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Page 1: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 2: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 3: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 4: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus)

Herschels’ Milky Way Map (1785) Sun

Page 5: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Dutch Astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn Model (1922)

~15 kpc

~3 kpc

He used the apparent brightness and proper motion of stars to come to the same conclusion as Herschel.

Page 6: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

So why were they wrong?

• Imagine driving through a heavy fog.• To get your bearing perhaps a large watch tower could provide guidance

Page 7: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

We need to use globular clusters (collection of galaxies above/below the plane of the galaxy)

The Milky Way Disk acts just like a thick fog. To get our bearings…

Page 8: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Globular Cluster – approx 106 stars in a volume of only a few hundred LY across.

Page 9: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 10: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Globular Cluster M55 (located in constellation Sagittarius) Observing the luminosity of these stars has allowed us

to determine the distance to the cluster. This technique allows us to triangulate the location of

our Solar System.

Page 11: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

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Page 12: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

The top view is from the ISAS spacecraft 25,60,100 micrometer wavelengths (interstellar dust) Shows the distribution of interstellar dust.

Page 13: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Near IR taken from COBE (1.2, 2.2, 3.4 micrometers) Note the bulge at the center of the galaxy

Page 14: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

An optical view of the sky

An infrared view of the sky

A radio view of the sky

Page 15: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

This is what the Milky Way would probably look like from a great distance

Page 16: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 17: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Consider a Hydrogen Atom

Spin – Flip transitions give off a radio photon

Page 18: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

The entire sky at 21cm - Colors indicate the density of Hydrogen gas

Page 19: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Spin – Flip transitions in Medicine

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Page 20: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Radio Astronomers can map the Milky Way using the Doppler Effect

Page 21: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 22: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Galaxy M83 12 million LY

from Earth

Note that Hydrogen is also concentrated in the Spiral Arms

Page 23: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

The Milky Way

Page 24: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

So, what are the Spiral Arms? Consider the following situation

High Density due to slow truck

Page 25: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

It is thought that the spiral arms are high density regions (waves) where stars form

Page 26: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

As the galaxy rotates, the spiral arms get tighter and tighter

Page 27: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 28: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Sa

Sb

Sc

Ordinary Spirals

Page 29: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

NGC 628Face-On Sc

NGC 891Edge-On Sb

Page 30: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Andromeda Spiral Galaxy

Page 31: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 32: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 33: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Spiral Galaxy M100

Page 34: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 35: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

NGC 253 is a Starburst Galaxy

Page 36: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 37: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 38: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 39: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 40: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 41: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 42: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 43: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

NGC 4414Type Sc

Flocculent & Grand Design Spirals

NGC 628Type Sc

Page 44: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

SBa

SBb

SBc

Barred Spirals

Page 45: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 46: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 47: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 48: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 49: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 50: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

E1 E5

Elliptical Galaxies

Page 51: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 52: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Elliptical Galaxies

Page 53: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 54: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Irregular Galaxies

Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud

Page 55: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 56: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Irregular Galaxy

Page 57: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 58: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map
Page 59: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

Galactic Clusters

Page 60: An early attempt to locate the Sun’s position in the Milky Way was done by William Herschel (who also discovered Uranus) Herschels’ Milky Way Map

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