an economic study of the various aspects of sandstone...

AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE VARIOUS

ASPECTS OF SANDSTONE SECTOR IN THE

DHOLPUR DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN

Author:

Surender Singh Charan

Research Scholar

Deptt. of Economics

Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur (Rajasthan- India)

Co-Authors:

Dr. Kalpana Randhawa

Research Guide

Deptt. of Psychology

Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur. (Rajasthan- India)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The sandstone industry has long been flourishing in the entire Dholpur district despite having

casual fluctuations. The retail and wholesale shops of sandstone at the tehsils which facilitate the

purchasing of sandstone to the varied types of consumers confirm it. However, Sarmathura

remains unquestionably the most leading tehsil in the production and manufacturing the

sandstone. There are hundreds of licensed and unlicensed small and big mines that make the

production of sandstone at a large scale possible. Besides the mines there are several gangsaws

that are operated day and night to manufacture the various types of sandstone. Here there is a big

market where the wholesale dealers and retail dealers of sandstone can purchase as much stone

of any variety and colour as they want. The whole production and manufacturing work is done in

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ADALYA JOURNAL

Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2019

an organized and planned way by a large number of workers who, by working under various

capacities, make the task possible.

Specific Objective

To produce an overview of the industrial sector in the Dholpur district of Rajasthan & to present

its socio-economic interpretation

Hypothesis

The sandstone sector spread throughout the district is the biggest one that can be a great source

of employment and livelihood

Research Methodology

Study Area- Dholpur district including all its six tehsils

Population of the sandstone units in the study area- 100

Sample size- 50%

Number of selected units of information on which the study was conducted- 500

Sampling- Random Sampling

Basis of the study- Observation Method

Data used- Both primary and secondary ones

Sources of Primary data- Self prepared tool (Schedule) and interview

Sources of Secondary data- Books, research journals, magazines, and the internet sites

Research Type- Both qualitative and quantitative

Key-finding- The sandstone sector in the Dholpur district of Rajasthan is winning a special

identity to the district, and is a great source of employment to the people despite its adverse

effects on public health and environment.

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INTRODUCTION

The status of the mineral sector in India is quite enthusiastic. 89 minerals, of which four were

fuel, three were atomic energy minerals, and 80 non-fuel1 were mined and processed in 2013.

In 2011–12 the government-owned public sector accounted for 68% of mineral production by

volume2. The contribution of the Indian mining industry to its economy is so immense. India is

Asia’s third and world’s eleventh largest economy with the status of being a developing mixed

economy.3 India ranks 139th in per capita GDP (nominal) with $2,134 and 122nd in per capita

GDP (PPP) with $7,783 as of 2018.4 India achieved 6-7% average GDP growth annually after

the 1991 economic liberalisation. India's economy became the world's fastest growing major

economy in FY 2015 and 2018, surpassing China.5 Being the fourth-largest producer of minerals

in the world by volume, and eighth-largest producer by value in 2009, India’s mining Industry is

on the track of higher horizons of success6.India is a leading producer and exporter of many

natural stones that are used in the construction industry and architectural designing and detailing

in homes as well as offices. Often called as “dimension” stones, these stones are processed in

various sizes, thicknesses, shapes and designs for various construction- and renovation-based

applications all over the world. Major stones that are being produced and supplied to various

countries from India are granite (India is a world leader in granite production and export),

marble, sandstone, slate, limestone and quartzite.7

Rajasthan’s contribution to production of dimensional and decorative stones, such as marble,

sandstone, and granite etc. is so significant. Value of all minerals produced during 2017-18 in

the state stood at US$ 3.10 billion8. In addition to marble, Rajasthan also enjoys significant

reserves of sandstone, granite slate etc. Over 90% of the deposits of sandstone are found

Rajasthan, spread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Jodhpur, Sawai-Madhopur,

Bundi, Chittorgarh, Bikaner, Jhalawar, Pali, Shivpuri, etc. Rajasthan is the second most

mineral rich state in India. It has a wide spectrum of mineral deposits.9 it accounts for about 90

per cent of the country’s total natural stone production.10 There are 3403 mining leasesfor major

minerals and 11 861 mining leasesfor minor minerals, as well as 18 249 quarry licenses in the

state.11 Rajasthan’s richness in sandstone is assumed in the fact that over 90% of the total

deposits of sandstone are speread over and found in most of the Rajasthani districts such as

Bharatpur, Dholpur, Shivpuri, Kota, Sawaimadhopur, Jodhpur, Jhalawar, Pali, Jaisalmer,

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India#cite_note-267

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20_major_economies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20_major_economies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatpur_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholpur

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivpuri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sawai-Madhopur_district&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhalawar_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer

Bundi, Chittorgarh, Bikaner, etc12. More than 80% of the deposits of Sandstone in India lie in

Rajasthan, spread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Jodhpur, Karauli, Bundi,

Chittorgarh, Bikaner, Jhalawar, Pali and Jaisalmer.13 The sandstone has a verity of uses such as

roofing, flooring, paving, paneling, beams, pillars, arches, doors and window sills, wall facing,

fence posts, mile stones etc. Sandstone demand has been on an upsurge in the region due to the

high rise demand in the building and construction industries resulting in regional growth. It is

also suitable for use in chemical industries as flooring, wall fixing & lining due to its acid and

alkali resistant properties. It is also suitable for carving and making windows and jallis.14

Situated between the two famous states of India Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, Dholpur

which got a distinct identity as a district of Rajasthan in 1982, is now popular all over India, and

even in some of the foreign countries for its sandstone sector which is widening day-by-day.

Each of the six Subdivisions and six Tehsils of the district, namely, Dholpur, Bari, Baseri and

Rajakhera, Saipau & Sarmathura is making a tremendous contribution to the growth and

development of the sandstone sector.

Dholpur district is a leading producer of sandstone with the white – spotted reddish sandstone

which is extensively quarried as building stone in southwest of Dholpur and in other Parts of the

district. The different quarries produce 30 to 60 cm wide and 2 to 3 m long slabs and tiles.15

Dholpur District is rich in Sandstone and Masonry Stone. This is situated on earth surface. So,

the mining in the Dholpur done by Open Cast Method. The mineral wealth the district is

constituted by sand stone & limestone. A total of 187 mining leases are existing in the district.

The significant portion of Dholpur and Rajakhera subdivision area covered by the alluvium of

the chambal velly.16 Dholpur sandstone is fine to medium grained , compact , resistant to acid ,

available in different shades and colors and can be easily dressed and chiseled . It take good

polish at cut surface, The Dholpur sandstone is being used in Rajasthan as well as in neighboring

states since centuries as building & dimensional stone.17

The economic aspect of the Indian stone industry is very strong. It not only generates job and

investment opportunities, but also opens vistas of economic growth and development for the

country through export of the various types of stone to the countries overseas alongwith the

domestic supply. Of the various industries flourishing successfully in India, the stone industry is

a major industry associated to the mineral sector. The involvement of more and more investors in

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittorgarh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikaner

it, the growing rate of export of stone at large is a sufficient evidence to the successful

flourishing of the stone industry. The stone industry invites investors from all the four corners of

the world. Those who are capable of managing the capital required for the stone quarries and

other manufacturing units, invest capital with a sound belief that the investment is going to earn

them a huge profit. At such a crucial point of time, when almost every young man and woman is

looking for some job opportunity that can ensure future security, the stone industry can play a

pivot role by creating several job opportunities to the youth in various capacities on the basis of

abilities, qualification and efficiencies.

Dholpur Red Sandstone natural tiles and slabs can be used for various purposes like in

bathrooms, countertops, vanity tops, staircases, roofing etc. Dholpur red is the most beautiful

and irresistibly elegant variety of sandstone. Natural rough blocks quarried extensively in the

northern part of India, the stone has now gained an international value. It has a compelling

export quality.18 In recent years, sandstone has seen an unprecedented surge in demand globally,

as well as in the domestic market. The demand for sandstone is intrinsically linked to the growth

of the construction industry both within the country and globally.19

Besides the construction work, the sandstone is also used to make statues, tombs, utensils and

several showpieces. The statue market in and near the capital city Jaipur makes one realize the

multiple use of sandstone. Indeed, Sandstones are widely used in the building elements of the

stone monuments. Durability of sandstones is determined not by the hardness or chemical

stability of the major constituent (quartz grains), but by the cementing agent which binds them.

The cementing mineral is used as a sliding-scale durability measure, with siliceous as

most durable, followed by calcareous.20

Mining and quarrying generate a lot of these sandstone wastes which leads to excessive dumping

without any utilisation. Although sandstones are a weaker type of aggregates that can be used in

concrete, some of the studies have utilised them efficiently depending on the output needed for

the use of such sedimentary materials.21 A majority of quarry owners produce hand dressed slabs

and tiles in different thicknesses. But, in the export market normally machine-cut tiles are in

demand and the simple edge cutting machines with single or double cutters are used for getting

machine-cut tiles. The further requirement of tiles in 10 to 12 mm thickness with one side natural

and other calibrated has resulted in establishing cutting and polishing units of sandstone.22

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/durables

A large segment of the population is dependent on stone mining and processing industry, the

contribution of which is equal if not more to the district exchequer. Even though a very small

segment of this population is involved in the stone crafts (carving), the craft holds enormous

potential for reducing poverty by creation of mass jobs and through improvement in quality of

work life of artisans.23 Sandstone is mined for around nine months, from October till the onset of

monsoon in June, with peak work done in January-February under clear skies. Later, around

June-July, as the monsoons set, and the rain water begins to fill the deep-set quarries, the miners

store the excavated slabs in open yards known as sandstone “stocks”. In these open plots, the

miners and stone carvers further process the sandstone using hammers and wedges.24

In Rajasthan, workers, around 300 thousand officially and much more unofficially, work in

extremely vulnerable and precarious conditions. They face occupational health hazards and

diseases like silicosis and tuberculosis. Child and forced labour are widespread. Mostly, migrant

workers live in shacks without basic amenities like drinking water and toilets. The system of

piece-rate wage, which camouflages intensification of work and family labour, is a means to

deny minimum wages to the workers.25 The sandstone mining industry workers are generally the

members of the marginalized castes. They perform work activities, such as, drilling, blasting,

crushing, loading and unloading of sandstone slabs that expose them to elevated levels of silica

dust for prolonged periods of time26.

Detailed analysis of result showed that the x-rays of the persons having work exposure of less

than 10 yrs did not show evidence of silicosis. The prevalence of silicosis in persons having

work exposure between 11 to 20 yrs, 21 to 30 years and more than 30 years showed increasing

trend of 29 %, 45.5 % & 56.5 % respectively.27 Without exaggeration it can be said that a

majority of quarry workers is indebted to its employers and works under conditions of bonded

labour. When bonded workers die, their debts are often passed on to their families. Then the

children are forced to go out to work in order to pay off these debts, perpetuating the situation of

bondedness.28

The path to overcoming economic poverty is through enhancing the livelihood capabilities of the

poor and giving them access to sustainable income-earning opportunities. In the process, the

poor must be enabled to break free from their past, develop an alternative vision of their future

and set achievable goals. They must be equipped with the technical, organizational, negotiating,

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and networking that will facilitate the fulfillment of their goals.29 The countries like Belgium,

Italy, Canada, Germany, France, UAE etc. keep importing sandstone from Rajasthan, and thus,

contribute to the export rate of the Rajasthan sandstone. The increasing trend of export to the

countries like United Kingdom, Canada and Republic of Korea reveals the growing status of the

sandstone of Rajasthan in the international market.30

OBJECTIVES

1. To produce an overview of the industrial sector in the Dholpur district of Rajasthan

2. To reflect the industrial growth and development in the district

3. To mirror the trends of industrial development going on in the district

4. To identify the aspects of the industrial sector that are still undeveloped

5. To trace and point out the possibilities of development in the industrial sector of the district

6. To reflect the scenario of the sandstone sector in the district

7. To mirror the various aspects of the sandstone sector

8. To interpret the sandstone sector in the context of the sandstone owners and miners,

sandstone units and their working, sandstone production, technology, means of transport and

communication, supply and export, revenue, profit-loss status, and public health

9. To present the economic aspect of the sandstone sector in the district

10. To extend valuable suggestions about how to improve the growth and development of the

sandstone sector in the district

HYPOTHESIS

1. The industrial sector of the Dholpur district is quite progressive

2. There is a satisfactory industrial growth and development in the district

3. All the important industries are there in the district providing employment to the people, and

contributing to the state revenue

4. Some of the aspects of the industrial sector are still undeveloped, and they require

development at the earliest possible

5. Availability of the natural resources in the district confirm that there is much possibility of

the growth of the industrial sector

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6. The sandstone sector spread throughout the district is the biggest industrial sector in the

Dholpur district

7. Some of the major positive aspects of the sandstone sector include- economic exploitation of

the natural resources, availability of the mines in abundance, availability of the manpower

required for the production of the sandstone, improved roads, by-passes and highways, good

market, employment to the local people and outsiders, availability of the capitalists willing to

invest their capital etc.

8. Some of the negative aspects include- environmental pollution, risk to public health,

exploitation of the miners and other workers, lack of facilities at the work place etc.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

With the sample size of 50%, the study is based on the observation method, primary and

secondary data and in accordance with the steps of scientific method as prescribed by the

eminent social scientists, and which are essentially to be observed by the researchers. This study

was conducted on the randomly selected 50 sandstone industrial units from the different tehsils

of the Dholpur district of Rajasthan with total 500 units of information that included the

employees of the Mining department, workers engaged in the stone industrial units, industrialists

and owners of the sandstone mines and industrial units, doctors, visitors and all those who are

associated directly or indirectly with the sandstone industrial units.

The primary data were collected from the selected units through the self-prepared interview

schedule with a sufficient number of questions in it covering all the aspects that reflect evidently

tremendous glimpses of the sandstone industrial units at the Dholpur district. The secondary data

were collected from the literature available in various books, research journals, magazines, and

last but not least, from the internet sites that enabled the researcher to get a sufficient feedback of

the problem, and that prepared him to go ahead successfully in the field. All the steps of research

were strictly observed. The researcher designed the work on the observation method, collection,

classification, analysis, interpretation and tabulation of the primary data. In order to impart a

presentable form to the work, the data tables and various types of graphs were used. Finally,

interpreting the cause and effect relationship of the selected problem, generalization was made.

The conclusions were drawn keeping in view all the major aspects of the sandstone sector of the

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Dholpur district, and the contribution of the sandstone sector to the industrial and economic

development.

STUDY AREA

DHOLPUR

BARI

BASERI

SARMATHURA

RESEARCH TYPE QUALITATIVE & QUANTITAVIVE

SANDSTONE UNITS (100) ASSOCIATED PERSONS (1000)

SAMPLE

TOTAL POPULATION

SAIPAU

RAJAKHERA

SAMPLE SIZE

50 500

50% 50%

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MAJOR FINDINGS

Finding- 1: The highest age group of the workers working in the sandstone mines and sandstone

units is 30-45 years.

DATA: TYPE & SOURCES

PRIMARY SECONDARY

SCHEDULE

INTERVIEW

DISCUSSION THESES

INTERNET SITES

E

REFERENCE BOOKS

MAGAZINES

JOURNALS & PAPERS NEWSPAPERS

TOOLS FOR THE STUDY SELF-DEVELOPED SCHEDULE AND INTERVIEW GUIDE

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Figure: 1

Finding- 2: Presence of 37% of illiterate workers reveals that illiteracy prevails among the

workers engaged in the sandstone and mining industry.

Figure: 2

Finding- 3: The various persons working under various capacities in the sandstone sector in the

district include 7.4% industrialists, 18.2% businessmen, 50.6% labourers, 3.8% doctors and 20%

local persons engaged in the various other works.

0-15 Years15-30 Years

30-45 Years45-60 Years

60-75 Years

3

28

54

33

7

1

41

58

21

4

5

3948

25

8

7

39 46

26

7

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura

Illiterate Secondary SeniorSecondary

Graduate Post Graduate &Others

56

33

11 13 12

46

37

21 19

2

4941

23

11

1

3644

23 21

1


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Figure: 3

Finding- 4: The most important cause of the Dholpur district is the availability of sandstone

mines and the manufacturing of sandstone.

Figure: 4

Finding- 5: Of all the six tehsils in the district, the Sarmathura tehsil is the most popular tehsil

for the sandstone mines, quarries and processing units.

Industrialist Businessman Labourer Doctor LocalRepresentative

7

23

71

4

20

10

25

55

6

29

5

18

67

5

30

15

25

60

4

21


Crime Sandstone Historical PlacesEducational InstitutesNatural Beauty

19

78

122

1411

82

814 10

18

69

22

412

21

87

112 4


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Figure: 5

Finding- 6: Sarmathura tehsil is environmentally the most suitable place for the sandstone

Figure: 6

Finding- 7: The sandstone sector in Sarmathura is in progress due to the availability of mines,

labour, rich market etc.

Figure: 7

Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Rajakhera Saipau

212 16

93

1 1517 19

82

1 19 15 16

81

2 21 2 5

114

2 1



7868

7988

21 18 179

21 22

9 115

17 20 17

Yes No Neutral Ignorant


81 77 80 83

25 24 21 1818 15 23 201 9 1 4

Availability of mines Availability of labor Good Market Others

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Finding- 8: The sandstone industry makes a positive impact on the development of the Dholpur

district.

Figure: 8

Finding- 9: The sandstone industry provides job opportunities, makes the female workers self

depend and contributes to the state revenue.

Figure: 9

Finding- 10: The growth of the sandstone industry in the Dholpur industry is a menace to the

environment and public health as well as to the increasing rate of crime.

119 122117 1203 1 4

1

2 1 2 2

1 1 2 2

Positive Negative Neutral Ignorant


78

0

80 91

9

7

4 234

21

26 284

8

15 4

It creates job opportunities Self dependence of female workers

It contributes to the revenue Others


51 4855 58

4552 56

46

21 1813 16

8 71 5

It causes harm to environment It causes risk and danger to public health

It contributes to crimes Others

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Figure: 10

Finding- 11: The sandstone industry in the Dholpur district is responsible for the various forms

of pollution, diseases and deforestation.

Figure: 11

Finding- 12: Air pollution is caused through dust, waste stone, chemicals etc.

Figure: 12

Finding- 13: Water pollution is caused through waste materials and through chemicals in

addition to certain other pollutants.


31 43 60 6223

3137 29

188

4 353 4324 31

It causes pollution It causes diseases It causes deforestation All


78 81 7784

22 2640

3119

8 4 86 104 2

Through dust Through waste stone Through Chemicals Others

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Figure: 13

Finding- 14: Means of transport like trucks and tractors and the operational activities in the

gangsaw units in the study area are a menace to the environmental peace and cause noise and

sound pollution.

Figure: 14

Finding- 15: Pollution control is possible only through self awareness of the people involved in

the sandstone sector


6 4 4 5

54 5972 63

59 61 46 55

6 1 3 2

Through dirt of the workers Through waste material Through chemicals Others

Dholpur

Bari

Baseri

Sarmathura

12

15

10

7

37

31

41

33

12

7

5

17

64

72

69

68

Means of Transport Through explosions

Through Gangsaw operation Through Density of workers

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Figure: 15

Finding- 16: The management and working of the sandstone units is satisfactory.

Figure: 16

Finding- 17: The accounts of income and expenditure are maintained properly

Figure: 17


54

4248 4643

49

3847

2633 32

27

2 17 5

Self Awareness Rigid Govt. mining policies pollution free technology No idea

101 104 99 95

16 4 7 13

7 13 17 161 4 2 1




71 60 69 81

48

91117 21

241833 36 23 15


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Finding- 18: Working hours are not generally fixed, and the workers are kept engaged as per the

demand for the sandstone

Figure: 18

Finding- 19: In the Dholpur district more than 80 tonne sandstone is quarried and manufactured

per day.

Figure: 19

Finding- 20: Rough sandstone, Butch and finished sandstone are some of the types of sandstone

that are in demand in the state, national and international stone market.

Figure: 20


7 1 1 14

1 3 6

2722 24

1

87 101 97117

6 A.M. – 2 PM 2 AM- 10 PM 10 AM- 5 PM No Fixed Time

0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 More than 80 Tonnes

4 7 119

94

1 1 6 9

108

1 1 1 1

121

2 2 2 5

114



4150

3422

14 9 719

59 6480

89

1 2 4 5

Rough Sandstone Buch Finished Others

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Finding- 21: Construction work, statues and monuments, roads and pavements etc. are some of

the purposes for which sandstone of the district is used.

Figure: 21

Finding- 22: The supply of the sandstone encompasses the district, state and national level

where its use is made for several specific purposes.

Figure: 22

Finding- 23: On an average the investment that is made by the investors is 40-60 lac per investor

Figure: 23


99 87 95 88

1115

2117

13 178 15

2 6 1 5

Construction work Statues & Monuments Road Pavement Others

District level State Level National Level International Level No idea

18

43

59

4 1

21

5247

1 4

33 36

51

4 1

27

4351

2 2


Rs 0-20 Lac Rs 20-40Lac Rs 40-60 Lac Rs 60-80 Lac Above Rs 80 Lac

1

15

94

1323

12

92

17

1314

84

21

32

18

89

15

1


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Finding- 24: The monthly turnover of each and every sandstone unit is from 5-10 lac.

Figure: 24

Finding- 25: The sandstone industry is flourishing successfully with a higher and higher profit

day by day.

Figure: 25

Finding- 26: Daily income of the sandstone units is Rs 10000 to 15000.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Rs 0-5 Lac Rs 5-10 Lac Rs 10--15 Lac Rs 15-20 Lac Above Rs 20 Lac

98

23

2 1 1

87

31

2 41

94

25

1 2 3

91

26

4 3 1



84 80 70 61

9 1315

18

21 15 19 20

11 17 21 26

Profit Loss Neutral Ignorant

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Figure: 26

Finding- 27: On an average, the daily income of the workers falls within the range of the income

group Rs 300-600.

Figure: 27

Finding- 28: The status of wages of the workers in the mines and quarrying and processing

centres and units varies in accordance with their skill and experience.

Figure: 28


8 2 1 1

35 4222 16

69 6176 79

1310 26 29

Rs 0-5000 Rs 5000-10000 Rs 10000-15000 Rs 15000-20000

68 7161 63

3828 28 39

17 23 217

2 3 15 16

Rs 0-300 Rs 300-600 Rs 600-900 Rs 900-1200

5641 44 5158

8170 71

7 1 3 24 2 8 1


Same Different Neutral Ignorant

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Finding- 29: The child labour is prohibited by the laws, and hence, child labour is not allowed in

the district.

Figure: 29

Finding- 30: The working conditions are not satisfactory, and that they adversely affect the

health of the workers.

Figure: 30

Finding- 31: The sandstone industry faces the problems relating to royalty, labourers, frequent

light and water failure, market, dacoits, communication, road and transportation etc.


2 4 5 10

84 74 80 65

16 19 21 2923 28 19 21



2 1 6 3

9791 88

101

1321 21 1813 12 10

3


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Figure: 31

Finding- 32: The workers in the sandstone industry find themselves surrounded by poor working

conditions, job insecurity, irregular payment of wages, physical health problems etc.

Figure: 32

Finding- 33: The problems associated with the sandstone industry at large, can be solved

provided the government policies are implemented rigidly, job guarantee is made to the workers,

uniformity in wages and payment is observed and made regularly, health and family of the

24 2711 27 9 11 14

2

23 12

23 2017

1811

1

16 1921 28 16

9 97

14 1122 31 19 16 11

1


Poorworking

Conditions

Jobinsecurity

Irregularpayment of

wages

Exploitation PhysicalProblems

Others

31 2221 21 15

1522

19

24 26 32

228

14

2733 22

1

224

24 37 31 7


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workers are protected properly and basic facilities that facilitate the living of the workers are

provided to all the workers.

Figure: 33

Finding- 34: Very few sandstone units provide the workers accommodation, travel, children-

education, medical facilities etc.

Figure: 34

ThroughGovt. Policies

Jobguarantee

Regular andequal

payment

Protection ofHealth and

family

Providingbasic facilities

Others

29 2 47 31 142

51

51 41 18 9

37 4 4022 13

9

16 1 3847 22

1


917

514

9

71

21 21

3

13

1

66

13 14

1

13

1

83

32

17

17 5

63


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Finding- 35: Fund provisions are there only for those workers who have been working with the

mine, quarrying and processing units for a long period of time.

Figure: 35

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39

1823 22

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1421

162223 19

12

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081009956

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an economic study of the various aspects of sandstone...

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