l l

c o n s i d e r t h e


f i r s t w i t h o u t

a r t i c l e ,

a n d

t h e n

w i t h

t h e

a r t i c l e .

§ 1 7 1 .

A . I n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t A r t i c l e .

1 . T h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t a r t i c l e a p p e a r s , f i r s t , a s t h e s u b

j e c t .

§

1 7 2 . ]

2 2 3

N F I N I T I V E .

O v K a K b v

( i a f f i X t v u v . — ' A « j j € t f

t o 7 q

y k p o v t r i v

t v

p a B t i v . —

M 6 \ B o g p M y i a r o g

y i j g

i r a T p i a g

O T t p t o B a i .

2 .

T h e

i n f i n i t i v e

a p p e a r s , s e c o n d l y ,

a s

t h e

e x p r e s s i o n ,

e i t h e r o f

t h a t

w h i c h i s

d o n e a n d

e f f e c t e d ,

o r

d e s i r e d , i n t e n d e d ,

a b o u t

t o

b e d o n e , a n d e f f e c t e d ; —

o f

t h e

i n t e n t i o n , a i m ,

a n d

c o n s e q u e n c e , i n t h e

o b j e c t i v e r e l a t i o n o f

t h e a c c u s a t i v e t o t h e

f o l l o w i n g c l a s s e s o f v e r b s a n d

a d j e c t i v e s

—

a ) V e r b s w h i c h d e n o t e t h e

i d e a

o f

a n a c t i o n

o f t h e w i l l ,

a s : w i s h i n g , d e s i r i n g ,

l o n g i n g ,

v e n t u r i n g ,

a s k i n g ,

c o m m a n d i n g ,

a d v i s i n g ,

p e r m i t t i n g

( e a v ) ,

f e a r i n g ,

d e l a y i n g ,

k e e p i n g

f r o m .

—

b ) V e r b s

w h i c h

d e n o t e t h e i d e a

o f

a n a c t i o n

o f

t h e t h i n k i n g

f a c u l t y o r i t s m a n i f e s t a t i o n , a s : b e l i e v i n g , t h i n k i n g ,

h o p i n g ,

s e e m i n g , l e a r n i n g , s a y i n g , d e n y i n g . — c )

V e r b s w h i c h d e n o t e

t h e i d e a

o f

b e i n g

a b l e ,

e f f e c t i n g , o r h a v i n g p o w e r , o f s t r e n g t h ,

o r

c a p a b i l i t y . —

d )

M a n y

o t h e r

v e r b s

a n d


i n

o r d e r

t o e x p r e s s a d e s t i n a t i o n o r a i m , a c o n s e q u e n c e o r e f f e c t .

B o v X o p a i t p k X X u ) y p d ( p t t v — t T t i B v p S )

i r o p t v i v Q a i —

r o X p t i v 7 r o p i v t t v

t q v

k i v S v v o v

—

i r a p a i v i a t r o t y p c u p u v

—

o f

T o g r o i i g S o v X o v g i t r i w t v I m B i o Q a t

r o l g

S t a T r o -

r a i g

— r y

a X X r j

G T p a r i q .

a p a i r a p t G K t v a & T O f i o r j B e i v i i r * a v r o v g

—

k u X v o )

a s

T C L V T a

i r o i t i v

—

Q o t o v p a i

S u X k y x a v a e —

v o / u f a

d p a p r t i v

— e X t t i ^ g }

t v T v x w -

t n i v — i r o X i g i K i v f i v v t v a s T r a a a S u t ^ B a p r j v a i — t f r j e l v a i

a r p a T T j y o g

— X t y u j

t i d k v a i r a v r a — p a v O d v u t i T r i r & v u v — S i S a a K d ) f f s y p a t p t t v — S v v a p a i t t o u i v

T a v r a — 7 r o u < J a t y t X a v —

a % i 6 g

t o n S a v p c & e a B a t — y K o p t v p a v O a v t t v .

R e m a r k .

I t

i s a

p e c u l i a r i t y

o f t h e G r e e k , a s

o f

t h e

E n g l i s h ,

t h a t w i t h

t h e s e a d j e c t i v e s i t g e n e r a l l y p u t s

t h e i n f i n i t i v e

a c t i v e o r m i d d l e , i n

s t e a d

o f

t h e

p a s s i v e

a s

k o X o c

i a r i v

i S i i v ,

i . e .

i t

i s

b e a u t i f u l

t o

s e e

;

a W c

h a r t

S a v p a o c a

— X o y o g d v v a r o g t o r t

K a r a v o i j o a i ( c a n

b e

u n d e r s t o o d ) .

§

1 7 2 . N o m i n a t i v e , G e n i t i v e , D a t i v e , a n d A c c u s a t i v e ,

w i t h

t h e


1 .

M o s t v e r b s w h i c h t a k e t h e i n f i n i t i v e

h a v e a l s o

a p e r

s o n a l o b j e c t

;

a s f j y o v f i a i

a s d f i a p r s t p ,

o r r j y o v / i a i

a s

s i / B a t -



2 2 4 O B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p . m .

f i o v a t h a t . T h i s p e r s o n a l o b j e c t s t a n d s i n t h e c a s e w h i c h

t h e v e r b r e q u i r e s ; a s : S d o f i a i a o v i X d e l v — a v f i f i o v K e v a )

a o i ,

a c o i p p o v e i v

—

i - r r o r p v v m

a s

p . d % s a 9 a i

—

t c s X e v t o

a s

y p d c p s i v .

2 .

B u t w h e n t h e p r i n c i p a l v e r b i s

o n e t h a t g o v e r n s

t h e

a c c u s a t i v e , v e r b u m s e n t i e n d i o r d e c l a r a n d i ,

a n d

t h e s u b j e c t o f

t h i s p r i n c i p a l v e r b

i s

a l s o t h e o b j e c t

o f i t

( o r

w h e n

i n

E n g l i s h

t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e i s , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e

s u b j e c t o f t h e


o n e

a l s o ,

a s ,

/ t h i n k t h a t

/

h a v e

m a d e a m i s t a k e ) , t h e a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n i s

n o t

a n n e x e d

t o

t h e


a s

i n

L a t i n ,

b u t

e n t i r e l y

o m i t t e d a s o i o f i a i ( o t e i , o i s r a t ) d f u z p r s l v ( i n s t e a d o f o i o / m u

S f j i a i r r o v d f i a p r s l v , o i s i a s a v r b v d p , . , o i s r a i s a v r b v d p , . , c r e d o m e

e r r a s s e , c r e d i s t e e r r a s s e , c r e d i t

s e

e r r a s s e ) .

3 .

W h e n a n a d j e c t i v e

o r

s u b s t a n t i v e i s j o i n e d t o t h e i n f i n i

t i v e a s a p r e d i c a t e , i t s t a n d s i n t h e s a m e c a s e a s t h e p e r s o n a l

o b j e c t , v i z .

e i t h e r i n

t h e

g e n i t i v e ,

d a t i v e , o r a c c u s a t i v e a n d

i f t h e s u b j e c t o f a v e r b u m s e n t i e n d i o r d e c l a r a n d i i s , a t t h e

s a m e t i m e , t h e o b j e c t o f i t ( o r i f i n E n g l i s h t h e s u b j e c t o f

t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e i s , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e


o n e

a l s o ) ,

i n t h e

n o m i n a t i v e ( A t t r a c t i o n

w i t h t h e

I n f i n i t i v e ) .

N o m . w i t h I n f i l l . ' O o r p n r i j y i c i r p o O v f i o Q

t l v m

i m t o t i 9 t i v ,

G e n . w i t h

I n f i n . A t o f i a i

a o v i r p o G i i f i o v

t l v a t .

D a t . w i t h I n f i n . 2 v p € o v \ t v u > a o i v p o O v / i i p t l v a t .

A c c . w i t h

I n f i n . ' E t r o r p i v t a a t

T p & Q v u o v

t l v a t .

—

* J E 0 i ; a t

t i S a i / i o v a

t l v a t .

R e m a r k 1 .

I f

i n t h e

c a s e w h e n

t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e g o v e r n i n g

v e r b i s

t h e

s a m e a s t h a t o f

t h e


t h e

s u b j e c t o f

t h e

i n f i n i t i v e i s t o b e r e n

d e r e d

e m p h a t i c a l l y p r o m i n e n t ,

a s e s p e c i a l l y o c c u r s i n

a n t i t h e s e s ; t h e

a c c u s a t i v e s t a n d s

w i t h t h e

i n f i n i t i v e , a s i n

L a t i n

a s o l A l y v i r n o t

i v o -

f i i t o v i a v r o v Q w p t i i r o v c y t v t a d a t

v a v r t a v

a v Q p u i T w v ( s e , n o n a l i o s

h o

m i n e s ) .

K p o T a o e

t v o f t t ^ t v t a v r b v

t l v a t T r d v r w v

o X S t u r a r c v .

R e m a r k

2 .

T h e

p r e d i c a t i v e

d e f i n i t i o n s

a n n e x e d

t o

t h e


a n d

r e l a t i n g t o t h e o b j e c t o f t h e g o v e r n i n g

p r i n c i p a l

v e r b , v e r y

o f t e n s t a n d ,

n o t i n t h e c a s e i n w h i c h t h i s o b j e c t s t a n d s , b u t i n t h e a c c u s a t i v e .

§

1 7 3 . ]

2 2 5

N F I N I T I V E ,

a )

I n s t e a d o f

t h e g e n i t i v e ;

o l < r v p p a \ o i i S i r j O r i a a v ' A Q r j v a i w v i a v r o i g

^ o r j & o v Q y t v i a Q a i .

—

' A v d p t o v o w t p p o v i o v

p X v

t t r r i v , U p t j a S i K o v v r a i ^

7 ] o u \ a Z u v t

d y a B w v

I f ,

a S i K o v / i e v o v e

t £

e ^ ) l / v i j c

w o X e p t t v .

6 ) I n s t e a d o f t h e d a t i v e ; ' E v e n l X a T o t o i q S u p a i r o v a i \ a € 6 v r a g a i i r b v

d i r o K T e i v a i .

—

Z Z t v i q ; t f i c t i v

i r a p r i y y e i \ e . \ a € 6 v r a r o v g & v d p a g .

R e m a r k

3 . W h e n

t h e

i n f i n i t i v e a p p e a r s a s

t h e

s u b j e c t ( §

1 7 1 ,

1 . ) , a n d

a s u b j e c t o r p r e d i c a t e i s j o i n e d t o s u c h a n i n f i n i t i v e , b o t h t h e s u b j e c t a n d

t h e

p r e d i c a t e

a r e

p u t i n

t h e

a c c u s a t i v e a s : v i r e p

T t j e

v a r p i d o e p a % o p . i -

v o v q d i r o B a v f l v K a K o v I g t i v .

R e m a r k 4 . T h e G r e e k s a r e f o n d o f

c h a n g i n g

t h e i m p e r s o n a l c o n

s t r u c t i o n

w i t h

t h e

i n f i n i t i v e i n t o

t h e

p e r s o n a l , b y

m a k i n g t h e s u b j e c t

o f

t h e

d e p e n d e n t i n f i n i t i v e t h e

s u b j e c t o f

t h e p r i n c i p a l v e r b , a n d r e f e r r i n g

t h e

i m p e r s o n a l

e x p r e s s i o n , a s a p r e d i c a t e ,

t o

t h i s s u b j e c t ;

a s :

S t K a i o g

t i p i t o v t o n p & T T t i v ,

i n s t e a d

o f M k c u o v i a r i p i t o v t o v p a r r u v . — A I k a t o g

d p i

t l v a i

i X t i O f p o s . — A i u i t l a p . e v

r o v y t y t v r i p & v o v

i r p a y p a r o g t o v t o v

a i r o K a i a a i

t i d y a Q o v ,

§ 1 7 3 . B .

I n f i n i t i v e

w i t h

t h e A r t i c l e .

1 T h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h t h e a r t i c l e

( t o )

i s t r e a t e d , i n l a n

g u a g e , e x a c t l y l i k e a s u b s t a n t i v e , s i n c e , b y m e a n s o f t h e a r t i

c l e , i t m a y b e d e c l i n e d t h r o u g h e v e r y c a s e , a n d i s c a p a b l e o f

e x p r e s s i n g

a l l

t h o s e r e l a t i o n s

w h i c h

t h e c a s e s o f t h e

s u b s t a n

t i v e d e n o t e .

O n

t h e o t h e r

h a n d , i t s

v e r b a l n a t u r e

a p p e a r s

i n

t h i s

u s e o f

i t ,

j u s t

a s

i n

t h a t

w i t h o u t

t h e

a r t i c l e ( §

1 7 0 . )

a s

t o e T r i a r o X r j v y p d t p e i v , t o

i c a X c o s

y p d c p u v s 7 r i a T o \ i j v , & c . t o

k o K & s d i T o Q v r \ a K . u v , t o

x m s p

T v j y i r a r p t S o s d i r o O a v s i v . I n t h i s

w a y , b y p r e f i x i n g t h e

a r t i c l e , w h o l e s e n t e n c e s

m a y b e

e x

p r e s s e d i n t h e f o r m o f

o n e

e x t e n d e d s u b s t a n t i v e - i d e a .

2 . W h e n a

s u b j e c t

a n d p r e d i c a t e a r e

j o i n e d

t o t h e

i n f i n i

t i v e ,

w h e t h e r

i t a p p e a r a s s u b j e c t

o r

o b j e c t , b o t h t h e f o r m e r

a n d

l a t t e r a r e

p u t i n

t h e a c c u s a t i v e ,

a s i n

t h e c a s e o f t h e

i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t a r t i c l e . I f , h o w e v e r , t h e s u b j e c t

o f

t h e

i n f i n i t i v e i s n o t d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l s u b j e c t o f t h e

s e n t e n c e , i t i s

n o t e x p r e s s e d

a n d

t h e p r e d i c a t e a p p e a r s

i n

Q

2 2 6

[ c h a p . r r r .B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .

t h e s a m e c a s e a s t h e

p r i n c i p a l

s u b j e c t

o f

t h e s e n t e n c e , L e . i n

t h e n o m i n a t i v e ,

b y

m e a n s o f

a t t r a c t i o n ( §

1 7 2 , 2 .

a n d

3 . ) . I n

E n g l i s h ,

w e

m u s t

g e n e r a l l y

t r a n s l a t e

t h e

i n f i n i t i v e

w i t h

t h e

a r t i c l e , b y a s u b o r d i n a t e s e n t e n c e w i t h t h e c o n j u n c t i o n s , t h a t ,

b e c a u s e , i n o r d e r t o , & c .

T o

i ' n r o 9 a v t X v T i v a

v i r i p

T r j g i r a r p i S o Q K a X j ;

T i g T v % r i .

— T o

d p - a p T a v e i v

a v 8 p u i n o v (

o v r a g

o i S i v ,

o l / i a i ,

B a v p a a T o v . — K A c a p x o s

f w c p b v i Z k t p v y t

r o w K a T a i T i T p t o O r i v a i . — ^ u t K p d r r j g i r a p t K a X u

l i r i f i t K i i o B a i

r o v

d i f

Q p o v t f i u i T a T o v t l v a i

K a i i i ^ t X i f i b i r a T o v .

— V e r y o f t e n r o t ;

o r

r o v

f i r i i s u s e d w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e

t o

d e n o t e a p u r p o s e o r a i m ; a s :

S v v a p i v i r a p a a K i v a & T a t

r o v

/ l i ) d S i K e i a B a i .

—

O i d v O p u m o i i t a v r a f i r i -

\ a v i Z v T a i

l i r i T $ f

i i r i > x f

—

O K E p o e S i d t o

Q i X o p - a B r / g t l v a i 7 r o \ X < l

r o v e

T T a p o v T a g a v r j p t l t T a , K a i

o a a

a v r o g v i r

a X K t a v ( a v i j p w r a T o ) S i d t o

a y % t v o v g e i v a t T a x i d i r e K p i v t T O .

§ 1 7 4 .

O n t h e P a r t i c i p l e .

1 . T h e p a r t i c i p l e i s

j o i n e d

t o v e r b s o r a d j e c t i v e s , — 1 ) t o

c o m p l e t e t h e

i d e a e x p r e s s e d , a s % a i p a >

t o p < f > t X o v a x p s k t f c r a s ,

I r e j o i c e i n h a v i n g a s s i s t e d t h e f r i e n d ; — 2 )

i t

s e r v e s n o t m e r e l y

t o d e n o t e

a

s i m p l e


d e f i n i t i o n , a s : t o

O d W o v p o B o v

o r t o

p o h o v

t o O a W o v ,

t h e

b l o o m i n g

r o s e ,

b u t

m a y a l s o , a s t h e

e n l a r g e d

a t t r i b u t i v e o f a


e x p r e s s

t h e

a d v e r b i a l

r e l a t i o n s

o f

t i m e , c a u s a l i t y ,

m a n n e r ,

a n d

w a y ,

a n d ,

i n

g e n e r a l ,

e v e r y a c c e s s o r y i d e a .

2 . T h e p a r t i c i p l e . e x p r e s s e s t h e n o t i o n o f t h e

v e r b

a s a n

a d j e c t i v e - i d e a , a n d a g r e e s

w i t h

t h e a d j e c t i v e

b o t h i n

r e s p e c t

o f

i t s f o r m a n d a t t r i b u t i v e u s e

;

b u t , l i k e t h e

i n f i n i t i v e , r e t a i n s

t h e i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e

a c t i o n

( < y p d < p a ) v , < y e y p a x p e o s ,

y p a t y a f , y p d t j r c o v ) , a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e v e r b ( y p d f p a v

h r u r r o \ r \ v ,

k o X & s y p d q b m v ) . A s t h e p a r t i c i p l e h a s a n a t t r i

b u t i v e

f o r m

a n d


i t

c a n

n e v e r a p p e a r

s t a n d i n g

a l o n e ,

b u t a l w a y s

d e p e n d s u p o n a s u b s t a n t i v e , s i n c e i t t a k e s

t h e

s a m e

g e n d e r ,

n u m b e r , a n d

c a s e

a s

t h e

s u b s t a n t i v e .



§ 1 7 5 . ]

2 2 7

A R T I C I P L E .

§ 1 7 5 . A .

P a r t i c i p l e

a s t h e C o m p l e m e n t o f a

V e r b a l

I d e a .

1 .

A s t h e p a r t i c i p l e

i s

a n a t t r i b u t i v e , a n d

a c c o r d i n g l y

e x p r e s s e s

t h e a c t i o n

a s

a l r e a d y a t t a c h i n g t o

a n

o b j e c t , o n l y

t h o s e v e r b s c a n r e c e i v e t h e i r

c o m p l e t i o n

i n t h e f o r m o f a

p a r t i c i p l e , w h i c h r e q u i r e a n a c t i o n a s t h e i r c o m p l e m e n t , a n d

t h a t a c t i o n a t t a c h e d a s a n a t t r i b u t e t o a n o b j e c t i n

s u c h

a

m a n n e r , t h a t t h e o b j e c t

s e e m s

t o b e i n s o m e a c t i o n o r c o n d i

t i o n .

T h e r e

a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g

c l a s s e s a )

V e r b a

s e n t i e n d i ,

i . e . o f s e n s a t i o n o r p e r c e p t i o n ,

a s

h e a r i n g ,

s e e i n g ,

o b s e r v i n g ,

k n o w i n g , u n d e r s t a n d i n g , e x p e r i e n c i n g ,

r e m e m b e r i n g , a n d

f o r -

j e t t i n g ; — J )

V e r b a

d e c l a r a n d i , a s s h o w i n g , r e v e a l i n g , a p p e a r

i n g , b e i n g k n o w n o r e v i d e n t ; — c ) V e r b a a f f e c t u u m , i . e . o f t h e

c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e m i n d , a s r e j o i c i n g , s o r r o w i n g , b e i n g c o n t e n t e d ,

d i s p l e a s e d , a s h a m e d , a n d r e g r e t t i n g ; — d ) V e r b s o f n e g l e c t i n g ,

e n d u r i n g ,

p e r s e v e r i n g a n d b e i n g w e a r y

( j r s p i o p a v ,

h r u r p s t r s u v ,

a v s ^ s c r O a i ,

K a p r s p s i v ,

i c d f i v s i v *

a n d

o t h e r s ;

b u t

s a v

a l w a y s

w i t h

i n f i n i t i v e ) ;

— e ) o f

b e g i n n i n g ,

c e a s i n g , c a u s i n g t o c e a s e , o m i t t i n g ,

a n d n e g l e c t i n g ; — f ) o f b e i n g f o r t u n a t e ,

d i s t i n g u i s h i n g

o n e ' s

t e l f , e x c e e d i n g ,

b e i n g

i n f e r i o r ,

b e n e f i t i n g , e r r i n g ,

e n j o y i n g , b e i n g

f u l l o f

o r

f i l l e d w i t h

a n y

t h i n g .

R e m a r k I . I n E n g l i s h ,

t h e

p a r t i c i p l e i s o f t e n t o b e t r a n s l a t e d b y

a s u b s t a n t i v e , o r a


s e n t e n c e w i t h t h a i , o r a n i n f i n i t i v e

m o o d .

2 . T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i s

s e l f - e v i d e n t .

T h e p a r t i c i p l e s t a n d s

i n t h e s a m e c a s e a s t h e s u b s t a n t i v e - o b j e c t o f t h e p r i n c i p a l

v e r b a n d t h i s o b j e c t , a s a m a t t e r o f c o u r s e ,

s t a n d s

i n t h e

c a s e

w h i c h t h e

p r i n c i p a l

v e r b r e q u i r e s .

B u t w h e n

t h e s u b

j e c t

o f

t h e p r i n c i p a l v e r b i s ,

a t

t h e s a m e t i m e , i t s o b j e c t a l s o ,

a s o l h a ( s y d ) ) s / m l v t w O v r j T o v o v r a t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n ,

w h i c h e x h i b i t s t h e s u b j e c t a s a n o b j e c t , i s n o t e x p r e s s e d , a n d

t h e p a r t i c i p l e i s p u t i n t h e s a m e c a s e a s t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e

p r i n c i p a l

v e r b ,

i . e . t h e n o m i n a t i v e ,

b y

m e a n s o f

a t t r a c t i o n

( c o m p a r e § 1 7 2 , 2 . ) .

Q 2

2 2 8

O B J E C T I V E

C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p . m .

O p u r o v d v O p u n r o v r p t x ° V T a — o l S a

d v O p t i t i r o v

Q v n r o v

b v r a

—

o l S a

O v n r o Q t o v

—

a x o v u )

a v r o v

X t y o v r o g —

o l ' A 9 n v a i o i t f a i v o v r o v i r t p a x Q t o Q t v r t g

r y

M i X i ) r o v

d X u t a t i

—

p q l i t v c

I X t y x Q y o y

i p t v f i o p t v o c

—

o l

Q t o l

x a l P o v a i

r i p - w p t v o i

v i r o

r i o v

a v Q p M T T i i t v

—

x a i p u j

< r o i i X Q o v r i . —

o i

i r o X I r a t T r t p i t l S o v

r t j v y r j v

v i r o r w c T r o X t p ' t u v

r p n O t i a a v

—

w a v t i )

a t d d i K o v v r a — i r a v o p a i a t

d S i K w v —

d p x n p a i X i y u t v — t v t i r o i n a a c .

d t p i x o p t v o Q

— d p a p r d v t i q r a v r a n o i u t v —

i r X i ' i p t j c t l p i r a v r a B t u p e v o g .

R e m a r k 2 .

W h e n

t h e g o v e r n i n g

v e r b a n d

t h e p a r t i c i p l e

h a v e

t h e

s a m e s u b j e c t ,

a n d i t i s r e q u i r e d t o b e m a d e e m p h a t i c a l l y

p r o m i n e n t ,

a t t r a c t i o n i s o m i t t e d ; i . e .


o f

t h e p e r s o n a l

p r o n o u n

a n d

p a r t i c i p l e

i s

e x p r e s s e d ( c o m p a r e $ 1 7 2 ,

B e r n .

1 . ) a s i r t p i t i d o v a v r o i e

y i l f i Q d S v v d r o v g y t v o p ' s v o v c .

R e m a r k 3 .

W i t h a v v o i d a a n d a v y y i y v w a n u i l u a v r i p t h e p a r t i c i p l e

m a y

e i t h e r b e m a d e t o a g r e e

w i t h t h e

s u b j e c t i m p l i e d b y

t h e

v e r b ,

o r

w i t h

t h e

a c c o m p a n y i n g r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n a n d a c c o r d i n g l y s t a n d s ,

o n

t h e f i r s t

s u p p o s i t i o n , i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e o n t h e l a t t e r , i n t h e d a t i v e a s a v v o i S a

( f f u y y t y

v w ( t k w )

t p a v r i p

t v i r o t i ) a a g ,

o r a v v o i f i a i p a v r i j j

t v

i c o i i p T a v r i . B u t

w h e n

t h e

s u b j e c t i s n o t , a t

t h e s a m e

t i m e ,

t h e

o b j e c t a l s o ; e i t h e r t h e

o b j e c t ,

w i t h

i t s

p a r t i c i p l e , s t a n d s

i n

t h e

d a t i v e , a s a v v o i S d a o i t v

i r o i i ) -

a a v r i ,

o r

b o t h

a r e

p u t

i n

t h e


a s

a v v o i l d

a t

t v

i r o i i ] a a v r a .

R e m a r k 4 .

S o m e

v e r b s o f

t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d

c l a s s e s

a r e a l s o

c o n

s t r u e d w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e i n a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t s e n s e .

a ) a K o i t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , i m p l i e s

a n

i m m e d i a t e

p e r c e p t i o n w i t h

t h e i n f i n i t i v e , o n e

t h a t i s

n o t

i m m e d i a t e ,

b u t

d e r i v e d

f r o m h e a r s a y

a s

u k o v u ) a v r o v

d i a X t y o p t v o v ,

e . e j u s s e r m o n e s a u r i b u s m e i s p e r c i p i o b u t I S t T v

l i r t O v j i t t

6

' A a r v d y n e r o v T / L v p o v ,

o n

y i c o v t ( e x

a l i i s a u d i v e r a t )

K a X o v x d y a B o v

a v r o v

t l v a i .

b )

t l S k v a i ,

i m a r a a Q a i ,

w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o k n o w ; w i t h t h e


t o .

k n o w

k o w

t o

d o

s o m e t h i n g

( t o

b e

a b l e ) a s

o U a

( s i r i a r a p a i ) O t o i c

a t -

( i o f i t i ' o c , 1

k n o w

t h a t I h o n o u r

t h e

g o d s ; b u t a t / 3 t a 8 a i , I k n o w h o w t o

h o n o u r t h e g o d s .

c )

p a v O d v t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o u n d e r s t a n d ; w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o

l e a r n ; a s : p a v 9 d v u >

a o t p b q u > v , I

k n o w t h a t I a m w i s e ; a o ( p o £ t l v a i ,

I

l e a r n

t o b e w i s e .

d ) y i y v d i o - K t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o k n o w ; w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o l e a r n ,

t o j u d g e , t o

c o n c l u d e

;

a s :

y i y v t o a i c w d y a 9 o v c

o v r a e r o i f

o r p a r m r a i Q r o v e

d y t S v a g , I

k n o w ,

I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t c o n t e s t s a r e b e n e f i c i a l b u t d y a B o v s i i v a i ,

I

j u d g e ,

I

c o n s i d e r

t h a t , & c .

e ) p t p v r j a Q a t , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o

b e m i n d f u l ;

w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o

t h i n k

o f

d o i n g s o m e t h i n g ,

t o

e n d e a v o u r ,

t o

i n t e n d ; a s p ' t p v n r a i

t v

■ K o i i i a a e

§

1 7 5 . ]

2 2 9

A R T I C I P L E .

T o i g m X i r a e , h e r e m e m b e r s

h a v i n g

d o n e g o o d ; t v

i r o r f o a i ,

h e s t r i v e s

( h e

w i s h e s ) t o d o .

f )

( p a i v t o Q a i , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o a p p e a r , a p p a r e r e , t o s h o w o n e ' s s e l f ;

w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o s e e m ,

v i d e r i ;

a s i f a i v t r o k X c i u o v a n d t k a i t i v .

g ) a y y i X X t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e ,

d e n o t e s

t h e

a n n o u n c e m e n t o f

a

r e a l

e v e n t w i t h

t h e

i n f i n i t i v e , o f

t h i n g s u n c e r t a i n

a n d m e r e l y

c o n c e i v e d

a s

o ' A a a v p i o c t i g r r ) v x w p a v I p f i d X X w v u y y e X X t r a t ( a f a c t ) ,

t p f l a X X t t v d y y t X -

X t r a i

( w h e t h e r

h e

h a s a l r e a d y

a c t u a l l y i n v a d e d

t h e

c o u n t r y i s

u n

c e r t a i n ) .

h ) d e i K v v v a i a n d d i r o t p a i v t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o s h o w , t o p r o v e ; w i t h

t h e


t o

t e a c h

;

a s :

t S t i l Z a

a t

d ^ i K r j t r a v r a

—

j 3 u v X t )

A i a x i v n v

< a i

i r p o S o r n v

i l v a i K a i k u k o v o v v v p . t v

a T r e i p a i v e v ( d o c u i t ) .

i )

T t o i i i v ,

w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o r e n d e r ; w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o c a u s e

a s i r o i t o

a t y t

X u i v T a —

i r o i u i

a t y t X d v .

h )

a i a x v v t a Q a i a n d

a i d t t a O a i ,

w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o b e a s h a m e d

o f

a

t h i n g

w h i c h o n e

d o e s

w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e ,

t o

b e

a s h a m e d , t o

f e a r t o d o a

t h i n g , t o o m i t s o m e t h i n g

o u t

o f f e a r o r s h a m e a s a i a x v v o f i a i i c n i c d r r p a T T w v

t o v t p ' t X o v , a n d a l a x v v o j i a i K a i c d i r p a x T t i v t o v § i \ o v .

I )

d p x t o Q a i ,

w i t h t h e


t o b e i n

t h e

b e g i n n i n g o f a n

a c t i o n

w i t h

t h e


t o

b e g i n

t o

d o

s o m e t h i n g

( s o m e t h i n g

i n t e n d e d )

a s

y p K a v r o r d n i x i

o u c o S o p o v v r e c .

a n d o U o S o p . H v .

R e m a r k 5 .

I n s t e a d o f

t h e i m p e r s o n a l

p h r a s e s

S i j X o v

t a r t , < p d v t p 6 v t a n ,

i p a i v t r m ,

a p p a r e t ;

t h e

G r e e k s

m a k e u s e o f t h e

p e r s o n a l , a n d m a k e

t h e

p a r t i c i p l e a g r e e w i t h t h e s u b j e c t , w h i c h n o w a p p e a r s i n a d e f i n i t e f o r m

( § 1 7 2 . R e m a r k 4 . ) a s S i j X o Q t i f u , f a v e p d c t i / t t , ) v i r a r p w a t v

i r o i r i a a c .

3 . L a s t l y , t h e p a r t i c i p l e

s t a n d s

a s a c o m p l e m e n t w i t h t h e

f o l l o w i n g

v e r b s

—

a )

t v f ) ( 6 m > ,

I a m

a c c i d e n t a l ;

b )

X a v d a v t o ,

I

a m c o n c e a l e d ; c ) B i a r s K a ) , S i a y v y v o f j u a i , S i d y c o , w h i c h e x p r e s s

a c o n t i n u a n c e ; d ) < j > 0 d v a > , I c o m e b e f o r e ; e ) o i ^ o f i a i , I h a v e

h a s t e n e d a w a y . T h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e q u i t e c h a n g e s t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e c a s e o f t h e s e v e r b s s i n c e i t e x p r e s s e s t h e

a c t i o n

d e n o t e d b y t h e p a r t i c i p l e , b y m e a n s o f a f i n i t e v e r b ,

a n d t h a t d e n o t e d b y t h e a b o v e v e r b s , g e n e r a l l y b y a m e r e

a d v e r b .

K p o i < r o f < p o v ' t a t o v j r a i M e i X d

v 9 a v t p o a x u i v ( u n k n o w i n g l y ,

w i t h o u t k n o w

i n g i f ) . — A i d y w , S t a r t X w , B t a y i y v o / i a i K a X i i r o i w v ( p e r p e t u a l l y , c o n t i n u a l l y ,

a l w a y s ) . — U i x 1 * 0 f t v y t a v ( q u i c k l y , i n h a s t e ) , < £ x

v r

o d - n o i t X i o v T t

f ,

Q 3

2 3 0

[ c h a p .

m .


u i x » / < n i i j i i p u v , c e l e r i t e r a b s t u l i . — E t v x o v o w X i r a i i v r y d y o p f K a 6 -

t u l o v r t s w c

i r e v r i i i c o v T a ( J u s t ;

r v y x a v u i

i s

u s e d

i n

e v e r y

c a s e i n

w h i c h

a n

e v e n t

i s

b r o u g h t

o n ,

n o t w i t h

o u r

i n t e n t i o n ,

b u t

b y

t h e

c a s u a l

c o o p e r a t i o n o f e x t e r n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s , o r t h e n a t u r a l c o u r s e o f t h i n g s

g e n e r a l l y , h o w e v e r ,

i t

c a n n o t

b e t r a n s l a t e d i n E n g l i s h ) .

—

X a X t n o v r / v

u W o v f d a a a i r o D r o

j r o i t y f f a v r a

( e a r l i e r , b e f o r e ) .

§

1 7 6 .

B .

T h e

P a r t i c i p l e

a s

t h e

E x p r e s s i o n

o f

A d v e r b i a l

R e

l a t i o n s a n d A c c e s s o r y I d e a s .

1 . S e c o n d l y , t h e

p a r t i c i p l e

d e n o t e s t h e a d v e r b i a l r e l a t i o n s

o f t i m e , c a u s e , c o n d i t i o n ,

m a n n e r ,

a n d w a y ;

a l s o t h o s e o f i n

t e n t i o n a n d

a i m

; a n d ,

i n

g e n e r a l , e v e r y

a c c e s s o r y i d e a

w h i c h

w e t r a n s l a t e

b y

t h e r e l a t i v e , w h o , w h i c h , a s t h e e n l a r g e d a t t r i

b u t e o f a s u b s t a n t i v e .

2 .

I n

t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f

p a r t i c i p l e s ,

w e


t w o

c a s e s .

T h e s u b j e c t o f t h e p a r t i c i p l e e i t h e r c o i n c i d e s w i t h

t h a t

o f


o f

t h e

s e n t e n c e ,

o r i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m i t .

I n t h e f o r m e r c a s e , t h e p a r t i c i p l e m u s t a g r e e w i t h t h e s u b

j e c t o f t h e p r e d i c a t e , a s

a n

a t t r i b u t i v e p a r t i c i p l e , i n g e n d e r ,

c a s e , a n d n u m b e r , a s 6 K . v p o s < y e X a > v s h r e v , o i w a l B s ? j s T U b v -

T f y e h r o v , & c . ; i n t h e l a t t e r c a s e , t h e p a r t i c i p l e s t a n d s w i t h

i t s

s u b j e c t

i n

t h e

g e n i t i v e , a s

r o d

i r a i B o s

y e X e o v r o s 6

K v p o s

s h r e v , a n d t h i s c o m b i n a t i o n

i s

c a l l e d i n

g r a m m a r ,


a b s o l u t e .

R e m a r k

I . I n E n g l i s h ,

t h e d e n n i n g

p a r t i c i p l e i s s e l d o m u s e d , s i n c e

w e e m p l o y i n s t e a d o f i t , e i t h e r a n a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e w i t h t h e c o n j u n c

t i o n s , a s , s i n c e , a f t e r , w h i l e , b e c a u s e , i f , a l t h o u g h , & c . o r a s u b s t a n t i v e

w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n , a s i n r o 9 a . v 6 v T O £

r o v

K v p o v ,

a f t e r t h e

d e a t h , Q t v y w v ,

i n

f l i g h t ; o r

a n

a d v e r b ,

a s : r a v r a

K o t y a a g , t h e r e u p o n . V e r y o f t e n ,

w e

u s e

t h e

f i n i t e

v e r b

i n s t e a d

o f

t h e


a s

o i

7 r o \ e p . w i

 x 8 r ) a a v ,

f l e d a n d w e r e p u r s u e d . B u t i n

t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f

s e v e r a l t r a n s a c t i o n s i n t o

o n e w h o l e , t h e G r e e k d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h e

p r i n c i p a l

o n e , w i t h g r e a t

p r e c i s i o n ,

f r o m t h e c o n c o m i t a n t s u b o r d i n a t e c i r c u m s t a n c e s ; i n a s m u c h a s

i t

e x .

S

1 7 6 . ]

2 3 1

A R T I C I P L E .

p r e s s e s t h e f o r m e r b y t h e f i n i t e v e r b , b u t t h e l a t t e r b y t h e p a r t i c i p l e .

I l o W o i

r a

x p i i / i a r a a v a X i o o a v r i

f ,

t o y T r p o o O i v

a w t i x o v r o

K t p C u i v ,

a i a x p d

v o / i i Z o v r t g

t i v a t ,

t o u t u i v

o v k

a i r i x o v r a i ,

i . e .

a f t e r

h a v i n g

w a s t e d

t h e i r

m o n e y . — T o i l l a p o g

i K B o v r o c ,

r d d v 8 n d d X A c i .

—

A i j i ' ^ o / i e v o t { j w ,

r a p t u

v i v u r t t .

—

I l o X X y

r t x v y x P < , / « > ' O f

r o v e

T t o X t f i i o v c

i v t i c n a t v .

— E i ' f A t X ^ o i f

i r o p t v t T a t

X n o o p i v o Q T t f X P 1 T 1 P ' V > o r a c v l u m c o n s v l l u r u s . — ' X o v v a r o v v o W d r e x v i l i -

/ i c v o v d v O p u n r o v

i r d v r a

i c a X w c t t o u X v .

I n

o r d e r t o a m o r e p a r t i c u l a r

d e

f i n i t i o n o f

t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t h e

f o l l o w i n g p a r t i c l e s

a r e s o m e t i m e s

a d d e d

l u r a i i { d u r i n g ) , i l f i a { a t t h e s a m e t i m e ) , K a t , t c a i w e p

( a l t h o u g h ) .

3 .

I n s t e a d o f t h e g e n i t i v e a b s o l u t e , t h e a c c u s a t i v e i s a l s o

s o m e t i m e s

u s e d ,

a n d ,

i n d e e d ,

a l m o s t

a l w a y s

w h e n

t h e

p a r t i

c i p l e s t a n d s

w i t h o u t

a n y d e f i n i t e s u b j e c t c o n s e q u e n t l y ,

i n

t h e c a s e o f

i m p e r s o n a l v e r b s , a s

1 %

o v

( f r o m e l - e a r i , i t

i s

a l l o w e d )

o r i m p e r s o n a l p h r a s e s , a s a l o - ^ p b v o v ( f r o m a l a - ^ p o v s o t l v ,

i t

i s

d i s g r a c e f u l ) .

H a p o v a i i T ( f

f i a a i X t a y t v i a B a i , a X X i p w t p u B n i c e t o K p a r o c . — ' A f o X ^ o c r d v o r ,

o i S t v

S i o v ( q u u m

f a s n o n e s s e t , f i e r i

n o n d e b e r e t ) ,

y i y o v a .

—

S o : S o K a v

o u r o i f ,

q u u m

i i s

v i s u m

s i t ,

e s s e t ,

I o k o v v

( q u u m

v i d e a t u r ,

v i d e r e t u r )

a v a -

X < » p i i v i r p o a i j K o v , q u u m d e c e a t , d e c e r e t ; H 6 v , q u u m l i c e a t , l i c e r e t .

—

F u r

t h e r , p a s s i v e

p a r t i c i p l e s 5 t f i o y p . k v o v ,

q u u m d e c r e t u m s i t , e s s e t ; t l p r j p L -

v o v , q u u m d i c t u m s i t , e s s e t . — T h i r d l y ,

a d j e c t i v e s w i t h

o v ,

a s :

a l a x p o v

o v ,

q u u m t u r p e s i t , e s s e t d d i j X o v

o v , d v v a r o v o v ,

a d u v a r o v

o v .

R e m a r k

2 .

T h e

p a r t i c l e o f c o m p a r i s o n ,

w c , i s

j o i n e d ,

b o t h t o

a

s i m p l e

p a r t i c i p l e , a n d o n e t h a t i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h a s u b j e c t

( g e n i t i v e

o r a c c u s a

t i v e a b s o l u t e ) ,

w h e n w h a t i s

e x p r e s s e d

b y

t h e

p a r t i c i p l e i s t o

b e

d e n o t e d

a s

s o m e t h i n g s e t

b e f o r e t h e

m i n d , a s a s u b j e c t i v e v i e w o f

t h e

a g e n t . I n

E n g l i s h ,

i t

m a y

b e

t r a n s l a t e d

b y ,

a s i f , b e c a u s e

f o r s o o t h ,

b e c a u s e ,

w i t h t h e

i n t e n t i o n ,

u n d e r

t h e i d e a ,

& c .

a . S i m p l e

p a r t i c i p l e .

O t d p x o v n c , k & v o i r o a r o v o v v x p o v o v

a p x o v r i Q

S i a y i *

v u i V T a i , S a v p a K o v r a i , w f

a o f o ' i r e

K a i l i r v x t i c

y i y i v n p ' i v o i . —

' A y a v a K T O v a i v ,

£ ) { p t y d X u i v T i p w v d w i a T e p / i i v o i

( i . e .

r j y o i f i i v o t

( i t y . r . d i r e o T t p r j a B a t ) .

—

0 1 i r o X t p i o i

a r t I K a t t p v r j Q

i T w r i o o v r i Q

a v S p d i r o d a

7 r o X X a t X a G o v .

b . G e n i t i v e a b s o l u t e . T l a p r j y y u X t v a i i T o l s i r a p a a K e v u £ t a 9 m ,

i f

f i d x i c

l o o / i e v n s

( i . e .

v o p i f a v

p ^ x n v

i a i a O a i ) . —

' E c q p v T T O v

s S i l v a i

i r d v r a s Q i j C a i -

o v q ,

w g

r w v

T v p d v v i t ) v

T t 9 v i u T h ) v ,

q u i a

t y r a n n i

m o r t u i

e s s e n t .

—

' - ' A r t

t z v k v o v

o v t o q

t o v

d X a o v g , o i > x e w p w v

o i i v r o g r o v e

I k t o c .

R e m a r k 3 . A p e c u l i a r u s e o f t h e g e n i t i v e a b s o l u t e i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h

i c , o c c u r s w i t h t h e v e r b s , l i d i v a i , i m a r a a B a i , v o t i v , t x v y v i i f t n v , S u u c e i o B a i

Q 4

2 3 2

[ c h a p .

h i .

B J E C T I V E


T r t v

y v u / i i j v ,

Q p o v r i Z t i v , a l s o s o m e t i m e s

w i t h \ k y i t v

a n d

s i m i l a r v e r b s , w i t h

w h i c h t h e a c c u s a t i v e

w i t h

t h e i n f i n i t i v e o u g h t p r o p e r l y

t o s t a n d ,

i n s t e a d

o f


a b s o l u t e .

T h e


p r o c e e d i n g

f r o m

t h e

g e n i t i v e

i s u s u a l l y

d e n o t e d

b y o v t i o p r e f i x e d t o

t h e p r e d i c a t e , a s : < i < ; I p o v o S v

i o v r o g ,

o t t i j

a v K a i v f i t i c , o ' v T t a t t j v

y v t o f i n v t ^ f r e ,

—

' O f

S i S a K r o v

o v a t i s r i f f a p t r i j g , \ i y t i .

§ 1 7 7 .

O n t h e

A d v e r b .

1 . T h e

o b j e c t i v e r e l a t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d , l a s t l y , b y a d v e r b s .

A d v e r b s d e n o t e t h e r e l a t i o n o f

p l a c e , t i m e , a n d

m a n n e r o f a

p r e d i c a t e o r a t t r i b u t e ; a s : s y y v O e v ^ \ 6 e v ,

x @ * s

a i r i e r ) ,

K a \ S i s a i r i O a v s v .

2 .

B e s i d e s t h e a d v e r b s o f p l a c e , t i m e , a n d

m a n n e r ,

l a n g u a g e

p o s s e s s e s o t h e r a d v e r b s

w h i c h

d o n o t ,

l i k e

t h e

a b o v e - m e n

t i o n e d ,

m o r e

p a r t i c u l a r l y d e f i n e

w h a t

i s

e x p r e s s e d

( t h e

p r e d i

c a t e ) ,

b u t

t h e m o d e o f e x p r e s s i n g

i t ( t h e

c o p u l a , t h e

r e l a t i o n

o f

t h e

p r e d i c a t e

t o

t h e

s u b j e c t ) .

T h e y

d e n o t e c e r t a i n t y o r

u n c e r t a i n t y ,

a f f i r m a t i o n o r

n e g a t i o n .

W e s h a l l

h e r e

c o n s i d e r

o n l y

t h o s e w h i c h e x p r e s s

n e g a t i o n

o v ( b e f o r e a

c o n s o n a n t

o w e b e f o r e a v o w e l

w i t h

t h e s o f t b r e a t h i n g

o i r %

b e f o r e a

v o w e l w i t h t h e

r o u g h )

a n d f i r \ .

3 . O v ( a s w e l l a s i t s c o m p o u n d s , o i h i , o v t s , o v S e c s , & c . ) i s

u s e d

w h e n

s o m e t h i n g

i s d e n i e d s i m p l y , a b s o l u t e l y , i n i t s e l f ;

f i r ) ( a n d

i t s

c o m p o u n d s ) , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , w h e n s o m e t h i n g i s

d e n i e d i n

r e f e r e n c e

t o t h e

c o n c e p t i o n

o r w i l l o f t h e s p e a k e r , o r

s o m e o t h e r p e r s o n . B o t h a r e

r e g u l a r l y

p r e f i x e d

t o

t h e w o r d

w h i c h i s t o b e n e g a t i v e d .

B e t n a r k 1 .

I n E n g l i s h w e

e m p l o y

t h e

w o r d s

n o o n e , n o b o d y ,

e v e n w h e n

t h e n e g a t i o n b e l o n g s t o t h e w h o l e s e n t e n c e ;

i n t h i s

c a s e , n o t

o v S t i c

( / i q f o i ' c ) ,

b u t

o v

( f i r ) )

i s

u s e d

i n

G r e e k

a s

t h e r e

i s

n o

g o o d

m a n ,

o v k

H o t i v

a y a 9 b ( a v B p w i r o s

t h e r e i s

n o o n e w h o ,

o v k

l a r i v , f o n t h e

a f f o r d s

m e n o

h e l p , o v T r a p t \ u p o i / 3 o r ) 9 t i a v ,

§ 1 7 7 . ]

2 3 3

D V E R B .

4 .

H e n c e o i s t a n d s i n a l l s e n t e n c e s

o f

a s s e r t i o n , w h e t h e r

t h e y

b e

e x p r e s s e d

b y t h e i n d i c a t i v e

o r

t h e o p t a t i v e , a s :

o v

y t r / v s r a i ,

o v k

e y s ' v s T O ,

o i

y s v r / a s T a i

t o v t o

—

o v k a v y v y v o i r o

r a i n a ;

f u r t h e r , i n s u b o r d i n a t e s e n t e n c e s w i t h o t i , m s ,

t h a t , a s :

o l S a ,

o n r a v r a o v k k y i v s r o i n t h o s e o f t i m e w i t h o r e , h r e i B r j ,

& c . o f c a u s e

w i t h o t i ,

S i o t i , & c . a n d

o f e f f e c t w i t h

w c r r e

f o l l o w e d b y t h e i n d i c a t i v e , a s : o t s o v k r ) X 6 s v — e i r s l r a v r a

o v k s y i v s r o l a s t l y , w h e n t h e n o t i o n o f a s i n g l e w o r d i n t h e

s e n t e n c e i s t o b e

n e g a t i v e d

a b s o l u t e l y , a s o v k a y a 6 6 $ , o i

K a K & s ,

o v r e m a i n s ,

e v e n

i f

t h e

n a t u r e

o f t h e

s e n t e n c e

w o u l d

o t h e r w i s e r e q u i r e f i r ] ,

a s

s i

o v h w a s i ( r e c u s a b i t ) .

5 . M r } ,

o n

t h e

c o n t r a r y ,

s t a n d s w i t h t h e

i m p e r a t i v e a n d

t h e c o n j u n c t i v e u s e d i n

a n

i m p e r a t i v e s e n s e ,

a s

f i r ) y p d c p e ,

f i r )

y p d i f r r / s

; w i t h

w i s h e s a n d

e x h o r t a t i o n s ,

a s

f i r ) y p d ( p o i s , f i r j

y p d j x o f i s v i n

a l l

s e n t e n c e s o f p u r p o s e w i t h t v a , & c , a n d s e n

t e n c e s

e x p r e s s i n g a c o n d i t i o n w i t h e l , s d v , o r d v , s i r d v ,

e c o ? ,

d v ,

& c ,

a s

X s y t o

v a

f i r )

y p d ^ r j s

—

e l

f i r )

y p d c f y e i s ;

i n

s e n t e n c e s

o f e f f e c t

w i t h w o r e

a n d t h e


a s o i

T r o X i r a i

d v S p s l o j s

e f i a y e o - a v r o ,

w a r s

f i r ) t o v s

i r o X s f i i o v s

s i s r r ) v i r o k i v s l a / 3 a \ s i v

i n a l l r e l a t i v e s e n t e n c e s w h i c h i n v o l v e w i t h i n t h e m a

c o n d i t i o n

o r i n t e n t i o n , a s :

b s f i r )

d y a 6 6 s

s a r i ,

t o v t o v o v < f > i X o v f i s p ( i . e .

s t t i s f i t ] a y . i . ) i n

i n t e r r o g a t i v e

s e n t e n c e s w h i c h

e x p r e s s a n

a n x i e t y o n t h e

p a r t

o f t h e s p e a k e r ,

a n d

h e n c e e x p e c t a n e g a

t i v e

a n s w e r ,

a s

f i r )

v o c s h

d p a

f i r )

v o a s h

;

y o u

a r e

n o t

i l l ,

a r e y o u ? ( i n o t h e r i n t e r r o g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s

o v

i s u s e d ) g e n e

r a l l y

w i t h

t h e i n f i n i t i v e a l s o , a n d , l a s t l y , w i t h p a r t i c i p l e s a n d

a d j e c t i v e s

w h i c h m a y b e r e s o l v e d b y a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e ,

a s 6 f i r ) t t l o - t s v g o v , s i

q u i s

n o n c r e d i t ( b u t 6 o i t t i o t s v o w = i s

q u i n o n c r e d i t ,

o r

q u i a

n o n

c r e d i t ) .

6 . W h e n i n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n s , a s , a n y

o n e ,

a n y h o w , a n y

w h e r e ,

a t

a n y

t i m e , & c ,

s t a n d

i n

a

n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e t h e y

a r e a l l

e x p r e s s e d n e g a t i v e l y .

T h e

n e g a t i o n s

m u s t

b e o f t h e

s a m e k i n d t h r o u g h o u t , i . e . a l l c o m p o u n d e d , e i t h e r w i t h o v k

o r

2 3 4

[ c h a p . i n .

B J E C T I V E


f i t ) a s f u x p a < f > v c r i s

o i / B s v

f i s y a o v S h r o r e o i i h i v a

o v r s i Z i d r r r j v

o v r s i r o \ i v B p a .

7 . A f t e r e x p r e s s i o n s o f f e a r ,

d r e a d ,

a n x i e t y , u n c e r t a i n t y ,

d o u b t ,

m i s t r u s t

—

d e n i a l — h i n d e r i n g ,

f o r b i d d i n g , a n d p r e v e n t i n g ;

t h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h f i r ] i s u s u a l l y e m p l o y e d , i n s t e a d o f t h e i n

f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t f i r ) a s k c o X v c o

e r e

f i r ) r a v r a i r o i s l v , I h i n d e r

y o u f r o m d o i n g t h i s .

R e m a r k

2 . W h e n

/ i t ) w i t h

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e a n d

c o n j u n c t i v e

( o p t a t i v e )

f o l l o w s e x p r e s s i o n s o f

f e a r ,

a n x i e t y , d o u b t , a n d t h e l i k e , i t s h o u l d b e

t r e a t e d

a s

a n

i n t e r r o g a t i v e ,

n u m n e ,

w h e t h e r

n o t

;

a s

S i l a a c a ,

/ i

a i r o B d v y ,

m e t u o n e m o r i a t u r ; i d t S o i i c e i v , / t i )

t n r o Q d v o t ,

m e t u e b a m , n e m o r e r e t u r ; £ i -

c o i k u , / i r j r i d v q K t v , n e m o r t u u s s i t , I a m a f r a i d w h e t h e r h e i s n o t d y i n g , o r

d e a d

= 1

f e a r h e

i s

d y i n g , i s

d e a d . M r ) o v , w i t h

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e a n d

c o n j u n c

t i v e ( o p t a t i v e ) ,

o n

t h e c o n t r a r y , a r e u s e d a f t e r t h e

a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d

e x

p r e s s i o n s , w h e n i t i s i n t i m a t e d t h a t t h e o b j e c t o f f e a r d o e s

n o t

t a k e p l a c e ,

o r h a s n o t t a k e n p l a c e . A i S o i K a , p . r ) o v k a - n o B d v y , n e n o n m o r i a t u r , t h a t h e

i s n o t

d y i n g

; i S t d o U t i v , f i t ) o v k a i r o B d v o i ,

n e

n o n m o r e r e t u r , t h a t

h e

w o u l d

n o t

d i e S i S o i K a , o v

r i O v n i c t v , n e n o n

m o r t u u s

s i t , t h a t h e i s n o t

d e a d .

8 . o v w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e S t a n d s

i n s t e a d

o f t h e i n f i n i t i v e

w i t h o u t n e g a t i o n ,

w i t h

e x p r e s s i o n s o f

h i n d e r i n g ,

d e n y i n g , m i s

t r u s t i n g ,

a n d

o t h e r s , w h e n t h e n e g a t i o n o v p r e c e d e s , a n d , i n

g e n e r a l , a f t e r

a l l

n e g a t i v e e x p r e s s i o n s .

O v S i v K w K i u

a t j i i )

o v k

q . i r o f ) a v i i v , n o t h i n g

h i n d e r s

y o u f r o m

d y i n g ;

o v l t i e

d p v n r a i ,

T t j v d p t r f i v f i f /

o v

K a X r j v

e i v a i , t h a t v i r t u e i s g o o d o v k d t r t a x o -

u n v

p i } o v r a v r a

X i y n v , J

c o u l d n o t r e f r a i n

f r o m s a y i n g

t h i s


p a r t i c l e s o v m a y

a l s o f o l l o w a i a x v v t v Q a i , a n d o t h e r

e x p r e s s i o n s o f t h i s s o r t , w i t h o u t a p r e c e d i n g n e g a t i o n a s i r a m v a f o x u v n

r \ v u f i

o v

o v a i r o v t i a Z u v ,

a l l

w e r e

a s h a m e d

n o t t o b e

a c t i v e a t t h e

s a m e t i m e

( o n t h e

c o n t r a r y

r r .

a l a x - r y » / > a v c r t r . , a l l w e r e

a s h a m e d t o

b e a c t i v e a t t h e

s a m e

t i m e , a c c o r d i n g

t o N o . 7 . ) . A f t e r e x p r e s s i o n s

o f

a b i l i t y ,

w i t h a p r e

c e d i n g

n e g a t i o n , / l o ) o v

a r e

l i k e w i s e t o b e

t r a n s l a t e d

b y n o t ; a s o v

S v v a -

f i a i

( o r

d d i v o T o c t i f u , o v x o l o g

t t i f i t )

o v t o v t o X i y t i v , n o n p o s s u m n o n

d i c e r e , f a c e r e n o n p o s s u m q u i n h o c d i c a m , I c a n n o t h e l p s a y i n g t h i s .

9 .

O v

f i r )

( u s u a l l y

w i t h

t h e c o n j u n c t i v e

o r

i n d i c a t i v e

f u t u r e )

a r e e l l i p t i c a l , i n a s m u c h a s a v e r b o f a n x i e t y

o r

f e a r , w h i c h

i s

s o m e t i m e s e x p r e s s e d , i s

t o

b e s u p p l i e d w i t h o i

a n d f i r ] m u s t



1 7 8 . ] C O O R D I N A T I O N . 2 3 5

b e

r e f e r r e d

t o t h i s v e r b . O u

f i r j

a r e a c c o r d i n g l y u s e d w h e n w e

w i s h t o e x p r e s s , i t i s n o t ( p i > )

t o

b e f e a r e d o r a p p r e h e n d e d , t h a t

( j i r j ) s o m e t h i n g

w i l l t a k e

p l a c e ,

a s o v f j , r ) y ^ m j r a i t o v t o , n o n

v e r e o r ,

n e

h o c f i a t ,

t h a t c e r t a i n l y

w i l l n o t h a p p e n .

S Y N T A X

O P T H E

C O M P O U N D

S E N T E N C E ,

O R A C C O U N T O F

T H E C O N N E X I O N O F

S E N T E N C E S .

C H A P . I V .

§ 1 7 8 . A

C O O R D I N A T I O N .

1 . I n t h e c o n j u n c t i o n o f

t w o

o r m o r e s e n t e n c e s s t a n d i n g i n

c l o s e c o n n e x i o n w i t h

e a c h

o t h e r ,

t h e r e

a r e t w o

k i n d s

o f r e l a

t i o n

t o

b e

d i s t i n g u i s h e d .

E i t h e r t h e

s e n t e n c e s

a r e

s o

r e l a t e d

t o o n e a n o t h e r t h a t

t h e y

p r e s e n t t h e u n i t y o f a t h o u g h t i n

d e e d ,

b u t

e a c h

s t a n d s

b y t h e s i d e o f t h e o t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t l y ,

t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t ,

a s

S o c r a t e s w a s v e r y w i s e , P l a t o , a l s o ,

w a s

v e r y

w i s e

;

o r

i n

s u c h a

m a n n e r

t h a t

t h e y

a r e

e n t i r e l y

m e r g e d i n t o o n e a n o t h e r , i n a s m u c h a s t h e o n e c o m p l e t e s

a n d

d e f i n e s

t h e o t h e r , o r a p p e a r s a s a d e p e n d e n t

m e m b e r o f

t h e

o t h e r , a s : w h e n t h e s p r i n g i s c o m e , t h e t r e e s b l o s s o m . T h e

f i r s t k i n d o f

c o n n e x i o n

w e c a l l

c o o r d i n a t i o n ,

t h e l a s t ,

s u b o r d i

n a t i o n .

2 . C o o r d i n a t i o n c o n s i s t s ,

e i t h e r

i n e x t e n d i n g

o r

h m i t i n g

t h e t h o u g h t . T h e f o r m e r

w e c a l l

c o p u l a t i v e ,

a n d

t h e l a t t e r ,

a d v e r s a t i v e

c o o r d i n a t i o n . C o p u l a t i v e c o o r d i n a t i o n i s e i t h e r

a r r a n g e m e n t i n

a

s e r i e s ,

o r

e n h a n c e m e n t

3 . A r r a n g e m e n t i n a s e r i e s i s m a d e , — a )

b y

k o X , a n d , e t ,

2 3 6

[ c h a C . I V .

O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E .

m o r e r a r e l y , i n

p r o s e ,

b y

t £ ( e n c l i t i c ) ,

a n d , q u e , a s ^ c o K p d r r j s

K a L

n X a r w v ;

—

b )

b y

K a i

—

K a i ,

e t

—

e t ,

b o t h —

a n d ,

m o r e

r a r e l y t e

—

a s : K a i a y a t i o l i c a l i c a / c o t ;

—

c )

b y

r e

—

K a L ,

b o t h

— a n d ,

a s : k u K o s

t s k o i

a r y a f l o s , % p r } < 7 T o £

r e

i c a l

T r o v v p o i .

R e m a r k 1 .

K a i h a s a l s o t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , a l s o ,

e t i a m , t o

w h i c h t h e

n e g a t i v e o v c i ,

n o t

e v e n ,

n o t s o

m u c h a s , n e — q u i d e m , c o r r e s p o n d s a s

K a i

o v r a v r a

t X t Z a g — o v C *

c v

T a u r a t \ t $ a £ .

4 . E n h a n c e m e n t i s e x p r e s s e d b y t h e s i m p l e K a i , a n d y e t

m o r e d e f i n i t e l y , b y a )

o v

p , 6 v o v

— d X K a

K a i ( d \ \ '

o i / B e ) ;

— b )

o v %

u t i ( o t t o s ) , o r f j , i ) o r e , / x f j m r a > s ( i . e .

o x j k

e p a > , o t l , f t r j T ^ y s ,

o T t )

—

d \ \ a K a i

( a X A , ' o i B e ) , n o t o n l y — b u t a l s o ( b u t n o t e v e n ) ,

w h e n t h e

l e s s

i m p o r t a n t m e m b e r p r e c e d e s t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t ;

— c ) o v %

o t t w s

o r / j , t ) o t l ( o 7 r t o i ) — a \ \ a

/ c a t

( a W ' o i / B s ) , n o t

o n l y n o t — b u t e v e n ( b u t n o t s o m u c h

a s ) ,

w h e n e i t h e r t h e m o r e

i m p o r t a n t m e m b e r

p r e c e d e s

t h e

l e s s

i m p o r t a n t ,

o r

w h e n t w o

s t r o n g l y c o n t r a s t e d i d e a s a r e

o p p o s e d

t o o n e a n o t h e r .

2 t A > i c p d T t ] Q

o v f i o v o v < r o 0 o f

a X X a

K a i

a y a 9 o Q .

—

K a i p t ) v

v T T t p a i r o Q v i i -

( t k h v

y s

p o v o v

W k X o v a i v

o l e p u i p T t g , o i l

p . 6 v o v

o n

a v d p c g ,

d \ \ d

K a i

y v v a i K S Q ( n o n m o d o — s e d e t i a m ) . — O v y , o t t w q t o v s i r o X t f i i o v g i r p t y a v r o

o i E X X i ^ f c , a X X a K a i t i ) v v w p a v

a v r w v

t K a K t a o a v . — A i f f \ i v i j Q o v % o i r t o g

X a p t v T u l g ' A d r j v a i o i Q e i ^ t r , a \ \ d p i o - Q d x r a g t a v r b v K a r a r o v r u t v i t i r o -

X i T i i i r o

( n o n m o d o

n o n — s e d e t i a m ) . — M i ) o w w q 6 p \ u o Q a i i v p v B p f ,

d X X ' o i l s '

o p d o v o B a i

i l v v a v r o

( n o n

m o d o n o n )

5 .

A d v e r s a t i v e

c o o r d i n a t i o n

c o n s i s t s

e i t h e r

i n

r e s t r i c t i o n

o r

e n t i r e

a b r o g a t i o n ; a s :

h e

i s p o o r ,

i n d e e d ,

b u t b r a v e - —

h e

i s n o t

b r a v e , b u t c o w a r d l y . R e s t r i c t i o n

i s

g e n e r a l l y ,

a n d

m o s t f r e

q u e n t l y ,


B e ,

a u t e m . T o t h i s

B e ,

t h e c o n j u n c t i o n

p A v ,

i n t h e

p r e c e d i n g

c o n t r a s t e d s e n t e n c e , g e n e r a l l y c o r r e

s p o n d s ,

w h i c h

o r i g i n a l l y s i g n i f i e d ,

i n d e e d ,

b u t h a s c o m m o n l y

a w e a k e r


s o t h a t i n E n g l i s h i t i s

s c a r c e l y

t o b e

t r a n s l a t e d a s t o

t i e v

w ( f > e \ i p x > v

k o X o v ,

t o B e

/ 3 \ a / 3 e p b v

a l a y p o v

s c t t i v .

M e V

—

o V i s e s p e c i a l l y u s e d i n d i v i s i o n s , a s o l

p , s v

—

o l B e ,

s o m e

— o t h e r s , t o p , e v

—

t o B e ,

o n t h e

o n e

h a n d — o n t h e

o t h e r h a n d

; a n d

a l s o

i n t h e

r e p e t i t i o n o f

t h e s a m e w o r d i n

§ 1 7 8 . ]

2 3 7

O O R D I N A T I O N .

t w o d i f f e r e n t s e n t e n c e s , a s i y a > a v v u / u p . s v d s o i s , a v v e i f i t S '

d v 0 p < ) 7 T o i s r o t s d y a O o l s .

6 .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

a l s o

a r e

w o r t h y

o f

r e m a r k

—

a i i ,

g e n e r a l l y

i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h h e ( S 1 a v ) , r u r s u s , a g a i n , o n t h e c o n t r a r y ,

K a i r o i ,

h o w e v e r ,

v e r u m , s e d t a m e n ; f x e v r o i , h o w e v e r

;

o f i w s ,

n e v e r t h e l e s s ,

y e t ; a n d

d X k d ,

w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

n a t u r e

o f t h e p r e c e d i n g m e m b e r , e i t h e r d e n o t e s j u s t t h e o p p o s i t e o f

t h a t w h i c h i s e x p r e s s e d i n t h e f o r m e r m e m b e r , s o t h a t t h e

f o r m e r i s a n n u l l e d b y t h e l a t t e r , a n d t h e o n e c a n n o t e x i s t

w i t h

t h e o t h e r

a t

t h e

s a m e

t i m e

( b u t ) ,

a s

0 1 %

o l

t t X o v -

c r i o i e i i h a i f i o v e s s l c r i v , d \ \ ' o l d r y a O o l ;

o r

m e r e l y s o m e t h i n g

d i f f e r e n t f r o m w h a t i s s e t f o r t h i n t h e f o r m e r m e m b e r i s

e x p r e s s e d i n t h e l a t t e r ,

s o

t h a t t h e f o r m e r i s o n l y p a r t l y a n

n u l l e d b y t h e l a t t e r ,

t .

e . i s

o n l y r e s t r i c t e d ( s t i l l ,

h o w e v e r , b u t ) ,

a s t o v t o t o

t r p a y f i a a x p e ' X i f i i o v

f i i v

e o r t v ,

d W ' 0 1 1 k o X o v .

7 . T h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s i n a s e r i e s i s

m a d e b y - o u t s — o v t s ( p - r f r e — A 7 T £ ) > n e c — n e c > n e i t h e r — n o r ;

a s

o v t s d e o i , o v t s a v 9 p ( o i r o i .

O i h i e i t h e r e x p r e s s e s a

c o n

t r a s t

( b u t

n o t ) ,

o r

s e r v e s f o r t h e a n n e x i n g o f a n e w a d d i t i o n a l

s e n t e n c e

( a n d

n o t , a l s o n o t ) .

R e m a r k 2 . W h e n a n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e f o l l o w s a p o s i t i v e ,

i t i s

r e g u l a r l y ,

i n p r o s e , i n t r o d u c e d b y K a l

o v

o r K a i f x i ] a s t p a t v o f t a i \ a p i T o g T t T v x > l K ( o < ; ,

K a l o v

f i e / u p t u g ,

o v S i r i / i u p i a g .

8 . D i s j u n c t i v e c o o r d i n a t i o n c o n s i s t s

i n

c o m b i n i n g i n t o o n e

w h o l e , s e n t e n c e s ,

t h e

o n e

o f

w h i c h

e x c l u d e s

t h e

o t h e r ,

s o t h a t

t h e o n e c a n o n l y b e

c o n s i d e r e d

a s e x i s t i n g ,

w h e n

t h e o t h e r

i s

c o n s i d e r e d

a s

n o t e x i s t i n g .

T h i s

r e l a t i o n ( d i s j u n c t i o n ) i s

e x

p r e s s e d

b y

m e a n s o f t h e

( d i s j u n c t i v e )

c o n j u n c t i o n s

j ?

— a u t

— a u t , o r v e l — v e l , e i t h e r — o r ; s i t s — e i r s

( w i t h

i n d i c a t i v e ) ,

i d v r e — i d v r s ( o r r ) v r s — r j v r e ) ( w i t h c o n j u n c t i v e ) , s i v e — s i v e ,

w h e t h e r i t b e t h a t — o r t h a t ; a s r ) 6 T r a r r j p r ) 6 v i o s d i r W a v e v

( t h e

f i r s t

f j

m a y

a l s o

b e

o m i t t e d ;

a s

6

T r a r r j p

r j

6

v l b s

d i r . )

—

s i r s K a w a s i r s T r a X a i a r a v r d i c r n v . — s d v r e i r a r r j p y p d y j r r j ,

s d v

r e

f i i j T T j p .



2 3 8 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E —

S U B O R D I N A T I O N . [ c h a p . v .

9 . L a s t l y , s e n t e n c e s m a y a l s o b e a r r a n g e d t o g e t h e r , t h e

l a t t e r o f w h i c h d e n o t e s e i t h e r t h e c a u s e

o r

t h e e f f e c t , o f

t h e p r e c e d i n g .

T h e

s e n t e n c e d e n o t i n g t h e c a u s e i s e x p r e s s e d

b y y a p , f o r , e n i m ,

n a m ; a n d t h a t

d e n o t i n g

t h e e f f e c t ,

b y o v v ,

t h e r e f o r e ;

a p a ,

t h e n , c o n s e q u e n t l y ; t o L v w , t h e r e f o r e , t h u s t h e n ;

r o t r / a p , e r g o ,

t h e r e f o r e

; r o v y a p r o i , j u s t f o r t h a t a n d n o o t h e r

r e a s o n

; r o i y a p o v v , o n t h i s a c c o u n t , t h e n ; a s 6 a v p , d % o p , e v t o v

^ c o K p a r r } d v r j p

y a p

J ) V K a X b s i c a l d r y a 0 6 s . ~ ' 2 i . a v r / p r \ v K a h b s

k o X d y a d o s Q a v p . w C p p . s v a p a a x r r o v .

C H A P .

V .

B . S U B O R D I N A T I O N .

§

1 7 9 . P r i n c i p a l a n d A c c e s s o r y S e n t e n c e .

1 . W h e n s e n t e n c e s w h i c h , i n c o n j u n c t i o n , p r e s e n t t h e

u n i t y o f o n e t h o u g h t , a r e s o c o n n e c t e d , a s t o t h e i r c o n t e n t s ,

t h a t t h e o n e a p p e a r s a s a

d e p e n d e n t a n d m e r e l y

c o m p l e t i n g

m e m b e r

o f

t h e

o t h e r ; t h e i r c o n n e x i o n m a y

b e e x p r e s s e d ,

e i t h e r

b y

c o o r d i n a t e

c o n j u n c t i o n s ,

a s ,

8 / ,

y a p , a p a ,

& c ,

a s

t o t a p

r f k 6 e , t o .

B s S s v B p a 6 d X X e i

o r

i n s u c h a m a n n e r t h a t

t h e

s e n t e n c e

w h i c h ,

a s

t o i t s

c o n t e n t s ,

f o r m s a

m e r e c o m p l e

m e n t t o t h e o t h e r ,

a p p e a r s

e v e n e x t e r n a l l y , i n r e s p e c t

o f

f o r m ,

e v i d e n t l y t h e m e r e c o m p l e t i n g

m e m b e r

o f t h e o t h e r , a s o r e

t o s a p r j X 0 s , t o , S e v S p a d d W e i .

T h i s m o d e

o f c o n n e x i o n

w e c a l l t h e s u b o r d i n a t e .

2 .

T h e s e n t e n c e

t o w h i c h

t h e o t h e r s b e l o n g a s c o m p l e t i n g

m e m b e r s ,

w e

c a l l

t h e

p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e ,

b u t

t h e

c o m p l e t i n g

o n e ,

t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e

; a n d t h e

t w o t o g e t h e r ,

a c o m p o u n d

s e n t e n c e ; e . g . , i n t h e c o m p o u n d s e n t e n c e o t s t o s a p r j K d s , r a



§

I S O . ]

2 3 9

U B S T A N T I V E - S E N T E N C E S .

B s v S p a O a X K e i , t h e s e n t e n c e

r a

B s v S p a O d X X s i i s t h e p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e ,

a n d

t h e

s e n t e n c e

o t s t o s a p r j \ 6 s , t h e a c c e s s o r y -

s e n t e n c e .

3 .

A c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s e x p r e s s e i t h e r t h e s u b j e c t ,

o r

t h e

a t t r i b u t e ,

o r t h e

o b j e c t

o f t h e w h o l e s e n t e n c e a n d

h e n c e a r e

t o

b e r e g a r d e d

a s s u b s t a n t i v e s , a d j e c t i v e s , o r a d v e r b s f o r m e d

i n t o s e n t e n c e s . W e a c c o r d i n g l y d i s t i n g u i s h t h r e e s o r t s o f

a c c e s s o r y

s e n t e n c e s :

s u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s ,

a d j e c t i v e - s e n

t e n c e s ,

a n d

a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s .

T h u s ,

e .

i n

t h e

s e n t e n c e ,

T h e

v i c t o r y

o f

C y r u s

o v e r

t h e

e n e m y

w a s

a n n o u n c e d , t h e s u b j e c t m a y b e e x t e n d e d

i n t o

a n a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e

t h a t C y r u s h a d c o n q u e r e d t h e e n e m y , w a s a n n o u n c e d , o r i t w a s a n

n o u n c e d ,

t h a t C y r u s , & c . ; f u r t h e r ,

i n

t h e s e n t e n c e S i n g

t o

m e ,

O

M u s e , t h e f a r - w a n d e r i n g m a n , t h e

a t t r i b u t i v e ,

f a r - w a n d e r i n g ,

m a y b e

e x t e n d e d i n t o

a n

a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e

w h o

h a s w a n d e r e d f a r . C o m

p a r e ,

H e

a n n o u n c e d

t h e

v i c t o r y o f C y r u s o v e r

t h e e n e m y ,

w i t h

H e

a n n o u n c e d , t h a t C y r u s h a d c o n q u e r e d t h e e n e m y : I n t h e s p r i n g t h e

f l o w e r s

b l o o m , w i t h W h e n t h e s p r i n g i s c o m e , t h e f l o w e r s b l o o m .

§ 1 8 0 . I . S u b s t a n t i v e - S e n t e n c e s .

1 . S u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s a r e s u b s t a n t i v e s f o r m e d i n t o s e n

t e n c e s

o r i n f i n i t i v e m o o d s ,

a n d

a p p e a r ,

l i k e

s u b s t a n t i v e s ,

b o t h

a s t h e s u b j e c t

a n d

a s t h e

o b j e c t

o f t h e s e n t e n c e .

A .

S u b s t a n t i v e -

S e n t e n c e s i n t r o d u c e d b y o r e o r a s , t h a t .

2 . S u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s i n t r o d u c e d

b y

t h e c o n j u n c t i o n s

6 t «

a n d

t o y ,

t h a t , d e n o t e

t h e o b j e c t ( a c c u s a t i v e )

o f

v e r b s b e

l o n g i n g t o t h e c l a s s v e r b a s e n t i e n d i e t d e c l a r a n d i , i .

e .

t h o s e

w h i c h

e x p r e s s

s e n s a t i o n

o r

p e r c e p t i o n , a s o p a v ,

d i c o v s i v , v o s i v ,

i x a v d d v e i v ,

j t y v c o o - K S i v , & c , o r t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f a

s e n s a t i o n

o r p e r c e p t i o n , a s K e y s i v , h s i K V v v a i , c v y y i K k e i v , B r j X o v s l v a i , & c .

2 4 0

C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E — . S U B O R D I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .

v .

3 .

T h e p r e d i c a t e o f t h e s e s u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s m a y b e e x

p r e s s e d a ) i n

t h e i n f i n i t i v e , b ) i n t h e o p t a t i v e , c ) i n t h e

o p

t a t i v e

w i t h

d v ,

d )

i n

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e

o f

t h e

h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e s

w i t h d v .

•

4 . T h e i n d i c a t i v e o f

a l l t e n s e s

i s u s e d w h e n w h a t i s e x

p r e s s e d

i s t o

b e

s e t f o r t h a s a f a c t , a s s o m e t h i n g c e r t a i n o r

a c t u a l . T h e i n d i c a t i v e

i s

e s p e c i a l l y u s e d w h e n

t h e v e r b

o f

t h e

p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e i s a p r i n c i p a l

t e n s e

p r e s e n t , p e r f e c t ,

o r

f u t u r e .

5 .

T h e

o p t a t i v e ,

o n

t h e

c o n t r a r y ,

i s

u s e d ,

w h e n

t h a t

w h i c h

i s e x p r e s s e d i s e x h i b i t e d a s

s o m e t h i n g

m e r e l y c o n c e i v e d ,

a n d

t h e r e f o r e ,

e s p e c i a l l y

w h e n w h a t i s

q u o t e d f r o m

t h e

s e n t i m e n t s

o f a n o t h e r i s

t o

b e

p o i n t e d

o u t a s s u c h .

* £ X f y o f , o n d p K T O i t t o W o v q y S t j

T r X r j m d a a v r a g

S i e f Q t i p a v .

—

O r e d r j r a v r a

i p t Q v ^ i o v f i f 9 a f o v T b > Q

t y i y v u i G K O f i t v i r t p i

a v r t a v , o » f

d v Q p i a i r t p

m t p V K o r i

i r a v ~

r w v n i j v

d W o ) v p a o v

t i r j £ < a w p

a v 9 p u 7 r u > v

a p % e i v .

R e m a r k 1 . O n i s a l s o u s e d

w h e n t h e

w o r d s o f

a n o t h e r a r e

q u o t e d i n

t h e

s a m e

f o r m

a s .

t h e y

w e r e

e x p r e s s e d

b y

h i m ,

w h e r e

w e

a r e

s a t i s f i e d

w i t h

m e r e l y

i n v e r t e d

c o m m a s ,

o r t h e c o l o n a s e l m v , o n

E i ' s

x a i p o v

i j i c t i g ,

h e s a i d ,

Y o u

a r e c o m e a t

t h e

r i g h t t i m e .

6 . T h e o p t a t i v e w i t h

d v i s u j e d , w h e n

w h a t

i s e x p r e s s e d

i s t o

b e p o i n t e d

o u t a s a c o n d i t i o n a l


c o n j e c t u r e , o r

u n d e t e r m i n e d p o s s i b i l i t y . ( §

1 5 3 , 2 ,

c . )

A t y w ,

o n , e i r a v r a \ t y o i £ ,

a p a p r d v o t s d v .

— M e f i v r j p a i

a K o v o a g

r r o r i

f f o v , o n

f c u c o Y t o c a v t e a l T r a p d B t t S v T r p a K T i K c o r e p o g t i i ] , i o u i r t p t e a l i r a p a d v Q p w T r d j v ,

o o - n g

f i r ) ,

o V o r f

i v

d - r o p o i Q

T o r e '

K o X a n t v o i ,

d X X '

o n

r d

d p u s r a

v p d r r o i ,

T o r t \ i a k i a r a r t S v O e t S v f i s f i v a S r o .

7 . T h e

i n d i c a t i v e

o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s w i t h d v i s u s e d

w h e n w h a t i s e x p r e s s e d i s t o b e p o i n t e d o u t a s s o m e t h i n g

c o n d i t i o n a l , t h e a c t u a l i t y

o r

p o s s i b i l i t y o f w h i c h i s d e n i e d

( § 1 5 3 ,

2 , a ,

a ) ) ;

a s

h f j X o v k a r t v ,

o r e , d

r a v r a

e ' X a y s s , f ) f i d p ~

r a v e s

d v .

R e m a r k

2 .

I m p e r s o n a l

p h r a s e s

a r e o f t e n

c h a n g e d

i n t o

p e r s o n a l

o n e s ,

a s :

d i j \ 6 s t i p u ( < p a v t p 6 g

t i / i i ) ,

o n

r a v r a i v I n - p a ^ a , i t

i s

e v i d e n t

t h a t I

—

S r j X o l ( i a i v , o n r a v r a t X i l a v . C o m p a r e $ 1 7 2 , R e m a r k 4 . a n d § 1 7 6 ,

R e m a r k 5 .

§ 1 8 1 . ]

2 4 1

I N A L

S U B S T A N T I V E - S E N T E N C E S .

§ 1 8 1 . B . F i n a l S u b s t a n t i v e - S e n t e n c e s i n t r o d u c e d b y

( o s , i v a , S f c .

1 . T h e s e c o n d k i n d o f s u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s a r e f i n a l s e n

t e n c e s , w h i c h d e n o t e a n i n t e n t i o n o r

a i m . T h e s e

s e n t e n c e s

a r e i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n j u n c t i o n s

w s ,

o t t c o s , ' I v a ,

t a s f i r ) , o t t w s f i x ) , v a f i i j .

2 . T h e m o o d o f f i n a l s e n t e n c e s i s r e g u l a r l y t h e c o n j u n c t i v e

o r

o p t a t i v e .

W h e n

t h e

v e r b

o f

t h e

p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e

i s

i n

a

p r i n c i p a l t e n s e

—

p r e s e n t , p e r f e c t ,

o r

f u t u r e ,

o r a n

a o r i s t w i t h

p r e s e n t

m e a n i n g

( § 1 5 2 , 1 2 . ) — t h e c o n j u n c t i v e

f o l l o w s

t h e

f i n a l c o n j u n c t i o n s ; b u t w h e n t h e v e r b o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n

t e n c e i s i n a n

h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e

—

i m p e r f e c t , p l u p e r f e c t , o r

a o r i s t

— t h e o p t a t i v e f o l l o w s t h e m .

T a v r a y p d i p w , y i y

p a f y a ,

y p a i j w ,

X v

t X 9 r > g , i d v e n i a s ,

t h a t t h o u m a y s t

c o m e

\ t £ o i ' , t v i i ' £ w ,

d i e ,

u t s c i a m , s a y , t h a t I m a y k n o w

—

r a v r a i y p a t p o v ,

t y i y p d r

i j > u v ,

t y p a i f / a ,

1 v

t X O o i f ,

i d

v e n i r e s , t h a t

t h o u m i g h t s t c o m e . '

—

' E k

r i j c

r a n /

H e p a u i v i X e v B e p a g

c e y o p d e .

K a X o v p e v n g r d f i t v w v i a

K a i c t

d y o p a l o i a 7 r £ X j j *

X a v r a i t i c

d \ \ o v t o t t o v ,

i l f

f t ) } i n y v i n r a i

t o v t i d v r v p f i n r p t w v

m - T r a i d t v f i i v u i v i v K o a f i l q . — I v a o a t y ' i o T t p o v E t j X w O r j i r d a a U i p o i Z v T r o X i r i i a ,

f i i K p d v

i i r d v u f i i ( p a u c i s r e p e t a m ) . — K a n f i v a n c

r o v

K v p o v d i r i K a X n ,

o i r w e r & i v I l i p t r a i e . i m - ^ i a p m i i r i r t X o i n .

R e m a r k 1 . T h e c o n j u n c t i v e o f t e n f o l l o w s a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e ,

i n a s m u c h

a s

t h e w r i t e r ,

i n

a

l i v e l y

m o d e o f d e s c r i p t i o n , r e g a r d s t h e p a s t a s p r e s e n t ,

a n d

t h e

p u r p o s e s t h e n

e n t e r t a i n e d ,

a s

f a l l i n g

i n

t h e

t i m e

p r e s e n t

t o

h i m

a n d e x i s t i n g i n i t f r e q u e n t l y ,

a l s o , w h e n t h e

e f f e c t i s t o

b e


a s l a s t i n g a n d c o n t i n u i n g u p t o t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s p e a k e r ,

2 6 X ( o v

d n s S r i f i i j a e v t r i f

d & i c a , % v a

d i )

p . i ]

r i v a T t S v v o f i u t v d v a y i e a a G y X v t r a i

u t v t O t r o ( i n s t e a d o f

o w e

t O t r o ) . —

^ v X X o y o v

T l t p o u i v t & v a p i a r t a v j i r o t c T r o ,

X v a

y v d j u a g T €

i r v Q r j r a i a v r t o v K a i a v r b g

k v i r a f f i v € i 7 r p , &

i O k X t i .

3 . T h e f i n a l c o n j u n c t i o n s , a > s a n d o V t o y , a n d a l s o v a , a r e

s o m e t i m e s f o l l o w e d b y t h e

m o d a l

a d v e r b a v ,

w h i c h

r e f e r s t o

a c o n d i t i o n

( g e n e r a l l y

n o t

e x p r e s s e d ,

b u t

t o

b e

s u p p l i e d ) ;

a s ;

Z i a T r j s c r r \ s

% < o p a s a ^ s i s

f i f i a s o t t c h s a v

s i B & f i s v , a

r e S s 2 < p i X i a

K a i T r o \ s / j , i a

v o f i i t p i v ,

i . e . t h a t w e , w h e n w e h a v e s e t o u r f o o t

u p o n t h e l a n d , m a y k n o w , & c .

B

2 4 2 C O M P O U N D

S E N T E N C E S — S U B O R D I N A T I O N .

[ c h a p .

v .

4 .

A f t e r

v e r b s

o f a n x i e t y ,

c o n s i d e r a t i o n , e n d e a v o u r i n g ,

s t r i v i n g ,

e f f e c t i n g ,

a n d

a d m o n i s h i n g ,

a s

£ T r i / j , e \ s 2 o - 0 a i ,

< f > p o v r i -

% S I V ,

< p v \ a T T £ l V ,

C T K O T T S I V , / 3 o v \ s V £ a 0 a i , 6 p a V , T T O L S I V , I T p a T T S i V ,

c u r a r e , f i r ] ^ a v a c r 6 a i , i r a p a / c a X s t v , T r a p a r y y s X k e i v , n r p o w r r s i v ,

a v n u H k u , a y e , a n d t h e l i k e , t h e c o n j u n c t i o n

o t t c o s

( o V t w y ^ - q )

f o l l o w s , e i t h e r w i t h t h e

c o n j u n c t i v e

a c c o r d i n g t o N o . 2 . , o r

( a n d i n d e e d g e n e r a l l y , ) w i t h t h e i n d i c a t i v e f u t u r e ; n o t o n l y

a f t e r a p r i n c i p a l , b u t a l s o v e r y o f t e n a f t e r a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e

i n

t h e

l a t t e r

c a s e ,

t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f

t h e

i n t e n t i o n

i s

c e r t a i n

a n d c o n t i n u i n g .

O l W t p a i K o i v o f i o i e T T L [ i e \ o v r a i , o i r b ) C

r i j v

a p x v v P V t o i o v t o i t f f o v r a t o l

i r o X T r a i ,

o t o i T r o v q p o v a i a \ p o v

t p y o v I t y U a & a i .

—

Z K O i r z l a d t

t o v t o , w

A v S p t

g

A G t ]

v a i o i , o 7 T t o

g p i t

\ 6 y o v g e p o v f f i

f i o v o v

o i T r a p ' r j f i u t v i r p i o f i t i g ,

a X k a K a l t p y o v

r i

h t i K v m i v e Z o v a i v .

R e m a r k 2 .

O m a g o r o i r u g

p . r i w i t h 2 . p e r s o n i n d i c a t i v e , f u t u r e , o r

c o n j u n c t i v e ,

i s

s o m e t i m e s d e p e n d e n t

u p o n

o p a , 6 ( a r t , v i d e , v i d e t e ,

u n d e r -

s t o o d , i n

o r d e r t o

d e n o t e a n

a d m o n i t i o n

o r w a r n i n g a s o i r w g o v v i a t a d e

a v S p i g d f i o i r i j g

l \ t v 9 e p i a g ,

b e h a v e y o u r s e l v e s , t h e n , a s m e n w h o a r e w o r t h y

o f f r e e d o m .

5 .

T h e f i n a l c o n j u n c t i o n s , v a

a n d c o s ( m o r e r a r e l y o t t o u s ) ,

a r e

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h t h e i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s ,

w h e n a p u r p o s e i s t o b e e x p r e s s e d ,

w h i c h

i s n o t a t t a i n e d , o r

n o t

t o

b e a t t a i n e d .

' E x p i i v T l n y d t r o v

£ r i / £ a t

i r r t p o v , ' o i r i o g e i p a i v o v r o i g 9 t o i g r p a y u c w -

T t p o g .

§

1 8 2 .

I I . A d j e c t i v e -

S e n t e n c e s .

1 . A d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e s a r e

a d j e c t i v e s

o r p a r t i c i p l e s

f o r m e d

i n t o s e n t e n c e s ,

a n d

d e n o t e

a

m o r e

p a r t i c u l a r

d e f i n i t i o n

o f t h e

i d e a

e x p r e s s e d

b y

t h e


a s

o l

T r o X e f J u o i ,

o t

s k

r r j s

i r o K e w s a j r i c p v y o v

( =

o l

i r o ' X j f i i o i s k t .

t t . a / r r o a b v y o v r s s ) . T h e y

a r e i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n s , o s , r j , o , o a n s , t f n s ,

o t i , o l o s ,

& c .

§ 1 8 2 . ]

2 4 3

D J E C T I V E - S E N T E N C E S .

2 .

T h e r e l a t i v e

p r o n o u n a g r e e s

i n

g e n d e r a n d n u m b e r w i t h


i n

t h e

p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e

t o

w h i c h

i t

r e l a t e s ,

a s t h e a t t r i b u t i v e a d j e c t i v e

w i t h

i t s s u b s t a n t i v e ; b u t i t s c a s e

i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e p r e d i c a t e i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e a s

6 d v r j p , b v s l S s s —

9 7

d p s T r ) ,

f j s

i r d v r s s

o l d y a d o l s i r i O v f i o v a i v

—

o i

( T r p a T u o T a t ,

o t s

f x a ^ p i x s O a , & c .

R e m a r k 1 . W h e n , i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e , t h e r e l a t i v e w i t h a n

i n f i n i t i v e

o r p a r t i c i p l e

i s d e p e n d e n t u p o n

a

f i n i t e

v e r b , w e g e n e r a l l y

c o n n e c t t h e r e l a t i v e

w i t h

t h e f i n i t e v e r b , i n t r a n s l a t i n g

i n t o

E n g l i s h a s

o

< j > t X o e ,

o v

a - T r o B a v u v

i f y o v u - n v ,

t \ X 8 e

t r a p

i / i i ,

w h o m

I

t h o u g h t

t o

b e

d e a d ;

6 0 i ' X o f , o v o l S a T t Q v n i c o r a , w h o m

I

k n o w

t o b e d e a d .

R e m a r k 2 . W h e n t h e r e

i s

a p r e d i c a t i v e s u b s t a n t i v e i n t h e a d j e c t i v e -

s e n t e n c e ,

v e r y o f t e n t h e

g e n d e r

a n d

n u m b e r o f

t h e r e l a t i v e a r e c o n

f o r m e d ,

n o t

t o t h o s e o f i t s o w n

s u b s t a n t i v e , b u t ,

b y

m e a n s

o f

a s o r t

o f

a t t r a c t i o n , t o t h o s e

o f t h e p r e d i c a t i v e

s u b s t a n t i v e . T h e v e r b o f

t h e

a d

j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e i s u s u a l l y a v e r b o f b e i n g

o r

n a m i n g ; a s

o S ' o q

j r p o c

t w

T p t j r t r a i g

0 K a X t i r a t T l n X o u a t o v O T O f i a .

—

' A i c p a a t K a X o v v r a i

i c X e T d e g

T t j g

l L v - K p o v .

—

U e p f f i K o v

% i < p o c ,

o v

a K i v a t c n v

K a X o v a i v .

—

A o y o t

f i j j v

l i a i v

i v

t K a a r o i Q y p i i o v , t i g I X i r i S a Q

6 v o f i a £ o [ i t v .

R e m a r k 3 .

A

d e v i a t i o n , i n

r e s p e c t

o f n u m b e r , t a k e s p l a c e i n t h e

f o r m u l a :

t a r i v o ' i , e . g . , X i y o v a t , s u n t ,

q u i d i c a n t .

T h i s f o r m u l a

i s t r e a t e d

e x a c t l y

l i k e

a

s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n

( i v w i ,

n o n n u l M ) , i n a s m u c h

a s n e i t h e r

t h e

n u m b e r o f

t h e

r e l a t i v e h a s a n y i n f l u e n c e u p o n

t h e

v e r b

i a n v ,

n o r

d o e s

t h e

t e n s e

u n d e r g o a n y c h a n g e ,

w h e n

t h e d i s c o u r s e

r e l a t e s t o

t h e

p a s t o r f u t u r e .

N o m .

i o r i v

0 ( =

i v i o i ) i v i i p v y o v .

G e n .

t a r t y

u t v

0 = i v t w v )

a i r k i r x t T O .

D a t . t o r

i v

o l f ( = I v ' i o i q ) o v x

o S r w e

Z B o Z t v ,

A c c .

t t s r i v

o i ) e ( = s v i o v g ) a i r ' z K T H v i v .

3 .

T h e p e r s o n o f t h e v e r b i n t h e a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e i s d e

t e r m i n e d b y t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , o r t h e p r o n o u n e x p r e s s e d

o r

u n d e r s t o o d ,

t o

w h i c h

t h e r e l a t i v e

r e l a t e s .

' E 7 & > ,

b s j p d a i c o —

o v , b s < y p c u p e i s —

6

d v r j p o r s k s i v o s ,

b s y p d x p s i . H e n c e

t h e

s e c o n d p e r s o n s t a n d s

r e g u l a r l y a f t e r t h e

v o c a t i v e a s

a v d p a n r e ,

b s r ) i M a s r o i a v r a i c a / c c i i i r o v r j c r a s .

4 .

W h e n

t h e r e l a t i v e r e l a t e s

t o

t w o o r m o r e

o b j e c t s , i t

i s

p u t

i n t h e p l u r a l ; a n d , w h e n t h e s u b s t a n t i v e s a r e o f

l i k e

E 2

2 4 4 C O M P O U N D

S E N T E N C E S —

S U B O R D I N A T I O N .

[ c h a p . v .

g e n d e r , h a s t h e s a m e ; b u t i t i s f r e q u e n t l y i n t h e n e u t e r ,

w h e n t h e s u b s t a n t i v e s d e n o t e o b j e c t s w i t h o u t l i f e .

J 5 v i x t i v y T i ; < p o i v y r e

K a i r $ T p o m p

t X e y o v ,

i v

o l v n e p i T t 9 p d f i u , r j v .

—

' O p u i a i i T u v K £ K o t r [ i J i f i e v o v K a i e t y Q a k p u i v v i r o y p a t y i j ,

K a i x p d i f i a r o g

i v r p t y e t ,

K a i

K o f i a i g i r p o f f G i T o i g , &

v A p i j i a

i j v

i v

M * ; $ o « ; .

5 .

I f

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e s h a v e d i f f e r e n t

g e n d e r s ,

t h e

r e l a t i v e

p r o n o u n

i s p u t

i n

t h e m a s c u l i n e , r a t h e r t h a n t h e f e m i n i n e ,

w i t h l i v i n g b e i n g s , b u t i n t h e n e u t e r , i n . t h e c a s e o f

t h i n g s

w i t h o u t

l i f e .

' O d v T / p K a i y v v i ' i , o t n a p u a l

) ) \ 9 o v .

—

H K o p e v i K K \ n m a £ , o v T e g i r t p i r e

i r o X t f i o v K a i e i p y v T j Q , d p i y ' w T n v

d v v a j i i v

i v T t p r w v d v 0 p u > i r u ) v

/ 3 t y .

6 .

W h e n t h e r e l a t i v e o u g h t p r o p e r l y t o s t a n d i n t h e a c c u

s a t i v e ,

a n d

r e l a t e s t o a s u b s t a n t i v e i n t h e g e n i t i v e o r d a t i v e ,

i t u s u a l l y t a k e s t h e f o r m o f i t s

a n t e c e d e n t ,

i f t h e

a d j e c t i v e -

s e n t e n c e r e t a i n s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y t h e f o r c e o f a n a t t r i b u t i v e

a d j e c t i v e o r p a r t i c i p l e t .

e .

t h e

r e l a t i v e

a p p e a r s i n t h e c a s e i n

w h i c h i t s a n t e c e d e n t s t a n d s .

' A p i u i v S i Q i p a p f i o v i r p & T O Q

d v B p i i i r o i v

o i v

r i p e l c

l a p i v

e i r o i n o t v ( i n s t e a d

o f

o u f

t o p . e v ) ,

o f t h e

m e n k n o w n t o u s . —

' O

o r p a T i i y o Q r i y t r r / v t r r p a r i a v

& 7 T O T & V 7 r 6 \ £ U ) V b i V

£ 7 T F l < T £ V

(

=

T W V 7 T { l < x 9 H < J u t v ) .

—

2 v V

T O I Q Q l ) U a V ~

p o i Q o \ q 6 i r a r i / p K a r i X n r e v ( = r o i g v i r o t o v T r a r p o Q K a r a X t i f Q i T o i v ' ) .

— K v p o e 7 r p o a i j \ 9 t v a v v $ t l ^ f S v v a p . l i . — ' E y £ > a o i v m a x v o v f i a i , j j v

o

9 i o q

t v

S i d f , a v f f i v d v i / i o i

S a v t i a y g ,

d W a

t t X u o v o q

d £ i a

t v t p y t -

r i t < y & i v .

7 . T h e r e l a t i v e s , o l o s , o c r o s , o a n c r o v v a n d r ) \ w c o s , u n d e r g o

a t t r a c t i o n , n o t o n l y

i n

t h e

a c c u s a t i v e

b u t

a l s o i n t h e n o m i n a

t i v e , w h e n t h e v e r b

s l v a i

a n d a p a r t i c u l a r l y e m p h a t i c s u b j e c t

a r e

i n

t h e r e l a t i v e s e n t e n c e ,

a s

o l o s

c r v

s i ,

o l o s

s k b I v o s

o r

6

^ c o K p d r r j i '

s a r i v ; a n d

i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r t h e d e m o n

s t r a t i v e i n t h e

g e n i t i v e ,

d a t i v e , o r


t o

w h i c h

t h e

r e l a t i v e r e l a t e s , i s o m i t t e d , b u t t h e r e l a t i v e i s p u t

i n

t h e

c a s e

o f t h e p r e c e d i n g s u b s t a n t i v e

o r

( o m i t t e d ) d e m o n s t r a

t i v e u s e d a s a s u b s t a n t i v e t h e

v e r b o f


s e n t e n c e ,

e l v a t , i s l i k e w i s e o m i t t e d , a n d t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e r e l a t i v e s e n

§ 1 8 2 . ]

2 4 5

D J E C T I V E - S E N T E N C E S .

t e n c e i s p u t

i n t h e c a s e o f t h e r e l a t i v e . S u c h a

b l e n d e d

o r

a t t r a c t e d

a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e

a s s u m e s

e n t i r e l y

t h e

f o r m

o f

a n i n f l e c t e d a d j e c t i v e

a n d

t h e c o n n e x i o n o f t h e a d j e c t i v e -

s e n t e n c e w i t h i t s s u b s t a n t i v e

b e c o m e s

s t i l l m o r e

p e r f e c t ,

a n d

i n t i m a t e , w h e n t h i s


i s r e c e i v e d i n t o t h e a d j e c t i v e -

s e n t e n c e

e . g . f r o m ^ a p l ^ o / m i d v S p l

t o i o v t o i ,

o l o s

a i i s i

a r i s e s

X a p i ^ o ^ a i

a v B p l o i q > a o i , o r ,

b y

t r a n s p o s i t i o n , ^ a p i f o / x a t o m

c r o l a v S p l . I n E n g l i s h

w e

t r a n s l a t e t h e r e l a t i v e b y , a s .

G e n .

D a t .

A c c .

G e n .

D a t .

A c c .

i p w

o t o v

g o v

d v S p 6 c .

X C t p i Z f i p a t o t t p

a o i d v o p i .

t - j r a i v S t

o \ o v

a i

d v f i p a .

l p £ t o t u t v v f i t o v d v S p u v .

\ a p i l ^ o p a i o t o i g

v f i i v d v d p d a i v .

i w a i v w

o t o v c t ^ a f

a v t i p a Q ,

e p u >

o t o v

( r o i l .

\ a p i t . o p a i o ' t t f i r r o i .

t i r a i v & t

o \ o v

< r e ,

I p u t

o t u v

v [ i £ j v .

X a p i Z o j i a i o t o i g v p t v .

I t r a i v S i o t o v g v p d g .

R e m a r k 4 . A t t r a c t i o n

t a k e s

p l a c e ,

e v e n w h e n

o w g r t

s t a n d s

i n s t e a d

o f w o r e w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , l a m s o d i s p o s e d , s o f o r m e d ,

o f s u c h a

h i n d , t h a t , i s

s u m

q u i

w i t h t h e c o n j u n c t i v e ; h e n c e ,

/

c a n ; a s :

i u K k \ 9 i f v

S r w V V y

r o i o u r y

o t t p

p r j T i

X v i r t T a O a t ,

p i ] T

o p y i Z t a Q c t t ,

w h o

c a n

n e i t h e r

b e

g r i e v e d n o r

i r r i t a t e d . T h e

d e m o n s t r a t i v e i s g e n e r a l l y o m i t t e d

a s :

p o v n v T i ) v t w v a v 9 p u ) 7 r t o v

y X w r r a v

i i r o i n a a v

o i

6 e o i o t a v

a p O p o v v

t i ) v

< t > w v i ] V .

R e m a r k

5 .

S o m e t i m e s

t h e

a r t i c l e i s

p l a c e d b e f o r e t h e

a t t r a c t e d

0 I 0 4 ,

y X i K o e , a n d

t h e

a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e a s s u m e s q u i t i j

t h e

c h a r a c t e r o f a n i n

f l e c t e d w o r d a s x a p i Z o p a i r i y o t u 0 0 1 a v l p i , i n s t e a d o f a v l p l r o t o v T i p ,

o X o q

o v t l .

N o m .

G e n .

D a t .

A c c .

0 o i o q o v a v i \ p .

t o v o t o v a o v a v S p o g .

T t j i o X i p o o i a v S p i .

r b v o \ o v

o l

d v d p a .

0

o l o i

v p t t c a v e p t e .

£ i V o t i o v v p t o v a v d p w v .

r o t e o t o i g v p i v d v S p d o i v .

r o v £ o X o v g

v p a e

d v 8 p a £ .

R e m a r k

6 . S o m e t i m e s , w i t h a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e s , t h e r e

i s a n

a t t r a c

t i o n d i r e c t l y

t h e

r e v e r s e o f

t h e

a b o v e m e n t i o n e d

i n

w h i c h


d o e s n o t t a k e t h e i n f l e x i o n o f i t s s u b s t a n t i v e , b u t t h e s u b s t a n t i v e t h a t

o f t h e r e l a t i v e r e l a t i n g t o i t ( a t t r a c t i o

i u v e r s a ) ;

a s : t i ) v o i o t a v i j v

K a H X i i r e

r i p

v h j S ,

o i

t t K i w v o q

d £ i a

l o r i v .

T h i s

i n v e r t e d

a t t r a c t i o n

i s

v e r y

f r e q u e n t w i t h o v d i i s o o t i q

o v

( n o o n e w h o

n o t

= e v e r y o n e ) a f t e r

t o r i o m i t t e d

B

3

2 4 6 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E S —


[ c h a p . v .

N o m . o v t i t i g S f f T i f o v k c i v T a v r a i r o i i i a m v .

G e n . o v o t v o c o t o v o i l K a r t y t k a a t v .

D a t .

o i i i v i

o r t p o v t i n r i K p i v a T o .

A c c .

o i S i v a o v r i v a

o i

K a r U X a v a c v .

8 . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e u s e o f t h e m o o d s i n a d j e c t i v e - s e n

t e n c e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g i s

t o

b e o b s e r v e d —

a ) T h e I n d i c a t i v e i s '

u s e d

w h e n t h e a t t r i b u t i v e d e f i n i t i o n

i s p o i n t e d o u t a s a f a c t a s 1 7 i r o K i s , r j k t i & t c u , f j g i c r i a O r ) , r )

K T i a O r j c r e T a i .

T h e

i n d i c a t i v e

f u t u r e i s v e r y

o f t e n

u s e d

( e v e n

a f t e r a n

h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e , § 1 8 8 ,

5 . ) i n r e f e r e n c e

t o t h a t

w h i c h

c e r t a i n l y

m u s t

h a p p e n

a s

o - r p a r r r y o v s

a i p o v v r e u ,

o i

r a >

4 > t \ t 7 T 7 r & ) T r o X s f i r i a o v a i v . A l s o a f t e r n e g a t i o n s , t h e G r e e k s

u s e t h e i n d i c a t i v e ,

w h i l e

t h e L a t i n l a n g u a g e , i n s u c h c a s e s ,

e m p l o y s t h e c o n j u n c t i v e ; a s : t r a p

s / x , o l

o v S s l s , o c t t i s

p , r j

i i c a v o s e c r r i v l a a i r o i e l v

s f i o l ,

n e m o , q u i n o n p o s s i t .

b )

T h e

r e l a t i v e i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h a v

o s a v ,

f )

a v , b a v ,

o c r r t i

a v , & c ,

i s j o i n e d

w i t h

t h e C o n j u n c t i v e

w h e n

t h e p r e d i

c a t e

o f t h e

p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e

i s

a

p r i n c i p a l

t e n s e

( p r e s e n t ,

p e r f e c t , o r f u t u r e ) , i f t h e a t t r i b u t i v e d e f i n i t i o n i s t o b e p o i n t e d

o u t a s m e r e l y c o n c e i v e d . H e n c e , a l s o , i n i n d e f i n i t e r e p r e s e n t

a t i o n s o f

c h a r a c t e r o r

s i z e ; a n d a l s o i n d e s c r i p t i o n s

o f

a n i n d e

f i n i t e f r e q u e n c y . T h e a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e m a y g e n e r a l l y b e

r e g a r d e d a s a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e , a n d t h e r e l a t i v e

w i t h

a v

r e s o l v e d i n t o t h e c o n j u n c t i o n l a v

w i t h

r l s o r s o m e o t h e r p r o

n o u n

a n d

t h e c o n j u n c t i v e

m o o d .

O i > c a v

/ 3 f X n ' o « c

t i v ' i q i a v r & v r ) y r ) i r u ) V T a i , r o u r o i f i r o W a K i g K a i a v e v

a v a y K t i i i 9 i \ o v < r t T r i

' S t a O m .

~ — A v 9 p o > T r o i l i r o v l t v a g f t d W o v

a v v i o T a v r a i ,

l i r i t o v t o v q , o O c

&

v

a t a & O i V T a i ,

a p x t l v a v r u t v

k i r t x e t p o v v r a G .

*

c ) T h e

r e l a t i v e

( w i t h o u t

a v )

i s j o i n e d w i t h

t h e O p t a t i v e ,

f i r s t ,

i n

t h e

s a m e s i g n i f i c a t i o n

a s

w i t h

t h e c o n j u n c t i v e , b u t

i n

r e l a t i o n t o

a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e . H e n c e i n g e n e r a l a n d i n

d e f i n i t e a c c o u n t s a n d

a l s o

i n a c c o u n t s

o f a n

i n d e f i n i t e f r e

q u e n c y

; i n w h i c h c a s e , t h e

p r e d i c a t e

o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e

g e n e r a l l y s t a n d s i n t h e i m p e r f e c t .

§ 1 8 3 . ] 2 4 7

D V E K B I A L S E N T E N C E S .

0 1

T r o X i / i w t

v a v r a g f £ i } < , ' ,

o r i j i t v r v x o i t v , K a i

i r a i b ' a q

K a i

y v v a i K a g I k t h v o v .

—

& t X o v g ,

O f f o v g i r o i r j f f a i T O

K a i i v v o v g

y v o i n

o v r a g , K a i i K a v o t i g

K p i v n t

o v v t p y o v g

( I n n ,

3 r i

r v y x d v o i

/ 3 o u X 6 / i t v o c

K a r t p y d ^ t a B a i ,

t y i o -

X o y t i r a i T r p b g v d v r w v

K p a n a r o e

y t v i a B a i

O e p a i r e v t i v .

d ) S e c o n d l y ,

t h e

O p t a t i v e

i s u s e d w h e n t h e a t t r i b u t i v e d e

f i n i t i o n

i s t o

b e r e p r e s e n t e d

a s a

p r e s e n t

o r

f u t u r e u n d e t e r m i n e d

p o s s i b i l i t y ,

m e r e

s u p p o s i t i o n , o r c o n j e c t u r e .

T h e

a d j e c t i v e -

s e n t e n c e a p p e a r s a s a n

u n c e r t a i n d o u b t f u l c o n d i t i o n

( §

1 5 3 ,

1 ,

/ S )

) ,

o r

f o r m s

p a r t

o f

a

w i s h .

T o i a v r o v

X t y u v ,

f i t /

a a c j i u i e

l i t

t i l l ,

^ i S t a B a i

I t i ,

h e

o u g h t

t o

r e f r a i n

f r o m

s a y i n g a t h i n g ,

w h e n ,

p e r h a p s , h e d o e s

n o t

t h o r o u g h l y k n o w i t . —

E p S o i 7 1 Q , j } v

e x a o r o Q

t l d t t q r t ^ i / t y r .

e ) T h e O p t a t i v e i s u s e d w i t h a v , w h e n t h e a t t r i b u t i v e d e

f i n i t i o n i s t o

b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s

a

c o n t i n g e n t s u p p o s i t i o n , c o n j e c

t u r e , c o n c e p t i o n , o r

u n d e t e r m i n e d

p o s s i b i l i t y

( § 1 5 3 , 2 , e . \

T o v g X a p f i d v o v r a g T r ) g o j i i X i a c f i u r & o v a v S p a i r o S i f f T d g

t a v r w v

a i r t K a X t i S w i c p a -

r i j c ,

S i d

r b

d v a y K a i o v

a v T o i g

t l v a i

c ' l a X i y i a Q a i ,

T r a p '

Z v

d v

X d f i o i t v

r u v

f i w d o v .

—

O v k t a r t y

o n

a v

T i g

f i t i Z o v r o v r o v k o k o v i t d B o i .

f ) T h e I n d i c a t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s ( i m p e r f e c t , p l u

p e r f e c t ,

a n d

a o r i s t )

i s u s e d

w h e n

i t i s

t o

b e i n t i m a t e d t h a t

t h e


d e f i n i t i o n

c o u l d o n l y b e

r e a l i s e d

o n a c e r t a i n

c o n

d i t i o n , b u t w a s n o t r e a l i s e d , b e c a u s e t h e c o n d i t i o n w a s n o t

f u l f i l l e d ( §

1 5 3 ,

2 ,

a , a ) ) ; a s : 1 ) i r o k i s , r j v o l T r o X j / M L o i o v k a v

l i r b p 6 i ) o - a v ,

s i

o l

a r p a r i G n a i

e f i o r j & w o - a v ,

q u a m

h o s t e s

n o n

d i -

r u i s s e n t ,

s i

m i l i t e s a u x i l i o v e n i s s e n t .

§ 1 8 3 . I I I . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s .

A d v e r b i a l

s e n t e n c e s

a r e

a d v e r b s ,

o r

p a r t i c i p l e s

u s e d

a d

v e r b i a l l y , f o r m e d

i n t o

s e n t e n c e s ( § 1 7 6 , 1 . ) ; a n d

d e n o t e ,

l i k e

a d v e r b s

o r p a r t i c i p l e s , a n

a d v e r b i a l o b j e c t , i . e .

o n e

w h i c h

E

4

S U B O R D I N A T I O N ,

[ c h a p .

v .

m e r e l y d e f i n e s t h e n o t i o n

o f


( n o t ,

a s t h e o b j e c t

e x p r e s s e d

b y

t h e

s u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e ,

c o m p l e t e s

i t )

a s

o r e

T o s a p r j k d s , r a .

a v f f r )

d d W s i ( = t o v i a p o s s K B o v t o s ) .

A . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s

o f

T i m e

a n d

P l a c e .

1 .

A d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s

o f p l a c e ,

a r e

i n t r o d u c e d b y

t h e r e

l a t i v e a d v e r b s o v , f t , 0 7 1 7 7 , o t t o v ,

s v O a ,

Z v a , u b i ; o O s v , s v B s v ,

u n d e ;

6 1 ,

o i r o i , 7 7 , 0 7 1 7 7 ,

q u o

; a n d e x p r e s s ,

l i k e

a d v e r b s o f

p l a c e , t h e t h r e e l o c a l r e l a t i o n s

o f

w h e r e ,

w h e n c e ,

a n d w h i t h e r .

T h e

u s e

o f t h e

m o o d s ,

i n

a d v e r b i a l

s e n t e n c e s o f

p l a c e ,

e n t i r e l y

a g r e e s w i t h

t h a t

i n

a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e s .

2 . A d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s o f t i m e , a r e i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e f o l

l o w i n g


—

a . I n a c c o u n t s

o f

s i m i l a r i t y o f t i m e

:

O r e , o 7 r o r f i w f , t i v i x a , w h i c h d e n o t e a p o i n t o f t i m e ; a n d l v , t w e ,

w h i l e ,

w h i c h d e n o t e

a s p a c e

o f

t i m e .

b .

I n

a c c o u n t s

o f p r e c e d e n c e

:

' E t t b ,

i i r u S t i ,

p o s t q u a m ; i £ o v ,

t £

o r o v , ' e x q u o ; a n d d i p '

o v ,

s i n c e .

c t I n a c c o u n t s o f s u c c e s s i o n :

T I p i v ,

p r i u s q u a m ; t a i c ,

e u > £ o v , t i g t o r e , p k x p i o f t

p i x P 1

o r o v , p - i x P 1 -

3 . W i t h

r e g a r d t o t h e u s e o f

m o o d s ,


s h o u l d

b e o b s e r v e d —

a )

T h e

I n d i c a t i v e

i s

u s e d

w h e n

t h e

p r e d i c a t e

i s

t o

b e

r e

p r e s e n t e d a s

a f a c t ; h e n c e i n

n a r r a t i o n o f

d e e d s .

' Q

£ i j f i t p a r a x u r T a l y t y o v t i

a i r i j X B o v

( a > £

r a x ~ a ,

q u u m p r i m u m ,

a s

s o o n

a s ) . — O i t i r p o r t p o v i i r a v a a v r o , i r p i v t o v r e i r a r k p a I k

t o v

C T p a r o i r e S o v

f i s T e i r s p y p a T O i

i c a i r w v

t p i X w v a v r o v

t o v q f i l v

a i r t K T t i v a v , r o v e o °

I k

t y i q

T r o X e a t Q

t % k { S u X o v . —

' E f i a x o v T O ,

f i e x p 1

o i

' A O r j v a i o i d v e i r X t v a a v .

b ) T h e C o n j u n c t i v e

i s

u s e d w h e n t h e p r e d i c a t e

i s e x p r e s s e d

a s

s o m e t h i n g

c o n c e i v e d ,

a n d

r e l a t e s

t o

a

p r e d i c a t e

o f

t h e

p r i n

c i p a l s e n t e n c e , s t a n d i n g i n o n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s . T h e

c o n j u n c t i o n s t a k e t h e m o d a l a d v e r b a v —

o r a v ,

o i r o r a v , r j v i i c

a i > , e i r a v

{ e r r r j v ) , s i r s i o a v ,

t r p w a v , z < o s a v , ^ X P 1 a v >

s a T

a v '

§ 1 8 3 . ]

2 4 9

D V E R B I A L S E N T E N C E S .

A c c o r d i n g l y ,

t h e c o n j u n c t i v e i s

u s e d w i t h

t h e a b o v e c o n j u n c

t i o n s f r o m o t o v t o

i r p i v

a v , w h e n t h e s t a t e m e n t o f t i m e i s a l s o

t o

b e

p o i n t e d o u t a s t h e

c o n d i t i o n

u p o n

w h i c h


o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e i s r e a l i s e d . B u t w i t h t h e c o n j u n c

t i o n s w h i c h s i g n i f y

u n t i l ,

t h e c o n j u n c t i v e e x p r e s s e s a n e x

p e c t e d

a n d

i n t e n d e d

a i m .

T h e c o n j u n c t i v e i s a l s o u s e d t o

d e n o t e a n i n d e f i n i t e f r e q u e n c y .

' E i r t i f i a v a i l f 3 o v \ y d i a \ e y e o 6 a t , ( i s l y i i S v v a p a i e i r t o B a i , r o r t a o t S i a X i ^ o / i a i .

—

O v

i r p o r t p o v i r a v f f o f i a t y i r p i v d v « X w r e K a i i r v p & o t a r a g ' A B r j v a g . —

E < o g

a v

a w K r i r a i t o

o x a Q o g ,

t 6 t £

X P $

K a i

v a v r q v

K a i

K v f S c p v r j r i j v

w p o G v -

f i o v g

t l v a i

( d u m s e r v a r i

p o s s i t ) . — ' O i r o r a v

( a s

o f t e n

a s )

o r p a T o i r t S f i w v T a i

o l

[ } a p f 3 a p o t

( 3 a a i \ t i £ , r a t p p o v

i r e p i p d W o v r a i

t i n r i T & g S i d

t $ v i r o X v

X t i p l a v ,

c ) T h e

O p t a t i v e i s

u s e d —

a )

w h e n w h a t

i s s u p p o s e d i s r e l a t e d

t o a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e i n t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e . W h e n t h e

o p t a t i v e i s

u s e d

i n r e f e r e n c e t o a n i n d e f i n i t e f r e q u e n c y , t h e

i m p e r f e c t

m o s t l y

s t a n d s

i n

t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e ,

a n d

t h e

c o n j u n c t i o n s o r e ,

e t r s l , & c , a r e t o b e t r a n s l a t e d b y , a s o f t e n

a s ; — / 3 ) w h e n t h e a c c o u n t

o f t i m e

i s a l s o t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s

a c m d i t i o n

o f


s e n t e n c e ,

a n d

s u c h

a

c o n d i t i o n

a s

a p p e a r s

a p r e s e n t o r f u t u r e u n c e r t a i n t y , a m e r e



o r u n d e t e r m i n e d p o s s i b i l i t y

( §

1 5 3 , / 8 ) . W i t h t h e

o p t a t i v e , t h e


a r e u s e d

w i t h o u t

a v ; a s

o r e ,

h r e l ,

& c . ( n o t o t o v , s i r d v , & c . )

O i

i r p o T i p o v c i r a v a a r o ,

i r p i v

i X o i t i

K a i

i r v p w a n e

r a g

' A B l p i a g .

—

' O i r o r t

( a s

o f t e n a s ) a T p a T o i r t S t v o i v r o o i ( 3 d p ( 3 a p o i f i a o i X t X g , r d f p o v i r e p u f i d X X o v r o

e v i r e r w Q S i d t ? ) v i r o X v x t i p i a v . — ' O t t o t e t o t p i X o a o i p t X v a l t r x p o v r i y r j t r a i f i T j v

e l v a t ,

o v S ' a v d v B p u i i r o v

v o p i o a i f u

i p a v r o v

t l v a i

( i f

I

t h o u g h t ) .

—

S o

a l s o ,

o r e p i ] , w i t h

t h e

o p t a t i v e , n i s i .

R e m a r k . T h e c o n j u n c t i o n i r p i v i s a l s o c o n s t r u e d w i t h t h e

I n f i n i t i v e ,

e s p e c i a l l y

a f t e r a f f i r m a t o r y s e n t e n c e s

h a v i n g

a

p r i n c i p a l

t e n s e ,

w h e n

t h e

a c t i o n

i s

t o b e p o i n t e d o u t a s a c a s u a l i n d i c a t i o n o f a p o i n t o f t i m e . T h e

s u b j e c t

w i t h

t h e

i n f i n i t i v e

s t a n d s

i n

t h e

a c c u s a t i v e .

( U p o n

a t t r a c t i o n ,

s e e $

1 7 2 , 3 . ) A a p t X o g , i r p i v

a l x f i a X i l i T O v g

y t v i a B a i

t o v q ' E p i r p u a g , i v t X -

% t v a v T o l g S e i v o v x ° ^ o v ' ~

' H f f a v

A a p i i t p , i r p i v ( i a a t X t v a a i , y e y o v o r t g

T p t X g

i r a X S e g .

[ c h a p . v .

B .

C a u s a l

A d v e r b i a l

S e n t e n c e s .

§

1 8 4 .

a . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s e x p r e s s i n g t h e C a u s e .

T h e r e a r e t w o c l a s s e s o f a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s e x p r e s s i n g t h e

c a u s e —

a )

T h o s e w h i c h a r e

i n t r o d u c e d

b y t h e t e m p o r a l

c o n

j u n c t i o n s ,

o r e ,

o t t o t s , W ? ,

s i r

e l , q u o n i a m , p u i s q u e , s i n c e , t h e

c a u s e

b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d , e i t h e r

a s

c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s w i t h t h e

p r e d i c a t e o f


t e n s e ( o r e ,

b i r i n e , d > s ) , o r p r e c e d i n g

i t

( e i r e i , e w e i B i j ) .

T h e p r e v a i l i n g

m o o d i n t h e s e a d v e r b i a l

s e n t e n c e s

i s

t h e i n d i c a t i v e ;

a s :

M ? } f i e

k t e I v , s i r

s i

o i r % o / t o -

y d a r p i o s F i i c r o p o s

e l

f i t , q u o n i a m

—

s u m . —

O t s

r o i v v v

T a r i f f

o v r a s

£ % £ f ,

i r p o a ^ K S L

i r p o O v f i t o s

i d e X e i v

a x o v s i v .

b ) T h o s e w h i c h a r e


t h e c o n j u n c t i o n s

S r i

a n d

S l o t i ,

b e c a u s e . T h e p r e v a i l i n g m o o d i n t h i s c a s e a l s o , i s

t h e

i n d i c a t i v e ;

a s :

a p a

t o

o c r i o v ,

o n

o a i b v

e c r T i ,

< p i \ e i T a i i n r b

T & v

d e c b v , r j , o n ( p i X e i r a i , o c r i o v

i c r r i v .

§ 1 8 5 .

b .

C o n d i t i o n a l A d v e r b i a l

S e n t e n c e s .

1 .

T h e s e c o n d

k i n d

o f

c a u s a l a d v e r b i a l

s e n t e n c e s

a r e , c o n

d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h e x p r e s s a c o n d i t i o n , a n d a r e i n t r o

d u c e d b y t h e c o n j u n c t i o n s e l a n d e d v

( t f v , d v ,

w h i c h m u s t

n o t

b e

c o n f o u n d e d w i t h t h e m o d a l a d v e r b d v ) . T h e p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e

e x p r e s s e s

t h a t

w h i c h

i s

s u b j e c t

t o

t h e c o n d i t i o n

s t a t e d

i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e , o r t h a t

w h i c h

f o l l o w s f r o m , a n d i s

t h e e f f e c t o f , t h e a c c e s s o i y s e n t e n c e . A s t h e

c o n d i t i o n

p r e c e d e s

t h a t

w h i c h

i s

s u b j e c t t o

t h e

c o n d i t i o n ,

w e

c a l l

t h e a c c e s s o r y

s e n t e n c e t h e

a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e ,

a n d t h e

p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e t h e

c o n s e q u e n t c l a u s e .



§

1 8 5 . ]

2 5 1

D V E R B I A L

S E N T E N C E S .

2 . T h e

G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r d i f f e r e n t

c o n d i t i o n a l c o m b i n a t i o n s —

1 ) I n t h e a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e e l s t a n d s w i t h t h e I n d i c a t i v e

a n d t h e I n d i c a t i v e ( o r I m p e r a t i v e ) s t a n d s

a l s o

i n t h e c o n s e

q u e n t c l a u s e .

T h e n ,

b o t h t h e c o n d i t i o n ,

a n d

t h a t w h i c h i s

s u b j e c t

t o i t ,

a r e r e p r e s e n t e d

a s m a t t e r

o f

f a c t ,

a n d h e n c e , a s

c e r t a i n .

E i r o v r o \ e y u c , a i x a p r a v t i q .

—

E i

U a l

P u i f i o t , e l a i c a t

6 e o L

—

E i

l a r i Q t & q t

a o i p o z i o n v .

— E i

r a v r a i m r o i n K a Q ,

{ i r a i v t i a Q a i d ^ i o g e l . —

E l

n e i x f »

K a l

i S i C o v .

—

E i '

I f i p o v r n o e ,

K a i

i j a r p a i p e v .

—

E i

r a v r a

i m m i i f t t i ,

i j / t a p r q c c i .

—

E i r o v r o X f £ f i f d f i a p r i j f f r i . — E t n e \ e t c , ^ f f *

2 ) I n t h e a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e , e l s t a n d s

w i t h

t h e I n d i c a t i v e

o f

a n h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e ;

i n

t h e c o n s e q u e n t c l a u s e , t h e I n d i c a t i v e

o f a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s t a n d s

a l s o ,

b u t i n c o n n e x i o n

w i t h a v .

T h e

G r e e k

l a n g u a g e

e m p l o y s t h i s f o r m ,

w h e n

t h e r e a l i t y ,

b o t h o f t h e c o n d i t i o n a n d t h a t w h i c h i s c o n t i n g e n t u p o n i t , i s

t o

b e

d e n i e d . I t

i s


t h a t

s o m e t h i n g

m i g h t

h a v e

h a p p e n e d o n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , b u t d i d n o t h a p p e n b e c a u s e

t h e c o n d i t i o n w a s n o t f u l f i l l e d .

E

r i & x ( v > t t t t o v

a v ,

s i q u i d h a b e r e t , d a r e t

( n u n c

a u t e m n i h i l h a b e t ; e r g o

n i h i l d a r e

p o t e s t )

i f

h e

h a d

a n y t h i n g ,

h e w o u l d

g i v e

i t ( b u t n o w

h e h a s

n o t h i n g c o n s e q u e n t l y

h e c a n

g i v e

n o t h i n g ) . —

E i r o v r o t X e y e s

( t X f £ « c )

T i / i d p r a v e s

( i ' l p a p r e c )

a v ,

s i h o c d i c e r e s , e r r a r e s . —

E i r o v r o Z k e % a { ,

t j p a p r t g a v

( a o r i s t

i n s t e a d

o f

t h e

p l u p e r f e c t ) , s i

h o c

d i x i s s e s , e r r a s s e s ,

i f

y o u

h a d

s a i d

t h i s

y o u w o u l d

h a v e e r r e d

( b u t

n o w

y o u

h a v e

n o t

s a i d

i t ;

c o n s e q u e n t l y t h o u c a n s t

n o t

h a v e e r r e d ) .

—

E i l i t t i a 9 t ] v ,

o v k

a v t ) p p £ > a r o v v ,

s i o b e d i s s e m , n o n c e g r o t a r e m .

3 ) I n t h e a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e , e a v s t a n d s w i t h t h e C o n j u n c

t i v e a n d i n t h e c o n s e q u e n t c l a u s e , t h e I n d i c a t i v e p r e s e n t ,

c o m m o n l y

t h e f u t u r e

( a l s o

t h e I m p e r a t i v e ) . T h e c o n d i t i o n

i s t h e n d e n o t e d a s a


t h e

a c c o m p l i s h m e n t

o f w h i c h

i s s t i l l

e x p e c t e d ;

t h a t

w h i c h

f o l l o w s f r o m t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n

t e n c e i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s

c e r t a i n

a n d

n e c e s s a r y .

' E a v

( r ; y ,

a v )

r o v r o X e - y p c ,

a u . a p r r j a r i ,

i f t h o u

s a y e s t

t h i s t h o u

w i l t

e r r .

( W h e t h e r t h o u w i l t r e a l l y

s a y

t h i s ,

I d o n o t y e t k n o w b u t I

e x p e c t ,

2 5 2

C O M P O U N D

S E N T E N C E S

—


[ c h a p .

v .

I

p u t

t h e

c a s e ,

t h o u

w i l t

s a y i t , a n d ,

a c c o r d i n g l y ,

t h e n e c e s s a r y

c o n

s e q u e n c e i s , t h a t t h o u e r r e s t ) . — ' E a v t i e \ < a p e v , S w a o p t v . — ' E a v r i j e

a p t T i j c

o p i y n o & e ,

e i i S a i p o v t i T e .

—

' E a v

t o v t o

X t j p f ,

d p a p r r i o r i ,

s i

h o c

d i x e r i s ,

e r r a b i s .

4 )

I n

t h e a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e , e l

s t a n d s

w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e

;

a n d

t h e O p t a t i v e s t a n d s a l s o i n t h e c o n s e q u e n t c l a u s e , b u t i n

c o n n e x i o n w i t h d v . ( T h e O p t a t i v e f u t u r e i s n o t u s e d

i n

t h i s

c a s e . ) B y

t h i s

f o r m , b o t h t h e c o n d i t i o n a n d t h a t w h i c h i s

c o n t i n g e n t u p o n i t ,

a r e r e p r e s e n t e d

a s a

p r e s e n t ,

m o s t l y f u t u r e ,

u n c e r t a i n t y , a s

a n

u n d e t e r m i n e d

p o s s i b i l i t y ,

m e r e


c o n c e p t i o n ,

o r


w i t h o u t

a n y

r e g a r d t o

r e a l i s a t i o n

o r

n o n - r e a l i s a t i o n , p o s s i b i l i t y o r i m p o s s i b i l i t y .

E I

t i e x n i q ,

S o i n t a v , i f t h o u

h a d s t

a n y

t h i n g ,

t h o u

w o u l d s t

g i v e — E i t o v t o

X e y o i f , a p a p r a v o i Q a v . — O u * a v v i r e v e y K a i p e v o v r t r b K a v p a , o i r e t o < ^ x ° £ >

t i

i £ a i r i v t i Q

y i y v o i T o .

— E i d v a y n a l o v t i l ) a S i x t i v d c m t i a d a i , i \ o i p i ) V

a v

p a K X o v d S i K e l a B a i a d u c s i v .

R e m a r k

1 .

T h e

O p t a t i v e w i t h

a v

o f t e n f o l l o w s

t i

w i t h

t h e


o r i d v

w i t h

t h e C o n j u n c t i v e ,

a s e l

t o v t o

X e y u c ,

a p a p r a v o t c

a v ,

i f t h o u

( r e a l l y )

a s s e r t e s t t h i s ,

t h o u m a y s t

e r r , i d v

t o v t o X e y y c , d p a p r d v o i c a v ,

i f

t h o u ( a s

I

e x p e c t ) a s s e r t e s t t h i s , t h o u m a y s t e r r ; o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e

I n d i c a t i v e s o m e t i m e s f o l l o w s e l w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e , a s : e i t o v t o

X e y o i g ,

d p a p r d v e i Q ,

i f

t h o u

s h o u l d s t a s s e r t t h i s ,

t h o u

w o u l d s t

c e r t a i n l y e r r .

R e m a r k 2 . F r e q u e n t l y , e i w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e i s u s e d i n s t e a d o f a t e m

p o r a l c o n j u n c t i o n

( §

1 8 3 , 3 , c ) ,

i n r e f e r e n c e

t o a n i n d e f i n i t e f r e q u e n c y

i n

p a s t

t i m e . T h e n e l i s t o b e

t r a n s l a t e d

b y a s o f t e n a s , a n d t h e I n d i c a t i v e

o f

t h e h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e s s t a n d s i n

t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e ,

g e n e r a l l y

t h e

i m p e r f e c t , w i t h o r w i t h o u t a v ;

a s :

e l

r i g a v r i f

v o k o i i ) t u v T r p b g t o v t o

T e r a y p i v u i v f i X a n e v e i v , e i r a i e v a v . —

E t T i g

S a t K p a T U i r e p i r o v

d v n X i y o i ,

i i r i

r i j v v T r o O e o i v l n a v r \ y e v

d v i r a v r a

r o v X o y o v .

R e m a r k 3 .

W i t h t h e

I n d i c a t i v e o f

t h e

h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , d v i s o m i t t e d

i n t h e

c o n s e q u e n t

c l a u s e ,

i n e x p r e s s i o n s

w h i c h i m p l y n e c e s s i t y , d u t y ,

j u s t i c e , p o s s i b i l i t y ,

f r e e d o m ,

a n d i n c l i n a t i o n

;

t h u s , e . g . , w i t h x p t f v ,

e d e t ,

u i i p e X o v , v e r b a l

a d j e c t i v e s i n

t w q ,

w p o a i j i c e ( v ) ,

K a i p b c r ) V ,

u k o q

i f v ,

x a X b v r j v ,

a h x p b v

r \ v ,

K a X u t g

e l ^ e

( v ) ,

i K i j v ,

i f i o v \ 6 p r ) v ,

a s

e i

a i o ~ x p o v

t i

t p e X X o v

i p y d a a o B a i , O a v a r o v d v r a i i T o v i r p o a i p t r e o v r \ v , m o r s

p r a f e r e n d a

e r a t .



§ 1 8 6 . ]

2 5 3

D V E R B I A L S E N T E N C E S .

§

1 8 6 .

c .

A d v e r b i a l

S e n t e n c e s

o f

C o n s e q u e n c e

o r

E f f e c t .

1 . A d v e r b i a l

s e n t e n c e s

o f

c o n s e q u e n c e o r

e f f e c t a r e i n t r o

d u c e d b y t h e c o n j u n c t i o n & o t s ( m o r e

r a r e l y

c o s ) . W i t h

r e g a r d

t o t h e u s e o f t h e m o o d s , t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d

b e

o b s e r v e d —

a )

T h e

I n d i c a t i v e i s u s e d

w h e n t h e c o n s e q u e n c e

o r e f f e c t

i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a c t u a l a n d

c a r r i e d i n t o

e f f e c t ; t h e I n

f i n i t i v e ,

o n

t h e

c o n t r a r y ,

w h e n

i t i s

t o

b e


a s

m e r e l y t h o u g h t o f , n o t

c a r r i e d

i n t o e f f e c t , b u t m e r e l y p o s s i b l e o r

i n t e n d e d , o r a s t h e c o n d i t i o n a l r e s u l t o f w h a t i s e x p r e s s e d i n

t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e ( o n c o n d i t i o n t h a t , o r s u p p o s i n g t h a i ) .

A p y o Q d v S p G i v i x i \ p w Q r \ o v t o i c , w o r e o i

o * o i i X o t

a v r u t v t f f ^ o v

i r a v r a

r d i r p d y -

f i a T a . - — E w K p a r q c T r p o Q t o - p i r p i m v S l i a O a i T r i i r a i i ' t v p - ' i v o Q r \ v o v r u i r , a i a r e

w a v v f U K p d K i K T r t i i t v o Q t t u v v

p a S L i o g t % e t v

a p t c u v v r a

( f o r ,

i n t h i s c a s e , t h e


i s

n o t

c a r r i e d i n t o e f f e c t ,

b u t o n l y f o u n d e d u p o n t h e

c h a r a c t e r o f S o c r a t e s ) .

H i m a r k I .

I f t h e

I n f i n i t i v e a f t e r

& a r t h a s

a d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t f r o m

t h a t o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e , t h i s s u b j e c t

i s

p u t i n t h e a c c u s a t i v e b u t

i f t h e s u b j e c t o f b o t h i s t h e

s a m e ,

a t t r a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e ( §

1 7 2 ,

3 . ) .

b )

T h e O p t a t i v e

i s

u s e d

i n

c o n n e x i o n w i t h a v , w h e n t h e

c o n s e q u e n c e o r e f f e c t i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a c o n t i n g e n t c o n

j e c t u r e , s u p p o s i t i o n , o r

c o n c e p t i o n

( § 1 5 3 , 2 , c ) .

c )

L a s t l y ,

t h e

I n d i c a t i v e

o f

t h e

h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e s

w i t h

a v ,

o r t h e I n f i n i t i v e

w i t h a v , i s

u s e d ,

w h e n

i t i s t o b e i m p l i e d

t h a t t h e c o n s e q u e n c e

o r

e f f e c t w o u l d t a k e

p l a c e ,

o n l y o n c e r

t a i n

c o n d i t i o n s

( § 1 5 3 , 2 , a . a )

a n d

d . ) .

r o Z i K r j v K a i i a r p i K i ' j V K a i f i a v n K r l v ' A i r o W w v a v e i p e v , i m B v i i i a q K a i t p o i r o e

I ' l y i / x o v i v a a v T o s , & a r i

K a i o v t O £

E p i o r o s a v t i n

f i a B n r r i Q . —

H a v r e

£ o i

j r o X I r a i T r o X t p i c d o i r X a K a r e a K t v a ^ o v , H a r e

r i / v

i r o K i v o v r w s y y r i a w a v

t t o X e ^ o u i p y a a r r i p i o v

t l v a i ( s c .

u f l f o c ) . — O i 9 t o i o v r i t i g p o i i v t o I q U p o i Q

l a r j f i n v a v , m a r t K a i i S n o T n v a v y v u v a i , o n T r j g f i o v a p x i a g a i r e x t a O a i u s

l i i , s o t h a t e v e n a p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l ( i f h e h a d b e e n p r e s e n t ) w o u l d h a v e

u n d e r s t o o d .

2 5 4 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E S — S U B O B D I N A T I O N . [ c h a p . v .

R e m a r k 2 . I n s t e a d o f w o r e w i t h t h e I n f i n i t i v e , i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n e a

c o n d i t i o n e u t , o r i t a v t , i < p ' y r t i s u s e d , e i t h e r w i t h t h e I n d i c a t i v e f u t u r e ,

o r

w i t h

t h e

I n f i n i t i v e a s

i v i

t o v

T i p

v T r i K i a r a f i a i

r r j c

A - p x A S ^

V T t

o u f a v b g t l f u a v

d p K o / i a t .

d . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s o f C o m p a r i s o n .

2 . C o m p a r a t i v e a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s o f w a y

a n d

m a n n e r , a r e

i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e r e l a t i v e a d v e r b s ,

t o s ,

w a r s , m o i r e p , o t t w s ,

a s , j u s t

a s .

T h e

u s e o f t h e

m o o d s i n t h e s e

a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s

a g r e e s w i t h

t h a t i n

t h e

a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e s

( § 1 8 2 , 8 . ) .

3 .

C o m p a r a t i v e

a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s

o f

q u a n t i t y

o r

d e g r e e ,

a r e


t h e r e l a t i v e o a a > ( o a o v ) a n d t o t h i s , t h e

d e m o n s t r a t i v e t o c t o v t w ( t o o - o v t o v ) c o r r e s p o n d s i n t h e p r i n c i

p a l s e n t e n c e , s o m u c h — a s ; w i t h a

c o m p a r a t i v e o r

s u p e r l a t i v e ,

t h e — t h e .

T o a o v r o v S i a Q k p u v > / / i a £ £ e i r & v f i o v X w v ,

o u o v

o t

f i t v

$ o v \ o t a K o v r t g T o i g

S e G i r o r a t g v i r r j p t T O v f f i v . — O a y

( o a o v )

a o c p w r e p o g r i g t o r i , T o a o v r t p ( r o c o u -

r o v )

a w i p p o v i a T e p o Q

t o T i v .

—

O a i f

( ( S o w )

o t x p w r a T o g

r i g

i t s r i ,

T O O O V T t p ( r o a o v -

r o v )

a i o Q p o v t f f r a T o g

l o r i v .

§ 1 8 7 .

O n I n t e r r o g a t i v e S e n t e n c e s .

1 .

Q u e s t i o n s a r e e i t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t

o r

d e p e n d e n t u p o n

a p r e

c e d i n g

s e n t e n c e ;

a s :

I s

t h e

f r i e n d

c o m e ?

a n d :

I

k n o w

n o t ,

w h e t h e r t h e f r i e n d i s c o m e . T h e f o r m e r , w e c a l l d i r e c t , a n d t h e

l a t t e r ,

i n d i r e c t

q u e s t i o n s .

B o t h

t h e l a t t e r

a n d

t h e f o r m e r e i t h e r

c o n s i s t

o f o n e

m e m b e r ,

o r o f

t w o

o r

m o r e

m e m b e r s

a s : I s t h e

f r i e n d c o m e , o r i s h e n o t y e t c o m e ? — K n o w e s t t h o u w h e t h e r h e

i s c o m i n g o r n o t

c o m i n g .

L a s t l y , a c c o r d i n g a s t h e q u e s t i o n

r e l a t e s t o a n o b j e c t ( a

t h i n g o r

p e r s o n ) , o r t o t h e p r e d i c a t e ,

q u e s t i o n s

a r e

d i v i d e d

i n t o n o m i n a l

a n d

p r e d i c a t i v e q u e s t i o n s

a s :

W l x o

h a s

d o n e

t h i s ?

a n d :

H a s t

t h o u

w r i t t e n

t h e

l e t t e r ?

2 .

N o m i n a l

q u e s t i o n s a r e i n t r o d u c e d

b y

s u b s t a n t i v e - o r

a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n s o f

i n t e r r o g a t i o n , a s r i s , i r o l o s , i r o o - o s ,

e .

g .

§

1 3 7 . ]

2 5 5

N T E R R O G A T I V E S E N T E N C E S .

r l s r a v r a s i r o i t j a s v p r e d i c a t i v e q u e s t i o n s , b y a d v e r b i a l i n t e r

r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n s , a s

a p a ,

e . t j . ,

a p a

r a v r a k i r o i r j c r a s

R e m a r k

1 .

P r e d i c a t i v e

q u e s t i o n s

a r e f r e q u e n t l y

k n o w n

b y

t h e m e r e

a c c e n t u a t i o n a n d p o s i t i o n o f

t h e w o r d s , i n a s m u c h a s t h e

p r e d i c a t e , o r

t h a t w o r d u p o n w h i c h

t h e

s t r e s s o f

t h e

s e n t e n c e

l i e s ,

o c c u p i e s

t h e

f i r s t

p l a c e i n

t h e

s e n t e n c e .

T h u s

e s p e c i a l l y i n n e g a t i o n s ; a s : o v k W i X t i g

I t v a i

3 . W i t h

r e g a r d

t o

t h e u s e o f

i n t e r r o g a t i v e s ,

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

s h o u l d b e o b s e r v e d —

1 )

* H ,

g e n e r a l l y

i n

c o n n e x i o n

w i t h

o t h e r

p a r t i c l e s ,

i n v o l v e s

w i t h i n

i t

a n a s s e r t i o n , s i n c e

i t r e p r e s e n t s t h e o b j e c t o f t h e

q u e s t i o n

a s a c t u a l l y

e x i s t i n g , a s o v t o i i r o \ k p , m i t ' u n v — t t o v , n u m . f o r t e ,

y e t n o t

p e r h a p s ,

w h e n

t h e

q u e s t i o n e r e x p e c t s

a

n e g a t i v e a n s w e r ,

a s

t t o v T t r 6 \ n i ) K

t p y o v

a l a x i O T O v T o S t

—

y a p ,

i s i t n o t

t r u e f a s y a p , u ' l 7 n r i a ,

i d v

t i

i p i o r t i

a t ^ u n c p d r i j c ,

a i r o K p i v u

2 ) ' A p a i s p r o p e r l y

u s e d i n

d o u b t f u l , u n c e r t a i n , w o n d e r i n g q u e s t i o n s

b u t o f t e n , a l s o , w i t h a c e r t a i n m o d e s t y i n

d e f i n i t e

q u e s t i o n s , e .

g . , u p '

o l a O d

r i v a c ,

o l a w < / > f X t t £ u v r t c w 0 c X i ' / f o u f d v v a v r a i Q i X o v t ; T r o u t o Q a

3 )

O i

o r

n i l

i s

a n n e x e d

t o

a p a ,

a c c o r d i n g

a s

t h e

q u e s t i o n e r e x p e c t s

a

d e f i n i t e l y a f f i r m a t i v e

o r n e g a t i v e a n s w e r a s

a p ' o v k t o r t v d a B t v l j Q n o n n e

a g r o t a t ? J E g r o t a t .

— a p a

i a r t v

d a 9 t v r ) s n u m n a m

a g r o t a t f ( h e i s n o t

i l l p e r h a p s

? ) N b n

a e g r o t a t .

4 ) M i ) , y e t n o t p e r h a p s , a l w a y s

e x p r e s s e s

a n x i e t y o n

t h e p a r t

o f

t h e

q u e s t i o n e r a n d h e n c e

i m p l i e s

t h a t

a

n e g a t i v e a n s w e r i s

e x p e c t e d

a s

a X X d f i r ) a p x i r t i c r u t v

/ 3 o t » X e i

y t v s o Q a i

—

O u ' k o v v t y m y \

t t j t r i . H f i n i m e

g e n

t i u m .

— ' A X X d

/ i t ) y f < D / i e r p r ] s

i m B v f i t i g ,

i f t ) , y t v i a d a i a y a B o g ; —

O v S i y t w p i -

r p t j c , l < p 7 ] ,

k .

r . X . •

5 )

M C i v

( a r i s i n g

f r o m

t h e

i n t e r r o g a t i v e

f i t )

a n d

o i v )


e n

t i r e l y t o

t h e L a t i n , n u m ,

y e t n o t p e r h a p s

; a n d h e n c e

a l w a y s i m p l i e s

t h a t

a n e g a t i v e

a n s w e r

i s e x p e c t e d

a s :

p & v

T t r o \ p , t ) K a c

r a v r a S p d a a i F o r t h e

s a k e

o f

c l e a r n e s s , t h e p a r t i c l e s o v v a n d a r e

o f t e n a d d e d

— i i d v o v v ,

v , t i v f i t ) — a s n & v o v v r e r o X ^ i j i c a e —

o r

p . u v

f i r ) T t T o k p t f i c a g

—

B u t

w h e n

t h e

n e g a t i v e o v i s a d d e d t o u u v ,

t h e

q u e s t i o n b e c o m e s a f f i r m a t i v e

( n o n n e )

a s f i w v o v T t r o X f t r j K a g

— n o n n e

a u s u s e s

—

f

6 ) O v , n o n ,

n o n n e

f a n d

o v k o v v ,

w i t h

t h e a c c e s s o r y n o t i o n o f a c o n

s e q u e n c e

f r o m

w h a t h a s

p r e c e d e d ,

n o n o r

n o n n e

e r g o ? a l w a y s e x p r e s s

a n a f f i r m a t i v e q u e s t i o n a s

o » « o i v

y i X t o g r j S i o T o c t i c e x ^ p o i c y t \ d v

7 )

E l r a

a n d

i i r t i r a

a r e u s e d

i n q u e s t i o n s

o f d i s p l e a s u r e a n d w o n d e r ;

a n d e x p r e s s a n o b j e c t i o n : a n d y e t ; s i n c e t h e y i m p l y t h a t a n u n e x

2 5 G

C O M P O U N D

S E N T E N C E S

— S U B O R D I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .

v .

p e c t e d

c o n s e q u e n c e i s d r a w n

f r o m

w h a t h a s p r e c e d e d

a s

e i r e i r

o v k

o t t i

Q p o v T i & w

Q e o v c

d v O p w T T M v

8 )

D i r e c t d o u b l e

q u e s t i o n s a r e

i n t r o d u c e d

a ) b y i r l r e p o v

( i r o T f p a )

—

u t r u m

—

a n , a s

T r o r e p o v o i r o i v f i p t o r a i

c i m v ,

^ i X o E e v o t

( j r o r t p o v , i n

t h e

f i r s t m e m b e r , i s

s o m e t i m e s

o m i t t e d ; )

—

J . ' A p o

— n e

— a n ; —

c )

M y —

y e t n o t

i n d e e d ; —

o r , d ) A X k o

n

( i n s t e a d

o f

d X X o

n y ' e v o i r '

d v ,

? / ) a n d

d X X o n ,

n o n n e ,

a s : d X X o

r t X f t V e r a i

t o

i v r e v d e v

i p o i

K i v l v v t a v b p e y i a r o g ; n o n n e r e l i n q u i t u r m i h i — ? — A X X o n

o v v

o ' t y e t p i X o K e p d e l g t f t i X o v c i t o K e p S o g

9 )

S i m p l e i n d i r e c t

q u e s t i o n s a r e

i n t r o d u c e d

a )

b y

t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n s , ' b a n c ,

b i r o l o e , o j t o o - o c ,

b i r b r t p o t , o i t u t Q ,

o i r o v ,

o T r t j f

b i r b r e ,

& c .

( $ 6 2 ,

R e m a r k

1 . ) ;

a s : o v k

o t S a ,

' b o r i c l a r ' t v

—

o v k

o l S a , 0 7 r w c t o i r p a y p a t i r p n ' ^ t v .

R e m a r k 2 . B u t f r e q u e n t l y ,

t h e

d i r e c t i n t e r r o g a t i v e s , r i g , i r o t o g , i r & g ,

& c ,

s u p p l y t h e

p l a c e o f

t h e

i n d i r e c t ,

t h e i n d i r e c t

q u e s t i o n a s s u m i n g

t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e d i r e c t a s o v k o l d a , H g r a v r a e T r p a % e v ( i n s t e a d o f

i i f f T i g ) ,

b ) E i

( s i ) ,

w h e t h e r , i s

p r o p e r l y

u s e d ,

l i k e

o n l y i n d o u b l e

q u e s t i o n s ,

a n d d e n o t e s a

v a c i l l a t i o n

b e t w e e n t w o p o s s i b i l i t i e s b u t f r e q u e n t l y o n l y

o n e m e m b e r

i s

e x p r e s s e d , w h i l e t h e

o t h e r i s p r e s e n t

t o t h e

m i n d

o f t h e

s p e a k e r . T h u s , a f t e r v e r b s

o f

c o n s i d e r i n g , d e l i b e r a t i n g , e n q u i r i n g ,

a s h i n g ,

t r y i n g ,

k n o w i n g ,

s a y i n g ,

b p a v , o K o i r e i v ,

O K O T r u o Q a i , t i S k v a i , < p o / 3 e T a 6 a i , a n d

t h e l i k e — i r e i p d o B a t , l i r i v o e t v ,

I p u i r d v — X l y e i v ,

f p d & i v , & c . a s O K t ^ i a i ,

e i

b ' E \ \ i ) v w v v b p o g K a X X i o v ? x « .

A l s o

l a v ,

w i t h t h e

c o n j u n c t i v e , i s u s e d i n

s u c h q u e s t i o n s , w h e n t h e d i s c o u r s e i s a b o u t e x p e c t e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a n d

t h o s e w h i c h a r e y e t t o b e p r o v e d a s a n i ^ i a i , l a v r o d e 0 0 1 p a S X o v

d p l t j K y .

c ) M » i ,

a s i n d i r e c t q u e s t i o n s , — w h e t h e r h o w e v e r n o t , a f t e r e x p r e s s i o n s

o f

a s k i n g ,

c o n s i d e r i n g ,

d e l i b e r a t i n g ,

e n q u i r i n g ,

a n d

q u e s t i o n i n g , a s

w e l l

a s

a f t e r t h o s e

o f

a n x i e t y

a n d f e a r , w h i c h l i k e w i s e i n v o l v e

w i t h i n

t h e m

t h e

n o t i o n o f d e l i b e r a t i o n . I n E n g l i s h , t h i s 1 1 1 )

a f t e r

v e r b s o f

a n x i e t y

a n d

f e a r , i s t r a n s l a t e d b y

t h a t ,

e . g . ,

b p a ,

p i ) t o v t o o v r w g i x « . — o j > W £ a > , p r )

K p a r i O T O v

y

p o t a i y d v .

1 0 )

A n i n d i r e c t

d o u b l e

q u e s t i o n i s i n t r o d u c e d

b y

a )

m r e p o v ( w b r e p a )

— a s

o v k

o l d a , i r b r e p o v Z f i T l Q v r j K e v . — 6 ) e l — q , = i r b r e p o v —

w i t h t h i s

d i f f e r e n c e , h o w e v e r , t h a t

e i —

e x p r e s s

u n c e r t a i n t y a n d

c h o i c e .

—

c ) e l r e —

e l r e ,

i n t h e s a m e s i g n i f i c a t i o n a s e i — o n l y t h a t e l r e

—

e ' i r e ,

d e n o t e

t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g

r e l a t i o n

o f

t h e

t w o

m e m b e r s

a s

K a i

B e i Z t i g r d x a ,

e i r

e v y e v r ] g i r k f v K a g , e i r '

l a O X S v K a K i ) .

§

1 8 8 . ] I N D I B E C T

S P E E C H . 2 5 7

R e m a r k 3 . W i t h r e g a r d

t o

t h e u s e o f t h e m o o d s , t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d

b e

o b s e r v e d

t h e

I n d i c a t i v e

i s

e m p l o y e d

i n

d i r e c t

a n d

i n d i r e c t q u e s t i o n s ,

a s i n E n g l i s h t h e C o n j u n c t i v e

o r O p t a t i v e

i s

u s e d i n d o u b t i n g q u e s

t i o n s ,

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

t e n s e o f


i n

t h e

p r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e

a s :

o v m t \ t a ,

o j r o i

t p a v i a f x e u a n d o i l * t l x o v i o t t q i

r p a w o t f i t i v

1 5 3 , 1 ,

6 ) .

U p o n t h e i n d i c a t i v e a n d

o p t a t i v e

o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l

t e n s e s

w i t h

d v , s e e

§

1 5 3 ,

2 , a , a ) a n d c .

R e m a r k 4 . T h e a n s w e r i s e x p r e s s e d

a . - B y t h e r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e w o r d s t a n d i n g i n t h e q u e s t i o n

a s :

i p d e

p e , S i a i r o i v , ( i f i \ < n , r o v a O X t o v — ' O p d . A n e g a t i v e a n s w e r a n n e x e s t h e

n e g a t i o n ;

a s :

o t o f f

o v v

j 3 p o r o t g

8 f

K a O i a r t i K t v

v o f i o g ;

—

O i « o l S a .

b . B y f r / p i , f r i i i l y e i , i y w y f n e g a t i v e ,

o v

f i p i ,

o v k

l y m y t , 0 6 .

c .

V e r y

o f t e n ,

b y y i , e q u i d e m ,

u l i q u e ,

a s s u r e d l y , b y a l l m e a n s ,

w h i c h

i m p l i e s t h a t t h e

a n s w e r c o m p l e t e s

t h e

t h o u g h t

o f t h e q u e s t i o n ,

e x t e n d s

i t f u r t h e r , a d v a n c e s ,

s t r e n g t h e n s ,

a n d e n h a n c e s i t , o r r e s t r i c t s a n d c o r r e c t s

i t , b y

a n a d d i t i o n a l

s e n t e n c e . T h u s , a l s o , b y

y a p ,

w h i c h

i s

s t r o n g e r ,

h o w e v e r .

d .

B y v a i , v f )

r o v

A l a , i r a v v , t c d p r a , t v y t , a n d t h e

l i k e .

§ 1 8 8 .

O n t h e F o r m o f

O b l i q u e

o r

I n d i r e c t

S p e e c h .

1 . T h e w o r d s o r t h o u g h t s o f a

p e r s o n

— w h e t h e r h e b e a

s e c o n d

o r

t h i r d p e r s o n ,

o r

e v e n

t h e

s p e a k e r

h i m s e l f

—

m a y

b e

g i v e n

a g a i n , e i t h e r u n a l t e r e d , i n

t h e

s a m e

f o r m

i n

w h i c h

t h e y

a r e u t t e r e d

b y

t h e p e r s o n , — a n d t h e n

h i s

d i s c o u r s e ( t h o u g h t )

a p p e a r s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e n a r r a t o r , a n d

i s c a l l e d d i r e c t s p e e c h ( o r a t i o r e c t a ) ; a s : I t h o u g h t : a l l m e n a r e

m o r t a l ;

h e

a n n o u n c e d : p e a c e i s c o n c l u d e d ;

a n d

w i t h o u t a p r e

c e d i n g v e r b : a l l m e n a r e m o r t a l ; — o r m a y b e m a d e t o r e l a t e t o

t h e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

o f t h e

s p e a k e r

o r

a n o t h e r ,

a n d

s o c o n s i

d e r e d d e p e n d e n t u p o n a v e r b o f p e r c e p t i o n o r c o m m u n i c a t i o n

( v e r b u m s e n t i e n d i o r d e c l a r a n d i ) i n t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e . T h e

p r e d i c a t e i s q u o t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e v i e w o f t h e p e r s o n s p o k e n

8

2 5 8 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E S — S U B O R D I N A T I O N .

[ c h a p .

v .

o f — a s t h o u g h t o f i n h i s m i n d .

T h i s

f o r m o f s p e a k i n g i s

c a l l e d i n d i r e c t

o r

o b l i q u e

s p e e c h

( o r a t i o

d b l i q u a )

;

a s

h e

a n

n o u n c e d t h a t p e a c e w a s c o n c l u d e d .

2 . P r i n c i p a l

s e n t e n c e s o f

d i r e c t

s p e e c h , i .

e . t h e

g r a m m a t i

c a l s e n t e n c e s t o w h i c h t h e l o g i c a l l y s u b o r d i n a t e s e n t e n c e s ,

i n t r o d u c e d

b y t h e

c o o r d i n a t e c o n j u n c t i o n s y a p ,

o v v ,

j c a t r o i ,

& c ,

b e l o n g ,

a r e e x p r e s s e d

i n o b l i q u e

s p e e c h ( i f t h e y

c o n t a i n

a s e n t i m e n t ) , e i t h e r

b y

t h e a c c u s a t i v e w i t h t h e I n f i n i t i v e

( § 1 7 2 , 2 . ) o r b y o t i a n d c o s w i t h t h e f i n i t e

v e r b

( § 1 8 0 , 2 . )

o r b y t h e p a r t i c i p i a l

c o n s t r u c t i o n

( § 1 7 5 ,

1 . )

a s h r r i y y e i X s

t o v s t t o X s / m l o v s a T r o c f u r y s l v — o n

o l i r o \ s f i i , o i .

a i r o c p v y o i s v

o r a i r e -

< f > v y o v — r o i l s T r o X s f i w v s d T r o < p i r y 6 v r a s — o r

b y

t h e I n f i n i t i v e ,

w h e n t h e y e x p r e s s c o m m a n d s ,

w i s h e s ,

o r d e s i r e s ( § 1 7 1 ,

2 . ) ;

a s e K i l j s t o w

a r p a T U O T a i s

s T r i O s a d a i r o l s i r 6 \ s f i i o t s . ( o r .

r e c t a :

b r W e o - e e ) .

3 . A c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s o f d i r e c t s p e e c h ,

d o

n o t a l t e r t h e i r

f o r m

i n

i n d i r e c t

s p e e c h ,

e x c e p t

t h a t ,

a s

w e

s h a l l

s e e ,

t h e y

p u t

t h e O p t a t i v e

i n

t h e p l a c e o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e a n d C o n j u n c t i v e .

4 . W h e n , e .

g . ,

t h e a s s e r t i o n o f t h e g o v e r n i n g p r i n c i p a l s e n

t e n c e i s e x p r e s s e d b y

a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e , t h e O p t a t i v e n e c e s

s a r i l y

s t a n d s ,

e i t h e r i n s t e a d o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e , o r C o n j u n c t i v e

o f d i r e c t s p e e c h i f t h e

i n d i r e c t

s p e e c h i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s

s u c h .

T h u s ,

e . g . ,

f r o m :

i i x v

r o v r o

X i y y g ,

a f i a p r r j a y

—

a r i s e s :

t X t £ e

< r t ,

e i

t o v t o

X t y o t g , a f i a p T T i G t f f Q a i . — T e X s v r i o v t X t y t v o a a d y a Q a K v p o g t l s p r r a g 7 T f -

i r o i r j K o i ( f e c i s s e i ) . —

T M T a a Q t p v r j g w f i o a f v ' A y i / < r t \ a y , t i ( T i r s i a a i r o ,

e u ) g

I X B o t t v , o t ) g

j r e / i i ^ f i e i r p o g f i a a i X s a d y y t X o v g ,

$ i a i r p a $ t a Q a i a v r i p

d t p t G r j v a i

a v T o v o f i o v g r a g

i v

r i j ' A a i q . i r o X t i g ' E X A i j v t f l a f .

5 . V e r y f r e q u e n t l y , h o w e v e r , o b l i q u e s p e e c h , i n G r e e k , a s

s u m e s t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e d i r e c t m o d e o f e x p r e s s i o n , i n a s m u c h

a s , i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s , i t r e t a i n s t h e I n d i c a t i v e a n d

C o n j u n c t i v e o f d i r e c t s p e e c h , e v e n i n t h e i n d i r e c t , a n d o f t e n

u s e s

t h e I n d i c a t i v e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l

t e n s e s

a n d t h e C o n j u n c

t i v e , e v e n a f t e r a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e i n t h e

p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e .

§ 1 8 8 . ] I K D I E E C T S P E E C H . 2 5 9

T h e a c t i o n s a n d t h o u g h t s , i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h

b e l o n g

t o

t h e

p a s t ,

a r e t r a n s f e r r e d

t o

t h e

t i m e

p r e s e n t

t o

t h e

s p e a k e r . T h e u s e o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e h a s

b e c o m e

a r u l e , w h e n

t h e

a s s e r t i o n

o f t h e

g o v e r n i n g

p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e i s p l a e e d i n

t i m e

p r e s e n t w i t h

r e g a r d t o

t h e s p e a k e r ,

a s X e y c o o t i 6 a v -

d p a n r o s

O w j T O i s c r T i v ;

o r i t

i s

e x p r e s s e d

b y


w i t h

t h e I n f i n i t i v e i n s t e a d o f o t * w i t h t h e

f i n i t e

v e r b , X e y e o , t o v

a v 6 p u n r o v 0 v t ] t 6 v s l v a i .

' A e i

l i r i u i X t i r o

o K v p o g , o i r o r e a v a t r ] v d i t v , o i r i a q

i v x a p u r r o r a T O t

X o y o i

i f i f i \ 7 i 9 i i a o v T a t .

—

E d o Z t r < j > S t i / i i p

r p i d i c o v T a e X e a G m ,

o t r o i g i r a r p i o v g

v o p . o v g

f f v y y p d ^ o v t r i ,

K a 9 ' o t g

i r o X i r e v a o v a i v . —

' O p K t o t g

f i t y d X o i g

K a r t i x o v T O ' A Q r j v a Z o i ,

f i e i c a

t r r j

x p y p n a B a i

v o p o i g , o v g

a v

a v r o i g X o X a j v

B i j T a i . — T o i g

X i r i r ' t a g

l i c & X t v f f e T L v p o g t p v X a r r e i v r o v g

a y a y o v r a g ,

s w j a v

T i g < r i j / j j j i ' j j .

6 . T h e G r e e k

l a n g u a g e

h a s a l s o t h e l i b e r t y o f u s i n g t h e

a c c u s a t i v e w i t h t h e I n f i n i t i v e , i n s t e a d o f t h e

f i n i t e

v e r b , i n a l l

k i n d s

o f

a c c e s s o r y

s e n t e n c e s .

S i c v Q a g

0 a < r i

r o w s

v o j i d l a g ,

l i r t i

a t r o t { A a p t l o v

t i a f l a X t l v t i g

T t j v

x w p a v ,

f t i r a r a v r a / l e u p v s v a i a v r o v r i a a a O a t , e . p o s t q i i a m i n v a s i s s e t .

T H E E N D .



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Ν Β » - 8 Τ Ε Ε Β Τ β ^ ϋ Α I ( Κ .



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Ο Ε Ο Α Τ Α Ι , υ Ν Υ Α

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