amphibole group of minerals
DESCRIPTION
Amphibole group of mineralsTRANSCRIPT
AMPHIBOLE GROUP MINERALS
By- Romit and
Prasant
Introduction Amphiboles are double chain silicates sharing many
physical and chemical properties with pyroxenes.
Inosilicates are chain silicates which have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with either SiO3, 1:3 ratio, for single chains or Si4O11, 4:11 ratio, for double chains.
Amphibole / is the name of an important group of generally dark-colored, inosilicate minerals, forming prism or needlelike crystals
Inosilicates are chain silicates which have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with either SiO3, 1:3 ratio, for single chains or Si4O11, 4:11 ratio, for double chains.
Amphiboles are composed of double chain SiO4 tetrahedra , linked at the vertices and generally containing ions of iron and/or magnesium in their structures.
The amphiboles are a group of hydroxylated chain silicates with some substitution of F and Cl for (OH).
They include both orthorhombic and monoclinic members.
The amphiboles contain essential (OH) group in the structure and the Si:O ratio is 4:11, not 1:3 as in pyroxenes.
The main physical difference between the amphiboles and pyroxene group of minerals
Amphiboles:
Crystals elongate prisms, often acicular or bladed.
Basal sections are six sided and ‘diamond’ shaped
Two prismatic cleavages meet at 124 degree in the basal sections
Pyroxenes:
Crystals squat prisms
Basal sections are eight-sided and square shaped
Two prismatic cleavages meet at 88 degree in the basal section
General formula:
The general formula for all members of the amphibole group can be written as ( W,X,Y) 7-8 ( Z 4 O10)2 (OH)2., In which the symbols W,X,Y,Z indicate elements having similar ionic radii and being capable of replacing each other in the structure. W stands for large cations Ca and Na sometimes K. X for smaller cations Mg and Fe2+ sometimes Mn
Prominent occurance/mining in India
Rajasthan- Ketri mines, Sikak district, Udaipur
West Bengal- Purulia district
Orissa- Sundargarh district
Karnataka- Gulbarga district
Tamil Nadu – Salem district
Orthorhombic amphiboles
Anthophyllite (Mg,Fe)7 Si 8 O22 (OH)2
Gederite (Mg,Fe, Al)7 (Al, Si) 8 O22 (OH)2
Calcic amphiboles are monoclinic
Ca- free amphiboles are orthorhombic
MONOCLINIC AMPHIBOLES
Monoclinic Amphiboles Cummingtonite series:cummingtonite (Mg, Fe)7 Si8 O22 (OH)2
Grunerite Fe7 Si8 O22 (OH)2
Actinolite series:
Tremolite Ca2 Mg5Si8 O22 (OH)2
actinolite Ca2 (Mg,Fe)5Si8 O22 (OH)2
• Hornblende (K,Na) 0-1 (Ca, Na, Fe, Mg)2
(Mg, Fe, Al)5 (Si, Al)8 O22 (OH)2
• Na- amphiboles:
Glaucophane Na2 Mg3 Al 2Si8 O22 (OH)2
Riebeckite Na2 ( Fe,Mg)3 (Fe,Al) 2Si8 O22 (OH)2
cummingtonite (Mg, Fe)7 Si8 O22 (OH)2
Named after Cummington, Massachusetts, its type locality.
Forms prismatic, fibrous crystals,aggregates of radiating fibers or blades are common.
Occurs in mafic or marly medium grade metamorphic rocks.
Amosite is asbestiform amphibole similar to Fe- rich comingtonite.
Commingtonite is closely related to the other ambhiboles and is polymorphic with the members of the anthophyllite series.
Occurance Cummingtonite is commonly found in
metamorphosed magnesium-rich rocks and occurs in amphibolites. Usually it coexists with hornblende or actinolite, magnesium clinochlore chlorite
Cummingtonite has also been found in some felsic volcanic rocks such as dacites
USA(Hampshire County, Massachusetts; Homestakegold mine, Lawrence County, South Dakota and La Paz County, Arizona, ); Scotland; South Africa and Sweden.
Physical properties:
Color:Dark green,white, brown, gray, colorless to pale green in thin section
Hardness: 5 – 6
Crystal habit: Columnar to fibrous and granular
Crystal system: Monoclinic
Streak: White
Luster: vitreous
Diaphaneity: transparent to translucent
Grunerite ( Fe7 Si8 O22 (OH)2) Named after L.E Gruner, a 19th century mineralogist,
who first analyzed grunerite.
Typically forms fibrous, bladed or columnar crystals often radiating.
Found with Fe- rich minerals such as hematite, magnetite, hedenbergite, fayalite or garnet in metamorphosed iron rich sediments.
Uses: Insulation
Physical properties:
Color: Dark green or brown
Hardness: 5 – 6
Crystal habit: Fibrous, bladed or columnar crystal
Crystal system: Monoclinic
a=9.6 ; b=18.3 ; c=5.3 ; β =101.8o ; Z=2
Streak: Colourless
Luster: vitreous ,silky
Diaphaneity: Translucent to opaque
Hornblende (K,Na) 0-1 (Ca, Na, Fe, Mg)2 (Mg, Fe, Al)5
(Si, Al)8 O22 (OH)2
Name from the German horn (horn) and blenden(blind), referring to its luster and its lack of value.
In hand specimen Habit, cleavages and dark colourusually serve to identify hornblende.
Habit may be massive or prismatic and is sometimes bladed, columnar, or fibrous.
Contact twins are common
Hornblende composition varies greatly
Physical properties:
Color: black or dark green
Hardness: 5 – 6
Crystal habit: Prismatic, sometimes bladed,columnaror fibrous
a=8.97 ; b=18.01 ; c=5.33 ; β =105.75o ; Z=2
Streak: White
Luster: vitreous
Diaphaneity: Translucent
Uses: It is crushed and used for highway construction and
as railroad ballast. It is cut for use as dimension stone. The highest quality pieces are cut, polished and sold under the name "black granite" for use as building facing, floor tiles, countertops and other architectural uses.
Tremolite Ca2 Mg5Si8 O22 (OH)2
Named after Val Tremola, Switzerland,. Where it was first found.
Tremolite is typically prismatic
Mg rich endmember of the calcic amphibole series.
Complete solid solution between tremolite and Fe-actinolite.
Intermediate compositions are simply termed as actinolite.
Tremolite Is one of the first mineral to form when impure carbonate are metamorphosed.
ACTINOLITE SERIES
actinolite Ca2 (Mg,Fe)5Si8 O22 (OH)2
Name from the Greek actis (ray), referring to its common habit of radiating needles.
Actinolite typically form needles- either radiating or in parallelel aggregates, or columnar massees.
Actinolite is characteristic of medium- grade metamorphosed mafic rocks.
It is one of the minerals that gives greenschists their characteristic colour.
Associated minerals typically include albite, epidote, chlorite and quartz.
Many end members have names; some of the more commonly used ones are
Edenite, ferro-edenite, pargasite, ferro- pargasite, tschermakite, ferro- tschermakite, tremolite, ferro actinolite, glaucophane, kaersutite.
Besides compositional variations some hornblende varieties include F- or O2- substituting for OH, Or Fe 3+ substituting for Fe 2+
Hb is common in many kinds of igneous rocks covering a wide range of composition.
Associated with plagioclase, quartz or pyroxene and/or olivine.
Also found in metamorphosed mafic rocks, especially in amphibolite.
Glaucophane Na2 Mg3 Al 2Si8 O22 (OH)2
name from Greek words meaning “to appear bluish”
Acicular, asbestiform or fibrous habit characterizes glaucophane.
Compositions intermediate between glaucophane and riebeckite are called Crossite.
Glaucophane is a high pressure metamorphic mineral characteristic of blue schist facies.
Other blue schist minerals include jadeite, lawsonite and aragonite.
Riebeckite Na2(fe2+fe3+)si8O22(OH)2
Named after German explorer Emil Riebeck in 1888
Mohs hardness is 5.0-6.0,specific gravity 3.0-3.4,fracture is uneven,
Diaphenity : translucent to nearly opaque
Cleavage is perfect , two direction
It form dark-blue elongated to fibrous crystal in highly alkali granites ,syenites, schist and granite pregmatites
Fibrous form of riebeckite is called crociodolite and is one of six recognised type of asbestos