an analysis on household waste management during covid-19

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J-PAL, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2021 ISSN: 2087-3522

DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpal.2021.012.01.02 E-ISSN: 2338-1671

An Analysis on Household waste Management during Covid-19 Pandemic Era (Study at Suzuki Residents, North Minahasa)

Ika Saputri Wulandari ¹*, Soemarno², Koderi³

¹ Graduate School of Environmental Resource Management and Development, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

² Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

³ Lecturer, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

ABSTRACK

The purposes of this research were, (1) to analyze the characteristics of household waste arising during the Covid-19 Pandemic era, and (2) to describe the knowledge, perceptions and residents’ behavior in managing their waste during the Covid-19 Pandemic era. The method used in this research was quantitative method in which Suzuki Residence, Watutumou III Village, Kalawat District, City of North Minahasa, North Sulawesi Province, was used as research site. The results of the research found that the characteristics of household waste that obtained were 20.34 kg of total waste in seven days of measurement; the waste consisted of 49% plastic waste, 22% organic waste, 13% textile waste, 13% paper waste and 0.09% glass waste. The Residents' Perception of Home Waste Management tends to view the Recycle principle or recycling as the

most efficient principle to solve the waste problem. The Residents' behavior in Home Waste Management were often littering and burning rubbish in the home environment. That it takes a comprehensive and sustainable socialization of waste management to the community, and is also followed by providing incentives and disincentives to people who want to reduce and or manage waste generated from household activities in the residence environment.

Keywords: Management, Household Waste, Covid-19 Pandemic

INTRODUCTION

The large population of Indonesia with a high growth rate causes an increase in the volume of waste. In addition, people's consumption profiles have contributed to arise on any types of waste, such as packaging waste that is dangerous or difficult to decompose by natural processes. Handling and control will become increasingly complex and complicated with the complexity of the type and composition of waste in line with the advancement of culture. Therefore, waste management in urban areas is relatively more difficult than waste in villages.

Household waste is an important part of domestic waste in an area. The quantity of this waste has increased several folds in densely populated residential centers over the past few decades. High population growth in urban areas due to rural migrants, changing lifestyles of urban residents, economic growth, increasing social status in urban community groups, and others are important drivers of the growth in the volume of domestic waste generation [1]. Correspondence address:

Ika Saputri Wulandari Email : [email protected] Address : Graduate School of Environmental Resource

Management and Development, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.

Waste quantity and quality data clearly provide an overview of the sustainability of a developing area. Household waste also shows the socioeconomic conditions of households and urban communities. There is an interesting relationship between the purchasing power of urban residents and the amount of domestic waste they produce. Several research show a close relationship between the quantity/quality of waste and the socio-economic status of households in developing residential areas (2).

The increase of income can also change the pattern of household consumption which resulted in changes in the composition and amount of household waste. Household waste quantification and characterization must be carried out to design effective waste collection and waste management plans for residential areas. Household waste is heterogeneous types of goods containing various wastes with different chemical and biological properties (for example, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, biologically contaminated, types of hazardous materials, solid, semi-solid, inert, etc).

Hence, such matters need special attention when designing waste management processes (handling, sorting, transportation and processing) to minimize environmental and occupational health problems associated with the overall waste management mechanism. [3]. For this reason, a detailed characterization of household waste, organic, inorganic and hazardous waste, is needed

mailto:[email protected]

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Analysis on Household waste Management during Covid-19 Pandemic Era (Wulandari, et al.)

to formulate an effective waste management plan in urban residential areas. [4]. The waste management plan includes all activities that seek to minimize the health, environmental and aesthetic impacts that associated with waste [5].

The waste management mechanism particularly in the Indonesia Regulation Act No.18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management includes activities for reducing waste and handling waste. Waste reduction, is the activity to address the emergence of waste from waste producers (households, markets, etc.), reuse waste from its source and / or at processing sites, and recycle waste at its source and / or at the processing site. Research by Lee & Paik, [6], showed that the success of household waste management is largely determined by the behavior and participation of all stakeholders, including individual household members, community groups, informal business actors, and local government.

The impact of poor waste management can occur in the long term. Therefore, the household waste generated by the community in the Suzuki Housing, Watutumou III Village, Kalawat District, City of North Minahasa, North Sulawesi Province, must be managed effectively and efficiently from upstream to downstream. With good waste management, environmental damage that caused by waste can be minimized. As quoted in the interim guidelines of WHO and UNICEF [7], the provision of safe water and sanitation and a hygienic / clean environment is important in order to protect human health in the event of an outbreak of infectious diseases, such as the current outbreak of COVID-19. Ensuring the implementation of good and consistent WASH practices and waste management at the community, household, school, market and health facility levels will help prevent the transmission of the COVID-19 virus from one person to another.

Basically, people from various groups are responsible for the cleanliness of their environment; including the waste that they made. It is known that household waste in cities is waste generated in a very large amount and most of it is generated from kitchen waste and yard waste. Every activity, both production and consumption, will produce waste which is objects that are no longer used. In the end, this garbage has a big contribution in terms of pollution and break the environment, thus as seen today, waste is still scattered everywhere. The more people who live in a city or an area, the more waste is collected, this is especially true in big cities in Indonesia. However, in the last few decades, the waste problem has spread to areas such as districts and sub-districts. [8].

Therefore, the presence of community participation is very important related to waste management so that it can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the natural resource and environmental management system. The quality of community participation is certainly needed, where insight into the environment is needed, which includes awareness, strength and ability of non-governmental organizations that allow opportunities and space for community initiatives. Residential solid waste management requires the active participation of individuals and community groups so that the role of the government does not get heavier. Increasing community participation in waste management can be carried out by involving the community as the largest waste producer, by cultivating waste management behavior from an early age from households, as the lowest structure in urban waste management [9].

Waste management in the Suzuki Residence of Watutumou III Village is still not optimal. Moreover, it is exacerbated by the current condition of the Covid 19 pendemic, in which every citizen is encouraged to work at home, causing the level of consumption to increase which is directly in line to the increase in the amount of waste. This can be seen in the household waste generated in each house which is allowed to pile up in front of the trash cans in front of residents' houses. Although the government in the Suzuki residence has provided Temporary Disposal Sites (TPS) this has not been effective. This waste should be managed properly. As according to [10], the Increased waste due to Covid-19 does not only occur in health facilities but also in residential areas, so a strategy for dealing with Toxic and Hazardous Waste which is likely to be infected with Covid-19 in residential areas is needed.

Based on the study, [11] it reveals that the current phenomena of garbage disposing are: garbage is only placed on roads, dumped in rivers, drains/sewers, in other people's yards, dumped in ravines and even dumped outside the village area. According to [12], waste management in Minahasa District has no regulations on setting waste management. For the collection stage, only 2 reseidence which carry out domestic waste collection, those are the Citraland residence in Minahasa Regency, whose collection process is managed by the developer and the Graha Pineleng 2 Indah residence which is managed by the village government.

This condition of neglect then can cause negative impacts both in terms of health and accumulatively affect certainly the quality of the environment of the surrounding community. Based

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on the problems described above, the researchers formulated a research problem with the question "How to Manage Household Waste during the Covid19 Pandemic Era?". This research aim to analyze the characteristics of household waste generation during the Covid19 Pandemic era. Moreover, it aims to describe the knowledge, perceptions and behavior of residents in managing their waste during the Covid-19 Pandemic era.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The research method in this study used quantitative research with a descriptive approach. This type of descriptive research was taken because the researcher attempted to analyze Household Waste Management during the Covid19 Pandemic Era through analyzing the data obtained by describing the data as the data that had been found. This research was conducted on residents in Suzuki Residence, Watutumou III Village, Kalawat District, North Minahasa, Province of North Sulawesi. Suzuki Residence has a strategic location because it is located between two cities; those are Manado and the port city of Bitung. The research activity was carried out for 3 months. Data Source Type

The data used in this study were primary data

and secondary data. Primary data were obtained

from direct field surveys either through interviews

or direct field observations:

1. Primary data collection includes interview

techniques, questionnaires, research and

scientific writing that discusses research

themes directly.

2. Secondary data collected in this study

were obtained from social data in the

community related to behavior and forms

of operational participation in waste

management and community

empowerment development based on

waste recycling in Suzuki Residence,

Watutumou III Village.

Data analysis Quantitative data analysis was intended to

analyze the waste characteristics as well as knowledge, perceptions and behavior of residents in managing their waste in the Suzuki Residence, Watutumou III Village, Kalawat District during the Covid-19 Pandemic era.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Household Waste Arising Characteristics

Domestic waste or household waste usually consists of items that are used in everyday life and then discarded, such as product of packaging, grass, furniture, clothes, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, utensils, paint, batteries, wood and etc. This waste comes from homes, schools, hospitals and other business activities. The composition of this domestic waste is usually in the form of yard waste (home yard), food scraps, plastics, wood, metal, paper, rubber, leather, batteries, inert materials, textiles, paint containers, demolition and construction materials, and many others that are difficult to be classified. Household waste is mostly food scraps that can be decomposed; dry waste, mostly dry materials such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood.

Components of household waste: (1) Dry waste or non-biodegradable waste: This includes newspapers, plastics, broken glass, and used cloth; this waste can be recycled; (2) Wet waste or biodegradable waste: usually comes from kitchens and residential houses. The amount of waste produced by the average household has increased dramatically over the last few decades. This trend is mainly due to changes in consumption patterns and the number of plastic products. Plastic waste is not biodegradable and takes a very long time to decompose. The 5R principles in household waste management are: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, and Recycle.

1. Refuse. The first element of the 5R hierarchy.

2. Reduce. Reducing the use of hazardous, wasteful and non-recyclable products.

3. Reuse. 4. Repurpose. 5. Recycle. As a noun, "refuse" was a leftover food,

leftover drinks, or trash. As a verb, "refuse" means to refuse. If someone is angry with someone else, then maybe he or she rejects that person's invitation. Or if someone offers you candy, then you can politely decline. Refuse is a synonym for leftovers, trash, waste; discarded food (such as leftover food thrown from the kitchen).

Repurpose is the use of something for a purpose other than its original purpose. Changing the purpose of something can be done by modifying it to suit its new use, or by using the item as it is in new ways or technology. [13]. Repurpose a material, means reusing the material in its original state, but for a different purpose [14]. "Down-cycle" is using materials (waste) in a product of lower quality or which avoids reintroducing the material into the original cycle. [15].

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Paper, plastics, metals, wood, and other materials were left over from the manufacturing process can be reused for various uses such as furniture, frames, and reused as raw materials rather than being taken to landfills [16]. Recycle can also significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This can save resources that cannot be reused, as well as save landfill space, and can save energy. Recycling can reduce emissions, save energy and reduce pollution.

Materials that can be recycled are various types of glass, paper, cardboard, metals, plastics, tires, textiles, batteries and electronics. Composting or reusing biodegradable waste, such as food or garden waste, is also a form of recycling. Some ways to recycle household waste are:

1. Utilize recycled paper and print on both sides.

2. Recycling old technology that is out of date.

3. Preparing recycling bins. 4. Recycle empty ink tanks and toner

cartridges.

5. Purchase remanufactured ink and toner cartridges.

6. Recycle old newspapers in homes and offices.

7. Look for recycling options for all products purchased. It's not just paper that's recycled.

8. Buy rechargeable batteries. 9. Buy rewritable CDs and DVDs so you can

use them again. 10. Reuse coffee cups. Or better yet, if you buy

a "mug" to avoid waste caused by wasting paper or styrofoam.

The generation of household waste and its composition can be researched and analyzed in detail. In addition to the generation of solid waste, the research carried out a measurement of the composition of the waste to determine the characteristics of the waste in the residents of Suzuki, Watutumou III Village, Kalawat District, North Minahasa Regency. As the composition of household waste is described in the following figure 1.

Figure 1. Total Composition of 30 Families’ Household waste of Suzuki Residence, Watutumou III Village, Kalawat District, North

Minahasa, Province of North Sulawesi.

From the picture above, it can be seen that the

total amount of waste measured in the seven days of the study was 20.34 Kg, which in percentage shows plastic waste which has the largest percentage, namely 49%, then organic waste 22%, textile waste 13%, paper waste 16 % and glass waste 0.9%. The resulting waste is caused by the time residents spend living in the house. The time intensity of occupants in the house has certain activities that will produce garbage. Many residents are afraid to leave the house or just shop at the market. As a result, some residents prefer to buy ready-to-eat food or online. The most waste

produced is plastic packaging from food wrappers purchased. Especially in the face of the current Covid-19 pandemic where every community is required to stay at home so that the longer time is spent indoors, the more waste is generated. Household Perception and Behavior in Waste Management 1. Perception of Residents of Suzuki Residence in

Watutumou III Village in Household Waste Management

Peper16%

Textile13%

Organic waste22%

Plastics49%

Glass0,09 %

Metal0%

0thers0%

Peper

Textile

Organic waste

Plastics

Glass

Metal

0thers

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Household waste or also known as domestic waste is disposable material produced by household activities. Non-B3 waste can be in the form of food scraps, paper, bottles, etc. which can be recycled or made to be compost. Examples of hazardous waste in household waste include battery waste and household cleaning materials.

Waste can be classified into five types, all of which are found around the house. This includes liquid waste, solid waste, organic waste, recycled waste and hazardous waste. People perceive this sorting of waste into different types to facilitate handling or disposal.

Most experts define "perception" as the process of recognizing (realizing), organizing (collecting and storing), and interpreting (binding to knowledge) sensory information. Perception is related to the human senses which produce signals from the environment through sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. Perception is a process by which a person realizes objects and events outside of himself. Perception usually occurs in five stages: stimulation, organization, interpretation-evaluation, memory and recall.

Personal characteristics that influence perception usually include a person's attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations. Attitude is defined as feelings about something or a way of thinking in cooperative or uncooperative behavior. Individual attitudes towards waste management have a positive effect through knowledge and education and have insufficient influence on environmental conditions. Information and knowledge together with a positive attitude usually maintains waste disposal options that are considered practical. Thus, it is expected that individual attitudes will be positively related to waste management.

Perception can also be defined as, "the ability to see, hear and interpret something". Experts argue that improper waste disposal generates negative perceptions. A recent study investigating household perceptions of waste management issues found that perceptions are positively related to waste reuse and recycling behavior. Citizens' perceptions have a very important role in determining citizen participation in waste management practices. It is important for the community to have a positive willingness and participation in sustainable waste management

practices. Sustainable waste management can also be negatively affected if the community's willingness to pay is not managed properly. In line with that, that location accessibility needs to be focused in order to provide good waste management services to all residents (17).

Many studies have been conducted to determine the attitudes, perceptions and willingness of respondents about waste management in a residential area. Research results like this usually indicate that there is a significant problem in waste management, in the absence of a proper waste management process. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct socialization in order to organize the community to improve their attitudes and perceptions of household waste management. It is important to do more training and interpersonal communication to improve the perceptions of citizens and their households.

Many approaches such as economics, engineering, environment and behavior have been used in waste management studies. The results of this study generally analyze a behavioral perspective with the assumption that the way people manage their waste is closely related to their attitudes and perceptions of waste. Individual perceptions are governed by past experiences and current views, conditioned by values, moods, social conditions and expectations. In the household environment, there is usually a different division of labor between men and women. The practice of handling household waste is usually considered and defined as the responsibility of women (housewives), however construction waste and demolition of building debris are considered the responsibility of men.

Perceptions of household waste management were also examined to see the views of the residents of the Suzuki Housing in Watutumou III Village in managing household waste. In this study, the perception of household waste management, the researcher submitted several statements to 30 heads of families (KK) who live in Suzuki Housing, Watutumou III Village. To find out this statement, the researcher provided four response options consisting of Agree (S), Simply Agree (CS), Disagree (KS), and Disagree (TS). Detailed descriptions through the statements and results of respondents' answers are as shown in Table 1 below:

Table 1. Respondents’ perception in Waste Management through Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle

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Statement Agreed Quite Agreed

Quite Disagreed

Disagree

The principle of reduce is efficient in overcoming waste problems

25 2 3 0

The principle of efficient reuse in overcoming waste problems

22 6 2 0

The principle of efficient recycle in overcoming waste problems

29 1 0 0

The 3R principle; Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle in

household waste management is one of the long-running programs. Although these three principles stand simultaneously, the results obtained indicate that there are differences in respondents' perceptions of each principle. In the table, it can be seen that the responses were generated from 30 Families had different results. The first principle is Reduce. The number of respondents who agreed that reducing the amount of waste was an efficient way of dealing with household problems was 25 families, the number of respondents who answered quite agreed was 2 families and respondents who answered quite disagreed was as many as 3 families.

The second principle is Reuse, where respondents agree to reduce waste through reuse of waste and items that can still be used in overcoming household waste problems. The number of respondents who agreed was 22 families, the number of respondents who answered quite agree was 6 families, and the respondents who answered Quite disagree was 2 families.

The third principle is Recycle, where respondents stated that recycling waste is an effective step in overcoming the problem of household waste. The number of respondents who agreed was 29 families and the number of respondents who answered quite agreed was 1 family. Based on the table, the researcher sees that the majority of respondents tend to see the Recycle principle or recycling as the most efficient principle to solve the waste problem.

Recycling is the process of converting waste material into new materials and objects that have added value. Energy recovery from waste materials is often included in this recycling concept. The recycling of a material depends on its ability to recover its properties in its virgin or original state. This provides an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce consumption of fresh raw materials,

thereby reducing energy use, air pollution (from burning), and water pollution (from landfill).

Recycling is a key component of reducing domestic waste and an important component of the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy. Thus, waste recycling aims for environmental sustainability by replacing raw material inputs and directing waste output out of the economic system. There are several ISO standards related to recycling, such as ISO15270: 2008 for plastic waste and ISO 14001: 2015 for environmental management control of recycling practices.

Materials that can be recycled include various types of glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastics, rubber tires, textiles, batteries, and electronics. Composting or reusing other biodegradable wastes, such as foodstuffs or garden vegetation waste, is also a form of recycling. Materials to be recycled are sent to household waste recycling centers or collected from landfills along the road, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials used for the manufacture of new products.

In the strictest sense, recycling a material will resulted in a new supply of the same material, for example, used paper can be turned into new paper, or used polystyrene foam into new polystyrene. This can also be achieved when recycling certain types of materials, such as metal cans, which can become cans repeatedly, indefinitely, without losing purity of product. However, it is often difficult or too expensive (compared to producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so "recycling" of many products or material involves reusing them in producing different materials (e.g. paperboard). 2. Residents’ Behavior in Waste Management

Community behavior in managing household waste is the involvement of individuals in managing household waste, either directly or indirectly [18]. Community behavior has a direct relationship with household waste including various activities related to the 3Rs as the main principle in household waste management. [19]. Indirect behavior can be done by providing various kinds of ideas, materials, and

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by attending socialization and training on household waste management [20].

Someone will certainly produce waste every day from the results of activities in meeting their daily needs. However, the problem in the Suzuki Regency, Watutumou III Village is that there is no household waste management in the housing area to carry out the container process so that residents get used to littering and burning it around the house. Due to the absence of temporary storage places for garbage, residents dispose of large-scale household waste on vacant land which is used as final disposal sites. Public awareness of environmental cleanliness is still lacking so that the waste problem is still considered normal.

The accumulation of garbage at several points in the Suzuki Housing of Watutumou III Village without any further management causes a reduction in the natural beauty of the surroundings. In addition, this condition also causes discomfort because of the unpleasant odor that comes from the pile of garbage. Health problems are caused by the accumulation of garbage which becomes a nest for germs. One of the health problems that occur is diarrhea and skin disease during the rainy season. The disease begins with standing water in a pile of garbage which then becomes a nest for vectors and rodents, causing a person to develop disease. The majority of households does not have trash cans and throw garbage around the house. At certain times, women who act as housewives clean the trash around their house by sweeping it. After the garbage is collected, the action taken is to burn the garbage collection or some of the residents dispose of the garbage at garbage collection points located at several points in the residential area.

According to [21], said that the act of burning waste is one of the waste processing techniques, but the burning of garbage is carried out in a field far from residential areas. However, combustion like this is difficult to control because there is smoke, strong wind, dust, and garbage charcoal which will be carried around causing disturbances. Combustion is best done with an incinerator so that it does not cause disturbance but requires high costs. This behavior towards waste has become a culture that is rooted in the community. This has an impact on society's mindset regarding inappropriate waste.

For the people of Suzuki residence in Watutumou III Village, this condition is commonplace and does not need to be addressed. Therefore, it was not necessary to follow-up to solve the waste problem. Even the people of Suzuki Housing in Watutumou III Village thought that the work usually done to clean the village was to clear the road from various obstacles such as tree

branches. The culture of the society that is not quite right needs to be changed. The results of the observations show that the villagers do not temporary disposal place that is used to accommodate household waste every day.

Household waste generated daily by residents was collected in plastic bags and thrown into the land as their last disposal. There are also those who only leave the trash bag in front of the yard of the house. According to Law no. 18 of 2008, waste is disposed of in a temporary shelter (TPS) before being dumped into a landfill (TPA). Each village or sub-district should have a TPS to accommodate all of its residents' rubbish so that it is easy to bring it to the TPA, while in Suzuki Residence, Watutumou III village there is no TPS. This is due to the unavailability of land and no transportation to carry the garbage to the Landfill so that residents tend to throw garbage on empty land, around houses and burn it. The Residence’s environment of Suzuki Residence, Watutumou III village also looks a bit dirty because there is a lot of garbage piling up in front of the house and there are animal droppings along the road. This is very annoying to the passers-by.

CONCLUSION Domestic waste or household waste consists of items that are used in everyday life and then discarded, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothes, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, utensils, paint, batteries, wood and others. The total amount of waste measured in the seven days of the study was 20.34 kg, in which plastic waste has the largest percentage of 49%, organic waste 22%, textile waste 13%, paper waste 13%, and glass waste 0.09%. This increase was triggered by the current Covid-19 pandemic where every community is required to stay at home so that the longer time spent indoors, the more waste is produced.

The perceptions of Residents of Suzuki Housing in Watutumou III Village in Household Waste Management are assessed based on the 3R Principle (namely Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle), in which the residents tend to view the Recyle principle as the most efficient principle to solve the waste problem. The behavior of residents in household waste management during the pandemic era were often littering and burning rubbish in the home environment. This is due to the unavailability of household waste management in the residential area.

Based on these conclusions, it is recommended that, (1) comprehensive and continuous socialization of waste management to the community, followed by providing incentives and

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disincentives to people who want to reduce or manage waste generated from household activities in the housing environment, and (2) the addition of facilities and infrastructure in waste management, both TPS, 3R TPS and garbage transportation equipment in the residents of Suzuki Village Watutumou III Residence is in accordance with the amount calculated in the analysis section. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thank you to the two advisors who have provided instruction and input regarding data and theory so that the writing of this article can be completed. REFERENCES

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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kajiwara+N&cauthor_id=21783321

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