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EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICDICTIONARY.WITH AN INDEX OF ENGLISH WORDS, KING LIST AND GEOGRAPHICAL LIST WITH INDEXES, LIST OF HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS. COPTIC AND SEMITIC ALPHABETS, ETC.

ByCSir)

E^r

AV

WALLIS BUDGE,

Knt., F.S.A.,

M.A. AND LiTT.D., Cambridge; M.A. and D.Litt., Oxford; D.Lit., Durham; SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND TYRWHITT HEBREW SCHOl.AU KEEPER OF THE EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM.;

{IN

TWO VOLUMES)VOL.I.

LONDONJOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET,1920.

iPI|iiPHii^l^lR^PMl

PRINTERSST.

HARRISON AND SONS, IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY.martin's I.ANEW.C.2.

LONDON,

CONTENTS.PAGE

DedicationIntroductionList of Authorities quoted or referred to List of Hieroglyphic CharactersCoptic, Semitic,

'

.

.

facing

ii

VIxxvxcviicxiviii

....

and Persian Cuneiform Alphabets

Egyptian DictionaryList of Kings'

I

Names ^

.

9179471067

List of Countries, Cities, Towns, etc.

Index of English

Words.

Index of Kings' Names

12571271

Index of Geographical Names

Geographical NamesArabic, etcList of Coptic

in Coptic,

Greek, Hebrew, Assyrian, Syriac1279

Words quoted

in

the Dictionaryin

1287

List of non-Egyptian

Words quoted

the Dictionaryetc.

Hebrew, Assyrian, Syriac, Arabic,List of

....

Greek1305

Egyptian

Hieroglyphic Characters in the

Fount of1315

Messrs. Harrison and Sons; with Appendix.

INTRODUCTION.It

be taken for granted that, from the time when Akerblad, Young and Champollion le Jeune laid the foundation of thefirst

may

science of Egyptology in the

quarter of the nineteenth century

down to the present day, every serious student of Egyptian texts, whether hieroglyphic, hieratic or demotic, has found it necessary to compile in one form or another his own Egyptian Dictionary.In these days the

when we have

at our disposal thelast

knowledge which

has been acquired during thetoil

hundred years by the unceasing and their immediate Labours of Birch, Lepsius, Brugsch, Chabas, Goodwin, E. de p^"^!^ followers Rouge and others we are apt to underrate the difficulties which lexicothey met and overcame, as well as to forget how great is the debt S^'^P^^^^. which we owe to them. I therefore propose, before passing on to describe the circumstances under which the present Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary has been produced, to recall briefly the labours of the " famous men " who have preceded me in the field of Egyptian lexicography, and " who were honoured in their generations, and were the glory of their times." The Abbe J. J. Barthelemy (1716-1795) as far back as 1761 Akerblad and showed satisfactorily that the ovals in Egyptian inscriptions Zoega's uy i discoveries, " cartouches " contamed royal names. Zoega which we callof

above-mentioned

pioneers

jT

.

(1756-1809) accepted this view, and, developing

it,^

stated that the

hieroglyphs

them were alphabetic letters. Had Akerblad (1760-1819) and S. de Sacy (1758-1838) accepted these facts, and wofked to develop them, the progress of Egyptological They failed, howscience would have been materially hastened. ever, to pay much attention to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of which copies were available, and devoted all their time and labourin

to the elucidation of the enchorial, or demotic, text on the Rosetta

Silvestre de

Stone, the discovery of which had roused such profound interest

^^^^

amongwith

the learnedtext

men

of the day.

Their labours in connectionconsiderablefirst

this

were crowned with

success.

To

Akerblad belongs the credit of being theCoptic letters, but neither he norS.

Europeanits

to formulate

a " Demotic Alphabet," and to give the values of

characters in

de Sacy seems to have sus-

pected the existence of a hieroglyphic alphabet. Both these eminent scholars produced lists, or small vocabularies, of demotic'

See

my

Rosetta Stone, vol.

I,

p. 40.

a 3

VI

Introduction.

Demoticvocabularies

words, and added translations of them which are surprisinglycorrect considering the period

Akerblad and de Sacy.of

when they were compiled.

AndTheir

both were ablefailure to

to read correctly thee.g.,

demotic equivalents of several

Greek royal names,to

Alexander, Ptolemy and Berenice.inexplicable.

apply the method by which they achieved such successinscriptionsis

the

hieroglyphic

It

has been

suggested that their scholarly minds revolted at the absurd views,theoriesKircher, Jablonski,

and statements about the Egyptian hieroglyphs madeJ.

by Athanasius Kircher (1601-1680), Jablonski (1673-1757),

de

de Guignes

and Tychsen.

Guignes (1721-1800), Tychsen (1734-1815) and others, and the suggestion is probably correct. After the publication of his

famous " Letter " toabout them.

S.

de Sacy,^ Akerblad seems to have dropped

his Egyptological studies.

At

all

events, he published nothing

De

Sacy, though he did not consider that he had

wasted the time that he had spent on the demotic text on the Rosetta Stone, refrained from further research in Egyptology, and nothing of importance was effected in the decipherment of the

Egyptian hieroglyphs until Dr. Thomas Young (June 13th, 1773May loth, 1830) turned his attention to them.

Young's Hieroglyphic Alphabet and Vocabulary.Thomas Young andthe Rosetta Stone.

In

1 814

Stone, and, according to his

monthstexts.

in

on the Rosetta own statement, succeeded in a few translating both the demotic and the hieroglyphic

Young began

to study the inscriptions

His translations, together with notes and some remarks

on Akerblad's Demotic Alphabet, were printed in Archceologia for 1815, under the title " Remarks on Egyptian Papyri and on the Inscription of Rosetta." With respect to the Egj^ptian Alphabet " I had hoped to find an alphabet which would enable he says, me to read the enchorial inscription. But I gradually been compelled to abandon this expectation, and had to admit the conviction that no such alphabet would ever be.

...

discovered, because

it

had never been

in existence."

During the

next three or four years he

made

striking progress in the decipher-

both demotic and hieroglyphic characters. The results of his studies at this period were published in his article Egypt,of

ment

which appearedpcBcLia

in Partin

I

of theIt

fourth volume of the Encyclofive plates,

Britannica

i8ig.

was accompanied by

containing inter alia a hieroglyphic vocabulary of 218 words, a'

Lettre sur

V Inscription Egyptienne deplate containing the

Rosette, adressee

au citoyen

Silvestre

de Sacy, Paris (Imprimerie de la Republique Fran^aise) and Strasbourg, an(1802), 8vo.

X

With a

Demotic Alphabet.

Introduction." supposed enchorial,

vii

i.e.,

demotic alphabet," and " specimens of

phrases." The Vllth Section of the letterpress contained the Young's " Rudiments of a Hieroglyphic Vocabulary," and thus Young Hieroglyphic

Egyptian Vocabularies. In this article, which formed a most important and epochmaking contribution to Egyptology, Young gave a list containing a number of alphabetic Egyptian characters, to which, in most cases, he assigned correct phonetic values, i.e., values which are accepted by Egyptologists at the present day. In fact, he showed

became the "father"

of English compilers of

that he

had

rightly grasped the idea of a phonetic principle in

the reading of Egyptian hieroglyphs, the existence of which had

been assumed and practically proved by Barthelemy and Zoega, and applied it for the first time in the decipherment of. . .

Hisapplication of the Phonetic

Egyptian hieroglyphs. This seems to me to be an mdisputable principle. fact, which can easily be verified by any one who will take the " trouble to read Young's article, Egypt, in the " Supplement to the EncyclopcBdia Britannica and study his correspondence and papers which John Leitch reprinted in the third volume of Young's the Miscellaneous Works of the late Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S., gnceTith'^'

Those whom such evidence will not satisfy may consult the five volumes of his papers that are preserved in the In the first British Museum (Additional MSS. 27,281-27,285). volume (Add. 27,281) are all the principal documents dealing with his work on the Rosetta Stone, and in the second (Add. 27,282) will be found his copies of a series of short vocabularies of EgyptianLondon, 1855.

Chan-pollion

^

others.

Without wishing in any way to reopen the dispute as to the merits and value of Young's work in comparison with that of ChampoUion, it may be pointed out that scholars who were contemporaries of both and who had competent knowledge of Egyptology couple together the names of Young and ChampoUion, and place Young's name first. Thus Kosegarten groups Young,words.

Birch speaks of the " discoveries of ChampoUion and Peyron^ and Tattam says that the Dr. Young and M. ChampoUion "^ sculptured monuments and papyri of Egypt have long " engaged; ;

contemporaryopinions on

the attention of the Learned,

endeavoured to Young's decipher them, tUl our indefatigable and erudite countryman, discovery. Dr. Young, and, after him, M. ChampoUion, undertook the task."''in vainDebitas vero gratias refero Youngio, ChampoUiono, Peyronio, viris praeclarissimis, quo quoties aliquid ad hoc studiorum genus pertinens abiis sciscitarem,'

who have

toties benevolo

semper et promte quae desiderarem mecum communicaverunt. De Prisca Aegyptiorum Litteratura Commentatio prima. Weimar, 1828, p. iv. - Sketch London, 1838, p. 3. of a Hieroglyphical Dictionary.'

Coptic

Grammar.

London, 1830,

p. ix.

a 4

:

Vlll

Introduction.

The

great value and importance of Young's application of the

phonetic principle to Egyptian hieroglyphs has beenthe distinguished Egyptologist,la realite, le fiat

summed up

with characteristic French terseness and accuracy by Chabas,

who

wrote, " Cette id6e fut, dans

lux de la science."' Curiously enough Young did not

follow

up

his discovery

by

a continued application of his phonetic principle to Egyptianinscriptions other than those on the Rosetta Stone, but seems to

have been content to leaveto

its

further application and development

ChampoUion le Jeune.^ And for some reason he made no attempt to add to the Egyptian Vocabulary containing 218 words wliich he published in his article Egypt in the Encyclopaedia Britannica,orYoung's

he did, his additions were never printed. On the other hand, he devoted himself to the preparation of a Demotic Dictionary andif

DemoticDictionary.

work occupied the last ten years of his life. The " Advertisement " is of considerable interest, for it shows that it was only his inability to decide upon the system of arrangement that ought to be employed in an Egyptian Dictionary, that prevented him from publishing the work during his lifetime. His difficulty is describedthis

by him thus " Fromcult

the mixed nature of the characters employed in theit

written language or rather languages of the Egyptians,to determine

is diffi-

what would be the best arrangement

for

a

dictionary, even

Alphabetic arrangementof the Dictionary.

if they were all perfectly clear in their forms, and perfectly well understood at present, however, so many of them remain unknown, and those which are better known assume so diversified an appearance, that the original difficulty is greatly increased. Every methodical arrangement, however arbitrary, has the advantage of bringing together such words as nearly resemble each other and it appears most likely to be subservient to the purposes of future investigation, to employ an imitation of an alphabetical order, or an artificial alphabet, founded upon the resemblance of the characters to those of which the phonetic value was clearly and correctly determined by the late Mr. Akerblad; and to arrange the words that are to be interpreted:

:

according to their places in thisin each instance, not

artificialfirst

order

;

choosing, however,

always the

character that enters into

the composition of the word, butthe most radical, or the most'

that

which appears to beinits signification,

essential

or

Inscription de Rosette, p.

5.

^

See Advertisement

to

Dr. Young's Egyptian Dictionary printed in Rudiments

of an Egyptian Dictionary, which formed an Appendix to Tattam's Coptic Grammar. London, 1830, 8vo, and was reprinted by Leitch. op. cit., p. 472 ff.

Introduction.

ix

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