an analysis of english legal collocations of the...

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH LEGAL COLLOCATIONS OF THE OFFICIAL

LETTERS IN THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THAILAND

SAWITREE SUMLITSUKCHOK

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

(ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE)

FACULTY OF GRADUATE SCHOOL

CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY OF THAILAND

2008

COPY RIGHT OF CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY OF THAILAND

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH LEGAL COLLOCATIONS OF THE OFFICIAL


�� Miss Sawitree Sumlitsukchok

Candidate

�� Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ruengdet Pankhuenkhat

B.A. (Humanity & Social Welfare) M.A., Ph.D. (Linguistics)

Major-Advisor

�� Dr. Arturo G. Ordonia

B.TH., B.S., M.R.E., M.T.S., M.Div. Ph.D. (Education)

Co-Advisor

�� Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sophana Srichampa

B.A., M.A. (Linguistics), Ph.D. (Linguistics) External Examiner ��. ��

Asso. Prof. Dr. Chuanchom Chinatangkul Dr.Saowanee Karndacharuk B.Ed., M.S. (Educational Administration) B.Ed., M.Ed. (Nursing Administration)

Ph.D. (Educational Administration) Ph.D. (Higher Education) Dean, Graduate School Chair, Master of Arts (English as a Second Language)

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH LEGAL COLLOCATIONS OF THEOFFICIAL


was submitted to the Faculty of Graduate School, Christian University of Thailand for the degree of Master of Arts (English as a Second Language)

On July 12, 2008

��... Miss Sawitree Sumlitsukchok Candidate

��... Asso. Prof. Dr. Chuanchom Chinatangkul B. Ed., M.S. (Educational Administration) Ph.D. (Educational Administration) Chair of Committee Member

�� Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ruengdet Pankhuenkhat B.A. (Humanity & Social Welfare) M.A., Ph.D. (Linguistics) Committee Member

�� Asso. Prof. Chuanchom Chinatangkul Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sophana Srichampa B.Ed., M.S. (Educational Administration) B.A., M.A. (Linguistics) Ph.D. (Educational Administration) Ph.D. (Linguistics) Dean, Graduate School External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I wish to take this opportunity to express my grateful appreciation and sincere gratitude to my thesis advisory committee, namely Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ruengdet Pankhuenkhat, Dr. Arturo G. Ordonia and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sophana Srichampa, Asso. Prof. Dr. Chuanchom Chinatangkul, Dr.Saowanee Karndacharuk for giving me helpful advice and comments including continual encouragement throughout my study. My sincere gratitude to Miss Somsuk Meevuttisom, Mr. Thongchai Chareonpol ,Wanchai Soythong, Miss Lamiad Nonthawat and other Public Prosecutor and government officer in the International Affairs Department at the Office of the Attorney General of Thailand I also would like to extend my sincere thanks to the authors and writers of various works whose names are list in the bibliography, who give me ideas and inspiration throughout my study. Finally, I would like to express my extreme appreciation to my friends, my colleagues, who are always beside me when I need help in many ways. This research would not be completed and successes without their assistance and encouragement.

482054: =>?>@>A>BCDEFAGHIJ@>A>KLM=BD; OO.P. (OQRHSO>=TUVPW>XCYZQT) [\>=\>[C]: E>U^QG[U>SWV/ ERàP[\>@>A>BCDEFAbc>JEdWP>e/=\>JCED>JBCeE>U=fD=`bgJHUSGKOhKe =>^QTUL =CPFKiQj=`?kl[: E>U^QG[U>SWVERàP[\>@>A>BCDEFAbc>JEdWP>e?BD=\>JCED>JBCeE>U=fD=`bgJHUSGKOhKe (An Analysis of English Legal Collocations in the Office of the Attorney General of Thailand) [YSEUUPE>UKLMHUmEA>^QKe>JQnJiV UBDO>=TU>o>UeV bU.GUpBDGbl HqJG?pMBJ?CTQeV, Ph.D., bU. B>UVKfkU oL kBUVbfGJLe, Ph.D., UBDO>=TU>o>UeV bU.k=@J> OULo\>H>, Ph.D., 120 WJc> D>J^QoCe[UCrDJLrGHIJD>J^QoCeGlQDnUUYJ> PL^CTs`HUS=D[VgJE>UOmEA>k[UD=Uc>DtRSE>UGEQb?mrJ?BDERàP[\>gJ@>A>BCDEFA KLMglcgJ=\>JCED>JTa>DHUSGKO?BD=\>JCED>JBCeE>U=fD=`bgJHUSGKOhKe D>J^QoCegJ[UCrDJLrglcobWP>eU>lE>UKLMTQbTaBUSWâ>D=\>JCED>JBCeE>U=fD=`bECXWJaêD>JTa>DHUSGKO o\>J^J 53 vXCX GHIJtWRaD?cBPfRgJE>U^QG[U>SWV^QoCe wRE>U^QoCenXâ>

1. ERàP[\>^RLKLMnXPLKCrD=QrJ 369 ERàP[\> kbetXaDBBEGHIJKCrDWPb 8 ERàP hbctEa EUQe>^RL, J>P^RL, EUQe>^RLKLMGEQb[faECXJ>P^RL, XÙnXK^RL, [`YOCnKV^RL, EUQe>^QGOAYV^RL, BJ̀HUSke[, ERàP[\>KLMglcGnpMBt=bD[^>PUfc=mE GJcJKLM[^>P=`@>n

2. kbeERàP[\>=a^JgW]aKLMnXoSBefagJUfH?BDERàP[\>J>PnXo\>J^J 199 ERàP[\> UBDRD P>Ez[pB ERàP[\>^RL nXo\>J^J 48 ERàP[\> tRSERàP[\>KLMnXP>GHIJBCJbCXP>GHIJBCJbCXKLM=>P hbctEa X`nXK^RL nXsmD 47 ERàP[\> KCrDWPbJLrEzGHIJGnU>Sâ>[\>J>PtRSEUQe> oSK\>WJc>KLMGHIJERàP[\>WRCEgJHUSke[ =a^JX`nXK^RL=a^JP>EoSK\>WJc>KLMGHIJEUQe>^QGOAgJHUSke[ =a^JERàP[\>KLMnXJcBeKLM=`bhbctEa BJ̀HUSke[ nXGnLeD 4 ERàP[\>

o>EE>U^QG[U>SWVk[UD=Uc>D?BDERàP[\>^RLTa>D|nXâ> HUSEBXhHbcê[\>TCrDtTa=BD[\>?mrJhH tRSoSglchHbcêECJG=PB W>E?>b[\>WJmMD[\>gbhHoSK\>gWc[^>PWP>e?BD[\>GHRLMeJhH tRSK\>gWchPasfEk[UD=Uc>DgJE>Uglc@>A>BCDEFA

E>U^QoCegJ[UCrDJLrPL?cBG=JBtJSâ> E>UOmEA>ERàP[\>^RLPL[^>P=\>[C]P>EgJE>UGULeJUfc@>A>BCDEFA P>EEâ>E>UGULeJUfc tRSKaBDo\>[\>OCnKVGHIJ[\> | }mMDoSK\>gWcE>U~qD E>Unfb E>UG?LeJ tRSE>UBa>J@>A>BCDEFAGHIJhHhbckbeDa>e bCDJCrJ=s>JOmEA>[ÛglcE>U^QoCeJLrGnpMBnC�J>UfHtXXE>UGULeJE>U=BJgJ=s>JOmEA> kbeoCbBXUPWRCE=fTUE>U=BJ[\>OCnKVgJUfHtXX?BDERàP[\>^RLgWctEa[UfhKeKLM=BJ@>A>BCDEFAgJKÈUSbCXlCrJgWcPL[^>PUfc[^>PG?c>go tRS=>P>UsJ\>hHsa>eKBbhbcBea>DsfETcBDtRSGnpMBgWcJCEGULeJgJKÈUSbCXlCrJPL[^>PG?c>gogJGUpMBD?BDERàP [\>^RLgWcP>E?mrJ

482054 MAJOR: English as a Second Language; M.A.(Master of Arts) KEYWORDS : ANALYSIS/ ENGLISH LEGAL COLLOCATIONS/ OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GERNERAL OF THAILAND

Sawitree Sumlitsukchok: An Analysis of English Legal Collocations in the Office of the Attorney General of Thailand. Thesis Advisors :Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ruengdet Pankhuenkhat Ph.D., Dr. Arturo G. Ordonia Ph.D., Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sophana Srichampa Ph.D., 120 Pages. This is a descriptive research aimed at studying the structures and occurrences of collocations in English usage in official letters at the International Affair Department of the office of the Attorney General of Thailand.

The data in this study were 53 official letters of the Office of the Attorney General that corresponding with international agencies for research analysis.

The results of this study revealed as follows: 1. The structures of collocations were found 363 in total. They can be divided into eight

types, e.g. 1) verb phrases, 2) noun phrases, 3) verb with noun phrases, 4) preposition phrases, 5) adjective phrases, 6) adverb phrases, 7) clause and 8) expression phrases. 2. The occurrences of all collocations were found in noun phrases at the highest numbers that is, 199 collocations, in verb phrases were found 48 collocations at the second number, and 47 collocations was in preposition phrases as the third number respectively. These were because of noun and verb phrases were functioned as the main word-classes of a sentence. Whereas, preposition phrases mostly functioned as adverb in a sentence. The collocations which were found at the lowest numbers were collocations in clause phrases that are only four in numbers. An analysis on the structure of collocations revealed that it was consisted of two words or multi-words which were often used together. The word meaning was changed and the English structure was wrong if they were not used together. This research suggested that the collocation study is highly significant for learning English more than learning and memorizing each vocabulary. It can make easy English listening, speaking, writhing, and reading. Therefore, schools should consider utilizing this research results in order to develop the learning and teaching pattern in their setting. They should organize the training course on teaching vocabularies in which collocation forms for the Thai teachers who teach English in all levels and clause. The teachers will gain knowledge and understanding and be able to transfer it correctly and those students will understand about collocations more and more as well.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS��..��d THAI ABSTRACT �..��e ENGLISH ABSTRACT ��..��.f TABLE OF CONTENTS.��....g LIST OF TABLES��.��.��..j CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background and Significance of the Problems ��......................................................1 Research Objectives ��...............................................................................................2 Conceptual Framework for Research Study��....2 Scope of the Study��...............................................................................................�3 Delimitation and Limitation of the Research��...........................................................3 Definition of Terms��..................................................................................................4 Expected Outcomes and Benefits��.4 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RESEARCH English as a Second Language, English as a Foreign Language and Writing��.5 English for Specific Purposes and Legal Writhing��..7 Legal Letter��..............................................................................................................8 Structuralism in Linguistics��..�...................................8 Definition of Collocations��..��.10 English Phrases Structure��11 Related Studies��...��.13 CHAPTER 3 METHOD OF RESEARCH

Preparation of Study�..��..��.��.. �15 Population...��..��..��.��15

PAGE Research Instrument��.......16 Data Collection��16 Data Analysis��.��.17

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Identification of the Collocations��..��.18 Classification of the Collocations��..��.�19 Structural Analysis of the Collocations��..��30 Frequency of the Collocations��..��.��.38 CHAPTER 5 DICUSSION Discussion of Collocations in Verb Phrases��...��68 Discussion of Collocations in Noun Phrases��..��70 Discussion of Collocations in Verb with Noun Phrases��..��......72 Discussion of Collocations in Prepositions Phrases��...73 Discussion of Collocations in Adjective Phrases��74 Discussion of Collocations in Adverb Phrases��... �75 Discussion of Collocations in Clauses��76 Discussion of Collocations in Expressions Phrases��.��...77 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusions of the Study��.78

Recommendation for the OAG ��...80 Recommendation for further study ��.80

BIBLIOGRAPHY��.82 APPENDIX A Collocations in Verb Phrases��.84 B Collocations in Noun Phrases��.89 C Collocation in Verb with Noun Phrases��104 D Collocations in Preposition Phrases��..108 E Collocations in Other Phrases��113 F Permission Letter��...��...116

PAGE G Instrument for Collected Collocations��.118 CURRICULUM VITAE��120

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE 1. The numbers of collocations in Verb Phrases of the official letters from the OAG��.19 2 The numbers of collocations in Noun Phrases of the official letters from the OAG��.21 3 The numbers of collocations in Verb and Noun Phrase of the official letters from the OAG��.��..23 4 The numbers of collocations in Preposition Phrases of the official letters from the OAG...25 5 The numbers of collocations in Adjective Phrases of the official letters from the OAG�..27 6 The numbers of collocations in Adverb Phrases of the official letters from the OAG��.28 7 The numbers of collocations in Clause of the official letters from the OAG��29 8 The numbers of collocations in Expression Phrases of the official letters from the OAG ..30 9 Collocations in Verb Phrases��..��..........31 10 Collocations in Noun Phrases��32 11 Collocations in Verb and Noun Phrase ��.33 12 Collocations in Preposition Phrases��..34 13 Collocations in Adjective Phrases.��35 14 Collocations in Adverb Phrases ��36 15 Collocations in Clauses ��.37 16 Collocations in Expression Phrases ��..38 17 The highest frequency of collocation out of all collocations occurrences more than 10 times��39 18 The frequency of collocation out of all collocations occurrences more than 5 times��41 19 The frequency of collocation out of all collocations occurrences for 1 time to 5 times��43

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Significance of the Problems

At the present time, most legal organizations in Thailand pay attention to English

language. The reason is most people all over the world use English in education, communication

in business, or use it for foreign affairs and in Thailand students are acquiring English outside of

an English speaking environment. Their access to English speaking is limited although speaking

is the key factor to develop English writing and most students in Thailand lack confidence to use

English. The universities of Thailand are helping this problem by teaching English as a foreign

language. Even though study of English is difficult for Thai people at the present time, English is

important to make the country competitive in the international arena. While our understanding of

legal English as used in professions has been increasing, our comprehension of legal English is

very restricted. Additionally, research in English has focused mostly on areas other than law.

While our understanding of legal English as used in professional or legislative contexts has been

going, our understanding of English in academic legal contexts is very limited. Moreover,

research in English for Academic Purposes has focused largely on areas other than law and

therefore often does not apply. (Feak C.B., Reinhart S.M., and Sinsheimer A. 2002:197)

Therefore, it is very important to study the structural organization of legal English, particularly

official letters in the Office of the Attorney General (OAG). The OAG is the legal organization of

the Thai government which has responsibility for examining contracts, handling extradition cases,

and also collaborating with other agencies to provide assistance in criminal matters to foreign

authorities. The OAG uses official letters to correspond with them so these should be structurally

2

correct to serve as good examples for lawyers, because it is not easy to find the correct words or

sentences for writing an official legal letter. So the researcher is interested in organization of legal

discourse by using a corpus of documents from the Office of the Attorney General. They contain

a similar structure to that used in the International Affairs Department of the Office of the

Attorney General in Thailand. No one has ever done this before.

Wikipedia provides the explanation: 56Legalese is a term for legal writing that is

difficult for non lawyers to understand. For all the reasons discussed earlier in this article, legal

writing tends to be very formal. This formality is manifested in long sentences, numerous

modifying clauses, complex vocabulary, high levels of abstraction, and a general lack of

sensitivity to the needs of the non legal reader. Legalese arises most commonly in legal

drafting68 (Page 3) This is an important reason why most lawyers do not use English

successfully. So, this is one important way to provide material for lawyers who are interested in

writing official letters.

1.2 Research Objectives

1) To identify the structure of collocation phrase or words of official letters from the

Organization of Legal Discourse in the OAG.

2) To classify the category of the collocations.

3) To analyses the frequency of occurrence of collocation.

1.3 Conceptual Framework for Research Study

This study was based on the linguistic analysis of the phrase structure in English, so it

referred to the 5structuralism8 of Professor Saussure F. de (1916) and latter followed this theory

by professor Fries C.C. (1957) The structure of English; an introduction to the construction of

English sentences in 1957. The researcher used this concept as a method for the study as the

following framework for study.

Table 1

3

Input � Structural Analysis � Output

1.4 Scope of the study

1) This study uses 53 official letters from the International Affairs Department of the

Office of the Attorney General as the data for study.

2) The data will be collected from 53 letters from only the period of January, 20003 to

December, 2006

1.5 Delimitation and Limitations of the Research

This research will focus on 53 official letters from the Office of the Attorney General

collocated from January, 2003 to December, 2006. Therefore, the data may not cover all the

material frequently used by lawyers or legal organization.

Collocations

of letter from

53 official

letters of the

OAG

1) Identification of

structures of collocation in

verb phrases, noun phrases,

verb and noun phrases,

preposition phrases,

adjective phrases, adverb

phrases, clauses, and

expression phrases

2) Analysis of collocations

3) Analysis of occurrences

of collocations.

1) Pattern of

collocations

2) Categories of

collocations

3) Occurrence of

collocations

4

1.6 Definition of terms

Office of the Attorney General is the office of the principal agency responsible for

criminal prosecution, provision of legal advice to state agencies, representation of Thai

government in court and for international cooperation in criminal matters.

Public Prosecutor refers to the lawyer in Office of the Attorney General in Thailand.

Official letter refers to 53 letters of International Affairs Department in Office of the

Attorney General

Legal writing is a type of technical writing styles used by Public Prosecutor of

International Affairs Department in the OAG.

Collocation is a combination of two words or more that usually expressed in

conventional usages in writing letters used by the Public Prosecutors of the International Affair

Department in the OAG.

Phrase is a combination of words that can be functioned as a part of sentence elements

such as a subject, a main verb or an object of a predicate in an English sentence.

Modal verb is a verb which is used to express possibility and to make offers,

suggestions, commands, etc. as well as functioned as auxiliary verbs such as can, may, could ,

must etc.

1.7 Expected Outcomes and benefits

1) To know the structure of collocation phrases or words of official letters from the

International Affair Department of the OAG.

2) To know the category of all collocations.

3) To know the frequency of occurrence of collocations found in the official letters.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents information and the literature review related to this study. The

literature review in this chapter will be presented as follow:

2.1 English as a second language, English as a foreign language and writing

2.2 English for Specific Purposes and legal writing

2.3 Legal letters

2.4 Structuralism in linguistics

2.5 Definition of collocations

2.6 English Phrase Structure

2.7 Related Studies

2.1 English as a Second Language, English as a Foreign Language and Writing

English is the second language of many areas of the world. It is the second language of

an even greater number of people living in ethnic communities or with families where the mother

tongue is not English, English is the second language whether it is taught as a second language,

or whether those bi-lingual and second language students are absorbed into English language

educational environments or not (Dobson, 2006). In Thailand the students are acquiring English

outside of an English speaking environment and the mother tongue is not English. Their access to

English speaking is limited. So, English is not Thailand/s second language but it is as a foreign

language.

Nowadays, English has become important for the entire world. Partly for this reason,

6

writers like Dobson/s analysis, reseals that eighty percent of research output and internet contacts

are in English. Even within South East Asia one version of the overwhelming majority of

international contracts is in English. It is probably merely the usefulness of English and its

emergence as the nearly-universal second language for international communication that has

persuaded the Thai government to adopt a policy that English be the second language of the

country (2006:10)

Scovel/s explanation: 45English is now the only world language, the learning of

English has become a massive education undertaking for most countries5 Today, English like

nations and peoples together by land (via the majority of newspapers, magazines, scholarly

journals, and books), by sea (as the international maritime language, and as representing three-

quarters of the world/s surface mail) and by air (via BBC and CNN and by serving as the

international language of air traffic control)9 (Scovel 2001:34).

But learners in Thailand have not been successful in studying English because the

students are afraid of English. The result is in Thailand, English is used like it is in expanding

circle of nations in which English is taught and used. So students are acquiring English outside of

an English speaking environment. Especially, writing skill is more difficult than other skills. The

ability to write well is not a naturally acquired skill; it is usually learned or culturally transmitted

as a set of practices in formal instructional setting or other environments. Writing skills need to

be much practiced and learned through experience. Writing also involves composing, which

implies the ability either to tell or retell pieces of information in the form of narratives or

description, or to transform information into new texts, as in expository or argumentative writing

(Omaggio Hadley, 1993). Formulating new ideas can be difficult because it involves

transforming or reworking information, which is much more complex than writing as telling. By

putting together concepts and solving problem, the writer engages in 4a two-way interaction

between continuously developing knowledge and continuously developing text9 (Bereiter &

Scardamalia, 1987, p.12).

Moreover, research in English has focused mostly on areas other than law. In 2003: 125,

Yocheved Deutch conducted a study about 4Need analysis for academic legal English course in

Israel: a model of setting priorities9. This paper on need analysis of Israeli law students

demonstrated the multifaceted factors involved in determining the needs of Israeli law students

studying English as a foreign language.

7

Candlin, C.N., Bhatia, V.K., and Jensen, C.H. (2002:299) studied about 4Developing

legal writing materials for English second language learner: problems and perspectives9. This

article reviewed currently available legal writing and books in terms or their suitability for use in

EALP writing contexts. May Fan, M., & Xunfeng, X. (2002:47) studied about 4An evaluation of

an online bilingual corpus for the self-learning of legal English9. Which reported is a study which

seeks to evaluate the usefulness of the corpus in the self-learning of legal English. The subjects

involved were a group of Chinese students doing a degree in Translation at a university in Hong

Kong, where English Common Law is still used after the handover in 1997. When the

sovereignty of Hong Kong was restored from Britain to China. Northcott, J. & Brown, G.

(2005:1) studied on 4Legal translator training: Partnership between teachers of English for legal

purposes and legal specialists9. Training legal English specialists is one area in which

cooperation between disciplines and language specialists is particularly valuable. Seven short

concepts from a short training course were run jointly by teachers of English for legal purposes

and legal specialists were presented and analyzed to illustrate the contribution of an ESP oriented

approach, involving a high degree of subject specialty and ELP teacher cooperation, which can

access to a very specific training need. These episodes provide illustrations of the interaction

between legal translators and law lecturers centered on solving specific legal terminology

questions. This is the major reason why the result that researcher would analyze the structure in

writing and the studies focus on legal writing.

2.2 English for Specific Purposes and Legal Writing

The OAG is the legal organization of the Thai government, so legal writing is very

important for corresponding with other agencies. Legal writing is English for Specific Purposes-

Legal (ESP-Legal, also referred to as English for legal purposes). Its is a type of technical writing

used by legislators, lawyers, judges and others in law to express legal analysis and legal rights

and duties. Its distinguishing features include reliance on and citation of authority, importance of

precedent, specialized vocabulary, and a tendency toward over formality. Legal writing places

heavy reliance on authority. In most legal writing, the writer must back up assertions and

statements with citations to authority. This is accomplished by a unique and complicated citation

system, unlike that used in any other genre of writing. So persuasive writing is the most

8

conducive to rhetoric, style, and flair (Wikipedia, May 2008).

2.3 Legal Letter

Legal writing is another genre often not covered in law school but first encountered in

actual legal practice. Some of the books devote space to the genre, in particular the various types

of legal letters (e.g. opinion letters, advice letters, status letters and demand letters); the structure

of a letter; and the use of appropriate registers in relation to content, purpose, and audience

(Candlin, 2002, p.305). Most typically emphasize matters of mood, specific Lexis, and to an

extent cross-cultural variation in letter styles. This study is to offer a principled approach to the

design and development of legal letter writing materials suitable for lawyers in the OAG. In

Thailand most lawyers lack the necessary English writing skills. If the letters are not clear,

communication can not be successful. Deucth/s explanation (2003:135) 45more significantly,

even among those who had studied abroad, 35.9% do not feel confident enough to rely on their

own English writing skills.

2.4 Structuralism in Linguistics

Structuralism as a term refers to various theories across the humanities, social sciences

and economics many of which share the assumption that structural relationships between

concepts vary between different cultures/ languages and that these relationships can be usefully

exposed and explored.

More accurately it could be described as and approach in academic disciplines in general

that explores the relationships between fundamental principal elements in language, literature,

and other fields upon which some higher mental, linguistic, social, or cultural 4structures9 and

4structural networks9 are built. Though these networks meaning is produced within a particular

person, system, or culture. This meaning then frames and motivates the actions of individuals and

groups. In its most recent manifestation, structuralism as a field of academic interest began

around 1985 and peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Structuralism appeared in academia for the first time in the 19th century and then

reappeared in the second half of the 20th century, when it grew to become one of the most popular

9

approaches in academic fields concerned with the analysis of language, culture, and society. The

work of Ferdinand de Saussure concerning linguistics is generally considered to be a starting

point of 20th century, structuralism. The term 4structuralism9 itself appeared in the works of

French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, and gave rise, in France< to the 4Structuralism

movement9, which spurred the work of such thinkers as Michel Foucault< Louis Althusser, the

psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, as well as the structural Marxism of Nicos Poulantzas. Almost all

members of this so-called movement denied that they were part of it. Structuralism is closely

related to semiotics. Post-structuralism attempted to distinguish itself from the simple use of the

structural method. Deconstruction was an attempt to break with structuralistic thought. Some

intellectuals like Julia Kristeva, for example, took structuralism (and Russian formalism) for a

starting point to later become prominent post-structuralists. Structuralism has had varying

degrees of influence in the social sciences: a great deal in the field of sociology, but hardly any in

economics.

Structuralism in Linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure was the originator of the 20th century

reappearance of structuralism, and evidence of this can be found in Course in General

Linguistics, written by Saussure/s colleagues after his death and based on student notes, where he

focused not on the underlying system of language (langue) and called his theory semi logy.

However, the discovery of the underlying system had to be done via examination of the parole

(speech). As such, Structural Linguistics is actually an early form of corpus linguistics

(quantification). This approach focused on examining how the elements of language related to

each other in the present, that is, 4synchronically9 rather than 4diachronically9. Finally, he argued

that linguistic signs were composed of two parts, a signifier (the sound pattern of a word, either in

mental projection as when we silently recite lines from a poem to ourselves-or in actual, physical

realization as part of a speech act) and a signified (the concept or meaning of the word). This was

quite different from previous approaches which focused on the relationship between words and

things in the world that designate.

Key notions in Structural Linguistics are the notions of paradigm, syntagm and value,

though these notions were not yet fully developed in De Saussure/s though. A structural

paradigm is actually a class of linguistic units (lexemes, morphemes, or even constructions)

which are possible in a certain position in a given linguistic environment (like a given sentence),

which is the syntagm. The different functional role of each of these members of the paradigm is

10

called value (valeur in French).

Saussure/s (1916) Course influenced many linguists between Word War I and WWII. In

America, for instance, Leonard Bloomfield (1935) developed his own version of structural

linguistics, as did Louis Hjelmslev in Denmark and Alf Sommerfelt in Norway. In France

Antoine Meillet and Emile Benveniste would continue Saussure/s program. Most importantly,

however, members of the Prague School of linguistics such as Roman Jakobson and Nikolai

Trubetzkoy conducted research that would be greatly influential.

The clearest and most important example of Prague School structuralism lies in

phonemics. Rather than simply compile a list of which sounds occur in a language, the Prague

School sought to examine how they were related. They determined that the inventory of sounds

in a language could be analyzed in terms of a series of contrasts. Thus in English the sounds /p/

and /b/ represent distinct phonemes because there are cases (minimal pairs) where the contrast

between the two is the only difference between to distinct word (e.g. Lpat/ and Lbat/). Analyzing

sounds in terms of contrastive features also open up comparative scope-it makes clear, for

instance, that the difficulty Japanese speakers have differentiating /r/ and /l/ in English is because

these sounds are not contrastive in Japanese. While this approach is now standard in linguistics, it

was revolutionary at the time. Phonology would become the paradigmatic basis for structuralism

in a number of different forms.

2.5 Definition of Collocations

Recent work shows a growing interest in performing a deep linguistic analysis in

collocation extraction. (Goldman et al 2001; Krenn and Evert 2001) Collocations, defined as

4arbitrary and recurrent word combinations9 in (Benson 1990) or 4institutionalized phrases9 in

(Sag et al. 2002), represent a subclass of multi-word expressions that are prevalent in language

and constitute a key problem, not only for natural language processing (NLP), but also for

humans-either second language learners or professional translators. The collocation, i.e. the

proper word that can be used in combination with a given word (often called base word), is

unpredictable. It is difficult to choose even from a set of near synonyms. One needs to be already

aware of the customary, conventional usage of an expression (e.g. 4encounter difficulties9) in

order to avoid unnatural paraphrases. (Seretan, Nerima and Wehrli, 2004-2005)

11

The term collocation, often used in different senses in the literature it refers to the

idiosyncratic syntagmatic combination of lexical items and is independent of word class or

syntactic structure9 (Fontenelle, 1992, 222). The notion of 4collocation9 is difficult to define in

very precise way and any researchers give a definition of collocation as follow;

Collocations are conventional associations of words in the senses of (Benson, 1990).

The term 4collocation9 has different acceptations in the literature. In a broad sense, it

refers to words co-occurring 4within a short space of each other9 (Sinclair, 1991) or to 4arbitrary

and recurrent word combinations9 (Benson, 1990)

Seretan, Nerima and Wehrli, provides the explanation: Collocations are language

dependent and can only be learned by observing their occurrence in language use; they are

otherwise not predicable. Harris, 1951, observed that word usage in a language obeys the

4Likelihood9 constraint, stating, that 4each word has a particular and roughly stable likelihood of

occurring as argument, or operator, with a given word, though there are many cases of

uncertainty, disagreement among speakers, and change though time9. Therefore, the correct

identification of collocation expressions in text is necessary in both text understanding and

generation, not only for NLP tasks, but also for humans learning a foreign language. The

structures and functions of collocations can be found in various ways.

2.6 English Phrase Structure

A phrase is a group of words without both a subject and predicate. Phrases combine

words into a larger unit that can function as a sentence element. For example, a participial

phrases can include adjectives, nouns, prepositions, and adverbs; as a single unit, however, it

functions as one big adjective modifying a noun (or noun phrases) as follows:

Prepositional phrases modify nouns and verbs while indicating various relationships

between subjects and verbs. They are used to color and inform sentences in powerful ways. In

simplest terms, prepositional phrases consist of a preposition and an object of a preposition.

Prepositions are indeclinable words that introduce the object of a prepositional phrase.

Indeclinable words are words that have only one possible form. For example, below is a

preposition, but bellows or bellowing are not possible forms of below. The noun phrase or

pronoun that follows the preposition is called the object of preposition. For example, behind the

12

couch is a prepositional phrase where behind are the preposition and the noun phrases the couch

acts as the object of the preposition. Sometime adjective are used to further modify the object of

the preposition, as in behind the big old smelly green couch (Your Dictionary. Com, 1996-2008).

Noun phrases play an important role in the construction of a sentence. Without

knowledge of noun phrases in English, learner could not produce comprehensible sentences.

Noun phrases are the most common playing various syntactic functions in the sentences and

clause structure: subject, object and complement (of various kinds), apposition and attribute.

They are used to refer to things that people want to talk about: people, objectives, concepts,

processes and all kind of entities (Nguyen, 2004).

A noun phrases consists of a noun and all of its modifiers, which can include other

phrases (www.teachiworld.com, 2006)

Noun phrases is a word or group of words consisting of at least a noun or a pronoun and

which functions like a noun: last night, your old car (Oxford University Press)

Verb phrases can refer to the whole predicate or just the verb or verb group

(www.teachitworld.com, 2006).

Phrasal verb is a verb and particle combination, often with idiomatic meaning (Oxford

University Press).

An adverb may be a single word, such as quickly, here or yesterday. However, adverbs

can also be phrases, some made with prepositions, others made with infinitives. The basic types

of adverb: manner, place and time adverbs. All kinds of adverb phrases can be made with

prepositions. Here are some examples: next door, before the holiday, every month (UVic English

language Center, 1999).

An adverbial phrase also has two definitions; some say it is a group of adverbs (very

quickly), while others say it is any phrase (usually a prepositional phrase) that acts as an adverb

(www.teachitworld.com, 2006).

An adjective acts as the head of an adjectival phrases. In the simplest case, an adjectival

phrase consists solely of the adjective; more complex adjectival phrase may contain one or more

adverbs modifying the adjective (very strong), or one more complements (worth several dollar,

full of toy, eager to please). In English, attributive adjectival phrases that include complements

typically follow their subject (an evildoer devoid of redeeming qualities) (Wikipedia, 2008).

Adjectival phrase can either refer to a group of adjectives (full of toys) or any phrase

13

(like a participle or prepositional phrase) (www.teachitworld.com, 2006).

2.7 Related Studies

Seretan, V. & Wehrli, E. (2006) studied the Accurate collocation extraction using a

multilingual parser. This studied focus on the use of advanced techniques of text analysis as

support for collocation extraction. A hybrid system is presented that combines statistical methods

and multilingual parsing for detecting accurate collocation information from English, French,

Spanish, and Italian corpora. The advantage of relying on full parsing over using a traditional

window method (which ignores the syntactic information) is first theoretically motivated, then

empirically validated by a comparative evaluation experiment.

Seretan, V., Nerima, L. & Wehrli, E. (2003) studied extraction of multi-word

collocations using syntactic bigram composition by presented a method for extracting multi-word

collocations (MWCs) from text corpora, which is based on the previous extraction of

syntactically bound collocation bi-grams. The researchers describe an iterative word linking

procedure which relies on a syntactic criterion and aims at building up arbitrarily long

expressions that represent multi-word collocation candidates. They propose several measures to

rank candidates according to the collocational strength, and present the results of a trigram

extraction experiment. The methodology used is particularly well-suited for the identification of

those collocations whose terms are arbitrarily distant, due to syntactic processes (passivization,

relativization, dislocation, topicalization).

Seretan, V., Nerima, L. & Wehrli, E. (2004) studied using the web as a corpus for the

syntactic-based collocation identification by presents an experiment that uses a web search

engine and a robust parser for the web-based identification of collocations (statistically

significant word associations representing 4a conventional way of saying thing9 (Manning and

Schutze, 1999)). We identify the possible collocates of a given word by parsing the text snippets

returned by the search engine when querying that word. Then, we rank the list of syntactic co-

occurrences retrieved according to the collocational strength of each pair by using different

statistical measures.

Seretan, V., Nerima, L. & Wehrli, E. (2003) studied a tool for multi-word collocation

extraction and visualization in multilingual corpora. This research describes an implemented

14

system of collocation extraction which is designed as aid to translation and which will be used in

a real translation environment. Its main functionalities are: retrieving multi-word collocations

from an existing corpus of documents in a given language (only French and English are

supported for the time being); visualizing the list of extracted terms and their contexts by using a

concordance tool; retrieving the translation equivalent of the sentences containing the

collocations in the existing parallel corpora; and enabling the user to create a sub list of validated

collocations to be further used as reference in translation. The approach underlying this system is

hybrid, as the extraction method combines the syntactic analysis of texts (for selecting the

collocation candidates) with a statistical-based measure for the relevance test (i.e., for candidates

ranking according to the collocational strength). We present the underlying approach and

methodology, the architecture of the systems, we describe the main system components and

provide several experimental results.

Seretan, V., Nerima, L. & Wehrli, E. (2003) studied creating a multilingual collocation

dictionary from large text corpora. This paper describes a system of terminological extraction

capable of handling multi-word expressions, using a powerful syntactic parser. The system

includes a concordance tool enabling the user to display the context of the collocation, i.e. the

sentence or the whole document where the collocation occurs. Since the corpora are multilingual,

the system also offers an alignment mechanism for the corresponding translated documents.

Seretan, V. (2003) studied the Induction of syntactic collocation patterns from generic

syntactic relations. Syntactic configurations used in collocation extraction are highly divergent

from one system to another, this questioning the validity of results and making

comparative evaluation difficult. The researcher describe a corpus-driven approach for inferring

an exhaustive set of configurations from actual data by finding, with a parser, all the productive

syntactic associations, then by appealing to human expertise for relevance judgments.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

This research is a descriptive linguistic research by studying and analyzing the phrase

structure of English language usage in collocation structure in English collected from 53 official

letters of the OAG. This chapter presents the research methodology used for the study.

3.1 Preparation of Study

The preparation of this study deals with the following orders

1. To study the structure of English language on the meaning of the collocation, the

structure of collocation as well as their occurrences of collocations in English from various books

and internet as well as other related researches.

2. To send a permission letter to the head department of the International Affair

Department on January 9, 2007 so as to get permission of all copies of official letters to be used

as a data for the study.

3. To collect all the material about 53 official letters to be used as the data for the study.

3.2 Population

The researcher had used 53 official letters as a population for the study. Due to these 53

official letters were not problematic to other people concerned. These official letters will be

selected and identified the collocations and their occurrences from each letter. The collocations

collected were counted and classified into various types of collocations in phrase structures.

16

3.3 Research Instrument

1. The researcher had designed the criteria to be used as an instrument to identify the

collocation structures from official letters. To collect the data, the researcher took the following

criteria to identify and collect the data as follows:

The criteria used as an instrument for collecting collocations

1. The combination of two words or more words often used in a sentence.

2. The occurrence of two words or more words must be occurred more often than

by chance.

3. The meaning of two words or more words must be in one meaning as a whole

in a sentence

4. The collocations in Verb Phrases usually must be followed by prepositions.

5. The collocations in preposition phrase must be followed by Noun or Noun

phrases.

6. Some of two words or more words might be found to be occurred for one time

only in the data, it can be regarded as collocation in this study because it was the limited number

of data collected and the structure of English conventional usage was used correctly according to

the structure of English usage in common.

2. The researcher set up the pattern of collocation in various phrases structure which can

be used for putting each word as elements of phrase structures into the pattern form of

collocations concerned

3. The researcher used the structure of the English phrase structure as an instrument for

analyzing each collocation collected from the official letters.

3.4. Data collection

The data collocations were collected for the study from January 15, 2007 to July15, 2007

by using the criteria set up for identifying and collecting the data. The combination of two words

or more that usually expressed in conventional usages of official letters that always found to

occur together in the sentence was collected for the study. All the collocations and sentences with

collocations were taken from the official letters and written into the list of the data. The list of all

17

collocations was presented to the native English speaker Dr. Donal A Johnson as researcher2s co-

adviser in order to correcting the collocations in English language.

3.5. Data Analysis

All the data collected will be classified and analyzed according to the following

processes:

1) All data were classified into various types of phrases, clauses and expressional phrases

respectively.

2) Each type of phrases was analyzed into various structures and functions of phrases

according to the English structure such as Noun phrases, Verb phrases, Preposition phrases, etc.

3) Each phrase structure was analyzed into various functions according to word-classes

of English as a component of each collocation such as Noun, Verb, Adverb, etc.

4) The occurrence of each collocation will be found out and counted the number of

occurrence of each collocation into percentage

5) The data collected was rechecked by the native speaker Dr. Donal A Johnson, Dr.

Arturo G. Ordonia and research adviser Dr. Ruengdet Pankhuenkhat.

6) Finally, the data of all collocations were classified into parts of speech and put each

word as a combination of collocations into each pattern form.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

This Chapter presents the result of an analysis of English legal collocations in the Office

of the Attorney General of Thailand form 53 official letters as the data 363 collocations collected

from the period of January, 2003 to December, 2006 for this study.

The analyzing processes were presented as follows:

4.1 Identification of the collocations

4.2 Classification of the collocations

4.3 Structural Analysis of the collocations

4.4 Frequency of collocations

4.1 Identification of the Collocations

Collocation is the way in which some words regularly collocate with others words and a

habitual combination of words which sounds natural is regarded as the collocations in these

studies. Therefore the way how to identify the collocations from 53 official letters will be

followed this definition and regarded as the criteria for identifying all collocations. The data

collected from the 53 official letters were 363 collocations. The collocations can be divided into

various phrases. The data can be divided into 8 groups and the group with the highest collocation

is Noun Phrase (group three) and the lowest collocation is the collocations in Clauses (Noun

phrases with Verb phrases).

4.2 Classification of the Collocations

19

The groups of 363 collocations can be classified into:

4.2.1 Collocations in Verb Phrase (VP)

4.2.2 Collocations in Noun Phrase (NP)

4.2.3 Collocations in Verb with Noun Phrase (VP+NP)

4.2.4 Collocations in Preposition Phrases (Prep. P)

4.2.5 Collocations in Adjective Phrases (Adj. P)

4.2.6 Collocations in Adverb Phrases (Adv. P)

4.2.7 Collocations in Clauses

4.2.8 Collocations in Expression Phrases

4.2.1 Collocations in Verb Phrases

This collocations show the structure and functions of collocation in verb phrases in

sentences that link between words. Their usually occurred after subject or noun, adjective or

adverb in sentences

Table 1 The numbers of collocations in verb phrases of the official letters from the OAG were

found 48 phrases the average is 13.22 % as the following examples:

=====================================================================

Verb Phrases (VP) Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

1. accorded to - We are very much grateful for all the assistance

accorded to us

2. agree with - I fully agree with Your Excellency

3. be attached to - the copy of which is attached to this letter

20

=====================================================================

Verb Phrases (VP) Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

4. be charged with - Mr. accomplices have been charged with the

offences@.

5. be granted under - It will be granted under the principle of

reciprocity.

6. be informed that - Please be informed that we transmitted 4 pages

7. be sentenced to - Mr. was sentenced to an imprisonment for a term

of @years

8. be transmitted through - We return the summons herewith to be transmitted

through proper channel.

9. confess to - If a person confess to murder

10. forwarded to - We have the above evidence forwarded to us.

11. look forward to - I look forward to receiving your further advice.

12. made (make) to - Reference is made to your letter dated@@

13. need to - Therefore, we need to know exactly

14. refer to - Allow me to refer to your e-mail message

15. would like to - We would like to inform you

=====================================================================

21

4.2.2 Collocations in Noun Phrases

This collocations show the structure and functions of collocation in noun phrases in

sentences that link between words. Their usually occurred after noun, adjective, verb, gerund,

adverb in sentences.

Table 2 The numbers of collocations in noun phrases of the official letters from the OAG were

found 199 phrases the average 54.82 % as the following examples:

=====================================================================

Noun Phrases Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

1. amicable resolution to - we succeeded in bringing about an amicable

resolution to the issue for Mr. A

2. any further clarification - Should you require any further clarification�

3. any information - Should you need any information we can be of help

4. Central Authority of the Kingdom - the Central Authority of the Kingdom of Thailand,

would like to request of Thailand

5. credit card - there was someone using Mr.Cs credit card.

6. defendantCs answers - the defendant�s answers are to be filed and opening

Statement

7. [email protected] - We have never transmitted the electronic unsigned

copy.

22

=====================================================================

Noun Phrases Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

8. examination of inquest - The Criminal Court has conducted an examination

of inquest

9. execution of request - I would like to request that the execution of this

request be done as soon as possible

10. highest consideration - Accept, Sir, the renewed assurances of my highest

consideration.

11. legal assistance - we are asked to make a request for a legal

assistance.

12. money transfer on -@ it was found that there was a money transfer on

@(Date)@

13. movement of the monies - We have no information as to the movement of the

monies.

14. 125. oral evidence - the Court may allow the production of a copy or

oral evidence.

15. parental power - Mr. shall exercise the parental power over the

three children.

=====================================================================

23

4.2.3 Collocation in Verb with Noun Phrases

These collocations show the structure and functions of collocation in verb and noun

phrases in sentences that link between words. Their noun usually occurred after verb in

sentences.

Table 3 The numbers of collocations in verb and noun phrases of the official letters from the

OAG were found 43 phrases the average is 11.85 % as the following examples:

Verb phrases + Noun phrases Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

1. adjudicated the case - the court which adjudicated the case

2. ask for your favor - we would like to ask for your favor in

seeking information

3. assigned the duty - he had assigned the duty in responding to

any letter

4. commits murder on - Whoever commits murder on the other

Person

5. made an agreement - Both made an agreement in writing

6. made in writing - Both made an agreement in writing that Mr. shall

exercise the parental power

7. make a request for - we are asked to make a request for@

8. record statement - Please interview and record statement of persons

24

=====================================================================

Verb phrases + Noun phrases Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

9. registered (his/her) divorce - Mr. went to Thailand and registered his divorce by

mutual consent

10. request (the) assistance - have the honor to request the assistance from@

11. return the summons herewith - We return the summons herewith to be transmitted

through proper channel.

12. sentenced to imprisonment - who was sentenced to imprisonment on a charge

of@

13. settle the issues - Mr. will come to Thailand to settle the issues

14. to assist in the service of - the (country) to assist in the service of legal

document.

15. to express the gratitude - Allow me to express the gratitude to the

Government

4.2.4 Collocations in Preposition Phrases

These collocations show the structure and functions of collocation in Preposition phrases

in sentences that link between words. Their preposition usually occurred before noun or adjective

in sentences.

25

Table 4 The numbers of collocations in preposition phrases of the official letters from the OAG

were found 47 phrases the average is 12.95 % as the following examples:

====================================================================

Preposition Phrases Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

1. at the first instance - We are told, will be related to us at the first

instance.

2. by contacting them via - his visitation right by contacting them

the e- via mail@

3. by mutual consent with Mr. went to Thailand and registered his divorce by

mutual consent with Mr.

4. for all the kind assistance Thank you very much indeed for all the kind

assistance.

5. for the kind cooperation We very much appreciate for the kind cooperation@

6. for the time being @we, for the time being, are waiting and hoping

for@

7. in civil matters - we are not authorized to render assistance in civil

matters.

8. in criminal matters -@ Central Authority for mutual legal assistance in

criminal matters of@

9. in proportion with -@ it not in proportion with the gravity of crime

26

====================================================================

Preposition Phrases Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

10. in respect of - @ he had assigned the duty in responding to any

letter in respect of the said request to me.

11. in responding to -@ he had assigned the duty in responding to any

Letter

12. in taking further action - It will be very much helpful for us in taking further

action.

13. on this matter. - We would like to be informed of your opinion on

this matter.

14. to/in bring about - Pursuant to our letter dated @ to bring about an

amicable

15. With reference to With reference to your letter of@deated@

4.2.5 Collocations in Adjective Phrases

These collocations show the structure and functions of collocation in Adjective phrases

in sentences that link between words. Their adjectives usually used modified noun in sentences.

27

Table 5 The numbers of collocations in Adjective phrases of the official letters from the OAG


=====================================================================

Adjective Phrases Examples

_____________________________________________________________________________

1. afraid that - We are afraid that we may not be able to provide

you.

2. be ensured of - Please be ensured of our full cooperation.

3. be liable to -@ and shall be liable to punishment provided@

4. be pleased to - We are very pleased to inform you that we have

already made @

5. be related to -@ we are told, will be related to us at the first

instance.

6. most grateful for - I shall be most grateful for your assistance and@

7. quite hard to - it is quite hard to guess

8. relevant to - copy of documents relevant to account owner

signatures.

9. very grateful for - I am very grateful for your informing us of the

above@

10. very much helpful for - It will be very much helpful for us

28

4.2.6 Collocations in Adverb Phrases

These collocations show the structure and functions of collocation in Adverb phrases in

sentences that link between words. Their adverbs usually used as modified adjective, modified

verb, modified adverb, and modified sentences noun in sentences.

Table 6 The numbers of collocations in Adverb phrases of the official letters from the OAG


=====================================================================

Adverb phrases Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

1. as regards - As regards our international legislation on the

essential features@

2. as soon as possible -@ if you could provide us the above assistance as

soon as possible�

3. as well as - The details of fact and assistance requested as well

as�

4. into force - @ the Convention has not yet entered into force

between@

5. more or less - We hope what we have done so far may, more or

less, alleviate your concern.

6. once again - Thank you once again for your kind cooperation@

7. so far - We think what we have done so far is in accord@

=====================================================================

29

4.2.7 Collocation in Clauses (Noun phrases with Verb phrases)

These collocations show the structure and functions of collocation in Clauses (Noun

phrases with Verb phrases) in sentences that link between words. Their used as subject, object or

can be a complete sentence.

Table 7 The numbers of collocations in clauses of the official letters from the OAG were found

4 clauses the average is 1.10 % as the following examples:

====================================================================

Clauses (NP+VN) Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

1. assistance requested - @ the rest of the assistance requested may be

pending execution.

2. case of attempted - @ requesting assistance in investigating the case of

attempted@

3. case occurred on - The case occurred on @ (date) @

4. evidence reviewed on - @ and opening statements shall also be taken and

evidence reviewed on@

====================================================================

4.2.8 Collocations in Expression Presses

These collocations show the structure and functions of collocation in expression phrases

in sentences that link between words, their mostly used in a polite sentence.

30

Table 8 The numbers of collocations in expression phrases of the official letters from the OAG


====================================================================

Expression Phrases Examples

______________________________________________________________________________

1. pleased be (kindly) advised - Pleased be (kindly) advised.

2. Please do contact us - Please do contact us should you require any further

clarification.

3. sincere thanks - We would like very much to express my sincere

thanks�

4. Thank you for - Thank you for consideration of accepting our

accession.

5. Thank you very much for - Thank you very much for your (kind) cooperation

in this regard.

====================================================================

4.3 Structural Analysis of the Collocations

The analysis of the data of collocations collected from the 53 official letters will be

analyzed according to the structure and functions of each collocation. The structures and

functions of all collocations will be also analyzed according to the grammatical structure of the

English language. The abbreviations used in this analysis will be followed the phrases structures

and sentences structure as the following presentation symbols: N = Noun, V = Verb, Adv. =

Adverb, Adj. = Adjective, Prep = Preposition, Arti. = Article, Conj. = Conjunction, Pron. =

Pronoun as follow:

31

-Collocations in Verb Phrases (VP)

Table 9 Collocations in Verb Phrases

=====================================================================

Verb Preposition

______________________________________________________________________________

1. accorded to

2. agree with

3. be granted under

4. was sentenced to

5. would like to

This type of collocation was called Collocations in Verb Phrases. It consists of one verb

followed by the proposition as the following sentence structures.

Examples:

1. We are very much grateful for all the assistance accorded to us

Consist of: N + V + Adj. + Prep. + N + V + prep. + N

2. I fully agree with Your Excellency

Consist of: Pron. + Adv. + V +Prep. + N

3. It will be granted under the principle of reciprocity.

Consist of: N+ helping V + V to be + Main verb + Prep. + N

4. Mr. was sentenced to an imprisonment for a term of @years

Consist of: N + V to be + Main V + Prep. + Prep. + N@

5. We would like to inform you

Consist of: Pron. + Modal V + Main V + Prep. + N

32

-Collocations in Noun Phrase (NP)

Table 10 Collocations in Noun Phrase

=====================================================================

Determiner Adjective Noun Preposition Noun

______________________________________________________________________________

1) any further - - clarification

2) any - - - information

3) - electronic - - copy

4) - - movement of the monies

5) - parental - - power

=====================================================================

This type of collocation was called Collocations in Noun Phrase. Its always consists of

adjective followed by noun as the following sentence structures.

Examples:

1. Should you require any further clarification�

Consist of: Modal V + N +V + Determiner + Adj. + N

2. Should you need any information we can be of help

Consist of: Modal V + N + V + Determiner + N + Pron. + V + N

3. We have never transmitted the electronic unsigned copy.

Consist of: N + Auxiliary V + Adv. + V + Arti. + Adj.+ N

4. We have no information as to the movement of the monies.

Consist of: Pron. + V + N+ Prep. + Arti. + N+ Prep. + Arti. + N

5. Mr. shall exercise the parental power over the three children.

Consist of: N + Modal V + Main V + Arti. + Adj. + N + Prep. + N

33

-Collocations in Verb and Noun Phrases (VP+NP)

Table 11 Collocations in Verb and Noun Phrases

=====================================================================

Verb Preposition Noun Preposition

______________________________________________________________________________

1) adjudicated - the case -

2) commits - murder on

3) made - an agreement -

4) record - statement -

5) sentenced to imprisonment -

=====================================================================

This type of collocation was called Collocations in Verb and Noun Phrases. Its always

consists of verb followed by noun as the following sentence structures.

Examples:

1. @the court which adjudicated the case

Consist of: Arti. + N + Pron. + V + Arti. + N

2. Whoever commits murder on the other person@

Consist of: Pron. + V + N +Prep. + Arti. + N

3. Both made an agreement in writing

Consist of: Pron. + V + Arti. + N + Prep. + N

4. Please interview and record statement of persons

Consist of: Expression + V + Conj. + V + N + Prep. + N

5. Who was sentenced to imprisonment on a charge of@

Consist of: Pron + V to be + Main V + Prep. + N + Prep. + Arti. + N

34

- Collocations in Preposition Phrases

Table 12 Collocations in Preposition Phrases

=====================================================================

Preposition Noun

______________________________________________________________________________

1) at the first instance

2) by mutual consent with

3) for all the kind assistance

4) in civil matters

5) in taking further action

=====================================================================

This type of collocation was called Collocations in Preposition Phrases. Its always consists

of preposition followed by noun as the following sentence structures.

Examples:

1. We are told, will be related to us at the first instance.

Consist of: Pron. + Verb to be + Main V, Modal V + Verb to be + Main V + Prep. + Pron + Prep.

+ Arti. + N

2. Mr. went to Thailand and registered his divorce by mutual consent with Mr.

Consist of: N + V + N + Conj. + V + Pron. + N + Prep. + Adj. + N + Prep + N

3. Thank you very much indeed for all the kind assistance.

Consist of: Expression phrases + Prep. + Adv. + Arti. + Adj. + N

4. - We are not authorized to render assistance in civil matters.

Consist of: Pron. + Verb to be + Main V (-ed) + Prep. + V + N + Prep. + Adj. + N

5. - It will be very much helpful for us in taking further action.

Consist of: Pron. + Modal V + Verb to be + Adv. + Adj. + Prep. + Pron. + Prep. + Gerund + Adj.

+ N

35

-Collocations in Adjective Phrases

Table 13 Collocations in Adjective Phrases

=====================================================================

Verb to be Adverb Adjective Preposition

______________________________________________________________________________

1) are - afraid that

2) be - ensured of

3) - most grateful for

4) is quite hard to

5) - very much helpful for

=====================================================================

This type of collocation was called Collocations in Adjective Phrases. Its always consists

of verb to be with adjective and preposition as the following sentence structures.

Examples:

1. We are afraid that we may not be able to provide you.

Consist of: Pron. + Verb to be + Adj. + That-claus + Pron. + Modal V + Verb to be + Adj. +

Prep. + V + Pron.

2. Please be ensured of our full cooperation.

Consist of: Expression + Verb to be + Main V (-ed) + Prep. + Pron. + Adj. + N

3. I shall be most grateful for your assistance

Consist of: Pron. + Modal V + Adv. + Adj. + Prep. + Pron. + N

4. It is quite hard to guess

Consist of: Pron. + Verb to be + Adv. + Adj. + Prep. + N

5. It will be very much helpful for us

Consist of: Pron. + Modal V + Verb to be + Adv. + Adj. + Prep. + Pron.

36

-Collocations in Adverb Phrases

Table 14 Collocations in Adverb Phrases

=====================================================================

Preposition Adverb Verb Preposition Adjective (+Prep and Adjective)

______________________________________________________________________________

1) as soon - as possible

2) as well - as -

3) into - force - -

4) - - - - more or less

5) - once again - - -

=====================================================================

This type of collocation was called Collocations in Adverb Phrases. Its always consists of

preposition with adverb preposition and adjective as the following sentence structures.

Examples:

1. If you could provide us the above assistance as soon as possible�

Consist of: Conjunction + Pron. + Modal V + V + Pron. + Arti. + Adj. + N + Prep. + Adv. +

Prep. + Adj.

2. The details of fact and assistance requested as well as�

Consist of: Arti. + N + Prep. + N + Conj. + N + V + Prep. + Adv. + Prep.

3. @ the Convention has not yet entered into force between@

Consist of: Arti. + N + Auxiliary V + Adv. + V + Prep. + V + Prep.

4. We hope what we have done so far may, more or less, alleviate your concern.

Consist of: Pron. + V + Pron. + Auxiliary V + V + Adv. + N, Adj. + Prep. + Adj., V + Pron. + N

5. Thank you once again for your kind cooperation

Consist of: Expression + Adv. + Adv. + Prep. + Pron. + Adj. + N

37

-Collocations in Clauses (Noun with Verb)

Table 15 Collocations in Clauses

=====================================================================

Noun Verb

______________________________________________________________________________

1) assistance requested

2) case of attempted

3) case occurred on

4) evidence reviewed on

=====================================================================

This type of collocation was called Collocations in Clauses. Its always consists of noun

followed by verb as the following sentence structures.

Examples:

1. @ the rest of the assistance requested may be pending execution.

Consist of: Arti. + N + Prep. + Arti. + N + V + Modal V + Verb to be + Adj + N

2. @ requesting assistance in investigating the case of attempted@

Consist of: Gerund + N + Prep. + Gerund + Arti. + N + Prep. + V@

3. The case occurred on @ (date) @

Consist of: Arti. + N + V + Prep. @.

4. @ and opening statements shall also be taken and evidence reviewed on@

Consist of: Conjunction + Gerund + N + Modal V + Adv. + Verb to be + V + Conj. + N + V +

Prep.

38

-Collocations in Expression Phrases

Table 16 Collocations in Expression Phrases

=====================================================================

Adjective Expression Verb Adjective Preposition

______________________________________________________________________________

1) - Pleased be kindly advised - -

2) - Please do contacts (us) -

3) sincere thanks - -

4) - Thank you - for

5) - Thank you very much - for

=====================================================================

This type of collocation was called Collocations in Expression Phrases. Its always consists

of expression followed by preposition as the following sentence structures.

Examples:

1. Pleased be kindly advised.

Consist of: Expression + Verb to be + Adv. + V

2. Please do contacts us should you require any further clarification.

Consist of: Expression + Auxiliary V + V + Pron. + Modal V + Pron. + V + Adv. + Adj. + N

3. We would like very much to express my sincere thanks�

Consist of: Pron. + Modal V + V + Adv. + Adj. + Prep. + V + Pron. + Adj. + Expression

4. Thank you for consideration of accepting our accession.

Consist of: Expression+ Prep. + N + Prep. + Gerund + Pron. + N

5. Thank you very much for your (kind) cooperation in this regard.

Consist of: Expression + Adv. + Adj. + Prep. + Pron. + N + Prep. + N

4.4 Frequency of Collocations

This study was extracting multi-word collocations from 53 official letters were 363

collocations, some collocations are occurred more than one time such as .would like to/ occurred

39

for 32 times, .request for assistance/ occurred for 31 times, .Public Prosecutor/ occurred for

25 times, and .the Kingdom of Thailand/ occurred for 20 times etc. But most collocations in

this study were occurred only one or two times. A number of frequencies of occurrences can be

classify into 3 groups, that is, group 1 the frequency was occurred for more than 10 times, group

2 was occurred for more than 5 times and group 3 was occurred for 1 time to 5 times as follows:

4.4.1 Group 1 The frequency was occurred for more than 10 times

Table 17 The highest frequency of collocation out of all collocations occurrences more than 10

times.

=====================================================================

Collocations types of phrase Frequency Percent

______________________________________________________________________________

1. asked (us) to VP 12 2.97

2. be informed that VP 17 4.21

3. made (make) to VP 13 3.22

4. refer to VP 11 2.72

5. request for VP 16 3.96

6. would like to VP 32 7.92

7. Central Authority of the NP 17 4.21

Kingdom of Thailand

8. competent authority NP 12 2.97

40

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

9. Criminal Court NP 17 4.21

10. highest consideration NP 16 3.96

11. Public Prosecutor NP 25 6.20

12. request for assistance NP 31 7.67

13. Royal Thai Police NP 12 2.97

14. taking statements of NP 12 2.97

15. the Kingdom of Thailand NP 20 4.95

16. United Kingdom NP 12 2.97

17. according to Prep. P. 11 2.72

18. in all matters of Prep. P. 11 2.72

mutual concerned

19. in order to Prep. P. 19 4.70

20. in the amount of Prep. P. 14 3.46

21. on Mutual Assistance Prep. P. 20 4.95

in Criminal Matters

41

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

22. on behalf of Prep. P. 18 4.46

23. assistance requested NP+VP 13 3.22

24. be most grateful for Adj. P. 12 2.97

25. be liable to Adj. P. 11 2.72

4.1.2 Group 2 Collocations were occurred for more than 5 times

Table 18 The frequency of collocation out of all collocations occurrences more than 5 times.

Collocations Types of phrase Frequency Percent

______________________________________________________________________________

1. be assigned to VP 6 3.26

2. be punished with VP 6 3.26

3. contact at VP 6 3.26

4. forwarded to VP 9 4.89

5. let (..me/us..) know VP 8 4.35

6. sent@@to VP 7 3.81

7. amicable resolution to NP 9 4.89

42

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

8. case number NP 6 3.26

9. copy of motion NP 6 3.26

10. forfeiture judgment NP 7 3.81

11. government agencies NP 6 3.26

12. I, the undersigned NP 6 3.26

13. juristic person NP 6 3.26

14. mutual legal assistance NP 6 3.26

15. Office of the NP 9 4.89

Attorney General

16. Penal Court NP 8 4.35

17. the statement of facts NP 9 4.89

18. the voluntary return of NP 7 3.81

19. at the above address Prep. P. 9 4.89

20. in service of legal Prep. P. 7 3.81

document

43

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

21. to bring about Prep. P. 8 4.35

22. as well as Adv. P. 6 3.26

23. be ensured of Adj. P. 8 4.35

24. be pleased to Adj. P. 10 5.43

25. Thank you very much for expression phrase 9 4.89

______________________________________________________________________________

Total 184 100

=====================================================================

4.1.3 Group 3 Collocations were occurred for 1 time to 5 times

Table 19 The frequency of collocation out of all collocations occurrences for 1 time to 5 times.


______________________________________________________________________________

1. accorded to VP 1 0.16

2. agree with VP 1 0.16

3. be alleged to VP 5 0.83

4. be attached to VP 3 0.49

5. be charged with VP 2 0.33

44

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

6. be detained at VP 2 0.33

7. be granted under VP 1 0.16

8. be informed together with VP 1 0.16

9. be removed from VP 1 0.16

10. be purchased for VP 1 0.16

11. be sentenced to VP 5 0.83

12. be served upon VP 2 0.33

13. be transmitted through VP 1 0.16

14. be transmitted to VP 4 0.70

15. be used in VP 5 0.83

16. confess to VP 3 0.49

17. do not hesitate to VP 2 0.33

18. expressly confirm VP 1 0.16

19. feel free to VP 3 0.49

45

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

20. find out VP 1 0.16

21. hoping for VP 1 0.16

22. kindly provide VP 1 0.16

23. lapse on VP 1 0.16

24. look forward to VP 5 0.83

25. mentioned above VP 2 0.33

26. need to VP 2 0.33

27. never be forgotten VP 1 0.16

28. not [email protected] VP 2 0.33

29. participated in VP 1 0.16

30. pleasure to VP 2 0.33

31. speedily execute VP 1 0.16

32. take @..as VP 1 0.16

33. take care of VP 4 0.70

46

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

34. to assist in VP 1 0.16

35. told@about VP 1 0.16

36. undertake that VP 1 0.16

37. a copy of the NP 2 0.33

complete file

38. a matter of priority NP 1 0.16

39. a written order NP 3 0.49

40. able to ascertain NP 1 0.16

41. account number NP 5 0.83

42. account opening NP 1 0.16

43. account owner signatures NP 1 0.16

44. agency of NP 1 0.16

45. all related causes NP 1 0.16

and circumstances

46. amount of loan NP 1 0.16

47

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

47. amount to NP 5 0.83

48. an examination of inquest NP 3 0.49

49. an imprisonment for NP 1 0.16

a term of

50. an opportunity to NP 1 0.16

51. any act of violence NP 3 0.49

52. any available information NP 1 0.16

53. any extenuating NP 3 0.49

Circumstances

54. any further clarification NP 4 0.70

55. any further information NP 1 0.16

needed

56. any further queries NP 1 0.16

57. any further questions NP 3 0.49

58. any information NP 1 0.16

59. any matter NP 1 0.16

48

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

60. any query NP 4 0.70

61. any question NP 5 0.83

62. any suggestions NP 1 0.16

63. anything more NP 1 0.16

64. apologies for NP 1 0.16

65. appeal court NP 1 0.16

66. approximate time frame NP 1 0.16

67. assurances of NP 1 0.16

68. bank statement of NP 1 0.16

69. best wishes for NP 1 0.16

70. black case number NP 5 0.83

71. board of directors NP 1 0.16

72. capital punishment NP 1 0.16

73. cases pending hearing NP 2 0.33

49

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

74. cause of death NP 1 0.16

75. Central Authority of NP 2 0.33

Thailand

76. charges against NP 1 0.16

77. child abduction case NP 3 0.49

78. committing the offence NP 5 0.83

79. complaint to NP 1 0.16

80. concern about NP 3 0.49

81. contact person NP 1 0.16

82. contradictory information NP 2 0.33

83. copies of the orders NP 1 0.16

84. copy of documents NP 4 0.70

85. courtCs examination NP 2 0.33

86. courtCs proceeding NP 2 0.33

87. court trial NP 2 0.33

50

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

88. credit card NP 2 0.33

89. criminal charge(s) NP 1 0.16

90. criminal investigation of NP 5 0.83

91. criminal law NP 1 0.16

92. criminal proceedings NP 4 0.70

93. current account NP 1 0.16

94. death sentence NP 1 0.16

95. defendantCs answers NP 1 0.16

96. deposit account NP 2 0.33

97. designation of the court NP 2 0.33

98. details of the case NP 2 0.33

99. dishonestly converting NP 2 0.33

money

100. duly authorized authority NP 1 0.16

101. [email protected] NP 1 0.16

51

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

102. enclosed correspondence NP 2 0.33

of

103. essential features of NP 1 0.16

104. evidence in criminal NP 1 0.16

case against

105. examination of NP 1 0.16

related document

106. examination of inquest NP 5 0.83

107. examination of (the) NP 1 0.16

request

108. execution of request NP 3 0.49

109. expected timeframe NP 1 0.16

110. extension order NP 1 0.16

111. extradition treaty NP 2 0.33

112. family law NP 1 0.16

113. final judgment NP 3 0.49

52

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

114. first instance court of NP 2 0.33

115. foreign court NP 1 0.16

116. forfeiting the property NP 2 0.33

117. from death to a lesser NP 1 0.16

Sentence

118. further action NP 1 0.16

119. further information NP 3 0.49

120. gravity of crime NP 1 0.16

121. implementation of the NP 1 0.16

Convention

122. imprisonment for life NP 5 0.83

123. information in the NP 1 0.16

appendices

124. injured person NP 4 0.70

125. inquiry official NP 2 0.33

126. international cooperation NP 2 0.33

53

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

127. international legislation NP 1 0.16

128. jurisdiction over NP 2 0.33

129. kind assistance NP 5 0.83

130. law to implement NP 1 0.16

131. legal assistance NP 4 0.70

132. lesser sentence NP 3 0.49

133. letter of request NP 1 0.16

134. life imprisonment NP 2 0.33

135. lodging an appeal NP 2 0.33

136. making direction NP 1 0.16

contact with

137. making the request to NP 2 0.33

138. managing partner NP 2 0.33

139. modus operandi NP 1 0.16

140. money transfer on NP 3 0.49

54

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

141. money transfer slips NP 1 0.16

142. more details of the case NP 1 0.16

143. movement of the monies NP 1 0.16

144. needing urgent assistance NP 1 0.16

145. offences of NP 1 0.16

misappropriation

146. official engagement in NP 1 0.16

147. opening statements NP 2 0.33

148. oral evidence NP 1 0.16

149. original document NP 2 0.33

150. original request NP 3 0.49

151. our endeavour to NP 1 0.16

152. parental power NP 2 0.33

153. parental responsibility NP 2 0.33

154. passing entry card NP 3 0.49

55

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

155. pending execution NP 2 0.33

156. pending hearing NP 3 0.49

157. pending the appeal NP 1 0.16

proceeding in

158. pending trial NP 1 0.16

159. possibility for NP 1 0.16

160. preliminary investigation NP 2 0.33

161. principle of reciprocity NP 1 0.16

162. procurement fraud NP 1 0.16

offence

163. production of a copy NP 1 0.16

164. prosecution order against NP 1 0.16

165. pursuant to our letter NP 4 0.70

166. pursuant to the Act NP 4 0.70

167. rate of exchange NP 1 0.16

56

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

168. reasons supporting NP 1 0.16

the seriousness

169. red case number NP 4 0.70

170. regarding the death NP 2 0.33

171. related causes NP 1 0.16

173. requesting for legal NP 1 0.16

assistance

174. respiratory and blood NP 2 0.33

circulation failure

175. response to NP 2 0.33

176. responsible person NP 1 0.16

177. result of (the) assistance NP 1 0.16

178. right of custody NP 2 0.33

179. rule of loan NP 1 0.16

180. section of law NP 1 0.16

181. seminar on NP 1 0.16

57

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

182. serious economic crime NP 1 0.16

183. service of legal NP 1 0.16

document

184. sexual intercourse with NP 1 0.16

185. signed original request NP 1 0.16

186. Special Commission NP 1 0.16

187. special investigators NP 5 0.83

188. standard questionnaire NP 3 0.49

189. submission of bids NP 2 0.33

190. supplementing documents NP 2 0.33

191. supporting documents NP 1 0.16

192. taking @@ action NP 2 0.33

193. taking advantage of NP 3 0.49

194. the above request to NP 2 0.33

195. the above subject NP 1 0.16

58

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

196. the beneficiary ownerCs NP 2 0.33

account

197. The cause of death NP 2 0.33

198. the certified copy NP 2 0.33

199. the court (still) sentences NP 1 0.16

200. The details of facts NP 2 0.33

201. the matter of our NP 1 0.16

mutual concerns

202. the offences charged NP 1 0.16

203. the order of the Court NP 1 0.16

204. the period of time NP 5 0.83

205. the principle of NP 1 0.16

reciprocity

206. the Royal Thai NP 1 0.16

Government

207. the said request to NP 4 0.70

59

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

208. third persons NP 2 0.33

209. time period NP 2 0.33

210. treaty between our NP 1 0.16

two countries

211. true copies of NP 4 0.70

212. user name NP 2 0.33

213. witnessesC statements NP 2 0.33

214. adjudicated the case VP+NP 4 0.70

215. ask for your favor VP+NP 1 0.16

216. assigned the duty VP+NP 1 0.16

217. avail myself of this VP+NP 1 0.16

opportunity

218. be certified copy VP+NP 2 0.33

219. be kept confidential VP+NP 1 0.16

as the case

220. be of help VP+NP 4 0.70

60

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

221. causing damages to VP+NP 4 0.70

222. certified to be true VP+NP 1 0.16

223. committed (the) offences VP+NP 1 0.16

224. commits murder on VP+NP 2 0.33

225. contact (her/his) by VP+NP 1 0.16

phone at

226. conducted an VP+NP 1 0.16

examination to

227. expressing concern about VP+NP 1 0.16

228. fine not exceeding VP+NP 2 0.33

@@.baht

229. fixed the date for VP+NP 1 0.16

230. forfeited in lieu of VP+NP 1 0.16

231. have the honor to NP+VP 1 0.16

232. hesitate to contact VP+NP 1 0.16

233. interviewing persons VP+NP 2 0.33

61

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

234. issued an order to VP+NP 1 0.16

235. kept in custody VP+NP 3 0.49

236. made an agreement VP+NP 1 0.16

237. made in writing VP+NP 4 0.70

238. make a request for VP+NP 4 0.70

239. record statement VP+NP 3 0.49

240. registered (his/her) VP+NP 1 0.16

divorce

241. regret to inform you that VP+NP 1 0.16

242. render assistance to VP+NP 1 0.16

243. reply to your letter VP+NP 1 0.16

244. request (the) assistance VP+NP 4 0.70

245. requesting the check of VP+NP 1 0.16

246. return the summons VP+NP 1 0.16

herewith

62

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

247. seeking assistance VP+NP 4 0.70

248. sentenced to VP+NP 3 0.49

imprisonment

249. settle the issues VP+NP 1 0.16

250. take (additional) VP+NP 2 0.33

statements of

251. taken proper care of VP+NP 1 0.16

252. to assist in the VP+NP 1 0.16

service of

253. to be transmitted through VP+NP 1 0.16

proper channel

254. to express the gratitude VP+NP 1 0.16

255. tried (try) @..best VP+NP 3 0.49

256. tried the case VP+NP 3 0.49

257. as earliest as possible Prep. P. 1 0.16

258. as stated in our request Prep. P. 1 0.16

63

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

259. at the first instance Prep. P. 3 0.49

260. at the time of Prep. P. 3 0.49

261. by contacting them via Prep. P. 1 0.16

262. by mutual consent with Prep. P. 3 0.49

263. for all the kind assistance Prep. P. 1 0.16

264. for an examination Prep. P. 2 0.33

of inquest

265. for fear of (something) Prep. P. 1 0.16

266. for the kind cooperation Prep. P. 1 0.16

267. for the return of Prep. P. 3 0.49

268. for the time being Prep. P. 1 0.16

269. for urgent execution Prep. P. 4 0.70

270. in charge of Prep. P. 1 0.16

271. in civil matters Prep. P. 1 0.16

272. in connection with Prep. P. 3 0.49

64

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

273. in criminal matters Prep. P. 4 0.70

274. in proportion with Prep. P. 1 0.16

275. in reference to Prep. P. 4 0.70

276. in relation to Prep. P. 4 0.70

277. in respect of Prep. P. 4 0.70

278. in responding to Prep. P. 1 0.16

279. in seeking information Prep. P. 1 0.16

280. in taking further action Prep. P. 1 0.16

281. in taking the testimony of Prep. P. 2 0.33

282. in the criminal case Prep. P. 5 0.83

283. in the possession of Prep. P. 1 0.16

284. in the process of drafting Prep. P. 1 0.16

285. in this regard Prep. P. 5 0.83

286. in this special occasion Prep. P. 1 0.16

65

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

287. on a charge of Prep. P. 5 0.83

288. on mutual legal concerns Prep. P. 1 0.16

289. on the basis of Prep. P. 1 0.16

290. on this matter Prep. P. 1 0.16

291. under investigation Prep. P. 2 0.33

292. under the law Prep. P. 2 0.33

293. Under the Thai Criminal Prep. P. 2 0.33

Procedure Court

294. With reference to Prep. P. 5 0.83

295. afraid that Adj. P. 1 0.16

296. be related to Adj. P. 2 0.33

297. quite hard to Adj. P. 1 0.16

298. relevant to Adj. P. 2 0.33

299. very grateful for Adj. P. 1 0.16

300. very much helpful for Adj. P. 1 0.16

66

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

301. as regards Adv. P. 2 0.33

302. as soon as possible Adv. P. 2 0.33

303. into force Adv. P. 5 0.83

304. more or less Adv. P. 1 0.16

305. once again Adv. P. 1 0.16

306. so far Adv. P. 2 0.33

307. case occurred on NP+VP 1 0.16

308. case of attempted NP+VP 1 0.16

309. evidence reviewed on NP+VP 1 0.16

310. pleased be (kindly) expression phrase 1 0.16

advised

311. Please do contact us expression phrase 4 0.70

312. sincere thanks expression phrase 3 0.49

67

=====================================================================


______________________________________________________________________________

313. Thank you for expression phrase 5 0.83

______________________________________________________________________________

Total 605 100

=====================================================================

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

This Chapter presents the discussions of the structures and occurrences of collocations

used in the Office of the Attorney General of Thailand to develop the legal writing materials for

official letters in the OAG. The discussions will be presented according to the structures and

occurrences of collocations used for the study. Some structures and occurrences will be presented

side by side with some examples according to the following topics:

5.1 Discussion of collocation in Verb Phrases

5.2 Discussion of collocation in Noun phrases

5.3 Discussion of collocation in Verb with Noun Phrases

5.4 Discussion of collocation in Preposition

5.5 Discussion of collocation in Adjective Phrases

5.6 Discussion of collocation in Adverb Phrases

5.7 Discussion of collocation in Clauses

5.8 Discussion of collocation in Expressions

5.1. Discussion of Collocation in Verb Phrases

According to classification of the structures of collocations as given in the chapter IV,

there were eight types of collocations found in 53 official letters. That is, collocation in verb

phrases, collocations in noun phrases, collocation in verb phrases with noun phrases, collocation

in Preposition, collocation in Adjective Phrases, collocation in Adverb Phrases, collocation in

Clause and collocation in Expressions. There were 48 collocations out of 363 are found in verb

69

phrases used in the official letters, the amount of the collocations was 13.22% at the average,

which was the third numbers of the occurrence of all collocations found in the data. The

structures of collocations in verb phrases are of 6 types of structures as follows:

1. Verb to be with the Main verb ending with �ed followed by Prepositions

2. Verb with Preposition

3. Verb (modal verb) with Main verb and Preposition

4. Auxiliary verb with Main verb and Preposition

5. Adverb with Verb

6. Verb to be with Main verb

The structure of the collocation in verb phrases most were found in a sentence with verb

in past participle. The collocations in verb phrases which are found to occur in the official letters

is �would like to which were found in 32 times out of all collocation occurrences. The reason of

the occurrences of this collocation in more numbers than other collocations in verb phrase is that,

because of most of the data taken from the official letters which to be used in a polite sentence for

correspondence between the government organizations.

Each type of Collocation structures in Verb Phrases was presented as follows:

1. Verb to be with the Main verb ending with �ed followed by Prepositions as the

following Examples.

-The copy of which is attached to this letter

-Mr. accomplices have been charged with the offences

-It will be granted under the principle of reciprocity.

-Please be informed that we transmitted 4 pages

-Mr. was sentenced to an imprisonment for a term of 8years

2. Verb with Preposition as the following examples:

-I fully agree with Your Excellency

-If a person confess to murder

-I could be contact at the above address

-We have the above evidence forwarded to us.

70

3. Verb (modal verb) with Main verb and Preposition as the following example:

-We would like to inform you that since we received the request 8

4. Auxiliary verb with Main verb and Preposition as the following example:

-please do not hesitate to contact her at (Phone number).

5. Adverb with Verb as the following examples:

-your request did not expressly confirm8

-... kindly provide us the 8Law Officers website8

-We have tried our best to speedily execute it by contacting Mr8..

6. Verb to be with Main verb as the following example:

- We shared with you will never be forgotten.

5.2. Discussion of Collocation in Noun Phrases

The collocations in noun phrases were found 199 collocations out of 363 collocations at

the average that is 54.82% which is the highest number of occurrences for all collocations. The

reasons of the occurrence of collocations in noun phrases were found in the highest number of all

collocations are as follow: (1) Because of noun and noun phrase is a subject of a sentence in all

languages and English as well (2) Noun or noun phrases in English are usually added the article

a, an, the before noun and noun phrases as in ?a written order@, ?an examination of inquest@ etc.

(3) Noun or noun phrases usually have to be an adjective to be modified noun or noun phrase as

in ?current account@, ?family law@ etc. (4) Some collocations of noun phrases concerning with

the specific purposes to be used in the OAG only, that is, ?Public Prosecutor@, ?Office of the

Attorney General@, ?Royal Thai Police@ etc. The structures of collocation in noun phrases are

classified into 3 types as follows:

1. Article with Noun and Preposition or Article with Noun and Preposition and Noun

2. Adjective with Noun or Adjective with Noun and Preposition

3. Noun used as adjective with Noun

71

Each type of Collocation structures in Noun Phrases was presented as follows:

1. Article with Noun and Preposition or Article with Noun and Preposition and Noun as

the following examples:

-Mr. was sentenced to an imprisonment for a term of 8years8

-May I thank you for giving us an opportunity to see you

-The cause of death is the respiratory and blood circulation failure

-It will be granted under the principle of reciprocity.

-8the deposit accounts listed in the statement of facts,%

2. Adjective with Noun or Adjective with Noun and Preposition as the following

examples:

-We succeeded in bringing about an amicable resolution to the issue for Mr.

-Please convey the enclosed correspondence of the Central Authority of Thailand to

(the other)

-As regards our international legislation on the essential features of8

-8 there be a final judgment of a foreign court8

-Accept, Sir, the renewed assurances of my highest consideration.

3. Noun used as adjective with Noun as the following examples:

-8by taking advantage of government agencies in8

- 8. for your kind endeavor to render us international cooperation8

-8the operation of the juristic person on such8

- 8, from death to a lesser sentence, such as life imprisonment.

-8their return the true copies of witnesses( statements%

The collocation in noun phrases which was found to occur in the official letters is

�request for assistance which were found in 31 times out of all collocation occurrences. The

reason of the occurrences of this collocation in more numbers than other collocations in noun

phrase is that, because of this collocation mostly used in the official request letters and most of

data are request letters used in the International Affair Department of the OAG. And this is used

as a polite expression for correspondence between the government organizations.

72

5.3. Discussion of Collocation in Verb with Noun Phrases

The collocations in verb with noun phrases were occurred together as VP + NP. They

were functioned as collocation in this study. They were found 43 collocations out of 363

collocations at the average that is 11.85 % which is the forth number of occurrences for all

collocations. The functions of verbs are mostly functioned as the main verb of a sentence,

whereas the nouns may be functioned as object of the main verb or as the adverb of the main verb

and a sentence in English in particular. Therefore, the structures of collocation in verb phrases

with noun phrases may be classified into 4 types as follows:

1. Verb with Preposition and Noun

2. Verb with Noun and Preposition

3. Verb with Article and Noun or Verb with Article and Noun and Preposition

4. Verb with Noun

Each type of Collocation structures in Verb with Noun Phrases was presented as follows:

1. Verb with Preposition and Noun as the following examples:

-We would like to ask for your favor in seeking information.

-Who was sentenced to imprisonment on a charge of8

-88.died while being kept in custody by the official8

-Should you have anything I can be of help.

2. Verb with Noun and Preposition as the following examples:

-8other person dishonestly causing damages to the8

- Whoever commits murder on the other person

- 8.and is already and willing to render assistance to8(country)8

- the (country) to take additional statements of fact

- he had taken proper care of the child8

3. Verb with Article and Noun or Verb with Article and Noun and Preposition as the

following examples:

- The Court has issued an order to accept8

73

- He had assigned the duty in responding to any letter8

- Both made an agreement in writing

- We are asked to make a request for8

- Mr. 8will come to Thailand to settle the issues

4. Verb with Noun as the following examples:

- Reference is made to your letter888.., seeking the assistance interviewing

persons,8and records to be used as evidence 8.

- Please interview and record statement of persons8

- Mr8.went to Thailand and registered his divorce by mutual consent88

- To receive the request seeking assistance8

5.4 Discussion of Collocation in Preposition Phrases

The collocations in Preposition phrases were found 47 collocations out of 363

collocations at the average that is 12.95 %. The functions are usually used in front of noun or

noun phrases they control and indicate various relationships between words or phrases, which is

the third numbers of the occurrence of all collocations found in the data. The classified of

preposition can be divided into 3 types as the follows:

1. Preposition with Noun and Preposition

2. Preposition with Article, Noun and Preposition

3. Preposition with Adjective and Noun

Each type of Collocation structures in Preposition Phrases was presented as follows:

1. Preposition with Noun and Preposition as the following examples:

- The details of fact and assistance requested as well as

- 8.and evidence in order to gain further information in connection with8

- It not in proportion with the gravity of crime

- He had assigned the duty in responding to any letter in respect of the said request to

me.

- 8the issues respecting the application on behalf of Mr. A

74

2. Preposition with Article, Noun and Preposition as the following examples:

- 8the beneficiary ownerDs account at the time of the transfer..

- Its inability to process a particular application for the return of a child

- 8account No1234567 at the 8 in the amount of 8..

- Who was sentenced to imprisonment on a charge of%

- 8the Kingdom of Thailand will always be ready, on the basis of reciprocity8

3. Preposition with Adjective and Noun as the following examples:

- 8the request has been granted and transmitted to the8Police for urgent execution.

- We are not authorized to render assistance in civil matters.

- Central Authority for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters of8

5.5. Discussion of Collocations in Adjective Phrases

The collocations in adjective phrases were found 10 collocations out of 363 collocations

at the average that is 2.75 %. They were functioned as collocation in this study. The functions of

adjective phrases are mostly used as modified noun phrases, subjective complement, objective

complement and post modifier. A participial phrase with verb Fing and verb Fed can be an

adjective modifying a noun by put with Fing or -ed before the noun and longer participial

phrases. It can be put before or after a noun. The classified of adjective phrases can be divided

into 4 types as the follows:

1. Pre-modifiers (Adverb) with Adjective and Preposition

2. Adjective with Preposition

3. Verb to be with Verb-ed and Preposition

4. Adjective with That-clause

Each type of Collocation structures in Adjective Phrases was presented as follows:

1. Pre-modifiers (Adverb) with Adjective and Preposition as the following examples:

- I shall be most grateful for your assistance and8

- it is quite hard to guess

- I am very grateful for your informing us of the above8

- It will be very much helpful for us

75

2. Adjective with Preposition as the following example:

-8 copy of documents relevant to account owner signatures.

3. Verb to be with Verb-ed and Preposition as the following examples:

- Please be ensured of our full cooperation.

- 8shall be liable to punishment provided8

- We are very pleased to inform you that we have already made 8

- We are told, will be related to us at the first instance.

4. Adjective with That-clause as the following example:

-We are afraid that we may not be able to provide you

5.6. Discussion of Collocations in Adverb Phrases

The collocations in adverb phrases were found 7 collocations out of 363 collocations at

the average that is 1.93 %. They were functioned as collocation in this study. An adverb may be a

single word. However, adverbs can also be phrases, some made with prepositions, others made

with infinitives. The functions of adverb phrases are mostly used as modified adjective, modified

verb, modified adverb, and modified sentences. The classified of adjective phrases can be divided

into 5 types as the follows:

1. Preposition with Adverb and Preposition and Adjective

2. Preposition with Verb

3. Adjective with Preposition and Adjective

4. Adverb with Adverb

5. Adjective with Adjective

Each type of Collocation structures in Adverb Phrases was presented as follows:

1. Preposition with Adverb and Preposition and Adjective as the following example:

-if you could provide us the above assistance as soon as possible%

2. Preposition with Verb as the following example:

- 8, the Convention has not yet entered into force between8

76

3. Adjective with Preposition and Adjective as the following example:

- We hope what we have done so far may, more or less, alleviate your concern.

4. Adverb with Adverb as the following example:

- Thank you once again for your kind cooperation8

5. Adjective with Adjective as the following example:

- We think what we have done so far is in accord8

5.7. Discussion of Collocation in Clause

The collocations in clause were found 4 collocations out of 363 collocations at the

average that is 1.10 %. They were functioned as collocation in this study. The functions of clause

are mostly used centred on a verb. The valence of the verb decides how many clause elements

need to be present. Clauses can be main clauses or subordinate clauses and they can be finite or

non-finite . Usually, a finite clause contains at least a subject in addition to the verb. A main

clause can be a complete sentence, or clauses can combine to form complex or compound

sentences.The classified of clauses can be divided into 3 types as the follows:

1. Noun with Verb-ed

2. Noun with Verb-ed and Preposition

3. Noun with Preposition and Verb-ed

Each type of Collocation structures in Clauses was presented as follows:

1. Noun with Verb-ed as the following example:

-8the rest of the assistance requested may be pending execution.

2. Noun with Verb-ed and Preposition as the following examples:

- The case occurred on 8 (date) 8

- 8 and opening statements shall also be taken and evidence reviewed on8

3. Noun with Preposition and Verb-ed as the following example:

- 8 requesting assistance in investigating the case of attempted8

77

5.8 Discussion in Expression Phrases

The collocations in expression phrases were often found in the official letters, they

cannot classify into other categories of any word Fclasses were found 5 collocations out of 363

collocations at the average that is 1.38 %. They were functioned as collocation in this study. The

functioned of expression phrases are usually used to show the emotions very clearly, maybe a

little too clearly for one likes. It's that mixture of misery and self-pity without permission. The

functions of expression in the study mostly used in a polite sentence for correspondence between

the governments organizations. The classification of adjective phrases can be divided into 5 types

as the follows:

1. Expression with Verb

2. Expression with Verb and Preposition

3. Adjective with Expression

4. Expression with Preposition

5. Expression with Adverb and Adjective and Preposition

Each type of Collocation structures in Expression Phrases was presented as follows:

1. Expression with Verb as the following example:

- Pleased be kindly advised.

2. Expression with Verb and Preposition as the following example:

- Please do contacts us should you require any further clarification.

3. Adjective with Expression as the following example:

- We would like very much to express my sincere thanks%

4. Expression with Preposition as the following example:

- Thank you for consideration of accepting our accession.

5. Expression with Adverb and Adjective and Preposition as the following example:

- Thank you very much for your (kind) cooperation in this regard.

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the study of an analysis of English legal

collocations in the office of the attorney general of Thailand. The purpose of study aimed at

extracting collocations used in the official letters. The methodology is based on a hybrid

(linguistic structure and statistical) approach so as to identify the structure and classify the

categories of collocation phrases or a group of words are often used in official letters from the

Organization of Legal Discourse in the OAG, as well as to analyses the frequency of occurrence

of collocations. The study of structures and their occurrences of collocations will be beneficial

and easy to be used as the key sentences or structures for writing and developing legal

writing material for official letters from the OAG, In addition to, this study is to provide material

for those Public Prosecutors who need to develop a guidebook for writing official letters in many

applications.

6.1. Conclusions of the study

1. Identifications of the structure of collocations

2. Classification of the category of the collocations.

3. The frequency of occurrence of collocations

1. Identifications of the structure of collocations

The way how to identify the collocations from 53 official letters will be followed this

definition and regarded as the criteria for identifying all collocations. The data collected from the

79

53 official letters were found 363 collocations. The result form the identification of collocations

can be divided into various phrases. The data can be divided into eight tries, that is, collocations

in verb phrases, collocations in noun phrases, collocations in verb with noun phrases, collocations

in prepositions phrases, collocations in adjective phrases, collocations in adverb phrases,

collocations in clauses and collocations in expression phrases. The group of collocations with the

highest collocation is Noun Phrase (group three) and the lowest collocation is the collocations in

Clauses (Noun phrases with Verb phrases) because noun phrases have various functions in

sentences such as subject, subject complement, direct object, indirect object, or object

complement and so on.

2. Classification of the category of the collocations.

The study presented the collocations were following the category of the collocations and

give some examples of the structures and functions of collocations in sentences and presented the

numbers of each collocations of the official letters from the OAG that were found and the

averages as follows:

1) The numbers of collocations in verb phrases were found 48 collocations and the

averages is 13.22 %

2) The numbers of collocations in noun phrases were found 199 collocations and

the average is 54.82 %

3) The numbers of collocations in verb phrases with noun phrases were found 43

collocations and the average is 11.85 %

4) The numbers of collocations in prepositions phrases were found 47 collocations

and the average is 12.95 %

5) The numbers of collocations in adjective phrases were found 10 collocations


6) The numbers of collocations in adverb phrases were found 7 collocations and

the average is 1.93 %

7) The numbers of collocations in clauses (noun phrases with verb phrases) were

found 4 collocations and the average is 1.10 %

8) The numbers of collocations in expression phrases were found 5 collocations


80

3. The frequency of occurrence of collocations

The study presented the occurrences of collocations and most collocations in this study

were occurred only one or two times. And classification a number of frequencies into 3 groups

that is, group 1 the frequency was occurred for more than 10 times were found 25 collocations,

group 2 was occurred for more than 5 times were found 25 collocations and group 3 was occurred

for 1 time to 5 times be found 313 collocations. That mean the numbers of collocations that were

found from 53 official letters of the International Affairs Department of the OAG were 363

collocations. The occurrence showed that each letters likely to contain at least 7 collocations. In

the conclusion, collocations are very important for using English Language in many areas of

foreigners.

6.2. Recommendation for the OAG

This research might be used as a guideline for developing legal writing in the

International Affair Department of the OAG. Because the OAG is the legal organization of the

Thai government which has to have responsibility for examining contracts, handling extradition

cases, and also collaborating with other agencies to provide assistance in criminal matters to

foreign authorities by using official letters in English to correspondence with one another.

6.3. Recommendation for further study

Since, the study of English collocations in Thailand at the present time has so far studied

in a limited number in the field of linguistics and language studies. For those students who need

to study the English collocations used in specific purpose or in other offices may be advised to

study the following topics:

1) Teaching English for the syntactic-based collocation for the secondary school in

Thailand

2) The Linguistic analysis of English collocations in tourism

3) Thai students and Learning English Collocations.

4) An analysis of English collocation in business letters.

81

These topics may be beneficial for Thai students and other Thai peoples who need to

improve their English as a second language or English as foreign language in Thailand.

82

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ashby, M. (Ed.). (2000). Oxford Advanced Learner+s Dictionary. 6th ed. China. Oxford

University.

Bereiter, C. & Scardamalia, M. (1987). The pyschology of written composition. Hillsdeal, NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Bloch, B. and Trager, G. L., (1942) Outline of linguistic analysis. Baltimove,

Bloomfield, L. (1935) Language. London: Allen & Unwin. (American edition, New York: Holt,

Rinehart & Winston, 1933.)

Brinton, L.J. &Akimoto, M. (1999). Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite

Predicates in the History of English. (pp.283) University of British Columbia

Candlin, C.N., Bhatia,V.K. & Jensen, C.H. (2002). Developing legal writing materials for

English second language learners: problems and perspectives. (pp. 299-320). The American

University: Elsevier Science. Retrieved July 3, 2006, from

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/esp

Cowie, A.P., Mackin, R & Mccaig, I.R. (1983). Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English,

(Vols. 2). Oxford University.

Deutch, Y. (2003). Need analysis for academic legal English courses in Israel: a model of setting

priorities. (pp.125-146) The American University: Elsevier Science. Retrieved July 3, 2006,

from http://www.elsevier.com/locate/esp and http://www.sciencedirect.com

Dobson, K. (2006) A Bright Future. The Christian University of Thailand model for teaching

English at the Christian University of Thailand (pp.10,21) The Christian University of

Thailand.

Fan, M., & Xunfeng, X. (2002). An evaluation of an online bilingual corpus for the self-learning

of legal English. (pp. 47-63) The American University: Elsevier Science. Retrieved July 3,

2006, from http://www.elsevier.com/locate/esp

Feak, C.B., Reinhart, S.M. & Sinsheimer, A. (2000). A preliminary analysis of law review notes.

(pp.197-220) The American University: Elsevier Science. Retrieved July 3, 2006, from

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/esp

83

Fontenell, T. (1992). Collocation acquisition from a corpus or from a dictionary: a comparison.

Proceedings I-II Papers submitted to the 5th EURALEX International Congress on

Lexicography in Tampere. (pp. 221-228)

Fries, C.C. (1952) The Structure of English. An Introduction to the Construction of English

Sentences. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Goldman, J.P., Nerima, L. & Wehrli, E. (2001). Collocation extraction using a syntactic parser

in proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Collocations. (pp.61-66)

Morton, B. (1990). Collocations and general-purpose dictionaries. International Journal of

Lexicography. (pp.23-25)

Northcott, J. & Brown, G. (2005). Legal translator training: Partnership between teachers of

English for legal purposes and legal specialists. The American University: Elsevier Science.

Retrieved July 3, 2006, from http://www.elsevier.com/locate/esp

Omaggio Hadley, A. (1993). Teaching language in context. Boston: Heinle & Heinle

Sag, I.A., Baldwin, T., Bond, F., Copestake A. & Flickinger, D. (2002). Multiword expressions:

A pain in the neck for NLP. (pp.1-15)

Saussure, F. de (1916) Cours de linguistique general. Paris: Payot. (Critical edition by De Mauro,

1978. English translation: Course in General Linguistics. New York: McGraw, 1959 &

London: Peter Owen, 1660.)

Scovel, T. (2001). Learning new languages: Aguide to second language acquisition. Boston,

MA: Heinle & Heinle/Newbury House. Wikipedia (file://D:\legal writing-Wikipedia,

(pp.34) from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_writing)

Seretan, V., Nerima, L. & Wehrli, E. (2004). A tool for multi-word collocation extraction and

visualization in multilingual corpora. (pp.755-766)

Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford. Oxford University.

Venkatapathy, S. & Joshi, A. (2005). Measuring the relative compositionality of verb-noun (V-N)

collocations by integrating features. (pp. 899-906)

APPENDIX A

COLLOCATIONS IN VERB PHRASES

85

The list of collocations in verb phrases

1. accorded to Example, We are very much grateful for all the assistance accorded to us 2. agree with Example, I fully agree with Your Excellency 3. asked (us) to Example,% the letter dated%and asked us to confirm% 4. be alleged to Example,%, has been alleged to commit offences% 5. be assigned to Example,% the International Affairs Department, is assigned to be a coordinator in %. 6. be attached to Example, the copy of which is attached to this letter 7. be charged with Example, Mr. accomplices have been charged with the offences%. 8. be detained at Example, %red case no%.and was detained at% 9. be granted under Example, It will be granted under the principle of reciprocity. 10. be informed that Example, Please be informed that we transmitted 4 pages 11. be informed together with Example,%the outcome of which has not been informed together with% 12. be removed from Example,% the return of minor% alleged to be removed from %(Country)% 13. be punished with Example,%the public shall be punished with imprisonment% 14. be purchased for Example,% is not purchased for payment within the period of time 15. be sentenced to Example, Mr%.was sentenced to an imprisonment for a term of %years%

86

16. be served upon Example,%the above request to be served upon% 17. be transmitted through Example, We return the summons herewith to be transmitted through proper channel. 18. be transmitted to Example, Therefore, the request has now been transmitted to% 19. be used in Example,% in order to be used in the proceeding of% 20. confess to Example, If a person confess to murder 21. contact at Example,.. I could be contact at the above address 22. do not hesitate to Example, please do not hesitate to contact her at (Phone number). 23. expressly confirm Example,% your request did not expressly confirm% 24. feel free to Example, please feel free to let us know. 25. find out Example,% this case to find out who committed% 26. forwarded to Example, We have the above evidence forwarded to us. 27. hoping for Example, We, for the time being, are waiting and hoping for the success of% 28. kindly provide Example,... kindly provide us the %Law Officers website% 29. lapse on Example,%because the statute of limitation will lapse on% 30. let (..me/us..) know Example, Please let us know should you require further information.

87

31. look forward to Example, I look forward to receiving your further advice. 32. mentioned above Example, In our letter mentioned above 33. made (make) to Example, Reference is made to your letter dated%% 34. need to Example, Therefore, we need to know exactly% 35. never be forgotten Example,% we shared with you will never be forgotten. 36. not exceeding%.years Example,% imprisonment not exceeding %years 37. participated in Example, The above persons participated in dishonestly converting the money% 38. pleasure to Example, It is my great pleasure to inform you that your request% 39. refer to Example, Allow me to refer to your e-mail message 40. request for Example, %., have the honor to request for assistance in taking the testimony 41. sent%%to Example, %we have already made and sent such response to%.., 42. speedily execute Example, we have tried our best to speedily execute it by contacting Mr%.. 43. take %..as Example, I would very much appreciate if you take this case as a matter of priority. 44. take care of Example,%the public prosecutor assigned to take care of this matter,% 45. to assist in Example,%the (country) to assist in the service of legal document.

88

46. told%about Example, Your letter date %(Month Date, Year)% told us about% 47. undertake that Example, I also do undertake that if the% 48. would like to Example, We would like to inform you that since we received the request %

89

APPENDIX B

COLLOCATIONS IN NOUN PHRASES

90

The list of collocations in noun phrases (NP)

1. a copy of the complete file Example,%a copy of the complete file in the criminal case % 2. a matter of priority Example, I would very much appreciate if you take this case as a matter of priority. 3. a written order Example, The..(city)..of%had sent a written order to the% 4. able to ascertain Example, I may not be able to ascertain you which one. 5. account number Example,% the contradictory information on the account number� 6. account opening Example,% copy of documents relevant to document for account opening. 7. account owner signatures Example,% copy of documents relevant to account owner signatures. 8. agency of Example,% the request seeking assistance presented by the agency of the Royal Thai Government% 9. all related causes and circumstances Example,%the deceased was, including the place, time and all related causes and circumstances% 10. amicable resolution to Example, we succeeded in bringing about an amicable resolution to the issue for Mr. 11. amount of loan Example,% the...(city)..of%usable for changing and increasing the amount of loan in% 12. amount to Example,%the money of the%in the possession of her %.in the amount to%.bath% 13. an examination of inquest Example, The Criminal Court has conducted an examination of inquest,% 14. an imprisonment for a term of Example, Mr%.was sentenced to an imprisonment for a term of %years%

91

15. an opportunity to Example, May I thank you for giving us an opportunity to see you 16. any act of violence Example, Whoever commits theft by doing any act of violence or threatening to do any act. 17. any available information Example, Please provide any available information as follows:% 18. any extenuating circumstances Example,%the existence of any extenuating circumstances as provided% 19. any further clarification Example, Should you require any further clarification. 20. any further information needed Example, Should there be any further information needed 21. any further queries Example, If you have any further queries 22. any further questions Example, Should there be any further questions 23. any information Example, Should you need any information we can be of help 24. any matter Example, should you have any matter regarding the above subject 25. any query Example, Should you have any query 26. any question Example, Should you have any question 27. any suggestions Example, Should you have any suggestions in this matter 28. anything more Example, Should you have anything more we can be of help 29. apologies for Example,% and please accept my apologies for any %

92

30. appeal court Example, The appeal court will consider his appeal between% 31. approximate time frame Example,� we may not be able to provide you such approximate time frame% 32. assurances of Example, . Please accept assurances of my highest consideration. 33. bank statement of Example,% copy of documents relevant to bank statement of % 34. best wishes for Example,%and his best wishes for the successful of% 35. black case number Example,%, the case number (black case number and/or red case number) in order to% 36. board of directors Example, The%(company)<s% board of directors outlining the procedure for% 37. capital punishment Example,%to request Mr%for fear of the capital punishment% 38. case number Example,%, the case number (black case number and/or red case number) in order to% 39. cases pending hearing Example,%the request in the cases pending hearing in the Court and% 40. cause of death Example, The cause of death is% 41. Central Authority of Thailand Example, Please convey the enclosed correspondence of the Central Authority of Thailand% 42. Central Authority of the Kingdom of Thailand Example, the Central Authority of the Kingdom of Thailand, would like to request 43. charges against Example,%Coffee Shop filed charges against% 44. child abduction case Example,%to be used in determination of a child abduction case%.

93

45. committing the offence Example, %more facts showing the part Mr. played in committing the offence% 46. competent authority Example,% the copy of documents so provided be certified to be true and genuine by a competent authority. 47. complaint to Example,% the ..(city)..of% lodged a complaint to the inquiry official of the% 48. concern about Example,% . showing concern about the application on behalf of% 49. contact person Example, I, the contact person of the request for% 50. contradictory information Example,% the contradictory information on the account number 51. copies of the orders Example,%you kind us that%and the copies of the orders% 52. copy of documents Example,% copy of documents relevant to account owner signatures. 53. copy of motion Example,%a copy of motion for an examination of inquest% 54. court<s examination Example, The court"s examination of% 55. court<s proceeding Example,%the examination during the court"s proceeding. 56. court trial Example,%the court trial the possibility to proceed the criminal proceedings against% 57. credit card Example, there was someone using Mr.<s credit card. 58. criminal charge(s) Example,%, Mrs. accomplices and filed information (criminal charge) against% 59. Criminal Court Example, %with the Criminal Court, black case No.

94

60. criminal investigation of Example,% the institution of criminal proceedings in relation to the criminal investigation of% 61. criminal law Example,% asked us to provide information regarding our Criminal Law and% 62. criminal proceedings Example,%and to support the institution of criminal proceedings%. 63. current account Example,%the said loans in the total amount of % to the current account of% 64. death sentence Example,% the prosecution ask for the death sentence or% 65. defendant<s answers Example,%the defendant"s answers are to be filed and opening statement 66. deposit account Example,% copy of documents relevant to deposit account% 67. designation of the court Example,% details of the case, such as the designation of the court,% 68. details of the case Example, Other details of the case are contained in the attached Appendix. 69. dishonestly converting money Example, The above persons participated in dishonestly converting the money of the (Bank) 70. duly authorized authority Example,%, a duly authorized authority under the laws % 71. electronic%.copy Example, We have never transmitted the electronic unsigned copy. 72. enclosed correspondence of Example, Please convey the enclosed correspondence of the Central Authority of Thailand to (the other) 73. essential features of Example, As regards our international legislation on the essential features of% 74. evidence in criminal case against Example,%the United Kingdom to be used as an evidence in criminal case against%

95

75. examination of related document Example,% the examination of related document and information it revealed% 76. examination of inquest Example, The Criminal Court has conducted an examination of inquest 77. examination of (the) request Example,�the (Criminal) Court to proceed with the examination of inquest,% 78. execution of request Example, I would like to request that the execution of this request be done as soon as possible 79. expected timeframe Example,% the expected timeframe for our pending -draft-implementing legislation % 80. extension order Example,%, the Court<s extension order and the% letter transmitting% 81. extradition treaty Example,%the absence of an extradition treaty between % 82. family law Example, %our international legislation on the essential features of our family law%. 83. final judgment Example,%there be a final judgment of a foreign court% 84. first instance court of Example,%and the first instance court of%(country)% had made an order% 85. foreign court Example,%there be a final judgment of a foreign court% 86. forfeiting the property Example,%there be a final judgment of a foreign court forfeiting the property% 87. forfeiture judgment Example,% the issue of a forfeiture judgment. 88. from death to a lesser sentence Example,%from death to a lesser sentence, such as% 89. further action Example,% the result at your earliest convenience for our considering further action.

96

90. further information Example,%and evidence in order to gain further information in connection with% 91. government agencies Example,%by taking advantage of government agencies in% 92. gravity of crime Example,% it not in proportion with the gravity of crime,% 93. highest consideration Example, Accept, Sir, the renewed assurances of my highest consideration. 94. I, the undersigned Example, I, the undersigned (name and position)%% 95. implementation of the Convention Example, %the essential features of our family law relevant to the%and on the implementation of the Convention�

96. imprisonment for life Example,%, the offender shall be punished with%, or imprisonment for life. 97. information in the appendices Example,%, please hold the information in the appendices% 98. injured person Example,% the ..(city)..of% as the injured person, by% 99. inquiry official Example,% the ..(city)..of% lodged a complaint to the inquiry official of the% 100. international cooperation Example,%for your kind endeavor to render us international cooperation% 101. international legislation Example, %our international legislation on the essential features of our family law%. 102. jurisdiction over Example, The Criminal Court, which has jurisdiction over the case,% 103. juristic person Example,%the operation of the juristic person on such% 104. kind assistance Example, We are very much appreciate your kind assistance%

97

105. law to implement Example,%the process of drafting the law to implement% 106. legal assistance Example,% which we are asked to make a request for a legal assistance. 107. lesser sentence Example,% the prosecution ask for the%or for a lesser sentence? 108. letter of request Example, Reference is made to%. concerning the letter of request from% 109. life imprisonment Example,%, from death to a lesser sentence, such as life imprisonment. 110. lodging an appeal Example,%, it is the duty of the prosecution to consider lodging an appeal. 111. making direction contact with Example,% by his making direct contact with her via% 112. making the request to Example, The delay in making the request to%

113. managing partner Example,%, it shall be deemed that managing partner,% 114. modus operandi Example,%; the modus operandi is well-planned and% 115. money transfer on Example, it was found that there was a money transfer on %(Date)% 116. money transfer slips Example, Money transfer slips dated after that money was transferred% 117. more details of the case Example,% we ask for more details of the case, such as% 118. movement of the monies Example, We have no information as to the movement of the monies. 119. mutual legal assistance Example, In respect of mutual legal assistance, since the conclusion of%

98

120. needing urgent assistance Example,� should you have any matter regarding the above subject needing urgent assistance 121. offences of misappropriation Example,%the offences of misappropriation or%are fraud% 122. Office of the Attorney General Example, Visit of the %(Country)% Office of the Attorney General 123. official engagement in Example,% he has an important official engagement in % 124. opening statements Example,%and opening statements shall also be taken% 125. oral evidence Example, Example,%, the Court may allow the production of a copy or oral evidence. 126. original document Example, Only original documents shall be admissible% 127. original request Example, I would like to inform you that the original request% 128. our endeavour to Example, Pursuant to our letter dated %informing our endeavour to secure the % 129. parental power Example,%Mr. shall exercise the parental power over the three children. 130. parental responsibility Example,% the father had commenced exercising the sole parental responsibility,% 131. passing entry card Example, They used the passing entry card No%. 132. Penal Court Example, The relevant legislation is the provisions of the Penal Court of Thailand 133. pending execution Example, the rest of the assistance requested may be pending execution. 134. pending hearing Example,%the case is pending hearing in the %Court.

99

135. pending the appeal proceeding in Example,% her extradition is pending the appeal proceeding in% 136. pending trial Example,%or defrauded in the aforementioned cases%, pending trial in the Thai<s Court,% 137. possibility for Example, In respect of the possibility for% 138. preliminary investigation Example, Based on the preliminary investigation, the% 139. principle of reciprocity Example,%, it will be granted under the principle of reciprocity. 140. procurement fraud offence Example,%the criminal investigation against%for the procurement fraud offence. 141. production of a copy Example,%, the Court may allow the production of a copy% 142. prosecution order against Example,%, the OAG have already issued the prosecution order against Mrs. 143. Public Prosecutor Example, Public Prosecutor of the International Affair Department 144. pursuant to our letter Example, Pursuant to our letter dated % 145. pursuant to the Act Example, The Kingdom of Thailand pursuant to the Act on Mutual Assistance% 146. rate of exchange Example,% the fixing of rate of exchange , in this % 147. reasons supporting the seriousness Example, Reasons supporting the seriousness or the complexity of the% 148. red case number Example,%, the case number (black case number and/or red case number) in order to% 149. regarding the death Example,% all related causes and circumstances regarding the death.

100

150. related causes Example,% all related causes and circumstances regarding the death. 151. request for assistance Example, Request for assistance in taking the testimony of Mr. %% 152. requesting assistance in investigating Example, With reference to your letter No%. requesting assistance in investigating% 153. requesting for legal assistance Example,% requesting for legal assistance in the case of% 154. respiratory and blood circulation failure Example, The cause of death is the respiratory and blood circulation failure% 155. response to Example, we have already made and sent such response to% 156. responsible person Example, I will try to contact the responsible person at% 157. result of (the) assistance Example, The result of the assistance will be% 158. right of custody Example,% information regarding the right of custody as stipulated in% 159. Royal Thai Police Example, the Commissioner General of the Royal Thai Police,% 160. rule of loan Example,% the...(city)% of (Country)<s rule of loan approval processing% 161. section of law Example, The prosecution merely refer to section of law% 162. seminar on Example,%the arrival in (city) on (date) for addressing the seminar on...(Topic)% 163. serious economic crime Example,%, has been alleged to commit offences involving serious economic crime or% 164. service of legal document Example,%the (country) to assist in the service of legal document.

101

165. sexual intercourse with Example, Whoever has sexual intercourse with a woman 166. signed original request Example,%we transmitted %pages of the signed original request�

167. Special Commission Example, %the Special Commission to review the operation of the% 168. special investigators Example,% the case is currently under investigation of the special investigators. 169. standard questionnaire Example, we already made a response to the standard questionnaire% 170. submission of bids Example,% we agree to collaborate in the submission of bids% 171. supplementing documents Example,%and the supplementing documents attached% 172. supporting documents Example,% supporting documents will be sent later via% 173. taking %% action Example, please notify us such conversion in order to taking further appropriate action. 174. taking advantage of Example, Whoever has sexual intercourse with a woman, who is not wife, by taking advantage of the women% 175. taking statements of Example,%to assist the Government of Thailand in taking statements of witnesses% 176. the above request to Example,%informing the transmission of the above request to 177. the above subject Example, should you have any matter regarding the above subject% 178. the beneficiary owner<s account Example,%the beneficiary owner"s account at the time of% 179. The cause of death Example, The cause of death is the respiratory and blood circulation failure

102

180. the certified copy Example, Enclosed herewith please find the certified copy of the complete investigation 181. the court (still) sentences Example,%, is the court bound by%, or can the court still sentences�

182. The details of facts Example, The details of facts and assistance requested as well as% 183. the Kingdom of Thailand Example, The Kingdom of Thailand will always be ready 184. the matter of our mutual concerns Example, May I thank you for%and discuss with you the matter of our mutual concerns. 185. the offences charged Example, In respect to paragraph%the offences charged is%

186. the order of the Court Example,% the said attachment were also granted by the order of the Court. 187. the period of time Example,% is not purchased for payment within the period of time,�

188. the principle of reciprocity Example, It will be granted under the principle of reciprocity. 189. the Royal Thai Government Example, the agency of the Royal Thai Government% 190. the said request to Example, he had assigned the duty in responding to any letter in respect of the said request to me. 191. the statement of facts Example,%the deposit accounts listed in the statement of facts,�

192. the voluntary return of Example, we will try to do our best to secure the voluntary return of the child 193. third persons Example,%the money of the%in the possession of her %.in the amount to%.bath% for themselves or third persons. 194. time period Example,% if the arrangements could not be made between the above time period,%

103

195. treaty between our two countries Example,%since the conclusion of the treaty between our two countries,% 196. true copies of Example,%their return the true copies of witnesses< statements�

197. United Kingdom Example,%the United Kingdom to be used as an evidence in criminal case against% 198. user name Example,%the person who claimed using the user name% 199. witnesses< statements Example,%their return the true copies of witnesses" statements�

104

APPENDIX C

COLLOCATIONS IN VERB PHRASES WITH NOUN PHRASES

105

The list of collocations in verb phrases and noun phrases (VP+NP)

1. adjudicated the case Example,%the court which adjudicated the case% 2. ask for your favor Example,%, we would like to ask for your favor in seeking information% 3. assigned the duty Example,%, he had assigned the duty in responding to any letter% 4. avail myself of this opportunity Example, I also would like to avail myself of this opportunity% 5. be certified copy Example,% the copy of documents so provided be certified copy% 6.be kept confidential as the case Example,% this request be done as soon as possible and be kept confidential as the case is% 7. be of help Example Should you have anything I can be of help 8. causing damages to Example,%other person dishonestly causing damages to the% 9. certified to be true Example,% the copy of documents so provided be certified to be true% 10. committed (the) offences Example,% Mrs., having committed the offences, she absconded to% 11. commits murder on Example, Whoever commits murder on the other person 12. contact (her/his) by phone at Example, please contact her by phone at% 13. conducted an examination to Example, The Criminal Court has conducted an examination to% 14. expressing concern about Example, Pursuant to your letter dated...... expressing concern about%.. 15. fine not exceeding %%.baht Example,%or fine not exceeding ��.baht

106

16. fixed the date for Example, Court has fixed the date for%. 17. forfeited in lieu of Example,%, his property shall be forfeited in lieu of the fine. 18. have the honor to Example, I have the honor to inform you that% 19. hesitate to contact Example,% please do not hesitate to contact me. 20. interviewing persons Example, Reference is made to your letter%%%.., seeking the assistance interviewing persons,%and records to be used as evidence %. 21. issued an order to Example, The Court has issued an order to accept% 22. kept in custody Example,%,died while being kept in custody by the official% 23. made an agreement Example, Both made an agreement in writing 24. made in writing Example, Both made an agreement in writing that Mr. shall exercise the parental power%.. 25. make a request for Example, we are asked to make a request for% 26. record statement Example, Please interview and record statement of persons% 27. registered (his/her) divorce Example, %Mr%.went to Thailand and registered his divorce by mutual consent%% 28. regret to inform you that Example, We regret to inform you that we are not%. 29. render assistance to Example,%and is already and willing to render assistance to%(country)% 30. reply to your letter Example, I, by the instruction of%to reply to your letter,%

107

31. request (the) assistance Example,%, have the honor to request the assistance from% 32. requesting the check of Example,% requesting the check of whether our signed% 33. return the summons herewith Example, We return the summons herewith to be transmitted through proper channel. 34. seeking assistance Example, To receive the request seeking assistance% 35. sentenced to imprisonment Example,%who was sentenced to imprisonment on a charge of% 36. settle the issues Example, Mr. %will come to Thailand to settle the issues 37. take (additional) statements of Example,%the (country) to take additional statements of% 38. taken proper care of Example,% he had taken proper care of the child% 39. to assist in the service of Example,%the (country) to assist in the service of legal document. 40. to be transmitted through proper channel Example, We return the summons herewith to be transmitted through proper channel. 41. to express the gratitude Example, Allow me to express the gratitude to the Government 42. tried (try) %..best Example, We have tried our best to speedily execute it 43. tried the case Example,%the court which tried the case%

108

APPENDIX D

COLLOCATIONS IN PREPOSITION PHRASES

109

The list of collocations in Preposition Phrases

1. according to Example,%, according to the law, from death to a%. 2. at the above address Example,% the matters relating the%, at the above address. 3. at the first instance Example, %we are told, will be related to us at the first instance. 4. at the time of Example,%the beneficiary owner<s account at the time of the transfer,% 5. as earliest as possible Example,%this request be done as earliest as possible. 6. as stated in our request Example, What we know is from the%as stated in our request. 7. by contacting them via Example,% his visitation right by contacting them via the e-mail% 8. by mutual consent with Example, %Mr. went to Thailand and registered his divorce by mutual consent with Mr. 9. for all the kind assistance Example, Thank you very much indeed for all the kind assistance 10. for an examination of inquest Example,%a copy of motion for an examination of inquest% 11. for fear of (something) Example,%to request Mr%for fear of the capital punishment% 12. for the kind cooperation Example, We very much appreciate for the kind cooperation% 13. for the return of Example,% its inability to process a particular application for the return of a child 14. for the time being Example, We, for the time being, are waiting and hoping for% 15. for urgent execution Example,% the request has been granted and transmitted to the%Police for urgent execution.

110

16. in all matters of mutual concerned Example,%his gratitude to%for kind assistance and cooperation in all matters of mutual concerned% 17. in charge of Example,%who was in charge of taking care of% 18. in civil matters Example, We are not authorized to render assistance in civil matters. 19. in connection with Example,%and evidence in order to gain further information in connection with% 20. in criminal matters Example,%Central Authority for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters of% 21. in order to Example, please notify us such conversion in order to % 22. in proportion with Example,% it not in proportion with the gravity of crime 23. in reference to Example, In reference to our letter dated%. 24. in relation to Example,% the institution of criminal proceedings in relation to the criminal investigation% 25. in respect of Example, he had assigned the duty in responding to any letter in respect of the said request to me. 26. in responding to Example, he had assigned the duty in responding to any letter 27. in seeking information Example,%, we would like to ask for your favor in seeking information% 28. in service of legal document Example,%to assist the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand in service of legal document. 29. in taking further action Example, It will be very much helpful for us in taking further action. 30. in taking the testimony of Example, Request for assistance in taking the testimony of Mr. %%

111

31. in the amount of Example,%,account No%. at the % in the amount of %.. 32. in the criminal case Example,%a copy of the complete file in the criminal case % 33. in the possession of Example,% dishonestly converting the money%of%in the possession of the person%. 34. in the process of drafting Example,%the Government of% is still in the process of drafting the law% 35. in this regard. Example, Thank you very much for your (kind) cooperation in this regard. 36. in this special occasion Example,%and may not be able to receive (person) in this special occasion. 37. on behalf of Example, the issues respecting the application on behalf of Mr% 38. on a charge of Example, %,who was sentenced to imprisonment on a charge of�

39. on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Example, E%the treaty between (the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the other Government) on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters.F 40. on mutual legal concerns Example,% the good relation between us on mutual legal concerns�

41. on the basis of Example, the Kingdom of Thailand will always be ready, on the basis of reciprocity% 42. on this matter. Example, We would like to be informed of your opinion on this matter. 43. to/in bring about Example, Pursuant to our letter dated % to bring about an amicable 44. under investigation Example,% the case is currently under investigation% 45. under the laws Example,%, a duly authorized authority under the laws of Thailand,%

112

46. Under the Thai Criminal Procedure Code Example, Under the Thai Criminal Procedure Code, the relative of% 47. With reference to Example, With reference to your letter of%deated%

113

APPENDIX E

COLLOCATIONS IN OTHER PHRASES

114

The list of Collocation in Adjective Phrases 1. afraid that Example, We are afraid that we may not be able to provide you 2. be ensured of Example, Please be ensured of our full cooperation. 3. be liable to Example,%and shall be liable to punishment provided% 4. be pleased to Example, We are very pleased to inform you that we have already made % 5. be related to Example, %we are told, will be related to us at the first instance. 6. most grateful for Example, I shall be most grateful for your assistance and% 7. quite hard to Example, it is quite hard to guess 8. relevant to Example,% copy of documents relevant to account owner signatures. 9. very grateful for Example, I am very grateful for your informing us of the above% 10. very much helpful for Example, It will be very much helpful for us The list of Collocation in adverb phrases

1. as regards Example, As regards our international legislation on the essential features% 2. as soon as possible Example,% if you could provide us the above assistance as soon as possible� 3. as well as Example, The details of fact and assistance requested as well as 4. into force Example,%, the Convention has not yet entered into force between%

115

5. more or less Example, We hope what we have done so far may, more or less, alleviate your concern. 6. once again Example, Thank you once again for your kind cooperation% 7. so far Example, We think what we have done so far is in accord% The list of Collocations in Clause (NP+VP)

1. assistance requested Example, the rest of the assistance requested may be pending execution. 2. case of attempted Example, %requesting assistance in investigating the case of attempted% 3. case occurred on Example, The case occurred on % (date) % 4. evidence reviewed on Example,%and opening statements shall also be taken and evidence reviewed on% The list of Collocation in Expression phrases

1. pleased be (kindly) advised Example, Pleased be (kindly) advised. 2. Please do contact us Example, Please do contacts us should you require any further clarification. 3. sincere thanks Example, We would like very much to express my sincere thanks� 4. Thank you for Example, Thank you for consideration of accepting our accession. 5. Thank you very much for Example, Thank you very much for your (kind) cooperation in this regard.

116

APPENDIX F

PERMISSION LETTER

117

GHIJKLMIJNKOLIPQRSTIUVWXMJQPYZ[ \UW]S^ 4 _JJ`JaIbPc dHIeUbPcYZ[\fRSOg NHI\hN\[iNM fKM`XKRJQPYZ[ 9 [LPIQ[ 2550 \Pi^NM WNQKR_jIO\NLGIPLIPdkRdjNPc`XjIMGHIJKLMIJNKOLIPLKe`JjXOMIJlJdjIMYPc\]T \PSOJ NmkeRSNKOLIPnoIOdjIMYPc\]T

RaXO WaIb\faIJIMGIXGIXkdPS GK[p]mkqGrWstQ PNMNKOLIPfKM`XKRGHIJKLMIJNKOLIPQRSTIU VWXMJQPYZ[ uv^MWwcJSxLHIUKMTvLyIÙKLGzdPTkUYTIGdPg[ÌeKw{kd (MA ESL) tKxJY|]S^ 2 WNM [ÌXk]OIUKOQPkG\dSOJJQPYZ[ [SQXI[YPcGMQg]S^fcQKR_jIO\NLGIPLIPdkRdjNPc`XjIMGHIJKLMIJNKOLIP GzMGrRLKe`JjXOMIJlJdjIMYPc\]T \bi^NfcfKR]HI\Y}JXk]OIJkbJmglJ`KXWaN Structural Organization of legal Discourses uv^MdaNMlta\NLGIPWNMGHIJKLMIJdjIMYPc\]T GHIJKLMIJNKOLIPGzMGrR \Y}JVÙjMNaIMNkM GHI`PKeJHI[IXk\QPIc`glJ\tkMXktILIP sROfcYLY~RWaN[zUGjXJdKXWNMerQQU]S^YPIL�lJ\NLGIP PX[]KxMXKJ\RiNJY| VUcG_IJ]S^\LkR\̀ dr \bi^N[klà\LkR�ULPc]e VUc\LkRQXI[\GSOÌOVLjPItLIP RKMJKxJ fvMWNQXI[NJr\QPIc`gfIL]jIJ\bi^NNJr�IdlàWaIb\faI�RaQKR_jIO\NLGIP\bi^N YPcsOtJglJLIP]HIXk]OIJkbJmgdjN�Y sROGI[IP_dkRdjNWaIb\faI�Ra]S^GHIJKLMIJNKOLIPQRSTIUVWXM JQPYZ[ ̀ [IO\UWs]PTKb]g 089 1355861 �RadUNR\XUI ]KxMJSx`XKMXjIfc�RaPKeQXI[NJr\QPIc`gfIL]jIJ \Y}JNOjIMRS VUcWNLPIeWNebPcQrw[I w sNLIGJSxRaXO

WNVGRMQXI[JKe_iN

(JIMGIXGIXkdPS GK[p]mkqGrWstQ) PNMNKOLIPfKM`XKRGHIJKLMIJQRSTIUVWXMJQPYZ[

118

APPENDIX G

INSTRUMENT FOR COLLECTED COLLOCATIONS

119

INSTRUMENT FOR COLLECTED COLLOCATIONS

Collocations VP NP VP+NP Prep.P Adj.P. Adv.P. Clause Expression Frequency

asked to make to Public Poscutor in order to be liable to contact at to bring about let%know be ensured of case number sincere thanks

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

12

13

25

19

11

6

8

8

8

6

3

120

CIRRICULUM VITATE

NAME : Miss Sawitree Sumlitsukchok

DATE OF BIRTH : July 23, 1975

PLACE OF BIRTH : NakhonPathom, Thailand INSTITUTIONS ATTENDED :

1994-1997 Bachelor of Law Ramkhamhaeng University 1998 Barrister-at-Law (Thai Bar) 1998 Lawyers Council (Law Association) 2003-2004 English for lawyer (Certificate) Sukhothai Thammathirat Institute of Foreign Affairs Ministry of

Foreign Affair Intensive Language Course (ILC)

POSITION HELD & OFFICE : Office of the Attorney General of Thailand Position: Deputy Provincial Public Prosecutor

an analysis of english legal collocations of the...

Documents