an analysis on the relationship between sherlock holmes and mycroft holmes...
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AN ANALYSIS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SHERLOCK HOLMES AND MYCROFT HOLMES
IN THE GREEK INTERPRETER CASE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
to Obtain the SarjanaPendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yohana Triana Ina Weran
Student Number: 141214094
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTEMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
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AN ANALYSIS ON THE SIBLING RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN SHERLOCK HOLMES AND MYCROFT HOLMES
IN THE GREEK INTERPRETER CASE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yohana Triana Ina Weran
Student Number: 141214094
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
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DEDICATION PAGE
This thesis is dedicated for:
My late father, Mikhael Hali Libur
My mother, Agnes Abong Geroda
My sister, Margareta Meme Mukin
My amazing friends, Asthy, Ping, Tyas, Denza, Sheilla, Finna, Bintang
My lovely friends Vita and Jason
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When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever
remains, however improbable, must be truth
Sherlock Holmes
Life is like riding a bicycle to keep your balance you
must keep moving
Albert Einstein
What strange creatures brothers are
Jane Austen
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ABSTRACT
Weran, Yohana Triana Ina. (2018). An Analysis on the Relationship between
Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes in The Greek Interpreter Case.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of
Language and Arts, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma
University.
This thesis analyzes one of the fifty-six short stories of the Adventure of
Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle entitled The Greek Interpreter
(1893). In this story, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle reveals about Sherlock Holmes’s
family member especially his brother, Mycroft Holmes. The sibling relationship
between Sherlock and Mycroft is worth investigating because of the character.
The character of Sherlock Holmes is known as a weird person because of his
method in solving the case. He makes use of specific techniques, such as
analyzing footprints, faces (animal or human), corpse temperature, corneas,
pulses, snow-covered field or dropped cigarettes ash and other clues to build a
case. Given his unique character, it is unsurprising that readers are intrigued by
the presence of a sibling in the life of this very famous character.
This research focuses on analyzing the sibling relationship between
Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes. According to Furman and Buhrmester
(1985) there are four dimensions of sibling relationship, yet the researcher only
focuses on two dimensions warmth/closeness and status/power. The reason is
warmth closeness is known to be the important part in sibling relationship which
show the intimacy and positive-negative relationship. Then, status/power is the
main dimension which shown the dominance of the older brother to the younger
brother. In analyzing the sibling relationship, the researcher uses the conversations
as the main data. Moreover, the main data are used to answer the research
question. The research question is how is the sibling relationship described in
Sherlock and Mycroft Holmes relationship in the Greek Interpreter case?
The psychological approach was used in this research in order to figure out
the research question. This research was considered as a formalis criticism which
means to determine its meaning and focusing on literary element which is fiction
story such as plot, setting, and the character. The sources are from the novel The
Greek Interpreter and the journals of sibling relationship.
Based on the analysis there was found seven conversations which
indicated the dimension of warmth/closeness. Furthermore, there are fourteen
conversations which indicated the dimension of relative status/power. It can be
concluded that the sibling relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft is really
portrayed in this story from the dimensions of warmth/closeness and status/power.
Moreover, this research is expected to give some contributions to some parties.
For example, it can be used for English lecturer to improve students’ vocabularies.
Also, the novel can be used in analyzing the humanity value based on the
literature work.
Keywords: sibling relationship, Sherlock Holmes, Mycroft Holmes, The
Adventure of Sherlock Holmes and the Greek Interpreter.
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ABSTRAK
Weran, Yohana Triana Ina. (2018). An Analysis on the Relationship between
Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes in the Greek Interpreter Case. Yogyakarta:
English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts
Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma
University.
Skripsi ini menganalisis salah satu cerita pendek Sherlock Holmes dari
lima puluh enam cerita pendek lainnya oleh Sir Arthur Conan Doyle yang
berjudul The Greek Interpreter (1983). Dalam cerita ini Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
mengungkapkan keluarga Sherlock Holmes terlebih khusus kakak tertuanya.
Selain itu, hubungan saudara antara Sherlock dan Mycroft layak diselidiki karena
karakter itu sendiri. Karakter Sherlock Holmes dikenal sebagai orang aneh karena
metodenya dalam memecahkan kasus. Metode tersebut adalah semiotika medis
yang memungkinkan diagnosis meskipun penyakit tidak dapat diamati secara
langsung diketahui berdasarkan gejala atau tanda yang dangkal, sering tidak
relevan dengan mata orang awam. Dia menggunakan teknik-teknik khusus, seperti
menganalisis jejak kaki, wajah (hewan atau manusia), suhu mayat, kornea,
kacang-kacangan, bidang tertutup salju atau menjatuhkan abu rokok dan petunjuk
lain untuk membangun sebuah kasus. Mengingat karakternya yang unik, tidak
mengherankan bahwa pembaca tertarik dengan kehadiran saudara kandung dalam
kehidupan karakter yang sangat terkenal ini.
Penelitian ini berfokus pada menganalisis hubungan saudara antara
Sherlock Holmes dan Mycroft Holmes. Menurut Furman dan Buhrmester (1985)
ada empat dimensi hubungan saudara kandung, namun peneliti hanya berfokus
pada dua dimensi kehangatan/kedekatan dan status/kekuatan. Dalam menganalisis
hubungan saudara, peneliti menggunakan percakapan sebagai data utama. Selain
itu, data utama digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah. rumusan masalah
tersebut adalah bagaimana teori hubungan saudara yang dijelaskan dalam
hubungan Sherlock dan Mycroft Holmes dalam kasus Interpreter Yunani?
Pendekatan psikologi digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menjawab
rumusan masalah. Penelitian ini dianggap sebagai penelitian formalis yang mana
untuk fokus dalam unsur sastra seperti alur, tempat, dan tokoh, yang sumbernya
berasal dari novel The Greek Interpreter dan jurnal hubungan saudara kandung.
Berdasarkan analisis ditemukan tujuh percakapan yang diindikasikan
sebagai dimensi kehangatan / kedekatan. Selanjutnya, ada empat belas percakapan
yang ditunjukkan sebagai dimensi status / kekuatan relatif. Dapat disimpulkan
bahwa hubungan saudara antara Sherlock dan Mycroft benar-benar digambarkan
dalam cerita ini dari dimensi kehangatan / kedekatan dan status / kekuatan relatif.
Selain itu, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi kepada
beberapa pihak. Misalnya, dapat digunakan untuk dosen bahasa Inggris untuk
meningkatkan kosakata siswa. Juga novel dapat digunakan dalam menganalisis
nilai kemanusiaan berdasarkan karya sastra.
Kata Kunci: sibling relationship, Sherlock Holmes, Mycroft Holmes, The
Adventure of Sherlock Holmes and the Greek Interpreter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all I would like to thank Jesus Christ because of his bless and his
continuous guidance and showers of blessings and mercy in every step throughout
the process of this thesis.
Second of all, I would like to thank Bapak Markus Budiraharjo, S.Pd.,
M.Ed. Ed.D as my advisor and also father in the process of making this thesis. He
gave me a lot of information and advice in finishing this thesis, without his help I
think I would not be able to finish this thesis. I also thank all PBI Lecturers for
their guidance during my study in PBI.
My deepest gratitude is sent to my late father Mikhael Hali Libur and my
beloved mother Agnes Abong Geroda because of their patience and advice for
me finishing my study. I also thank my beloved sister Margareta Meme Mukin
who always brings joy and spirit during the process of finishing my thesis. Love
and affection from them mean a lot for me.
My special gratitude goes to my friends Astini Agun and Silfiyani Fauzi
who also give me an advice and support during my journey in Sanata Dharma
University. They give me a lot of love and various feelings which help me to
develop my personality and make me more mature to face my problems.
I also thank my beloved classmate who also joined the same Proposal
Seminar class, Adhiningtyas Dyah Hartami, for giving her advice and support
during the process of finishing this thesis and also often gave me food and
beverage when we finished our class. I received much love from her.
My sweetest gratitude goes to my Proposal Seminar class; Erni, Shella,
Herman, Kris, Anggi, Christin, Jeny, Erlia, Della, and Gita for their
suggestions and advice in every meeting of the class. Since they gave me a lot of
information, I can finished my thesis well.
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I also warmly thankful for my entire classmate, class D 2014; especially
for Jason, Amara, Sheilla, Finna, Bintang, Edo, Ardi, Erwin, Denza, Vivi,
Andre, Della, for their kindness, caring, support, and patience.
Next, I would like to thank my PPL friends who also gave me positive
energy during the process of PPL in BOSA Senior High School Nanda, Tika,
Friska, Fe, Monik, Suhardy, Aghata, Alfi, Asih, Dara,Gio,Devina, Flo,Eben,
Donny, and Putri.
I also would like to say my very best gratitude to my KKN group,
Vianney, ka Anton, ka Aji, ka Reti, ka Dita, ka Icak, ka Desi, ka Susan, for their
motivation, kindness, caring, love, and cheerfulness.
Last but not least I deliver my best thank to all my friends in English
Language Education Study Program batch 2014 your support was worth more
than I can express.
Yohana Triana Ina Weran
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL PAGES ..................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ............................................................................................... iv
MOTTO ....................................................................................................... v
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .............................................. vi
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ............................................... vii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background............................................................. 1
B. Research Question .................................................................. 5
C. Significance of the study ........................................................ 5
D. Definition terms ..................................................................... 6
1. Analysis ............................................................................ 6
2. Definition of sibling relationship ..................................... 7
3. Sherlock Holmes .............................................................. 8
4. Mycroft Holmes ............................................................... 9
5. The Greek Interpreter ....................................................... 10
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies ..................................................... 14
B. Review of Related Theories ................................................... 16
1. Warmth/closeness ............................................................ 18
2. Relative status/power ....................................................... 18
3. Conflict ............................................................................. 19
4. Rivalry .............................................................................. 19
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C. Review on the Historical Background ................................... 20
D. Theoretical Framework .......................................................... 22
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study................................................................. 24
B. Approach of the Study ........................................................... 26
C. Method of the Study ............................................................... 27
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
A. Characteristics of Sherlock Holmes ....................................... 29
B. Characteristics of Mycroft Holmes ........................................ 30
C. Warmth/closeness .................................................................. 31
1. Intimacy and companionship ........................................... 31
2. Perceived similarity and admiration................................. 34
D. Status/power ........................................................................... 36
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS
A. Conclusions ........................................................................... 44
B. Implications ........................................................................... 46
C. Suggestions ........................................................................... 47
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 48
APPENDIX ................................................................................................... 50
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the background of the study, research question, the
significance of the study, and definition of terms. The background of this study
presents the reason why the researcher writes this study. Furthermore, the research
question states the question which needs to be answered in the study. Moreover,
the significance of this study is to discuss the contribution of the study. Besides,
the definition of terms presents the specific key terms mentioned in the title and
research question
A. Research Background
Literature is pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially
novels, plays and poems. According to Sartre (1988) the definition of literature
begins with two parts of writing which oppose an instrumental of prose to the
poetic attitude and more focuses on the language. Furthermore, there are four
main literary genres of literature which are poetry, fiction, nonfiction and drama.
In this study, the researcher analyzes a novel which is the part of fiction story. A
novel itself means a fictional prose narrative of steady paragraph (Crane, 2007).
The stories from the novel tempt us to connect with the explanation of larger
meanings, values, and phenomena. Moreover, there are five elements in the novel
story which are plot, theme, setting, point of view and character. In this study the
researcher focuses on the character. Piper et al. (2017) explain that characters are
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the media that make the reader come to terms with new kinds of social experience.
The character is also important in the story of a novel, because it can attach people
to read the novel. Furthermore, the characters that will be analyzed in this study
are Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes. In order to analyze the characters, the
researcher used the theory of characterization which explain about the process by
which the writer reveals the personality of the character. There are two ways to
reveal the personality of Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes which are direct
characterization and indirect chracterization. Direct characterization tells the
reader what the personality of the character through the other characters. For
example the character of Sherlock Holmes is told by Watson:
During my long and intimate acquaintance with Mr. Sherlock Holmes I
had never heard him refer to his relations, and hardly ever to his own early
life. This reticence upon his part had increased the somewhat inhuman
effect which he produced upon me, until sometimes I found myself
regarding him as an isolated phenomenon, a brain without a heart, as
deficient in human sympathy as he was pre-eminent in intelligence.
His aversion to women and his disinclination to form new friendships
were both typical of his unemotional character, but not more so than
his complete suppression of every reference to his own people.
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 1)
The example above explains that the author directly tells the reader about the
personality of Sherlock through Watson.
Meanwhile, indirect characterization shows the things can reveal the
personality of the character. There are five different methods of indirect
characterization. First, speech which means what does the character say or how
does the character speak. Second, thoughts which mean what is revealed through
the character’s private thought or feeling. Third, effect on the others toward the
character which means what is revealed through the character’s effect on the other
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people or how do other character feel or behave in reaction to the character.
Fourth, action which means what does the character do or how does the character
behave. The last is looks which mean how does the character look like or how
does the character dress.
The character of Sherlock Holmes has been explained by Watson through
his statement in the opening of the novel. Sherlock is not really friendly and he is
one of the introvert person, therefore he does not have many friends. However, the
contribution of his brother in his life makes this character show the affection
toward his brother. Having an older brother means that he must respects or even
give in to his older brother. However, if we look at the personality of Sherlock
Holmes, we may assume that he is not too close to his brother, he prefers to talk
about the cases rather than his brother. Furthermore, the story of the Greek
Interpreter can be said as an interesting novel because it reveals the other side of
Sherlock’s personality towards his brother and this novel is the first novel which
is depict about the cooperation between Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes.
Furthermore, as the researchers who study about the psychology of sibling
relationship, Furman and Buhrmester (1985) explain that the relationship between
sibling shows an unusual role in the life of the brotherhood. The sibling
relationship is found to be an integral part that serves an emotional bond between
siblings. It can be form as a source of companionship, help, or emotional support.
As Furman and Buhrmester (1985) observe, older siblings may play some roles,
such as caretakers, teachers, and models, in the relationship with their younger
brother. In sum, siblings may gain many social and cognitive skills from the
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relationship in their family, which in turn will certainly be central to their healthy
development into maturity.
Apparently, sibling relationship also appears in the fiction stories, which
are those from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930). He is one of the most
renowned detective writers to date, whose major character, i.e. Sherlock Holmes,
appeared in many detective novels at the turn of the 20th
century. In the novel
entitled the Greek Interpreter (1893), Sherlock Holmes is told to be in line with
his brother, Mycroft Holmes. Sherlock Holmes is a consultant detective, whose
expertise in observation of complex cases is no doubt. Readers are intrigued by
his wits, creativity, and resourceful problem-solving skills. According to Ginzburg
(1980), Sherlock Holmes has the outstanding capacities in analyzing footprints,
faces (animal or human), corpse temperature, corneas, pulses, snow covered fields
or dropped cigarettes ash and other clues easily. Aside from the writer who had
been a doctor, Sherlock Holmes's abilities are actually inherited from his parents.
According to Wiltse (1998), Holmes abilities are not only presented as a result of
long hours of study and practice, in conformity with the bourgeois idea of self-
improvement, training, and market equity in useful industries. Yet, Holmes' ability
is also hereditary, like his brother Mycroft.
This study is set to investigate the novel entitled the Greek Interpreter as
an object of the study. A detective novel published at the turn of the century, the
novel promises some insights that serve a good value to investigate. The reason
why the researcher tends to analyze the sibling relationship between Sherlock
Holmes and Mycroft Holmes is that of the character. The character of Sherlock
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Holmes can be said as an abnormal by the people around him. Watson describes
him as an automaton, a calculating machine with somthing positively inhuman in
him. Even sometimes, the composure of Sherlock Holmes regarded as a machine
rather than a man. However, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle gives the new story about
the companionship between Sherlock and Mycroft in the story of The Greek
Interpreter. The contribution of a brother in the life of Sherlock Holmes who has a
high level in deduction and observation makes this story worth investigating. In
explaining the sibling relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft, the researcher
used the theory from Furman and Buhrmester (1985) about the dimensions of
sibling relationships. As well as how this theory describes the relationship
between Sherlock and Mycroft.
B. Research Question
Based on the background mentioned earlier, one research question is
formulated as follows:
1. How is the character of Sherlock Holmes described in the dimension of
sibling relationship between him and his brother in the novel of The Greek
Interpreter?
C. Significance of the Study
The significance of the study is to describe the character of Sherlock
Holmes through the dimension of the sibling relationship between him and
Mycroft Holmes and also the novel can be useful to students in improving the
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ability of reading literary work especially English novel. Moreover, Piper et al.
(2017) explain that characters are the media that make the reader come to terms
with new kinds of social experience. The character also important in the story of a
novel, because it can attached people to read the novel. So does in the Sherlock
Holmes’ story, a rigid attitude and the composure in solving the case with the high
level of genius in obervation and deduction is the main reason why people want to
read this novel. Furthermore, the personality of Sherlock Holmes is tried to be
placed in the concept of humanity in relation to the sibling relationship with his
older brother by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. However, Sherlock Holmes did not
appear in the vacuum world, he appeared in a specific technological world. In the
family, Sherlock grew up as a human being who has a sibling that has an impact
on his life.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Analysis
The definition of analysis is the detailed study or examination of
something in order to understand more about it (“Analysis”). While the analysis in
the literature is the structured of literary analysis focused predominately on the
theme, plot, setting, and character which is used by the author to create the true
meaning of their work. The goal of the literary analysis is to broaden and deepen
the understanding of a work in literature (Sierra College, 2017).
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2. Definition of Sibling Relationship
Cicirelli (1995) describes that sibling relationship denote by two children
in family who experience some degree of common biological origin (full siblings
and half-siblings), define legally (stepsiblings and adoptive siblings), and some
degree of communication or socialization to the norm of sibling peculiarly culture.
Cicirelli (1985) also added that sibling relationship is the total of the interactions
(physical, verbal, and nonverbal communication) of two or more individual who
experience knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings regarding to
each other. Whereas, Freud (1922) describes the sibling relationship as someone
who is invariably involved as a model, helper, and also an opponent.
Moreover, sibling relationships have four dimensions such as
warmth/closeness, relative status/ power, rivalry, and conflict. Furthermore, the
effective quality of sibling relationships also can be various for example sibling
relationship can be close or distant, harmonious or conflicted, cooperative or
competitive. Moreover, relative status and power refer to the degree and direction
of an imbalance in the relationship. While, warmth or closeness show the range of
various qualities such as intimacy, pro-social behavior, companionship,
admiration, perceived similarity, and affection. On the other hand, conflict can be
manifested in terms of quarreling, antagonism, and competition.
3. Sherlock Holmes
The character of Sherlock Holmes is created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
Actually, Sherlock Homes is created from Conan Doyle’s own professor name Dr.
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Joseph Bell. The professor could diagnose patient from minor observation that
mean from the little thing (Jensen, 2014). Sherlock Holmes was by all accounts
born on 6th January 1854 and for more than a century his name has been known
in every country of the world and not only his name, but his appearance too. The
hawk-like features and piercing eyes; the dressing-gown and pipe; the deerstalker
cap and magnifying glass - these details are so familiar that if he were to appear
amongst us today we should know him at once. However he is still a mysterious
figure, as wrapped in mystery as the crimes he tried to solve and as in most
legends it is often difficult to separate fact from fiction. According to the
published stories which first appeared in the Strand Magazine in 1891 and which
have since been translated into every language, he practiced as a consulting
detective between 1881-1904, while living at 221b Baker Street with his friend
and colleague Doctor John H. Watson.
Sherlock Holmes’ personality also explained by one of his enemy Irene
Adler. She said that Sherlock Holmes was the most perfect reasoning and
observing machine that the world has seen, but he was not without feelings,
because he appreciated the opera and classical music. He was however reserved
towards women, because he felt their influence a distraction to his work, so he
would not allow himself (as Watson did) to become swayed by their romantic
allure. Nevertheless, Holmes took an interest in a Miss Irene Adler, whom he
always referred to as 'the woman'. She was born in New Jersey in 1858 and
outwitted him in the case of A Scandal in Bohemia.
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Dr. Watson also described Sherlock to be the worst tenant in London, who
keeps his cigars in the coal-scuttle, his tobacco in the toe-end of a Persian slipper,
and his letters transfixed by a jack-knife to the center of the wooden mantelpiece.
Strange visitors, chemical experiments and late-night violin playing also tried the
patience of their landlady Mrs. Hudson. He was however the great detective's
loyal companion and Holmes was aware of his value. He said to him on one
occasion: “it may be that you are not yourself luminous, but you are a conductor
of light.”
4. Mycroft Holmes
Mycroft is the older brother of Sherlock Holmes by seven years. He
appears or mentioned in four stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle such as “The
Greek Interpreter”, “The Final Problem”, “The Empty House”, and “The Bruce-
Partington Plans”. The personality of Mycroft Holmes is explained by Sherlock
Holmes in his conversation with Dr. Watson:
“… I said that he was my superior in observation and deduction. If the art
of the detective began and ended in reasoning from an arm-chair, my
brother would be the greatest criminal agent that ever lived. But he has no
ambition and no energy. He will not even go out of his way to verify his
own solution, and would rather be considered wrong than take the trouble
to prove himself right Again and again I have taken a problem to him, and
have received an explanation which has afterwards proved to be the
correct one. And yet he was absolutely incapable of working out the
practical points..."
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 1).
The statement is to describe Mycroft Holmes’ personality from Sherlock’s
point of view. Furthermore, the character of Mycroft Holmes is described by
Watson when they meet each other for the first time.
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“Mycroft Holmes was a much larger and stouter man than Sherlock. His
body was absolutely corpulent, but his face, though massive, had
preserved something of the sharpness of expression which was so
remarkable in that of his brother. His eyes, which were of a peculiarly
light, watery gray, seemed to always retain that far-away, introspective
look which I had only observed in Sherlock’s when he was exerting his
full power.”
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 2).
5. The Greek Interpreter
The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter began with a discussion between
Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson about the hereditary traits. Previously, Watson
has always assumed that Holmes is unique, an only child, with singular
capabilities. However, Sherlock is quick to set his friend straight with the factual
information that he has an older brother called Mycroft. Sherlock considers that
the intellect of Mycroft outstrips his own, but the detective also recognizes that
Mycroft does not have the energy to go along. Mycroft is perfectly comfortable to
be considered wrong, rather than to make the efforts to prove that he is right.
In the story, Sherlock has on occasion sought out the advice of his brother
by visiting Mycroft at the Diogenes Club. This time Sherlock has been sought by
Mycroft for Mr. Melas, a Greek interpreter and neighbor of Mycroft. A man by
the name of Harold Latimer had sought out the services of Mr. Melas, to act as a
Greek interpreter. Mr. Melas escorted in a blacked-out cab and although told the
destination was to be Kensington, the journey lasted for longer than it should.
Latimer also produced a bludgeon, with the implicit threat of violence. Latimer
would tell Mr. Melas that he would be rewarded for his services, but also
demanded future silence from the interpreter. After a couple of hours, the blacked-
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out cab eventually pulls up at a large expensively decorated house. At the house,
Mr. Melas encounters a second man, Wilson Kemp, and soon there if more
evidence about just how irregular this interpreting job was going to be. A third
man was brought into the presence of the Greek interpreter, but initially the mouth
of this man was covered in sticking plaster. Mr. Melas was asked to ask the
anonymous man certain questions, but as Mr. Melas realized that Latimer and
Kemp were both ignorant of the Greek language, the interpreter managed to
interpose his own questions as well.
From his own questions Mr. Melas discovered that the captive man was
named Paul Kratides, a Greek man who Latimer and Kemp were trying to make
sign some papers. Paul Kratides had been in England for three weeks, but had no
idea where he currently was. At that moment the questioning was interrupted
when a woman entered the room. This woman immediately called out to Kratides,
calling him by his first name. Paul Kratides then ripped off his mouth guard, and
called the woman Sophy. Paul and Sophy were quickly separated, and then Mr.
Melas was escorted from the house into the blacked-out cab again.
Another long drive ensued, but rather than being returned home, Mr.
Melas was dropped off on Wands worth Common. The Greek interpreter did not
dawdle and immediately went to gain the advice of Mycroft Holmes. Then, the
advertisements directly had been placed in the papers. The ads asking for
information about a Greek lady staying in England, or a man named Paul
Katrides. The problem had been half accomplished by Mycroft before Sherlock
Holmes, and Mycroft brings the next development, for he has had an answer to
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the placed newspaper notices. There was the informant named Mr. Davenport. He
told that Sophy is staying at house known as the Myrtles in Beckenham. With
some urgency plans are made to go to Beckenham, it is decided to get Inspector
Gregson to join them. It was also thought a good idea to collect Mr. Melas, in case
a Greek interpreter is required. When they arrived at the Melas residence, they
found that the Greek interpreter has already been picked up by a cab, something
that did not mean well for the safety of the interpreter. Then, when Holmes
brothers, Watson and Gregson arrived at the Myrtles it appeared that the house
has been abandoned evidence shows the departure of heavily laden coach.
Though the house was not quite as empty as it appeared, as breaking
through a locked door, they found Paul Kratides and Mr. Melas. Both men have
been gassed with charcoal fumes. The rescue proves too late for Paul Kratides, but
the attention of Dr Watson sees Mr. Melas saved. The rescue has also come too
late to arrest Latimer and Kemp, or rescue Sophy. The gaps in Sherlock Holmes’s
knowledge of the case are soon filled in.The friend of Paul had warned him about
the influence that Latimer was insist over Sophy, and they had travelled to
England from Greece to fix that situation. Paul Kratides had though become a
prisoner of Latimer, and the latter had tried to make the former sign over Sophy’s
property, of course, Paul Kratides had refused to do so, which ultimately lead to
his own death. There was a footnote to the adventure for news arrived of the death
of two Englishmen, Latimer and Kemp, in Hungary. It appeared that the two have
killed each other during a fight, but Sherlock Holmes has a strong feeling that the
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deaths of the two men have been caused by Sophy: the sister of Paul who getting
her revenge.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter consists of four parts. The first part is the review of related
literature. This part reviews other related studies which use the same subject in the
study. The second part is the review of related theories. This part reviews the
theory employed in the study. The third part is the review of the historical-
biographical background. This part discusses the social culture historical that
happened when the author wrote the novel. The fourth part is the theoretical
framework. This part discusses the theories that are used in analyzing the novel.
A. Review of Related Studies
There were many researchers who discussed Sherlock Holmes, yet the
researcher only took four researchers. The first was Rosemary Jann (1990), she is
a professor of Departement of English and Cultural Studies of George Mason
University. In the study of Sherlock Holmes she analyzed Sherlock Holmes codes
of the social body. She discusses the persistance of Sherlock Holmes in the
readers‟ mind with the accuracy in recognizing the facts and clues made them
want to read the novel. Moreover, she also points out that many critics have
followed Sir Arthur Conan Doyle‟s biographer Pierre Nordon in viewing Holmes
as a resonant symbol of the late Victorian faith in the power of logic and
rationality to insure order.
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The second researcher who is also discussed Sherlock Holmes was
Edward Wiltse (1998). He analyzed Sherlock Holmes and seriality. He is a
professor in Nazareth College as a staff of English and Communication
Departement. He is teaching Twentieth-century British and Irish literature and
post-colonial literature, he also interested in the research of crime and detective
fiction, film, cultural studies, rhetoric and composition. In analyzing Sherlock
Holmes, he discussed the explosion of Sherlock Holmes‟ story onto the literary
scene in the 1890‟s as a late stage in the decline of what had been a dominant
literary mode. He also defined the invention of the short story serial or series is
based on continuous character and setting, for example is from the story of
Sherlock Holmes. Wiltse (1998) also points out that Doyle‟s new genre had
ramification across the cultural spectrum not only for the emergent narrative
technologies but also more strictly “literary” production.
The third researcher was Louise Jensen (2014). She is an author of many
books which is related to psychology. Moreover, in the study of Sherlock Holmes,
she analyzed Sherlock Holmes‟ trademarks as a sex symbol, action hero and
comedian in the 21st
Century. She discussed the companionship between the
world‟s only consulting detective Sherlock Holmes and the veteran war doctor
referred to as Dr. John Hamish Watson. The analysis is taken from the first novel
of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle entitled Study in Scarlet. Jensen (2014) also analyzed
the representation of Sherlock Holmes with deerstalker, the magnifying glass, and
the curved pipe are signs and the trademarks which make the character of
Sherlock Holmes recognisable for the reader around the world. Moreover, she is
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16
also explained Sherlock Holmes‟ image that actually inspired by Conan Doyle‟s
own professor, Dr. Joseph Bell. He could diagnose patients‟ diseases based on
minor observation which also became the inspiration of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
created Sherlock Holmes.
The fourth researcher was Eduarda De Carli (2014), she was a student in
Aalborg University which analyzed Sherlock Holmes characterization in the novel
of A Study in Scarlet. The study aims to analyze the characterization of Sherlock
Holmes in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle‟s text and in a contemporary television
appropriation, in order to investigate its representation as well as some of the
choices made when adapting the original first person narration into film.
Likewise in this study, the researcher also uses the same subject, Sherlock
Holmes. Yet, the significance of this study is to reveal the companionship through
brotherhood relationship between Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes in the
novel of the Greek Interpreter.
B. Review of Related Theories
The main theory which is used to describe the sibling relationship between
the character of Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes is from Furman and
Buhrmester (1985) about the quality of sibling relationship. Before we discussed
about the theory, we must know who are Wyndol Furman and late Duane
Buhrmester.
Wyndol Furman is a professor in Denvar University as a staff of
Departement of Psychology. He has contribution to SAGE Publications. He has
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17
current research and project called project star which is an 18 year longitudinal
study of romantic relationship, other close relationship, and adjustment in
adolescene and early adulthood.
Furthermore, late Duane Buhrmester was a dean of Behavioral and Brain
Science (BBS) and a professor of psychological sciences at UT Dallas. He was an
active and respected researcher and teacher. In his administrative role, he served
on vital University. He also was on the editorial board of the international journal
of behavioral development and frequently spoke at International psychological
conference. His current research before he died is The Network of Relationships
Inventory: Behavioral Systems Version in 2009.
Further, they were working together in the study of sibling relationship. In
the study, they found that there are four dimensions of sibling relationship which
are warmth/closeness, relative status/power, rivalry and conflict.
1. Warmth/Closeness
There are positive and negative effects for siblings in each dimension.
According to Furman and Buhrmester (1985), sibling relationship can be form of
cooperation vs competitive and agreeable vs quarrelsome. Even though in the
positive and negative behavior considered as bipolar (two different sides), they
have to be treated as different dimension too. According to Furman and
Buhrmester (1985) warmth/closeness is predictable to be formed in the range of
various qualities such as intimacy, pro-social behavior, companionship,
admiration, nurturance, perceived similarity, and affection. They define that
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feeling of warmth or closeness is greater in same-sex than in opposite-sex. The
siblings with the same-sex have the strongest feelings of warmth and closeness,
the similarity in gender appears to promote relationships that remind friendship in
some respect. Older siblings can serve as caretakers, teachers, or models. In some
instances, they can even help compensate for absent or distant parents. In their
interactions with each other, siblings may acquire many social and cognitive skills
that are central to healthy social development.
2. Relative Status/Power
This dimension has consistently occurred in taxonomic studies of
interpersonal characters or types of relationships. Based on the result of the study
from Furman and Buhrmester (1985), relative age had a strong effect on
awareness of status/power and when the subject was the older member of the
family, it reported the bigger nurturance and dominance over their siblings and
admired more by younger siblings.
Furman and Buhrmester (1985) added that although investigators have
usually focused on dominance, there are also positive qualities, such as admiration
and nurturance (caretaking). In these taxonomic studies, relative status/power
relationships have also been found to vary along a dimension of positivity-
negativity which is cooperation/friendly vs competitive/ hostile, warm/agreeable
vs cold/quarrelsome. Moreover, the range of the difference in age also influenced
perceptions of relative status/power as indicated by significant interaction. When
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the siblings were 4 or more years older, they engaged in the greatest amount of
nurturing and caretaking behavior to each other.
3. Conflict
Conflict is expected to be displayed in terms of quarreling, competition,
and perceived parental favoritism. Moreover, according to Furman and
Buhrmester (1985) age is the significant effect on the conflict factor. Children
with a narrow-spaced sibling are having more conflict between them rather than
with wide-spaced sibling. The same result also happens on the quarreling,
antagonism, and competition scales.
4. Rivalry
Furman and Buhrmester (1985) point out that in the dimension of rivalry
children described the greater rivalry in parental favoritism. While in adulthood, it
may be less salient because in adulthood siblings specifically no longer live with
each other or with the parents.
C. Review on the Historical-biographical Background
In the era of making the Sherlock Holmes story in the late 19th
century,
Western intellectuals tend to describe 'modernity' as incompatible with
'enchantment' (Saler, 2003). Based on the study from Saler (2003), Max Weber
argues that two intrinsic aspects in modernity are rationalization and
bureaucracies as opposed to the magical attitudes to human existence which
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characterize medieval and early medieval thinking that describe the gloomy
images of the 'iron cage'. The theory put forward by Max Weber who argued that
rationalization and the rule of trapping people in “thinking” about reasoning
which cause the fear of romanticism and had to be repeated by later cultural
doubters until the 20th
century.
Moreover, the masterpiece of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes
portrays a specific modern form of enchantment. There are two reasons why
Sherlock Holmes represents the specific modern of enchantment. First, Sherlock
has his own form of rationalism called „animistic reason‟, which offer an
alternative to the narrower instrumental reason that claimed as a defining element
of modernity. Second, many adult readers at the turn of the century and beyond
were able to pretend that Sherlock is in the real life, and his creator is fictitious
through the „ironic imagination‟, a more capacious and playful understanding of
the imagination. Sherlock Holmes first appearance is in The Strand magazine in
1891.
Saler (2003) defines that Doyle affirmed his belief of the existences of
fairy so that many people believe that Sherlock Holmes was real. Thus, many of
the early readers of the Sherlock Holmes stories assumed that the author must
share the attribute of fairies and modernity in the aspect of rational thinking. The
attributes made Holmes so typically modern through his secularism, rationalism,
and skepticism. Though, from an early age, Doyle had expressed ambivalence
about modernity. Saler (2003) explains Conan Doyle had been raised as a Catholic
and educated by Jesuit but as a young man, he left Catholicism and gravitated
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21
toward the rationalist and positivist stand of his medical school instructors at the
University of Edinburgh. Yet, he was not comfortable with modern atheism and
materialism either, his disappointment with aspects of the modernity and
dissatisfaction with agnosticism led him to explore spiritualism beginning in
1886, a year before he wrote Sherlock Holmes story.
In sum, Sherlock Holmes was the first character of literature to be treated
as if he was real and his creator is fictitious. Clausen (1984) defines the first
appearance of Sherlock Holmes was in 1887 (Study in Scarlet) made him become
the popular works of fiction ever created. “No other Victorian literary character
has maintained so powerful a hold on so many twentieth-century readers‟
imagination” (Clausen 1984, p. 104).
D. Theoretical Framework
The main theory that is used in this analysis is based on Furman and
Buhrmester (1985) about four dimensions of the sibling relationship. This theory
is to describe the relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft Holmes through the
sibling‟s dimension. The dimensions of sibling relationship are warmth/closeness,
status/power, rivalry and conflict.
Other theories which will be used in describing the characteristics of
siblings are from Cicirelli (1995) about sibling relationships across the lifespan.
The theory from Cicirelli (1995) is used to elaborate the unique characteristic of
sibling relationship and also the definition of sibling relationship. Moreover,
Freud (1922) defines about group Psychology and the analysis of ego. Based on
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22
the study, Freud (1922) defines that each individual has the desire of explores the
path to find satisfaction for they instinct and sometimes it makes the individual
disregard they relationship with others. Therefore, Freud (1922) also explains that
actually in the individual‟s mental life, someone else invariably involved as a
model, object, helper, and also opponent.
Furthermore, Stocker et al. (1997) explain about sibling relationship in
early adulthood. In the theory, they describe about the nature of sibling
relationship in early adulthood and characterize the dimension of sibling
relationship which appears in the adulthood relationship. Moreover, those theories
support the theory of sibling relationship by Furman and Buhrmester (1985) and
also help the researcher to explain further information about sibling relationship
between Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes.
Moreover, Hogan (2011) describes the introduction of studying literature.
He explains that, this study aims to integrate literary insight with work from
neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, and elsewhere in order to contribute to the
ongoing interdisciplinary research. He also identifies that drawing the sources of
neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, but stressing the particular value of
literature will treats the general structure of emotion which are both egoistic and
emphatic, as well as particular emotions including romantic love, mirth, grief,
guilt, shame, and jealousy.
The researcher also applied the theory from Sartre (1988) about what is
literature. In this book, Sartre (1988) points out that literature begin with two parts
of writing which opposes an instrumental of prose to the poetic attitude and more
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23
focused on the language. Moreover, there are four main literary genres of
literature which are poetry, fiction, nonfiction and drama.
Furthermore, the theory from Crane (2007) is used in this study to give the
definition of novel. According to Crane (2007) novel means a fictional prose
narrative of steady paragraph. The stories from the novel tempt the reader to
connect with the explanation of larger meanings, values, and phenomena. He also
point out that there are five elements in the novel story which are plot, theme,
setting, point of view and character.
In explaning the definition of character, the researcher used the theory
from Piper et al. (2017). Based on their study, character means the media that
make the reader come to terms with new kinds of social experience. Moreover, the
the character in a novel can attached people to read the novel.
The other theory that also supports the theory of personality is from
Maslow (1954). He describes the theory of personality attempt to enlarge our
conception of the human personality by reaching into the “higher” levels of
human nature. In this book, Maslow also represents a different philosophy of
human nature, a new image of man.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses three parts which consist of object of the study, an
approach to the study, and method of the study. The object of the study deals with
the identity of the novel. Moreover, the approach of the study discusses the
approaches which employed in analyzing the study. In addition, the method of the
study discusses the steps taken in analyzing the novels.
A. Object of the Study
Sherlock Holmes is one of famous detective stories. It was created by Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle in the late 19th
century. The first story of Sherlock Holmes
was published in 1887, titled Study in Scarlett and then followed by the second
book titled Sign of Four that was published in 1890. The Greek Interpreter itself
launched in 1893 of September in the edition of the Strand Magazine.
Furthermore, in 1893, the Greek Interpreter was republished as a part of The
Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes as a compilation work of short Sherlock Holmes
stories.
The Greek Interpreter is the part of 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories
written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and one of 12 stories in the
cycle collected as The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. The story was originally
serialized in The Strand Magazine in 1893. This story introduces Holmes's elder
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brother Mycroft. Moreover, Doyle ranked The Greek Interpreter seventeenth in a
list of his nineteen favorite Sherlock Holmes stories.
Based on the article of Quatermain (2016), the short Sherlock Holmes
stories had been published in the Strand Magazine, and the powers of the
consulting detective were well established. In the adventure of the Greek
Interpreter though, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle introduced a figure whose skills
potentially exceed those of his most famous creation. This figure was Mycroft
Holmes, but he did not have the inclination, or the energy, to undertake the same
kind of work as his brother did. The case of the Greek Interpreter is not a difficult
one for Sherlock Holmes to solve, for indeed, some of the preparatory work, in the
form of newspaper advertisements, has already been undertaken by Mycroft. In
investigating the case though, there is a certain amount of urgency that is not
always present in Sherlock Holmes tales.
Furthermore, The Greek Interpreter was in an episode of the 1960s BBC
television adaptations, from the programmer’s second series. Shot in color, first
aired in October 1968. This shot is starred by Peter Cushing and Nigel Stock.
Unfortunately, this is one of the second series' missing episodes. The episode
would be adapted for television by Granada TV and in the Adventures of Sherlock
Holmes, Jeremy Brett would star as the detective. This adaptation kept fairly close
to the original storyline, although Mycroft Holmes had been introduced in an
earlier episode, and also the ending was amended, with the criminals being
captured by Holmes.
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The Greek Interpreter was also adapted by BBC Radio 4 under the same
name in 1992, as part of a long-term series of BBC radio adaptations of the whole
Sherlock Holmes Canon, directed by playwright and radio drama director Bert
Coules. The radio adaptation starred Clive Merrison and Michael Williams.
The Greek Interpreter was one of the off-screen cases from the BBC series of
Sherlock Holmes, was a loose adaptation which appeared on Dr. Watson's
personal blog. The article on the blog is dated 16 June and is briefly glimpsed
(along with two other cases) during the episode A Scandal in Belgravia.
B. Approach of the Study
The approach that was used in this study is psychological approach from
Freud (1922). In this approaches, Frued describes that the individual psychology
is concerned with the individual man and explores the paths by which he seeks to
find satisfaction for his instinct. However, there is an exceptional condition which
is the individual psychology in a position to disregard the relation of the others. In
the individual’s mental life, someone else is invariably involved as a model, as an
object, as a helper, and also can be as an opponent. Moreover, the relations of an
individual to his parents and to his brother or sister are the main subject of
psycho-analytic which may be claimed as a social phenomenon. The relation is
come under the influence of only a single person or from a very small number of
persons that is each one of whom has become enormously important to him. That
is why if we look at Sherlock’s personality, we know that as an individual he has
his own paths to explore his satisfaction in solving the case. However, as Freud
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explains in his theory, an individual also need someone else in his life, for
example a brother, as well as in the story of Sherlock and Mycroft. Sherlock
considers his brother as a model and helper. Therefore, in the story Sherlock said
that sometimes the interesting case came to him through his brother. It means that
a small number of a person in his life become enormously important to him.
In supporting the Psychology approach from Freud (1922), the researcher
used the theory of sibling relationship from Furman and Buhrmester (1985). The
theory is about the four dimensions of sibling relationship which explain that
sibling relationship can be described through the dimensions such as
warmth/closeness, relative status/power, conflict and rivalry. Further, the theory
from Cicirelli (1995) describes about sibling relationships across the lifespan
which explains the attribute of sibling relationship that has the certain unique
characteristic. These unique characteristics consist of five parts. First, the
relationship with a sibling is usually the longest relationship that an individual
will experience in the total lifetime. Second, the sibling relationship is ascribed
rather than earned. Third, the sibling relationship in childhood and adolescence
are more one of intimate daily contact. Fourth, the relationship between siblings is
often seen as one of relative egalitarianism. Fifth, siblings’ life has in common a
long history of shared as well as non-shared experience.
C. Method of the Study
In analyzing the novel, the researcher applied formalist criticism.
Historically, the term “formalism”, is a criticism and theory as in aesthetics,
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28
usually signifies a concern with an artwork’s formal features, not just its thematic
or representational elements (Bogel, 2013). The critic pays special attention to the
elements of the work, for example fiction: plot, point of view, characters, setting,
tone and style, theme, symbol. Moreover, the strength of formalism is “close
reading” skill which means the efforts to obtain the full understanding of a reading
material. With the full understanding of the novel, the reader can grasp the idea of
the author in a way of analyze the character in the novel, and then try to draw the
relation between the character and other characters, and the last the reader can
design their own meaning toward the novel. As well as in this study the researcher
has an argument toward the novel of Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes is
known has a intimate relationship with Watson. It begun when Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle published his first novel entitled A Study in Scarlet in 1887. The
companionhip between these two charcacters are no doubt. Sherlock spends most
of his time with Watson rather than with Mycroft. However, in this study the
researcher wants to show that actually Sherlock and his brother are also close to
each other.
Furthermore, there are four steps in analyzing the novel. First, the
researcher tried to understand the content of the story. Second, the researcher
begun to analyze the character. In this study the researcher chose the character of
Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes to be placed in the sibling relationship and
revealed their companionship in solving the case. Third, the researcher begun to
draw the relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft through the conversation and
statement from the characters. Fourth, the researcher started to write the analysis
of sibling relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the findings of the study. In this chapter, there are
two dimensions which are used to explain the sibling relationship between
Sherlock and Mycroft Holmes which are warmth/closeness and status/power.
A. Characteristics of Sherlock Holmes
The character of Sherlock Holmes is known from the hawk-like features
and piercing eyes; the dressing-gown and pipe; the deerstalker cap and
magnifying glass. These details are so familiar if he were appear amongst us today
we should know him at once. Dr. Watson revealed Sherlock’s personality in A
Study in Scarlet (1887) as a man who has moments of intense energy and passion
as well as just as intense moments of depression and contemplation. Dr. Watson
also describe Sherlock’s personality as the worst tenant in London who keeps his
cigars in the coal-scuttle, his tobacco in the toe-end of a Persian slipper, and his
letters transfixed by a jack-knife to the center of the wooden mantelpiece. Strange
visitors, chemical experiments and late-night violin playing also tried the patience
of their landlady Mrs. Hudson. He was however a great detective's loyal
companion and was aware of his value.
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B. Characteristics of Mycroft Holmes
Mycroft Holmes is the older brother of Sherlock Holmes by seven years.
He appears or mentioned in four stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle such as “The
Greek Interpreter”, “The Final Problem”, “The Empty House”, and “The Bruce-
Partington Plans”. His character also describe by Watson when they first met.
“Mycroft Holmes was a much larger and stouter man than Sherlock. His
body was absolutely corpulent, but his face, though massive, had
preserved something of the sharpness of expression which was so
remarkable in that of his brother. His eyes, which were of a peculiarly
light, watery gray, seemed to always retain that far-away, introspective
look which I had only observed in Sherlock’s when he was exerting his
full power.”
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 2).
Meanwhile, his personality is described by Sherlock in The Greek Interpreter:
... he has no ambition and no energy. He will not even go out of his way to
verify his own solution, and would rather be considered wrong than take
the trouble to prove himself right. And yet he was absolutely incapable of
working out the practical points which must be gone into before a case
could be laid before a judge or jury.”
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 1).
The different character and personality from these brothers are create the
relation of symbiosis mutualism. It means that one has much energy to look after
the evidence (Sherlock Holmes) while the other one (Mycroft Holmes) has no
energy so he just gives the case and helps in his own way. The character,
personality and the companionship between them is described in their
conversations. While sibling relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft described
through the dimension of sibling relationship which is mentioned by Furman and
Buhrmester (1985). In their study of the quality of sibling relationship, there are
four dimensions of sibling relationship, yet the researcher only focuses on two
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dimensions which are warmth/closenes and status/power. The reason is because
these two dimension take the big role of siblings relationship in a adulthood.
NB: The bold sentences are the conversation that proves the dimension.
A. Warmth/Closeness
According to Furman and Buhrmester (1985) warmth/closeness is defined
as a cooperation or friendly vs. competitive or hostile, warm or agreeable vs. cold
or quarrelsome. Moreover, warmth/closeness is also can be form of intimacy, pro-
social behavior, companionship, admiration, nurturance, perceived similarity, and
affection. However, in this study, the researcher focuses on two forms which are
intimacy and companionship and perceived similarity and admiration.
1. Intimacy and Companionship
In the story of the Greek Interpreter, there are some conversations
between Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes as well as Sherlock and Watson,
which help the researcher to describe this dimension. The importance of this story
is that for the first time Sherlock Holmes talks about his older brother. According
to Cicirelli (1995) in the recent years, the attention is focused on the relationship
between siblings and the factors influencing such relationship. In every novel of
Sherlock Holmes, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle shows that the main character such a
weird person and it is because of his methods in solving the case, which are in
analyzing footprints, faces (animal or human), corpse temperature, corneas,
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pulses, snow-covered field or dropped cigarettes ash and another clues (Ginzburg,
1980). Ginzburg (1980) defines that;
The method is called medical semiotics or symptomatology the discipline
which permits diagnosis, though the disease cannot be directly observed
on the basis of superficial symptoms or signs, often irrelevant to the eye of
the layman, or even of Dr. Watson (p. 12).
In addition, Freud (1922) acclaimed that Sherlock acts like that to satisfy
himself for his instinct, so he does not care about the other people think of him.
Moreover, in the Greek Interpreter case, Sherlock and Mycroft show the close
relationship through the knowledge about each other for example Sherlock tells
Watson about his brother’s schedule, occupation, and achievement. Beside the
intimacy between these brothers, Sherlock and Mycroft also show the
companionship by helping each other in solving the case of the Greek Interpreter.
However, how can the intimacy and companionship between Sherlock and
Mycroft remained, if these brothers are rarely met? Based on the study of Stocker
et al. (1997), in adulthood, siblings are also likely to vary in affectionate features
of their relationship. Therefore, it is rarely seen in many Sherlock Holmes stories
which tell about the sibling relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft.
Furthermore, in maintaining the relationship, Cicirelli (1995) explains that
sibling relationship in adulthood is maintained by telephone communication,
letters, and periodic visits. Moreover, Stocker et al. (1997) define that “adult who
lives far apart with their sibling can maintain contact through the mail and over
the telephone” (p. 212). Therefore, there are three examples include the story of
Bruce Partington Plans which explain about how Sherlock and Mycroft
communicate with each other.
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As we walked home together, Holmes stopped at a telegraph office and
sent off several wires. (The Greek Interpreter, p. 6).
Holmes handed me his brother‟s telegram.
Must see you over Cadogen West.
Coming at once.
— Mycroft.
(Bruce Partington Plans, p. 789).
At London Bridge, Holmes wrote a telegram to his brother, which he
handed to me before dispatching it. It ran thus:
See some light in the darkness, but it may possibly flicker out. Meanwhile,
please send by messenger, to await return at Baker Street, a complete list
of all foreign spies or international agents known to be in England, with
full address.
— Sherlock.
(Bruce Partington Plans, p. 793).
The way they maintain their brotherly relationships is unique, although the
content of the telegram is not like asking “how are you” and so on, but in that
way, they remain in touch. The rarity of meetings between them makes their
relationship far from the conflict. As explained before, intimacy appears when the
sibling knows each other well. “Communication between siblings about their
lives, either directly or indirectly (through a parent or others), may produce
empathy and vicariously shared experiences, facilitating greater similarity”
(Cicirelli 1995, p. 2). In addition, Cicirelli (1995) also points out that sibling
relationship is ascribed rather than earned which means brotherhood or sisterhood
is a status that is obtained by birth. Even though, there will be the separation of an
active sibling relationship under certain circumstances, there is no separation of
the sibling status. It means that even though they do not regularly communicate
with each other but their relationship as a sibling still lingers in their daily life.
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34
The same action is also done by Sherlock Holmes when he begins to talk
about his brother to Watson that also showed a great sense of intimacy to his
brother. Sometimes, Sherlock also calls his brother “my dear Mycroft”. He admits
that, sometimes, some cases come to him through his brother.
“You see, Watson,” he remarked, “our evening has been by no means
wasted. Some of my most interesting cases have come to me in this
way through Mycroft. The problem which we have just listened to,
although it can admit of but one explanation, has still some distinguishing
features.”
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 6).
The companionship between Sherlock and Mycroft is proven by Sherlock
upon receiving the case from Mycroft. He works very hard to resolve the case.
Then, if Mycroft wants advice, Sherlock will glad to help.
2. Perceived Similarity and Admiration
The story of the Greek Interpreter also told about Sherlock ability in
deduction. Actually, Sherlock’s ability does not only come by itself but it is
hereditary. According to Wiltse (1998), Holmes’s ability is also hereditary, as his
brother Mycroft who has similar genius suggests and the disinterested pursuit of
knowledge for its own sake. According to Furman and Buhrmester (1985),
“warmth/closeness is predicted to be established in the range of molecular
qualities such as intimacy, pro-social behavior, companionship, admiration,
nurturance, perceived similarity, and affection” (p. 450). At the beginning of the
encounter of Mycroft and Watson in the Greek Interpreter case, Sherlock does not
really talk too much about his brother to limit his brother’s privacy in taking care
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35
of him. The conversation about his brother is starting when Sherlock and Watson
are chattering about Sherlock’s ability in observation.
During my long and intimate acquaintance with Mr. Sherlock Holmes I
had never heard him refer to his relations, and hardly ever to his own early
life. This reticence upon his part had increased the somewhat inhuman
effect which he produced upon me, until sometimes I found myself
regarding him as an isolated phenomenon, a brain without a heart, as
deficient in human sympathy as he was pre-eminent in intelligence. His
aversion to women and his disinclination to form new friendships were
both typical of his unemotional character, but not more so than his
complete suppression of every reference to his own people. I had come to
believe that he was an orphan with no relatives living, but one day, to my
very great surprise, he began to talk to me about his brother. (The Greek Interpreter, p. 1)
Furthermore, Stocker et al. (1997) explain that;
In adulthood, siblings are also likely to vary in the affectionate features
of their relationships. Siblings may provide support and affection for
each other as they move through normative developmental transitions
such as getting married, raising a family, developing a career, and, in
some cases, caring for aging parents (p. 210).
The reason why Sherlock initiates straightly to talk about Mycroft is that
he has affection for him and wants to show that his brother is a person who has a
higher level of genius than himself. Because of this dignity, Sherlock decides to
talk about Mycroft to Watson. The admiration from Sherlock Holmes to Mycroft
is also shown in his conversation with Watson that mentions about the art in the
blood can take on a strange shape, and his brother Mycroft has it in a larger degree
than him. The acceptance and acknowledgment of siblings themselves can create
a dimension of warmth / closeness in their relationships.
“To some extent,” he answered, thoughtfully. “My ancestors were
country squires, who appear to have led much the same life as is
natural to their class. But, none the less, my turn that way is in my
veins, and may have come with my grandmother, who was the sister of
Vernet, the French artist. Art in the blood is liable to take the
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36
strangest forms.” “But how do you know that it is hereditary?” “Because
my brother Mycroft possesses it in a larger degree than I do.”
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 1)
Moreover, as stated in Cicirelli (1995) “siblings live have in common
history of shared and non-shared experience. Shared experiences contribute to
siblings' similarity whereas no-shared experiences contribute to their individual
differences” (p. 2). The communication between siblings about their lives, either
directly or indirectly (through a parent or others), may produce empathy and
variously shared experiences which facilitate of greater similarity. The similarities
between Sherlock and Mycroft are shown by high observation skills and
deductions that cannot be defeated by anyone.
In sum, Sherlock points out a sense of closeness and warmth between him
and Mycroft. The communication that remains between them through telegram
makes their relationship unique to both Watson and the readers. The uniqueness of
this relationship is because of Sherlock Holmes. He shows great arrogance and
ingenuity so that no one in London can defeat his ability to solve a complex case.
However, the thought disappeared along with his confession of a brother in his
life who also helped him in solving a case and sometimes an interesting case he
handled came from his brother.
B. Status/Power
Status/power is typically described by the dominance from the older
siblings to younger siblings. However, the relationship is thought to become more
egalitarian and cognitively competent during adulthood. Moreover, Furman and
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37
Buhrmester (1985) point out that when the subject is the older member of the
family, they reported the bigger nurturance and dominance over their siblings.
Furthermore, Furman and Buhrmester (1985) analyze that although investigators
have usually focus on dominance, the dimension of status/power also have
positive qualities which are admiration and nurturance (caretaking). In these
taxonomic studies, relationships have also been found in various elements of
positive and negative relationships which are cooperation/friendly vs.
competitive/hostile and warm/agreeable vs. cold/quarrelsome.
Cicirelli (1995) defines that there is usually equivalence in siblings’
feelings of acceptance for one another, which allows them to relate as equals. The
friendship, warm or agreeable, competitive, the equivalence between Sherlock and
Mycroft are described in their conversation when Sherlock and Watson visit him
in the Diogenes Club. In the story, Sherlock and Mycroft try to make a deduction
on the random people outside Mycroft's workspace window. The accuracy and
precision of these brothers in observation led Watson to awe, even Watson
admitted the intelligence of Mycroft Holmes.
“By the way, Sherlock, I expected to see you round last week, to
consult me over that Manor House case. I thought you might be a little
out of your depth.”
“No, I solved it,” said my friend, smiling.
“It was Adams, of course.”
“Yes, it was Adams.”
“I was sure of it from the first.” The two sat down together in the bow-
window of the club. “To anyone who wishes to study mankind this is the
spot,” said Mycroft (The Greek Interpreter, p. 2).
“Look at the magnificent types!
Look at these two men who are coming towards us, for example.”
“The billiard-marker and the other?”
“Precisely. What do you make of the other?”
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38
The two men had stopped opposite the window. Some chalk marks over
the waistcoat pocket were the only signs of billiards which I could see
in one of them. The other was a very small, dark fellow, with his hat
pushed back and several packages under his arm.
“An old soldier, I perceive,” said Sherlock.
“And very recently discharged,” remarked the brother.
“Served in India, I see.”
“And a non-commissioned officer.”
“Royal Artillery, I fancy,” said Sherlock.
“And a widower.”
“But with a child.”
“Children, my dear boy, children.”
“Come,” said I, laughing, “This is a little too much.”
“Surely,” answered Holmes, “it is not hard to say that a man with that
bearing, expression of authority, and sunbaked skin, is a soldier, is
more than a private, and is not long from India.”
“That he has not left the service long is shown by his still wearing his
„ammunition boots‟, as they are called,” observed Mycroft
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 2).
I began to understand what my friend meant when he said that his
brother possessed even keener faculties that he did himself. He glanced
across at me and smiled (The Greek Interpreter, p. 2).
According to Furman and Buhrmester (1985) “when the siblings were 4 or
more years older, they engaged in the greatest amount of nurturing and caretaking
behavior to each other” (p. 455). It means that the difference in age is also
influenced perceptions of relative status/power as indicated by significant
interaction. Furthermore, Cicireli (1995) is also points out that “the difference of
power or status may exist between siblings based on age, size, intelligence,
knowledge, social skills, economic success, achievements, influence with parents,
and so on” (p. 2).
In fact, Mycroft is seven years older than Sherlock which means that he
started his education earlier than Sherlock. In addition, in this story there are some
statements from Sherlock that express the power or status of his brother.
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39
“To the logician all things should be seen exactly as they are, and to
underestimate one’s self is as much a departure from truth as to exaggerate
one’s own powers. When I say, therefore, that Mycroft has better
powers of observation than I, you may take it that I am speaking the
exact and literal truth.” (The Greek Interpreter, p. 1)
“The Diogenes Club is the queerest club in London, and Mycroft one of
the queerest men.
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 1)
These two conversations show that Sherlock respects his brother, he admits
that his brother is a queerest man and he has better powers of observation than
Sherlock. As Freud (1922) explains in his study, an individual is consider his
mother and father or his brother and sister as a model and helper. As well as in
Sherlock and Watson conversation, Sherlock considers his brother to be his role
model. Even sometimes Mycroft has a correct solution to solve the case.
“I said that he was my superior in observation and deduction. If the art
of the detective began and ended in reasoning from an arm-chair, my
brother would be the greatest criminal agent that ever lived.
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 1).
“Again and again I have taken a problem to him, and have received an
explanation which has afterwards proved to be the correct one”
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 1).
“It is not his profession, then?” “By no means. What is to me a means of
livelihood is to him the merest hobby of a dilettante. He has an
extraordinary faculty for figures, and audits the books in some of the
government departments. (The Greek Interpreter, p. 1)
There are many men in London, you know, who, some from shyness,
some from misanthropy, have no wish for the company of their
fellows. Yet they are not averse to comfortable chairs and the latest
periodicals. It is for the convenience of these that the Diogenes Club
was started, and it now contains the most unsociable and unclubable
men in town. No member is permitted to take the least notice of any other
one. Save in the Stranger’s Room, no talking is, under any circumstances,
allowed, and three offences, if brought to the notice of the committee,
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40
render the talker liable to expulsion. My brother was one of the
founders, and I have myself found it a very soothing atmosphere.”
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 2).
The dominance of Mycroft is seen through the different occupations and
achievements between him and Sherlock. Even Sherlock said that what he did to
live, was just a hobby for Mycroft. However, how great is Mycroft, he is also has
a weakness which are the lack of energy and ambition. So he chooses to work
behind the desk instead of running around to find a proof. This is the difference
between Sherlock and Mycroft, so as for the case he received he would surely
gives to his brother.
But he has no ambition and no energy. He will not even go out of his
way to verify his own solution, and would rather be considered wrong
than take the trouble to prove himself right. And yet he was absolutely
incapable of working out the practical points which must be gone into
before a case could be laid before a judge or jury.”
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 1).
“Sherlock has all the energy of the family,” said Mycroft, turning to me.
“Well, you take the case up by all means, and let me know if you do any
good.” (The Greek Interpreter, p. 6).
Since Mycroft has no energy and ambition, sometimes he gives some cases
to Sherlock and let him solve it and give an idea or advice if it is needed.
Moreover, Stocker et al. (1997) explain that “in particular, adults with healthy
psychological functioning and high self-esteem were hypothesized to have
warmer sibling relationships” (p. 212). Therefore, the relationship between
Sherlock and Mycroft have mutual advantages to each other, they have same
cognitive perspective and it comes from the healthy psychological so they receive
a warmer relationship and work together to solve the complex case.
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41
“By the way, Sherlock,” said he, “I have had something quite after your
own heart—a most singular problem—submitted to my judgment. I
really had not the energy to follow it up save in a very incomplete
fashion, but it gave me a basis for some pleasing speculation. If you would
care to hear the facts. “My dear Mycroft, I should be delighted.” (The
Greek Interpreter, p. 2)
Freud (1922) added that “in the individual’s mental life, someone else is
invariably involved as a model, as an object, as a helper, and as an opponent” (p.
1). Hence, we see the reason why Mycroft gives all the cases to Sherlock. He
considers Sherlock as a helper and someone who can be trusted to solve the case.
Moreover, in the story, Mycroft gives Sherlock a case about a Greek interpreter.
Mr. Melas is the interpreter from Greek, he told that the night when the crime was
happening someone hired him to become an interpreter, then he went to the place,
but something was wrong with the appointment. A guy was kidnapped, but Mr.
Melas could not do anything to save him. After the appointment, he was forced to
get out and be ordered not to tell anyone about what he saw. Thence, he came to
Mycroft to help him rescue the Greek man. That was the beginning of the
cooperation between Sherlock and Mycroft in solving the case of the Greek
Interpreter. In order not to bother his brother in solving the case, Mycroft took
steps first by post the ads related to the case.
Then Sherlock looked across at his brother.
“Any steps?” he asked.
Mycroft picked up the Daily News, which was lying on the side-table.
“Anybody supplying any information as to the whereabouts of a Greek
gentleman named Paul Kratides, from Athens, who is unable to speak
English, will be rewarded. A similar reward paid to any one giving
information about a Greek lady whose first name is Sophy. X 2473.
“That was in all the dailies. No answer.”
“How about the Greek Legation?”
“I have inquired. They know nothing.”
(The Greek Interpreter, p. 6)
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After that, Sherlock and Watson back to their house and on the way to home
Sherlock stops at a telegraph office and sent off several wires then he talks to
Watson.
“You see, Watson,” he remarked, “our evening has been by no means
wasted. Some of my most interesting cases have come to me in this
way through Mycroft. The problem which we have just listened to,
although it can admit of but one explanation, has still some distinguishing
features.” (The Greek Interpreter, p. 6)
The cooperation between Sherlock and Mycroft show the positive side of
relative status/power. Rather than competitive, the relationship between Sherlock
and Mycroft better described as cooperation in solving the case. In conclusion,
relative status/power does not only mean the dominance from the older sibling to
the younger sibling but it aid an admiration and nurturance (caretaking). Again,
this dimension has the positive and negative relationships which are
cooperation/friendly vs. competitive/hostile and warm/agreeable vs.
cold/quarrelsome. In Sherlock and Mycroft relationship genuinely describes the
cooperation rather than competitive as well as warm and agreeable rather than
cold/quarrelsome.
In sum, the character, personality and the companionship between
Sherlock and Mycroft is described in their conversations and also the theory from
Furman and Buhrmester (1985) about the dimensions of sibling relationship. The
first one is the dimension of warmth/closeness. In this dimension, Sherlock and
Mycroft show the intimacy through the acknowledgement to each other,
especially from Sherlock to Mycroft. Moreover, the way they maintain their
relationship through telegram is also appear in this dimension. In addition,
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43
warmth/closeness also defines in the form of perceived similarity. The capability
in observation and deduction represent the perceived similarity between them. The
second is the dimension of relative status/power. This dimension indicated by the
dominance from the older brother to the younger. Yet, the dominance from
Mycroft to Sherlock is shown through the different occupations between them.
Moreover, this dimension also represents the admiration and nurturance
(caretaking), especially from Sherlock to Mycroft and also the cooperation in
solving the case of the Greek interpreter.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part is the conclusion which
discusses the finding result based on the analysis. The second part is implication
which discusses how this study implicates in education. The third part is the
suggestion for the future researchers.
A. CONCLUSIONS
The story of the Greek Interpreter is the short story of The Memoirs of
Sherlock Holmes. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the dimension of
the sibling relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft in the story of the Greek
Interpreter is described by the dimension of warmth/closeness and relative
status/power.
This thesis focuses on two dimensions which are warmth/closeness and
relative status/power. The first one is warmth/closeness. According to Furman and
Buhrmester (1985) warmth/closeness is predictable to be established in the range
of various qualities which are intimacy, pro-social behavior, companionship,
admiration, nurturance, perceived similarity, and affection. In this dimension
Sherlock and Mycroft describe the companionship through helping each other in
solving the case of the interpreter. Moreover, the admiration has also appeared in
the story through the conversation between Sherlock and Watson about Mycroft,
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45
for example is when Sherlock said that his brother has the greater ability in
observation than him.
Furthermore, there are seven conversations which indicated as the
dimension of warmth/closeness. Though they rarely meet, Sherlock and Mycroft
retain communications between them through phone communications, letters, and
periodic visits. This is also conveyed by Cicirelli (1995), he points out that sibling
relationships in adulthood are maintained through the telephone communication,
letters, and periodic visits. Moreover, Stocker et al. (1997) also add that adults
who living far from their relatives can maintain contact by mail and by telephone.
Thus in this story, we could see that Sherlock and Mycroft maintain their
relationships through media especially telegram.
The second is status/power. Furman and Buhrmester (1985) define that
although investigators have usually focused on dominance, there are also positive
qualities of status/power, which are admiration and nurturance (caretaking). In
these taxonomic studies, status/power relationships have also been found to vary
along a dimension of positive and negative relationships which are
cooperation/friendly vs. competitive/ hostile and warm/agreeable vs.
cold/quarrelsome. Furthermore, in this short story, there are fourteen
conversations which indicated as the dimension of status/power. The dimension
can be seen through the cooperation and agreeable between Sherlock and Mycroft
to solve the case. Although Mycroft may not followed Sherlock Holmes in
searching a proof, he still helped him with an advice and also the right steps so as
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46
not to be a trouble to Sherlock in solving the case. In this dimension, of course,
cannot be separated from the word of dominance from the older brother to the
younger. The dominance of Mycroft is seen from his work that directly takes the
responsibility to the British Government and also the founder of Diogenes Club.
In sum, the sibling relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft were
described by the dimension of warmth/closeness and status/power. Also this view
of sibling relationship between Sherlock and Mycroft is unique if we put it in the
humanity value among siblings in the real world.
B. IMPLICATIONS
The story of Sherlock Holmes will be useful for the students and lecturer
to be applied to the learning activity. Furthermore, the novel can be used to
improve the students’ English skills especially in vocabulary skill. Moreover, the
novel is also can be used by the lecturer in basic reading class or Prose class. In
basic reading class, the novel can be the media for student to increase their
vocabularies in English. Moreover, the lecturer may asks them to read the passage
or paragraph from the novel in front of the class and try to guess what the
meaning of the passage. For the Pros class, the novel can be used to analyze the
moral values and the aspect of humanity from the characters, the setting, and plot
of the novel. Furthermore, the novel also can be useful for student to boost
students’ interest and improve their ability in reading literary work especially
English novel.
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C. SUGGESTIONS
The stories of the adventure of Sherlock Holmes divided into fifty-six
stories which were written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. One of those stories is the
adventure of Sherlock Holmes and the Greek Interpreter which is used by the
researcher in this research. By analyzing the novel, the future researchers will feel
the best experience during the process of writing the thesis, because the story from
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is different from other novels. In his novel, Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle is like asking the readers to solve the case together with Sherlock
Holmes. Based on the researcher’s experience, the best part of this novel is that
when in the end of the story Sherlock Holmes explains very detailed about the
chronological situation of the case. Moreover, the other things which can be
analyzed in the story of Sherlock Holmes based on researcher’s experience are:
1. An analysis on the relationship between Sherlock and Watson through the
theory of friendship.
2. An analysis on the point of view of Sherlock Holmes’s attitude towards
the cases.
3. The rivalry between Sherlock Holmes vs Arsene Lupin.
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REFERENCES
Bogel, F. (2013). New formalist criticism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Buhrmester, D, & Furman, W. (1985). Children's perception of the qualities of
sibling relationships. 449-456.
Carli, E. D. (2014). A study in character: an analysis of sherlock holmes'
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Cicirelli, V. G. (1995). Sibling relationship across the life span. West Layafette,
Indiana: Plenum Press.
Clausen, C. (1984). sherlock holmes, order, and the late-victorian mind. Georgia
Review, 104-112.
Crane, G. (2007). The nineteenth-century American novel. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Freud. (1922). Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. the international
psycho-analytical library, 1-5.
Ginzburg, C. & Davin, N. (1980). Morelli, Freud and Sherlock Holmes: clues and
scientific method. Oxford Journal, 5-15.
Hogan, P. C. (2011). What is literature teaches us about emotion. New York:
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Jann, R. (1990). Sherlock Holmes codes the social body. John Hopkins
University, 685-687.
Jensen, L. (2014). A study of sherlock holmes' new trademarks as a sex symbol,
action hero, and comedian in the 21st century. Aalborg University, 4-5.
Jones, A. H. (n.d.). Literature and medicine: narrative ethics. The Lancet, 1244-
1246.
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Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.
Piper, A., Hewitt, M. A., Sinha, K., Ruths, D., & Vala, H. (2017). Studying
literary characters and character networks. McGill University, 1-2.
Saler, M. (2003). 'Clap if you believe in Sherlock Holmes': mass culture and the
re-enchantment of modernity, c. 1890-c. 1940. The Historical Journal,
599-622.
Sartre, J. P. (1988). What is literature? Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
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Stocker, C. M., Lanthier, R. P., & Furman, W. (1997). Sibling relationships in
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Wiltse, E. (1998). "So constant an expectation": Sherlock Holmes and seriality.
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, 2018 from The
Biography.org website: https://www.biography.org/people/arthur-conan-
doyle-9278600
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holmes.co.uk/bio/bio_one.htm
Quartermain, C. (2018, March 24). Owlcation, Humanities, Literature. Retrieved
from Owlcation: https://owlcation.org/humanities/Plot-Summary-of-the-
Adventure-of-the-Greek-Interpreter
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APPENDIX
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Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur Conan Doyle Biography
Doctor, Author, Journalist (1859–1930)
On May 22, 1859, Arthur Conan Doyle was born to an affluent, strict
Irish-Catholic family in Edinburgh, Scotland. Although Doyle's family was well-
respected in the art world, his father, Charles, who was a life-long alcoholic, had
few accomplishments to speak of. Doyle's mother, Mary, was a lively and well-
educated woman who loved to read. She particularly delighted in telling her
young son outlandish stories. Her great enthusiasm and animation while spinning
wild tales sparked the child's imagination. As Doyle would later recall in his
biography, "In my early childhood, as far as I can remember anything at all, the
vivid stories she would tell me stand out so clearly that they obscure the real facts
of my life."
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At the age of 9, Doyle bid a tearful goodbye to his parents and was
shipped off to England, where he would attend Hodder Place, Stonyhurst—a
Jesuit preparatory school—from 1868 to 1870. Doyle then went on to study at
Stonyhurst College for the next five years. For Doyle, the boarding-school
experience was brutal: many of his classmates bullied him, and the school
practiced ruthless corporal punishment against its students. Over time, Doyle
found solace in his flair for storytelling, and developed an eager audience of
younger students.
Medical Education and Career
When Doyle graduated from Stonyhurst College in 1876, his parents
expected that he would follow in his family's footsteps and study art, so they were
surprised when he decided to pursue a medical degree at the University of
Edinburgh instead. At med school, Doyle met his mentor, Professor Dr. Joseph
Bell, whose keen powers of observation would later inspire Doyle to create his
famed fictional detective character, Sherlock Holmes. At the University of
Edinburgh, Doyle also had the good fortune to meet classmates and future fellow
authors James Barrie and Robert Louis Stevenson. While a medical student,
Doyle took his own first stab at writing, with a short story called The Mystery of
Sasassa Valley. That was followed by a second story, The American Tale, which
was published in London Society.
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During Doyle's third year of medical school, he took a ship surgeon's post
on a whaling ship sailing for the Arctic Circle. The voyage awakened Doyle's
sense of adventure, a feeling that he incorporated into a story, Captain of the Pole
Star. In 1880, Doyle returned to medical school. Back at the University of
Edinburgh, Doyle became increasingly invested in Spiritualism or "Psychic
religion," a belief system that he would later attempt to spread through a series of
his written works. By the time he received his Bachelor of Medicine degree in
1881, Doyle had denounced his Roman Catholic faith.
Doyle's first paying job as a doctor took the form of a medical officer's
position aboard the steamship Mayumba, travelling from Liverpool to Africa.
After his stint on the Mayumba, Doyle settled in Plymouth, England for a time.
When his funds were nearly tapped out, he relocated to Portsmouth and opened
his first practice. He spent the next few years struggling to balance his burgeoning
medical career with his efforts to gain recognition as an author. Doyle would later
give up medicine altogether, in order to devote all of his attention to his writing
and his faith.
Personal Life
In 1885, while still struggling to make it as a writer, Doyle met and
married his first wife, Louisa Hawkins. The couple moved to Upper Wimpole
Street and had two children, a daughter and a son. In 1893, Louisa was diagnosed
with tuberculosis. While Louisa was ailing, Doyle developed an affection for a
young woman named Jean Leckie. Louisa ultimately died of tuberculosis in
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Doyle's arms, in 1906. The following year, Doyle would remarry to Jean Leckie,
with whom he would have two sons and a daughter.
Writing Career
In 1886, newly married and still struggling to make it as an author, Doyle
started writing the mystery novel A Tangled Skein. Two years later, the novel was
renamed A Study in Scarlet and published in Beeton's Christmas Annual. A Study
in Scarlet, which first introduced the wildly popular characters Detective Sherlock
Holmes and his assistant, Watson, finally earned Doyle the recognition he had so
desired. It was the first of 60 stories that Doyle would pen about Sherlock Holmes
over the course of his writing career. Also, in 1887, Doyle submitted two letters
about his conversion to Spiritualism to a weekly periodical called Light.
Doyle continued to actively participate in the Spiritualist movement from
1887 to 1916, during which time he wrote three books that experts consider
largely autobiographical. These include Beyond the City (1893), The Stark Munro
Letters (1895) and A Duet with an Occasional Chorus (1899). Upon achieving
success as a writer, Doyle decided to retire from medicine. Throughout this
period, he additionally produced a handful of historical novels including one
about the Napoleonic Era called The Great Shadow in 1892, and his most famous
historical novel, Rodney Stone, in 1896.
The prolific author also composed four of his most popular Sherlock
Holmes books during the 1890s and early 1900s: The Sign of Four (1890), The
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1892), The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894)
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and The Hound of Baskervilles, published in 1901. In 1893, to Doyle's readers'
disdain, he had attempted to kill off his Sherlock Holmes character in order to
focus more on writing about Spiritualism. In 1901, however, Doyle reintroduced
Sherlock Holmes in The Hound of Baskervilles and later brought him back to life
in The Adventure of the Empty House so the lucrative character could earn Doyle
the money to fund his missionary work. Doyle also strove to spread his faith
through a series of written works, consisting of The New Revolution (1918), The
Vital Message (1919), The Wanderings of a Spiritualist (1921) and History of
Spiritualism (1926).In 1928, Doyle's final twelve stories about Sherlock Holmes
were published in a compilation entitled The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes.
Death
Having recently been diagnosed with Angina Pectoris, Doyle stubbornly
ignored his doctor's warnings, and in the fall of 1929, embarked on a spiritualism
tour through the Netherlands. He returned home with chest pains so severe that he
needed to be carried on shore, and was thereafter almost entirely bedridden at his
home in Crowborough, England. Rising one last time on July 7, 1930, Doyle
collapsed and died in his garden while clutching his heart with one hand and
holding a flower in the other.
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The Greek Interpreter
The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter is a short Sherlock Holmes story
written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It is a case that Holmes trying to solve a
kidnapping, but is more famous for being the story that introduces Mycroft
Holmes, Sherlock’s older, smarter brother.
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Publication of the Adventure of the Greek Interpreter
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle would write The Adventure of the Greek
Interpreter for publication in the September 1893 edition of the Strand Magazine;
with the previous month’s case being The Adventure of the Resident Patient.Later
on, in 1893, The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter would be republished as part
of The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, a compilation work of short Sherlock
Holmes stories.
A Short Review of the Adventure of the Greek Interpreter
For two years, the short Sherlock Holmes stories had been published in the
Strand Magazine, and the powers of the consulting detective were well
established. In The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter though, Conan Doyle
introduced a figure whose skills potentially outstripped than his most famous
creation. This figure was Mycroft Holmes, however Mycroft Holmes did not have
the inclination nor the energy, to undertake the same kind of work as his brother
did.
The case of the Greek interpreter is not a difficult one for Sherlock Holmes
to solve becausethere are some preparatory work in the form of newspaper
advertisements, which has already been undertaken. In investigating the case,
there is a certain amount of urgency which is not always present in Sherlock
Holmes’s story. In the end of the urgency, Sherlock Holmes does not allow to
apprehend the criminals, but as with other cases where the criminals appear to
escape, justice does seemingly catch up to them. The episode would be adapted
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for television by Granada TV; and in the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, Jeremy
Brett would star as the detective. This adaptation kept fairly close to the original
storyline, although Mycroft Holmes had been introduced in an earlier episode, and
also the ending was amended, with the criminals being captured by Holmes.
Plot Summary of the Adventure of the Greek Interpreter
The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter began with a discussion between
Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson about the hereditary traits. Previously, Watson
has always assumed that Holmes is unique, an only child, with singular
capabilities. However, Sherlock is quick to set his friend straight with the factual
information that he has an older brother called Mycroft. Sherlock considers that
the intellect of Mycroft outstrips his own, but the detective also recognizes that
Mycroft does not have the energy to go along. Mycroft is perfectly comfortable to
be considered wrong, rather than to make the efforts to prove that he is right.
In the story, Sherlock has on occasion sought out the advice of his brother
by visiting Mycroft at the Diogenes Club. This time Sherlock has been sought by
Mycroft for Mr. Melas, a Greek interpreter and neighbor of Mycroft. A man by
the name of Harold Latimer had sought out the services of Mr. Melas, to act as a
Greek interpreter. Mr. Melas escorted in a blacked-out cab and although told the
destination was to be Kensington, the journey lasted for longer than it should.
Latimer also produced a bludgeon, with the implicit threat of violence. Latimer
would tell Mr. Melas that he would be rewarded for his services, but also
demanded future silence from the interpreter. After a couple of hours, the blacked-
out cab eventually pulls up at a large expensively decorated house. At the house,
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Mr. Melas encounters a second man, Wilson Kemp, and soon there if more
evidence about just how irregular this interpreting job was going to be. A third
man was brought into the presence of the Greek interpreter, but initially the mouth
of this man was covered in sticking plaster. Mr. Melas was asked to ask the
anonymous man certain questions, but as Mr. Melas realized that Latimer and
Kemp were both ignorant of the Greek language, the interpreter managed to
interpose his own questions as well.
From his own questions Mr. Melas discovered that the captive man was
named Paul Kratides, a Greek man who Latimer and Kemp were trying to make
sign some papers. Paul Kratides had been in England for three weeks, but had no
idea where he currently was. At that moment the questioning was interrupted
when a woman entered the room. This woman immediately called out to Kratides,
calling him by his first name. Paul Kratides then ripped off his mouth guard, and
called the woman Sophy. Paul and Sophy were quickly separated, and then Mr.
Melas was escorted from the house into the blacked-out cab again.
Another long drive ensued, but rather than being returned home, Mr.
Melas was dropped off on Wands worth Common. The Greek interpreter did not
dawdle and immediately went to gain the advice of Mycroft Holmes. Then, the
advertisements directly had been placed in the papers. The ads asking for
information about a Greek lady staying in England, or a man named Paul
Katrides. The problem had been half accomplished by Mycroft before Sherlock
Holmes, and Mycroft brings the next development, for he has had an answer to
the placed newspaper notices. There was the informant named Mr. Davenport. He
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told that Sophy is staying at house known as the Myrtles in Beckenham. With
some urgency plans are made to go to Beckenham, it is decided to get Inspector
Gregson to join them. It was also thought a good idea to collect Mr. Melas, in case
a Greek interpreter is required. When they arrived at the Melas residence, they
found that the Greek interpreter has already been picked up by a cab, something
that did not mean well for the safety of the interpreter. Then, when Holmes
brothers, Watson and Gregson arrived at the Myrtles it appeared that the house
has been abandoned evidence shows the departure of heavily laden coach.
Though the house was not quite as empty as it appeared, as breaking
through a locked door, they found Paul Kratides and Mr. Melas. Both men have
been gassed with charcoal fumes. The rescue proves too late for Paul Kratides, but
the attention of Dr Watson sees Mr. Melas saved. The rescue has also come too
late to arrest Latimer and Kemp, or rescue Sophy. The gaps in Sherlock Holmes’s
knowledge of the case are soon filled in.The friend of Paul had warned him about
the influence that Latimer was insist over Sophy, and they had travelled to
England from Greece to fix that situation. Paul Kratides had though become a
prisoner of Latimer, and the latter had tried to make the former sign over Sophy’s
property, of course, Paul Kratides had refused to do so, which ultimately lead to
his own death. There was a footnote to the adventure for news arrived of the death
of two Englishmen, Latimer and Kemp, in Hungary. It appeared that the two have
killed each other during a fight, but Sherlock Holmes has a strong feeling that the
deaths of the two men have been caused by Sophy: the sister of Paul who getting
her revenge.
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