an alternative wastewater treatment system for …

AN ALTERNATIVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

FOR

EXISTING TEMPORARY UNIMAS CAMPUS

FRANKIE JUNGAN

Tesis Dikemukakan Kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat Penganugerahan Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan

Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Awam) 2000

Tesis (Ijazah Pertama)

T esis Dikemukakan Kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat Penganugerahan Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Awam) 2000

ACKN()WLEDGEMENT

IN THE NAME OF LORD JESUS CHRIST OUR SAVIOUR MOST MERCIFUL MOST GRACIOUS

The author wishes to thanks Dr Law Puong Ling for his assistance and

supervision of this project Mr Christopher Adrian Managing Director of TCS

Consultant and Tuan Haji Abdul Rashid bin Mahmood Director Department of

Development and Estate Management for their information regarding of cost estimation

Thanks are also extended to my family and friends for their encouragement and support

toward the end of this project To dearest Cecilia Jidah Gura thank you for your support

And also not forgot thank you also extended to my housemate Ronnie the Prince Nassim

Colline John anak Apai Jues the Lundu Langkau Sifu Harry anak Umpau and Fred

taiPailaq

I

CONTENTS

)llt~()~~~J)lti~~~1rbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull i lt()~1r~~1r~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull ii I~J)~X 1r() FIltiURES iv I~J)~X 1r() 1r)lB~~S bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull v )l1l51r~lt1rbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull vi

ltHAP1r~R 1- IN1rR()J)Ult1rI()~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 1 1 1 Background of study 1 12 Ojectives of study 4 13 Scope of Study 4 14 Water Quality Parameters 5

ltHAP1r~R 2 - ~I1r~~1rURE REVI~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 6 21 Defmition ofWastewater 6 22 Defmition ofActivated Sludge Process 7 23 Wastewater Treatment Objectives 7 24 Current Status of Wastewater Treatment in UNIMAS 7 25 Disadvantages of Stabilization Pond 8

251 Effect of Eutrophication 9 26 Water Quality Ectnament 10 27 Water Pollution 10 28 Size of Wastewater Treatment Plants 11 29 Types ofPackage Plants 11 210 Extended Aeration Package Plants 12

ltH1P1r~R 3 - M~1rH()J)()~()ltiybullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 13 31 Laboratory Experiments 13 32 Wastewater Flow 13 33 Introduction to CAPDET 13

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34 Defmitions 14 35 Program Organization 16 36 The Small Unit Treatment Process 18 37 System with Package Treatment Plants (Pre-Engineered) 19 38 Process Flow Diagram 19

ii

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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 21 41 Result 21

411 Input Data 21 412 Output Data 24

CHAPTER 5 - DISCUSSION 37 51 Design Summary 37

511 Preliminary Unit Process 37 5111 Bar Screen 37

512 Secondary Unit Process 40 513 Chemical Unit Process 41 514 Sludge Disposal 42

52 Cost Summary 43

CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION bull 44 61 Conclusion 44 62 Recommendation 45

IJIlJ~I()(~J-IIlbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 8

APPENDIX A - CHA~CTERISTICS OF UNIMAS WASTEWATER bullbullbullbull 50

APPENDIX B - PHYSICAL QUALITY OF WASTEWATER bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 52

APPENDIX C - CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WASTEWATER bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 53

APPENDIX D - GENE~L VIEW OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESS IN

AE~TION (ACTIVATED SLUDGE) TREATMENT bullbull 55

APPENDIX E - UNIMAS OXIDATION PONDS bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 0000 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 0 560 bullbullbull

APPENDIX F - TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF AN EXTENDED AE~TION

PACKAGE PLANTS 57

APP~NI)IX G 5~

iii

I

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INDEX OF FIGURES Figure Page

Figure 11 Sewer Layout by Gravity flow method 3

Figure 21 The aquatic food chain unbalanced by eutrophication compared with normal succession 9

Figure 51 Mechanical Cleaned Bar Screen type chain operated 38

I

INDEX OF TABLES

Table 11 Computation table for total design flow 2

Table 51 Summary of Cost 43

I

-------~--

ABSTRACT

This dissertation describes the design of an alternative wastewater treatment system by

Activated Sludge Process and subsequently recommends the suitable treatment schemes

which will minimize the overall impact on the environment and by the same token

minimize the cost of the selected solution

The existing campus main sources of wastewater are generated from

i)

ii)

iii)

Commercial such as food court and cafeteria

Institutional such as administrative offices and student dormitories and

Residential such as staff and lecturer quarters

The current method to treat the wastewater generated by UNIMAS is by

Oxidation pond which is ineffective and insufficient to meet the current wastewater

quality In this thesis the study is to propose a new wastewater treatment plant that is

Activated sludge process in replacement of oxidation ponds In this thesis small

wastewater treatment plants will be built and the plants will employ Extended Aeration

Activated sludge Process to treat the wastewater more effectively as compare to oxidation

ponds The design study will be aided by environmental engineering software CAPDET

(Computer Assisted Procedure for the Design and Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment

System) which is capable of estimating the cost of construction and the size of

wastewater treatment plants

vi

ABSTRAK

Tesis iill memperihalkan kajian rekabentuk sistem rawatan air kumbahan pilihan iaitu

Activated Sludge Process serta mencadangkan skim ataupun aliran rawatan yang

sesuai dimana ianya mampu mengurangkan impak ke atas alam persekitaran serta

meminima kos bagi pilihan penyelesaian tersebut

Punca air kumbahan yang dijanakan oleh kampus UNIMAS sementara iill adalah datang

daripada

a) Komersial seperti medan makan serta kafeteria

b) Institusi seperti pejabat pentadbiran dan asrama pelajar serta

c) Kediaman seperti kuaters pensyarah dan staf UNIMAS

Sistem yang sedia ada untuk merawat air kumbahan yang dijanakan oleh UNIMAS

adalah sistem kolam pengoksidaan Sistem iill didapati tidak lagi berkesan serta tidak

lagi bersesuaian dengan kualiti air kumbahan pada masa kini Oleh yang demikian di

dalam tesis ini kajian yang dijalankan adalah untuk mencadangkan pembinaan loji

rawatan air kumbahan yang bam dimana ianya mengaplikasikan sistem Activated

Sludge Process bagi menggantikan sistem kolam pengoksidaan Hasil daripada kajian

ini sebuah loji rawatan air kumbahan kecil akan dibina dan ianya menggunakan kaedah

Extended Aeration Activated Sludge Process bagi merawat air kumbahan dengan lebih gt

cekap dan berkesan Rekabentuk kajian iill akan menggunakan peri sian komputer iaitu

CAPDET ( Computer Assisted Procedure for the Design and Evaluation of Wastewater

Treatment) dimana perisian ini mampu untuk mengganggar kos pembinaan serta dapat

menentukan saiz loji rawatan air kumbahan

vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTERl I N 1~R0 I) lJCl~ I ()N

Almost every country in the world is facing environmental crisis The use of

natural resources without limit development and technology policy which given more

priority to the profit making the weak of environmental law regarding pollution control

and non-strictly government body in generate law which already establish are the factor

contributing to this disaster Pollution can be defined as any direct or non-direct changes

to physical chemical and biological properties of environmental which hazardous the

health and the safety of living things

Nowadays among the problems which keep arise in discussion everywhere are

water pollution because water is one of important elements to human beings and other

ecosystem and about 70 of earth area are covered by water [Ayop Muhamad Amin

(1995)] Water pollution can be at the sea river lakes and also UNIMAS ponds which

already identified been polluted as in Appendix E

11 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The study evaluates the wastewater generated by the UNlMAS staff and students

UNrMAS has a population of about 3000 peoples and generates approximately 025

Million gallon of wastewater per day as illustrated in Table IIA proposed wastewater

collection system using Gravity Flow Method is shown in figure 11 [Khairuddin Long

(1999)] This study propose an alternative wastewater treatment system in replacement


the current wastewater treatment process by Oxidation Ponds deemed as insufficient to

meet the current wastewater quality The research is to study and introduce other

alternative of wastewater treatment process The proposed wastewater treatment system

is an Activated Sludge Process The planning and design of new wastewater treatment

system will be aided with computer software CAPDET

col 1 col 2 col 3 col 4 coIS col 6 col 7 col 8 cola 00110 col11 col 12 col 13 INSTITUTIONAL COMMERCIAL

Line toca~Pn Sub-area Area Avg Flow Com Ava I Pkina ComPetk Ava Flow ComAvafIPeak FIG Com From 10 hi m11d m~1d Factor m31d mild FmJd

l M1 M2 A~ 13 ~F 6381 4 25524r-7 M2 M3 ~ 154 _ 11511 J~ 48044 r---shy 3 U3 M4 A3 07 2191 13702 4 ~08f------I--- -MS ~

06 -ltC --shy shy4 M4 AoI

-~

135 15052 4 60200 j

I ~-i -shyr---- MS ---= ~-~t 112325 Mil AS laquo 1 2808 JMl ~-

6 M6 I Mmiddot(-rAs-r-O08 2258 2258 18 4(]$4 7 M7 M8 P7 06 11442 137 lSI 2468 - -

a MS M9 AS 5 392 5708 -4 __J~824 10 bullbull110 M11 M

~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544

Table 1IComputation table for total design flow [Khairuddin b Long 1999]

2

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CAPDET is a wastewater software technology and is stand for Computer Assisted

Procedure for Design and Evaluation oWastewater Treatment System The development

of the CAPDET program is prepared by us Anny Engineering Waterways Experiment

Station Vicksburg Mississippi and it is prepared for Environmental Protection Agency

Washington DC by Dr Marion W Corey and James W Epps both from Mississippi

State University

To proposed new wastewater treatment plant

N

Commercial 1ll=-4Wgt

4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne

Figure 11 Sewer Layout by Gravity flow method [Khairuddin b Long 1999]

3


The software will provide guidance for the selection of wastewater treatment

processes and systems and criteria for the design of wastewater treatment facilities The

CAPDET will evaluate the possible train which match the desired effiuent and it will

estimate the total cost to construct the new wastewater treatment plant

12 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objectives of this study are

a) to proposed and to design new wastewater treatment system that is Activated

Sludge Process

b) to choose the best treatment scheme which will give the most desired effiuent and

cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of this study focuses on an alternative wastewater treatment systems

for the current wastewater treatment system that is Oxidation Pond which is the current

method in treating wastewater in temporary UNIMAS campus The study evaluates the

cost-effectiveness of the better wastewater treatment system that is Activated Sludge

Process In this study the design of activated sludge process employs the assistance of

environmental engineering software CAPDET as main tool in design The design study

is based on the information especially the amount and characteristics of wastewater

generated [Khairuddin b Long 1999] in addition to laboratory analysis for physical

chemical and biological characteristics wastewater

4


14 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

Water quality parameters relating to the discharges are dissolved oxygen (DO)

suspended solids bacteria nutrients pH and toxic chemicals including volatile organic

acidlbase neutrals metals and pesticides

Dissolved oxygen is very important to aquatic life because detrimental effects can

occur when DO levels drop below 4 to mgIL depending on the species Suspended solids

affect water column turbidity and ultimately settle to the bottom leading to possible

benthic enrichment toxicity and sediment oxygen demand Coliform bacteria are used

as an indicator of other pathogenic organisms of fecal origin and such provide a measure

of the safety of the water for recreational and other uses Nutrients can lead to

euthrophication and DO depletion The acidity of waters measured by pits pH affects

the chemical and ecological balance of ambient waters Toxic chemicals include a range

of compounds that at different concentrations have detrimental effects on aquatic life

and characterized as acute if they occur after a short exposure (on the order of a few

hours) to the toxic constituent or as chronic if effects require a longer term exposure

5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2 LITERAllTRE RElIEW

Selection of a suitable treatment process depends on the nature of the wastewater

and the quality of the effiuent desired according to Paul N CheremisinojJ (1994)

Hazardous components of the wastewater may be either separated or converted to nonshy

hazardous form in order to permit the disposal for the wastewater effiuent Conversion

process can be done in one step or several in series The ultimate goal of wastewater

treatment is the protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with the public

health economic social and political concern according to Metcalf and Eddy Inc

(1991)

21 DEFINITION OF WASTEWATER

Both individual and industry produced liquid and solid wastes The liquid waste

or wastewater is the water supply that has been used Metcalf and Eddy Inc (1991)

found that from standpoint of sources of generation wastewater may be defines as a

combination of the liquid-or water-carried wastes removed from the residences

institutions and commercial and industrial establishments together with such

groundwater surface water and storm water as may be present It typically constitutes a

combination of flows from the kitchen bathroom laundry toilet laboratories food court

and restaurant Commercial and institutional contributes a domestic wastewater

component to sewer system resulting from human sanitary activity

6

bull


22 DEFINITION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

Jerry J Ganczarczyk (983) stated that the activated sludge process is a

continuous or semi continuous (fill and draw) aerobic method for biological wastewater

treatment including carbonaceous oxidation and nitrification This process is based on

the aeration of wastewater with flocculating biological growth followed by separation of

the treated wastewater from this growth Part of this growth is then wasted and the

remainder is returned to the system General process of activated sludge process can be

found in Appendix D

23 WASTEWATER TREATMENT OBJECTIVES

The purpose of treatment wastewater is in response to the concern for the public

health and the adverse conditions caused by the discharge of wastewater to the

environment In general treatment objectives were concerned with

i) the removal of suspended and floatable material

ii) the treatment of biodegradable organisms and

iii) elimination ofpathogenic organisms

24 CURRENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM AT UNIMAS

In UNIMAS current method to treat the wastewater is by using stabilization

ponds Stabilization ponds or oxidation ponds are a straight forward method of f~

treatment These ponds rely on the activity of microorganisms in a large body of water

about 1 m deep Particular use is made of microscopic plants The organic matter is

firstly consume by aerobic bacteria and oxygen is supplied from both the atmosphere and

7


plants during the day The effluent can be quite low in organic matter but bacteria and

parasite eggs remain a problem

25 DISADVANTAGES OF STABILIZATION POND

As mentioned earlier one of disadvantages of process are even though the

effluent coming and from stabilization have low in organic matter but the bacteria and

parasite eggs are still left in the effluent This could cause public health hazard if the

effluent is returned to the river (receiving body) Therefore this process is not capable of

removing pathogenic organisms Hence the objective number (iii) is not satisfied

Eutrophication is among the problems when oxidation pond is used as a method

of treatment of wastewater Eutrophications is the process whereby lakes or pond

become enriched with nutrients that make the water undesirable for human use both for

water supplies and recreation Eutropic lakes are nutrient rich Plant growth in the

forms of microscopic algae and rooted aquatic weeds produces a water quality

undesirable for body-contact recreation activity such as swimming and canoe according

to Mark J Hammer (1986) Thus the objectives number (i) and (ii) are not

satisfactory Although the effluent is low in soluble BOD5 it is high in total suspended

solids and total BOD5_ High values of total suspended solids and total BOD5 are

attributed to algae growth Thus the major advantages of using this treatment are large

area required odor insect problems groundwater contamination and poor effluent

quality

8


251 EFFECT OF EUTROPHICATION

The process of eutrophication is directly related to the aquatic food chain (Figure

2-1 ) Algae use carbon dioxide inorganic nitrogen orthophosphate and trace nutrients

for growth and reproduction These plant serve as food for microscopic animals

(zooplankton) Small fishes feed on zooplankton and large fishes consume small ones

Productivity of the aquatic food chain is keyed to the availability of nitrogen and

phosphorus often in short supply in natural waters The amount of plant growth and

normal balance of the food chain are controlled by the limitation of plant nutrients

-------~~-

Excess ni1togen and phosphorm

Unbatanced food chain

8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0

l l l Pea soup Reltluced Odorlt appearance dioso)vd from of wate1 oVgen dlClY

Figure 21 The aquatic food chain unbalanced by eutrophication compared with normal

succession [Mark J Hammer 1986]

9

p


Abundant nutrients unbalance the nonnal succession and promote blooms of blue-green

algae that are not easily utilized as food by zooplankton

Thus the water becomes turbid and under extreme condition takes on the

appearance of pea soup Floating masses of algae are windblown to the shore where

they decompose producing malodors Decaying algae also settle to the bottom reducing

dissolved oxygen Shorelines and shallow bays become weed-choked with the prolific

growth of rooted aquatics

26 WATER QUALITY ECTNAMENT

Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar Sekeliling 1974 stated that Larangan melepaskan

minyak atau campuran berminyak dan larangan melepaskan buangan ke dalam perairan

Malaysia meaning It is forbidden to dispose any oil or mixed liquid oil and forbidden

diposing into Malaysian water Inspite of Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar 1974 Akta Zon

Economi Ekskusif 1984 also stated the penalti of disposing any hazardous material into

Eclusive Economic Zone

27 WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution can be divide into 5 classifications that class I IIA lIB III and

IV This classification is based on Water Quality Index WQI

bull Class I natural clean water which have non-disturbed purity

bull Class IIA clean water which disallowed any recreational activity that can pollute the

water

bull Class lIB clean water which allow recreational activity

10

-----------------------~~~---p n


bull Class III is a river lake or pond water that content aquatic life and the water can be

use as drinking water for animal

bull Class IV polluted water which is not suitable for both human and poultry uses but

can be used for plant since water in this class contain nutrient or fertilizer which is

required for plant growth

28 SIZE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Size of treatment plant required depends on the average amount of wastewater

flow As shown in Table 11 the average wastewater flow from UNIMAS temporary

campus is 025 MGD (950 m3d) According to CAPDET manual reference small

wastewater treatment plant should be employed Small size wastewater treatment plants

usually a design for small communities Commercially available prefabricated treatment

plants known as package plants are often used for the treatment of wastewater for

individual properties or small communities Small wastewater treatment plants

commonly for wastewater flow in the range from 0001 to 025 MGD (38 to 950 m3d)

according to Metcalfand Eddy Inc (1991)

29 TYPES OF PACKAGE PLANT

The most common types ofpackage plants are

i) extended aeration

ii) contact stabilization

iii) sequencing batch reactors

iv) rotating biological contactor and

II

P it


v) physicalchemical

In this thesis the type of package plants recommended in design is extended aeration

activated sludge process since it is an inexpensive treatment system to meet the needs of

small communities

210 EXTENDED AERATION PACKAGE PLANTS

A typical example of commercially available extended aeration package plants is

shown in Appendix F and Appendix G In general as shown in appendix F primary

clarification is not employed in extended aeration package plants To avoid the

accumulative of solids the aeration system should provide agitation to keep the solids in

suspension To ensure optimum performance under field conditions it is recommended

that the maximum organic loading expressed in terms of food to microorganism ratio

(FlM) be in the range 0005 to 015 lb BOD51b ML VSSd

Another critical area of concern is the design of the secondary settling tank and

related facilities Again because of uncertainties of field operation it is recommended

that the overflow rate at the design peak hourly flow rate be limited to 600 to 800 galft2d

(24 to 32 m 3lm2d) Although air lifted pumps have been used for returning waste sludge

they are undesirable in this application because the rate of return cannot be adjusted

easily or reliably The secondary settling tank should also be equipped with scum

collection facilities and an effective system for the removal of the accumulated scum

12

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 METI1()D()L()(

31 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

First step in designing the wastewater treatment plant is to find the characteristics

ofwastewater Wastewater characterization studies are conducted to detennine

i) Physical characteristics

ii) Chemical characteristics and

iii) Biological characteristics

and the concentration of constituents in the wastewater Description of characteristic of

wastewater is listed in Appendix B and Appendix C The laboratory result can be found

in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW

The second step in designing the wastewater treatment plants is to obtain the

average flow of wastewater produced by UNlMAS Average wastewater flow is

obtained from previous thesis by Khairuddin bin Long as illustrated in table 11

33 INTRODUCTION TO CAPDET

The method of design of activated sludge process is by computer software

CAPDET This computer based design procedure can be used to select viable process

trains to meet a given effluent criteria and rank the selected trains according to user

specified criterion (eg annual cost operation and maintenance cost etc)

13

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When a treatment scheme is analyzed the influent waste stream is processed

sequentially by each unit process on the liquid line The treatment processes use the

effluent of the previous process for their influent Those processes producing sludge

automatically output the sludge into one of three sludge lines (primary secondary or

chemical) These sludges may be processed separately or they may be mixed together

The sequence of analysis for the processing of a waste stream involves analyzing

all ofthe liquid processes first then processing the secondary sludge line then processing

the chemical sludge line and finally processing the primary sludge line Once the

sequence is finished for a given process train the effiuent may be checked against preset

effluent criteria Those trains not meeting the desired effiuent specifications are

immediately discarded while those meeting the desired effiuent specifications are ranked

in order by least present worth

34 DEFINmONS

Unit Process A unit process is a single unique unit or a group of parallel units of the

same type Examples of unit processes are bar screen comminutors grit chamber

contact stabilization tanks and secondary clarifiers

Treatment Process A treatment process is a sequence of one or more unit processes

which are automatically linked together by CAPDET -pc For example the preliminary

treatment process consists of the unit processes bar screens grit chambers and

comminutors linked together in sequence The contact stabilization treatment process

14

-----------------_____ bull _pii


consists of the contact stabilization unit process and a secondary clarifier The filtmtion

treatment process consists or merely the filtration unit process

Block A block is a treatment process location The user of CAPDET-PC may specify

several alternative treatment processes for each treatment process location or block

Scheme A treatment scheme consists of all the liquid line blocks as well as the blocks

found in the secondary sludge line the chemical sludge line and the primary sludge line

Train A train is similar to a scheme except that each block contains only one treatment

process A scheme may define several possible trains CAPDET -PC will automatically

produce all trains specified in the treatment scheme by selecting all combinations of the

alternatives in the blocks

Two types of output may be obtained The first output lists the cost data for up to

the 100 most cost-effective trains The user may also specify which of these trains (or all

if he chooses) he desires to investigate further The second output gives detailed unit

process design information for all chosen trains Optionally this output may include the

quantities ofmaterials required for construction

15

Tesis (Ijazah Pertama)

T esis Dikemukakan Kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat Penganugerahan Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Awam) 2000

ACKN()WLEDGEMENT










taiPailaq

I

CONTENTS






middot~r


ii

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po






52 Cost Summary 43










PACKAGE PLANTS 57

APP~NI)IX G 5~

iii

I

~





I

INDEX OF TABLES



I

-------~--

ABSTRACT






i)

ii)

iii)














vi

ABSTRAK






daripada
















vii































-~

135 15052 4 60200 j




~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544


2

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State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



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0 1 -

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~

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shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

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34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

ACKN()WLEDGEMENT










taiPailaq

I

CONTENTS






middot~r


ii

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52 Cost Summary 43










PACKAGE PLANTS 57

APP~NI)IX G 5~

iii

I

~





I

INDEX OF TABLES



I

-------~--

ABSTRACT






i)

ii)

iii)














vi

ABSTRAK






daripada
















vii































-~

135 15052 4 60200 j




~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544


2

middot P







State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

CONTENTS






middot~r


ii

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52 Cost Summary 43










PACKAGE PLANTS 57

APP~NI)IX G 5~

iii

I

~





I

INDEX OF TABLES



I

-------~--

ABSTRACT






i)

ii)

iii)














vi

ABSTRAK






daripada
















vii































-~

135 15052 4 60200 j




~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544


2

middot P







State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

po






52 Cost Summary 43










PACKAGE PLANTS 57

APP~NI)IX G 5~

iii

I

~





I

INDEX OF TABLES



I

-------~--

ABSTRACT






i)

ii)

iii)














vi

ABSTRAK






daripada
















vii































-~

135 15052 4 60200 j




~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544


2

middot P







State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

~





I

INDEX OF TABLES



I

-------~--

ABSTRACT






i)

ii)

iii)














vi

ABSTRAK






daripada
















vii































-~

135 15052 4 60200 j




~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544


2

middot P







State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

INDEX OF TABLES



I

-------~--

ABSTRACT






i)

ii)

iii)














vi

ABSTRAK






daripada
















vii































-~

135 15052 4 60200 j




~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544


2

middot P







State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

-------~--

ABSTRACT






i)

ii)

iii)














vi

ABSTRAK






daripada
















vii































-~

135 15052 4 60200 j




~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544


2

middot P







State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

ABSTRAK






daripada
















vii































-~

135 15052 4 60200 j




~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544


2

middot P







State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15































-~

135 15052 4 60200 j




~- 025 168 7386 4 29544

9 U9 M10 -O 081 7386 4 29544


2

middot P







State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

middot P







State University


N


4

19 Institutional

A10 Residential

A7 Commercial

AS Institutional

A4 Institutional

P3 InslHutional

M1-M10

~ SewerUne


3









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15









Sludge Process


cost effectiveness

13 SCOPE OF STUDY










4

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

















5










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15










(1991)











6

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

bull









found in Appendix D














7





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15





















quality

8










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15










-------~~-



8looms ot hlue~qr

0 1 -

Zooplankton

~

Weed choked

shOflHnes

~ ~ 0




9

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

p
















27 WATER POLLUTION





water


10

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

-----------------------~~~---p n























II

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

P it


v) physicalchemical



small communities
















12











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15











in Appendix A

32 WASTEWATER FLOW









13

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

_

p ---_ _----------- shy














34 DEFINmONS








14

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

-----------------_____ bull _pii

















15

an alternative wastewater treatment system for …

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