an awful stack of words: typewriting in communications history

8/9/2019 An Awful Stack of Words: Typewriting in Communications History

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LELZIÔ

WVLGK

CI ZCRFW

VQTN

LELZIÔ

WVLGK

CI ZCRFW

VQTN||x ae gcmm~eaglvacew àwvcrq

Kqon W amtwce MgGlwka oo


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Gctqraj`v 2446/ 24


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Gcevnevw

V`n Knqbclrf lw Zravaej Wtlgn

Nlroq Zravaej Mlg`aenw Le Lzi~o Wvlgk ci

Zcrfw 0

Aw Vqtnzravaej l Oaej~awvag Waej~olravq3


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t~boaw`nf ae


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6

Av wnnmw vc mn v`lv vqtaej rntrnwnevw l ~ea|~n trcg-

nww lef `awvcraglo wvljn/ wajeaiaglevoq faiinrnev ircm

`lefzravaej/ lef tnr`ltw lowc faiinrnev ircm knqbclrfaej

ce l zcrf trcgnwwcr cr tnrwcelo gcmt~vnr% Qnv v`n lgv ci

vqtaej aw wvaoo wc m~g` l tlrv ci c~r g~ov~rn v`lv av tlwwnw

zav`c~v gcmmnev%


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>

L Tltnronww Zcrof3

Oawl Javnomle tcaevw c~v v`lv mleq g~rrnev wv~fanw

ci rnlfaej lef zravaej vngècocjanw trnwnev v`n traevaej

trnww lef tnrwcelo gcmt~vnrw lw gcmtlrlbon maonwvcenw%

V`n mcwv wg`nmlvag lggc~evw/ w`n wlqw/ wamtoq h~mt

ircm v`n ocjag ci traev ae v`n wapvnnev` gnev~rq vc l enz

ocjag ci fajavlo gcmm~eaglvacew ae v`n vznevq-iarwv/ lw ai

>44 qnlrw `lf ecv `lttnenf % % %:

W`n `lw l jccf tcaev% Mcfnre wg`colrw ci gcmm~ea-

glvacew vngècocjq ilao vc gcewafnr v`n rnyco~vacelrq olvn

eaenvnnev` gnev~rq fnynoctmnevw v`lv icrnw`lfcznf lefolaf v`n jrc~efzcrk icr m~ovamnfal lef `qtnrvnpv%0

Javnomle lowc bnoanynw v`lv mleq mcfnre wg`colrw

jayn ilr vcc m~g` grnfav vc vngècocjq lw l wamton gl~wlo

ljnev/ lef fcev lgkeczonfjn v`lv vngècocjq lef wcga-

nvq/ aefnnf ae vàw glwn/ vngècocjq lef `~mle vnpvw/ lrn

rngatrcglo/ m~v~looq aeicrmaej lef g`lejaej% G~ov~rn aw

bcv` trcf~gnf lef gcew~mnf yal vnpv~lo vngècocjanw%

V`n nyco~vace ci zravaej lef rnlfaej vngècocjanw aw am-

: Javnomle/ 2%0 Javnomle/ 2%


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9

tcrvlev/ bngl~wn z`lv av wajeaianw aw v`n nyco~vace ci tnc-

ton z`c zravn lef rnlf%1

V`n vqtnzravnr zlw jrnnvnf bq olvn eaenvnnev` gne-

v~rq wcganvq zav` v`n wlmn gcevrlrq mapv~rn ci arrlvacelo

`ctnw lef inlrw v`lv jrnnvnf Nfawcew t`cecjrlt`% Mleq

tncton/ Nfawce aego~fnf/ yanznf v`n t`cecjrlt` lw le

l~rlo vnpv~lo fnyagn vc rngcrf wtnng`/ ecv m~wag% L wne-

vamnev ilmaoalr vc c~r vznevq-iarwv gnev~rq gcmt~vnraxnf

g~ov~rn lrcwn8 av zlw v`c~j`v v`lv v`n t`cecjrlt` zc~of

~w`nr ae l tltnronww zcrof% Tncton neyawacenf oawvneaej vcenzwtltnrw lef bcckw aewvnlf ci rnlfaej v`nm/ zav` le

~efnroqaej lww~mtvace v`lv wtnng` lef `nlraej lrn mcrn

elv~rlo v`le zravaej lef rnlfaej% V`nq amljaenf v`lv

zlp rngcrfw zc~of bn wnev lef wzlttnf aewvnlf ci b~wa-

enww lef tnrwcelo onvvnrw% Ae `aw


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:

toaglvcrw w~g` lw v`n Pnrcp `lw `lf v`n ~eicrnwnne

gcewn|~negn ci trcf~gaej le nptocwace ci gcmm~eaglvace

ce tltnr%


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0

Nlroq Zravaej MlgàenwLe Lzi~o Wvlgk ci Zcrfw

Tncton ae v`n wngcef `loi ci v`n eaenvnnev` gnev~rq

tlaf l jrnlv fnlo ci lvvnevace vc mnv`cfw ci aewgrabaej

vnpv% L zafn ylranvq ci w`crv`lef wqwvnmw trcoainrlvnf

bnjaeeaej ae v`n maffon ci v`n eaenvnnev` gnev~rq/ zav`

le lggcmtleqaej yco~mn ci fawljrnnmnev lbc~v v`n niia-

glgq lef l~v`cravlvaynenww ci nlg`% W`crv`lef zlw ne-

mnw`nf zavàe l r`nvcrag ci trcjrnww/ ae zàg` v`n

l~v`cr#rntcrvnr zlw wnne lw l vngèagale ci wcrvw/ l

wgrabn% Civne v`cwn i~oiaooaej vàw rcon znrn tncton z`cznrn cv`nrzawn ce v`n wcgalo iraejn bngl~wn ci wcmn kaef

ci faiinrnegn w~g` lw rnoajace cr nvèagavq% V`nar wgrabn-

vngèagale rcon jlyn v`nm le l~v`cravq v`nq zc~of cv`-

nrzawn olgk% Aegrnlwaejoq/ v`n mnv`cf ci aewgrabaej

wnnmnf vc l~v`nevaglvn cr fawgrnfav v`n gcevnev/ lef bq

aeinrnegn/ v`n aewgrabnr% Av aw wajeaiaglev v`lv v`n nlroq

vqtnzravnr zlw vlrjnvnf lv gc~rv rntcrvnrw lw l rntolgn-

mnev icr w`crv`lef%


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1

V`n vqtnzravnr zlw ceoq v`n wngcef aevraglvn ml-

gàen fnwajenf wtngaiaglooq vc bn ~wnf ae eceaef~wvralo

aefccr wnvvaejw v`n iarwv cen bnaej v`n wnzaej mlgàen

lef av zlw v`n iarwv gcmtonp mlgàen aevnefnf icr ci-

iagn ~wn%


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Rnlfaej w~g` nlroq lengfcvnw onlfw mn vc w~w-

tngv v`lv v`n olrjn e~mbnr ci ylwvoq faiinrnev mlg`aenw

icr l~vcmlvag zravaej aeynevnf f~raej v`n eaenvnnev`

gnev~rq aw le c~vjrczv` ci v`n nrlw vaeknraej/ nejaennr-

aej wtarav/ rlv`nr v`le leq tnrgnaynf fnwarn cr ennf icr

w~g` aeynevacew%

V`n iarwv vqtnzravnrw `lf ceoq gltavlo onvvnrw/ lef

tncton olrjnoq fawoaknf v`n lbwnegn ci ocznr-glwn onvvnrw%

Ae


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Vqtnzravnrw `lf v`n niingv ci wvleflrfaxaej v`n zlq

onvvnrw/ wajew/ lef wqmbcow znrn icrmnf% V`n icooczaej

wvcrq trcyafnw l gcmtnooaej nplmton ci vàw wvleflrfaxaej

niingv% Mlrvae Vqvnoo zlw l Mle`lvvle vqtnzravnr rntlar-

mle z`cwn nptnrvawn zlw t~v vc ~wn zàon `n wnrynf ae

Zcrof Zlr AA% Zàon lwwajenf vc v`n Lrmqw Mcrlon Wnr-

yagnw Fayawace/ zàg` zlw rnwtcewabon icr aeicrmlvace lef

trctljlefl/ `n zc~of civne gceynrv vqtnzravnrw vc fai-

inrnev olej~ljnw% Vqvnoo zlw jccf lv àw vrlfn/ b~v zàon

i~oiaooaej l r~w` rn|~nwv icr gceynrwacew vc 2< faiinrnevolej~ljnw/ cen ci zàg` zlw B~rmnwn/ `n mlfn cen maw-

vlkn% @n lggafnevlooq wcofnrnf ce cen ci v`n B~rmnwn onv-

vnrw ~twafn fcze% ^tce iaefaej c~v lbc~v àw mawvlkn

qnlrw livnr v`n zlr/ `n ciinrnf vc iap v`lv onvvnr ce v`n

vqtnzravnr ci v`n olej~ljn nptnrv z`c `lf lfyawnf àm

f~raej v`n trchngv% V`n nptnrv vcof Vqvnoo ecv vc zcrrq/bngl~wn cynr vamn cv`nr B~rmnwn vqtnzravnrw `lf bnne

gctanf ircm Vqvnoow/ lef v`n ~twafn-fcze onvvnr `lf bn-

gcmn v`n wvleflrf,21

A zlw lmlxnf vc fawgcynr v`lv v`n iarwv nongvrag

vqtnzravnr/ l Boagknewfnrinr/ zlw aevrcf~gnf lw nlroq lw

4 qnlrw% Av inl-v~rnf l vqtnz`nno/ l~vcmlvag glrraljn rnv~re lef l knq-

bclrf zav` l oaj`v/ gcewawvnev vc~g`% Qnv av zlw l

gcmmnrgalo ilao~rn% Vqtnzravnr àwvcralew wtng~olvn v`lv

tnr`ltw l olgk ci nongvraglo wvleflrfw zlw v`n trcbonm/

cr nyne mcrn/ l jnenrlo lttrn`newace lbc~v nongvraglo

jlfjnvw ae


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Bq

lar/ B`onr mnlew aefayaf~lo nptrnwwace% Wamaolroq/ le

7> B`onr/ Klro/ lw |~cvnf ae Ylg`nk/


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24

gctanr lef wgleenr vng`ecocjq zn `lynev% Z`q3 Bn-

gl~wn v`n i~egvace ci zravvne olej~ljn gonlr/ wvlvag/

aevnoongv~lo wvlvnmnev ci ilgvw cr lrj~mnevw aw lgv~looq

ne`legnf bq traev% Oawl Javnomle nwwnevalooq ljrnnw v`lv

aewgratvayn mnv`cf yloaflvnf aewgrabnf gcevnev%70 Lef

icr v`n wlmn rnlwce/ ec lvvnmtv `lw bnne mlfn vc rn-

mcyn v`n aefayaf~lo nptrnwwace ircm rntrcf~gvacew ci

wtckne wtnng`/ bngl~wn av aw v`lv ynrq nptrnwwaynenww v`lv

aw aevnjrlo vc v`n i~egvace/ v`n t~rtcwn/ ci wtckne

wtnng`%71Aevnrnwvaejoq/ ae


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2

V`nrn aw l wg`cco ci v`c~j`v v`lv fajavlo-knqbclrfzravaej aeàbavw v`n gcevnmtolvayn/ grnlvayn lwtngv ci

zravaej/ wàivaej v`n trcgnww ircm grliv vczlrf ocjag lef

mleat~olvace% Vc fajavaxn zravaej aw vc g`lejn av ircm ole-

j~ljn/ zàg` aw icrmlvayn lef jnenrlvayn/ vc aeicrmlvace/

zàg` gle bn mleljnf lggcrfaej vc v`n rnolvacewàtw ci

avw tlrvw% Fajavlo zravaej aw icrnynr g`lejnlbon/ enynr iae-aw`nf%69 V`nrn aw l olgk ci iragvace ae fajavlo zravaej v`lv

66 Javnomle/ 70%6> MgJczae69 @nam/ 06-09%


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27

mlknw av trlgvaglooq aewvlevlenc~w%6: Vqtnzravaej lef

`lefzravaej lrn bcv` gocwnf/ oaenlr/ ilw`acenf zav` l bn-

jaeeaej lef le nef% V`nq w`lrn l rn|~arnmnev v`lv zn

cynrgcmn wcmn mng`leaglo rnwawvlegn jayaej ~w vamn/

ae v`n trcgnww/ vc rniongv%

6: @nam/ 2%


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26

Zravnrw lef v`n

Vqtnzravaej Nptnranegn

F~raej v`n nlroq qnlrw ci vqtnzravnr àwvcrq/ v`n ml-

gàen lef v`n ctnrlvcr bcrn v`n wlmn elmn8 vqtnzravnrw%Lef aefnnf/ mleq zravnrw cynr v`n qnlrw `lyn g`cwne

vqtnzravnrw lw zravaej vccow/ cynr nav`nr tnew cr nong-

vrceag knqbclrfw%

Mlrw`loo MgO~`le ecvnf v`lv tcnvw oakn N% N% G~m-

maejw ~wnf v`n vqtnzravnr lw l tnrwcelo traevaej trnww/

lef gcmtlrnf v`n vqtnzravvne tcnvag gcmtcwavace trcg-

nww vc l m~waglo tnricrmlegn cr l t~boag lffrnww wqwvnm%

V`n tcnv gle w`c~v cr zàwtnr cr zàwvon % % % % 60Bq lo-

oczaej v`n tcnv vc gcmtcwn l kaef ci irnn-icrm traevnf

tljn/ v`n vqtnzravnr ilgaoavlvnf v`n gceynqlegn ci v`n

niingvw ci wtnng`/ lef v`~w brc~j`v zravaej lef wtnng`

lef t~boaglvace aevc gocwn lwwcgalvace%61 Av aw `lrf vc

amljaen vàw tcnm bq N% N% G~mmaejw gcmtcwnf bq `lef8

60 MgO~`le/ 294%61 MgO~`le/ 292%


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2>

B~iiloc Baoow

fni~egv

z`c ~wnf vc

rafn l zlvnrwmccv`-waoynr

wvlooace

lef brnlk cenvzcv`rnnic~riayn tajncewh~wvoaknv`lv

Hnw~w

`n zlw l `lefwcmn mle

lef z`lv a zlev vc kecz aw

`cz fc qc~ oakn qc~r bo~nnqnf bcq

Mawvnr Fnlv`>4

Z`lv cv`nr aewvr~mnev gc~of wc tnringvoq gcewvr~gv

v`n brnlv`/ v`n tl~wnw/ v`n w~wtnewace/ nyne/ ci wqool-

bonw/ v`n h~pvltcwavace/ nyne/ ci tlrvw ci t`rlwnw % % % >2

Qnv A zc~of ecvn v`lv fnwkvct t~boaw`aej aw tcwwnwwnf ci l

i~rv`nr rnmcyn bnvznne onvvnr icrmlvace lef tljn v`lv

vqtnzravaej fcnw ecv trnwnev v`n faiinrnegn bnvznne l

mng`leaglo fnyagn v`lv amtrnwwnw onvvnrw lef le nong-

vrceag aet~v fnyagn v`lv gcfnw vnpv ae cenw lef xnrcw%

Tcnv G`lronw Cowce lwwnrvw v`lv v`n vqtnzravnr aw vc

v`n tcnv z`lv wvlyn lef blr lrn vc l m~wagale%>7 TcnvLeen Wnpvce rninrnegnf `nrwnoi ae l tcnm gloonf Arce

@lew zav` l wnewcrq fnwgratvace ci fr~mmaej zcrfw c~v

oakn l vqtnzravnr%>6

Ae V`n Zravnrw @lefbcck/ Hlmnw Mag`nenr lfmarnw

v`n wzaivenww zav` z`ag` zcrf trcgnwwcrw lef gcmt~vnrw

fc z`lv A olbcrac~woq fc zav` r~onr/ keain lef tlwvntcv%

>4 g~mmaejw/ :%>< MgO~`le/ 22:%>2 Javnomle/ 221%>7 Ltwno/ >>>->0:%>6 Tlrr/ 991-:44%


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@n lowc cbwnrynw/ `cznynr/ v`lv ae zcrkaej nongvrceaglooq

nlg` g`lejn zatnw c~v v`n tracr ynrwace/ lef v`n rngcrf

ci brlaezcrk aw ocwv/ wc v`lv mnmcranw ci `cz v`n zravnr

zcrknf/ z`lv `n faf zav` mlvnralo ci tccr |~loavq/ lef

v`n wvntw `n vcck vc gcrrngv av lrn jcen% @n fnwgrabnw

v`n grnlvace ci l iarwv frliv/ zàg` `n fcnw ce l mle~lo

vqtnzravnr/ lw ianrgn zcrk lef civne ir~wvrlvaej/ icr

gcmtcwavace jcnw enav`nr wzaivoq ecr lgg~rlvnoq lef faw-

lttcaevmnevw lrn mleq%>>

Zravnr Wq Wlirlewkq aw cen ci mleq z`c gcmtlrnwzravaej ce l mle~lo vqtnzravnr vc tolqaej v`n talec% Mq

talec aw aeleamlvn vcc b~v z`ne A vc~g` av/ av vc~g`nw

mn% Fc A fawvaej~aw` v`n ocejaej v`lv m~wag lzlknew ae mn

ircm v`n m~wag avwnoi3>9

Gc~of w~g` le nptnranegn bn rntoaglvnf ce l gcm-

t~vnr cr zcrf trcgnwwcr3 Hcqgn Glrco Clvnw rnolvnw `czw`n zrcvn ce l zcrf trcgnwwcr icr l vamn% W`n rntcrvw

v`lv w`n zlw `qtecvaxnf% % % % A inov A gc~of trcblboq

zcrk icrnynr/ oakn cen ci v`cwn rlvw z`cwn brlaew `lw

bnne wvam~olvnf ae l tlrvag~olr tolgn% A ennfnf vc jnv

blgk vc l mcrn cof ilwàcenf zlq ci zravaej% Icr `nr/ av

zlw `lefzravaej%>:

Ecynoawv Knyae MgJczae lfmavw v`lv `n ~wnf vc rnoqce gcmt~vnrw lef zcrf trcgnwwcrw icr loo ci àw zravaej%

Ci `lefzravaej `n wlqw v`lv av vcck vcc m~g` vamn/ lef A

ocwv vcc m~g`/ lw A v`c~j`v ilwvnr v`le A gc~of onjaboq

zravn% Cegn `n wàivnf vc l gcmt~vnr/ `n ic~ef v`lv `n

gc~of zravn jrnlvnr yco~mnw/ zav` jccf icrmlvvaej lef

inznr mawwtnooaejw/ g~vvaej lef tlwvaej/ mcyaej vnpvbocgkw/ lozlqw rngqgoaej% @n nynev~looq fngafnf v`lv av

>> Mag`nenr/ 9 Lbbn/ 71%>: Mcwnonq


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2:

zlwev le niingvayn mnv`cf ci zravaej% A bnglmn glrn-

onww/ wocttq/ `lwvq lef gcmtolgnev% @n v~renf vc v`n

vqtnzravnr lw l bnvvnr gcmtcwaej vcco% Bq v`n vamn `n

zrcvn lbc~v vàw `n `lf gcoongvnf vne mle~lo vqtnzrav-

nrw/ mlaevlaeaej v`lv v`n lnwv`nvagw ci mq wmloo gcoong-

vace lef ci mq iagvace zravaej lrn aevnrvzaenf % % % %>0

L~v`cr Flyaf MgG~ooc~j` gcmtcwnw àw iarwv frlivw ce

l Rcqlo mle~lo/ lef rnvqtnw àw wngcef frliv ce v`n

vqtnzravnr lw znoo% @n oaknew v`n zravaej trcgnww vc l

hc~renq8 Zravaej aw vàekaej % % % lrrayaej lv aewaj`vw/ gce-go~wacew/ rnynolvacew/ v`lv qc~ enynr gc~of `lyn cbvlaenf

cv`nrzawn% MgG~ooc~j` wlqw v`lv `n fcnw ecv wvlrv c~v

zav` l v`nmn ae maef/ b~v rlv`nr iaefw c~v z`lv av aw

v`rc~j` v`n lfynev~rn ci zravaej % % % ce l vqtnzravnr%>1

Coaynr Wlgkw/ z`c zravnw ylrac~woq zav` l tne cr

vqtnzravnr (mle~lo cr nongvrag!/ rnolvnw/ A rnlooq fcevkecz z`lv A vàek lef z`lv A inno ~evao A zravn% Avw ecv

toleenf c~v bnicrn`lef; v`lv rnloaxlvace gcmnw zav` v`n

lgv ci zravaej%94 Zravnr Rcjnr Rcwnebolvv tcaevw c~v v`lv

zravaej zav` l vqtnzravnr cr tne aw ~ovamlvnoq ilwvnr v`le

zravaej ce l gcmt~vnr/ bngl~wn z`ne wcmnvàej aw

zrcej zav` l tangn/ av aw ~w~looq loo zrcej% L zravnr ennfw

vc wvlrv ircm wgrlvg`/ ecv vrlewtcwn tlrljrlt` 1 Kcylg`94 Wlgkw/ 99%9< Rcwnebolvv/ 22%


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20

aej c~r zravaej wtlgn aevc g`lejnlbon ànrlrgànw% Bq

zrlttaej vnpv ae l icrmlooq ctnrlvayn wvr~gv~rn/ gcm-

t~vnrw nlwn zravaej zcrk%92

V`n gcevrlwv bnvznne v`n trcgnww fnwgrabnf bq trc-

inwwacelo iagvace lef bacjrlt`q zravnrw lef wg`colr Bcovnr

aw hlrraej% Ae v`n iarwv glwn/ trcwn aw amljaelvayn fawgcynrq/

ilgaoavlvnf bq l mng`leaglo aewgratvayn vcco w~g` lw l tne

cr l vqtnzravnr% Icr Bcovnr/ trcwn aw l mleat~olvace ci

vctagw gcewvr~gvnf yal l fajavlo gcmt~vnr% Gcmtlrn Wq

Wqirlewkqw loo~wace vc zravaej lw l m~waglo lzlkneaej/ crMag`nenrw icrgni~o fnwgratvace ci zravaej lw ianrgn

zcrk vc Bcovnrw oainonww fntagvace ci zravaej lw mleat~-

olvaej vctagw% Ae vàw gcmtlrawce/ vqtnzravaej w~rnoq

gcmnw lgrcww lw l mcrn nmcvayn/ aeycoynf mcfn ci gcm-

m~eaglvaej gcmtlrnf vc v`n fajavlo knqbclrf% Lrn v`nwn

h~wv nplmtonw ci faiinrnev zravaej wvqonw/ cr lrn v`nwnvngècocjaglooq aef~gnf wàivw ae gcjeavayn trcgnwwnw3

92 Bcovnr/


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21

Neg`levnf Zravaej

Ai vqtnzravaej `lw bngcmn/ icr wcmn/ l mcrn nmc-

vayn lef aeycoynf lovnrelvayn vc knqbclrfaej/ av aw aevnr-

nwvaej vc ecvn v`lv ae v`n nlroq flqw ci vqtn zravaej/

vqtaej zlw civne rninrrnf vc lw l~vcmlvag zravaej%

Javnomle nptolaew v`lv v`n gceengvacew bnvznne l~v`cr-

wàt lef zravaej bnglmn lvvne~lvn lef cbwg~rn z`ne v`n

olvvnr bnglmn enzoq l~vcmlvag% Lw v`n vqtnzravnr bn-

glmn mcrn lggntvnf lef onww gcewtag~c~w/ zav` v`n wvrak-

aej ci v`n knqw le ~evàekaej/ lomcwv mng`leaglo trcgnww/

bcv` v`n mlgàen lef avw ctnrlvcr ilfnf ircm yanz%Mleq tct~olr twqgàgw ci v`n wlmn tnracf z`c mleainwvnf

l~vcmlvag zravaej ircm wtaravw/ tcaevw c~v Javnomle/

noagavnf vlttaej wc~efw/ wtnoonf c~v gcmm~eaglvacew bn-

vznne v`n oayaej lef v`n fnlf% W`n lrj~nw v`lv v`n t`n-

ecmnece ci vqtnzravaej lef v`n t`necmnece ci

wtarav~loawm ae v`n olvn eaenvnnev` gnev~rq lrn gceengvnf

bq mcrn v`le h~wv gcnpawvnegn ae vamn% V`nq bcv` rn-

iongvnf l g~ov~rlo faw|~anv lrc~ef yaw~loavq lef vnpv~lo

nyafnegn% Tncton inlrnf v`lv zav`c~v `lefzravaej vc

rnynlo le l~v`crw afnevavq lef g`lrlgvnr/ vqtnzravvne

fcg~mnevw zc~of bn w~wtngv% Ae tct~olr oavnrlv~rn w~g`


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lw v`n W`nrocgk @comnw mqwvnranw/ vqtnf mlvnralo civne

`lf afnevaiqaej iolzw v`lv rnynlonf v`n afnevavq ci v`n

vqtawv% Ae v`aw zlq tct~olr oavnrlv~rn lffrnwwnf lef rnlw-

w~rnf w~g` lepanvanw%97

Cv`nr wvcranw tolqnf ~tce g~ov~rlo inlrw% Ae


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7

Blejw zlw icef ci ~waej ilmc~w fngnlwnf tncton lw

g`lrlgvnrw ae àw zcrk/ lef gctqraj`v olz faf ecv knntYagvcrale zravnrw ircm cgglwacelooq bcrrczaej g`lrlgvnrw

w~g` lw W`nrocgk @comnw ircm cen lecv`nr% Z`lv wvraknw

mn mcwv lbc~v vàw wvcrq aw Blejw g`lrlgvnraxlvace ci v`n

vqtnzravnr lw Bcwznoow ljnev/ b~v lowc lw m~g` mcrn%

Blejw `~mcr fntnefnf ~tce àw lg~vn g~ov~rlo aewaj`v/

lef zav` vàw wvcrq `n àv l h~j~olr ynae ae v`n g~ov~rlogcewgac~wenww/ vlrjnvaej loo ci v`cwn ~eelmnf amljaeaejw

lbc~v v`n fnjrnn ci `~mleavq aehngvnf aevc gnrvlae gcm-

m~eaglvacew vngècocjanw% V`n lengfcvn lbc~v Mnefnow-

9> Blejw


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wcè aw tlrvag~olroq vnooaej/ bngl~wn av lwwajew le ljnegq

lef aevnooajnegn vc @comnw vqtnzravnr lwafn ircm v`lv ci

v`n ae`lbavaej wtaravw ci Bcwznoo lef Mnefnowwcè8 v`n

vqtnzravnr/ ce avw cze/ w~ttoanf zcrfw v`lv lbwco~vnoq

gceynqnf v`n afnlw `n mnlev vc braej c~v zav` v`n m~-

wag% @nrn/ v`n vqtnzravnr lttnlrw lw aevnrtrnvayn l~v`cr%

Vàw zlw nplgvoq z`lv tncton w~wtngvnf loo locej, (@cz

faf leqcen kecz z`lv loo ci v`cwn ciiagn vqtnzravnrw faf

livnr nynrqcen znev `cmn3!

Icr mleq qnlrw/ bcv` zravaej mlgàenw lef v`n tnc-ton z`c ctnrlvnf v`nm znrn kecze lw vqtn zravnrw%

V`n w`lrnf olbno aeinrw l kaef ci bo~rraej bnvznne/ cr

bonefaej ci/ `~mleavq lef mlgàen% Ae wcmn wnewnw/ ae

v`n olvn eaenvnnev` gnev~rq/ gnrvlae kaefw ci vngècoc-

janw/ tlrvag~olroq vngècocjanw v`lv wnnmnf vc npàbav l~-

v`crwàt lef l~v`cravq/ lef zloknf v`n oaen bnvznnegrnlvace lef trnwnevlvace/ wnnmnf loayn/ leamlvn % % %

neg`levnf%


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Zravaej Mlgàenw

cr Vàekaej Mlgàenw3

Oawl Javnomle cbwnrynw v`lv v`n aeynevace ci vqtn-

zravnrw faf ecv trcf~gn v`n brnlg` bnvznne v`n trcgnwwci l~v`craej lef v`n trcgnww ci aewgrabaej% Av faf/ `cz-

nynr/ g`lejn v`n g`lrlgvnr ci v`n brnlg`/ mlkn tncton

mcrn lzlrn ci av/ lef tnr`ltw nyne zafne av%99 Lw v`n

e~mbnr ci aewgratvace mcfnw aegrnlwnw/ av aw aegrnlwaejoq

gonlr v`lv aewgratvace mcfnw gle w~ttcrv cr ~efnrmaen

v`n l~v`cravq ci v`n aewgrabnr/ lef tnr`ltw nyne w`ltn

v`n elv~rn ci v`n gcevnev%

V`n ceoq vàej trnfagvlbon lbc~v v`n gcewn|~negnw

ci vngècocjaglo fnynoctmnevw aw v`nar ~etrnfagvlbaoavq%

V`n \ZNRVQ onjlgq aoo~wvrlvnw vàw% Wc fcnw v`n ilao~rn ci

zlp t`cecjrlt` fawkw vc rntolgn bcckw lef onvvnrw% V`n

vlonw ci v`n t`cecjrlt`/ v`n vqtnzravnr/ lef v`n gcm-

t~vnr lrn aewvr~gvayn ae v`nar rnynolvace ci c~r trninrnegnicr zcrfw zn gle vc~g`/ icr v`n vlgvaon nptnranegn ci

rnlfaej lef zravaej ce tltnr% Loo vngècocjanw wnnm vc

99 Javnomle/ 2


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wcmn`cz rnzarn c~r brlaew/ b~v ecen wc m~g` lw gcm-

m~eaglvacew vngècocjanw% V`n vlon ci v`n vqtnzravnr ae

tlrvag~olr icrgnw |~nwvacew lbc~v v`n zlq vngècocjq

mcfaianw c~r zlqw ci zcrkaej lef/ ae wc fcaej/ c~r zlqw

ci vèkaej% V`n g`lejn ircm glrni~ooq frlzaej onvvnrw vc

fr~mmaej c~v wvleflrfaxnf ynrwacew `lf vc `lyn bnne/

ecv gl~wnf bq cr gl~wlvayn ci/ b~v lggcmtleanf bq/ l

gcjeavayn wàiv ci mcewvrc~w trctcrvacew% Zàon wcmn

zravnrw rntcrv wajeaiaglev faiinrnegnw bnvznne ~waej l

vqtnzravnr lef ~waej l gcmt~vnr/ w~rnoq v`n vqtnzravnricwvnrnf l gcjeavayn wvlvn ae zàg` zn wvaoo i~egvace/ vc l

fnjrnn/ ae v`n nlroq 2


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Baboacjrlt`q

Lbbn/ Nornafl% L Bnlgce icr Zravnrw% Zravnr y ->0:%

Blejw/ Hc`e Knefragk% V`n Neg`levnf Vqtnzravnr% Trchngv J~vnebnrj

Oavnrlrq Lrg`ayn Ic~eflvace% Cpicrf/ MW% Rnonlwn Flvn8 Ltrao/

2442 Rnonlwn '7


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7:

`vvt8##zzz%zravnrmlj%gcm#zrv#fnil~ov%lwtp3g=l)af=261 (lg-

gnwwnf 46#22#46!%

Mlrnw/ Jncrjn Glro% V`n `awvcrq ci v`n vqtnzravnr/ w~ggnwwcr vc v`n

tne 8 le aoo~wvrlvnf lggc~ev ci v`n crajae/ rawn lef fnynoctmnev civ`n zravaej mlg`aen% Lrglfal/ GL 8 Tcwv-Nrl Bcckw/ % Crajaelo

t~boaglvace Ocefce8 J% Tavmle/ / #clvnw%`vm

Tlrr/ Rnwengk% Leen Wnpvce% V`n Wgrabenr Zravnrw Wnranw/ LmnragleZravnrw W~tt% 2% G`lronw Wgrabenrw Wcew8


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an awful stack of words: typewriting in communications history

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