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EFFECTOFFLUEGASESWITHWETSCRUBBERIN4‐STROKEC.IENGINE

VEERBHADRA1,HARIKUMARSINGH2,GAURAVKAHNDELWAL3,AMANKUMAR4

1,2,3,4DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,SureshGyanViharUniversity,Jaipur,INDIA

ABSTRACT

Therearewidevarietiesofsystembeingusedtocontrolairpollutionandscrubbersystemisoneofthosewhicharebeingusedto control the emissions out of the exhaust of the diesel vehicles. Fuel burns in combustion chamber to give hazardousparticulateemissionoutoftheexhaustmanifold.Theobjectiveofthisexperimentistocontroltheemissionoutoftheexhaustbymeansofscrubbersystemusedwithwaterwithdifferentcomponentsinordertominimizetheemissiontomaximumlevel.Thebasicprinciplebehindthistechniqueisabsorptioninwhichthesolidparticleisbroughtincontactoftheliquidandthesolidparticlegetabsorbed in the colloidal form.The experimentwasdoneon the Indian emission standardsofhartridgesmokeunit(65HSU)usedby“PollutionUnderControl”Testvan(PUC)usedfordieselvehicles.TheexperimentwasperformedwithamodelwhichwasconnectedattherearoftheexhaustofChevroletTaveraNEO3LSandthenthereadingsweretakenfromthewetscrubberandtheresultswerepositiveandagainitwasdonebymixingcalciumcarbonateandtheemissionwasminimizedtoomuchextent.Thistechnique isquitehelpful incontrolofpollution fromdieselvehiclesastheseemita lotofpollutionoutoftheexhaust.

KEYWORDS:Pollution,scrubber,hartridgesmokeunit,Bharatemissionstandards.

1. INTRODUCTION

Tostayaliveonthisearthweneedtobreathesimilarlyeverylivingbeingeitherplantsoranimalseveryoneneedsairtomaintaintheirlifebyachemicalprocesswhichcanonlytakeplaceduethepresenceofair.Alsoairisnotthemainthingbuttheairshouldbecleantobreatheandforrunningthemetabolismoftheotherlivingbeings.First,thequestionarisethatwhatiscleanairandwhatarethemeasuresthroughwhichwecanachieveourrequiredgoal?Simplycleanairmeansthepresenceof thepollutants shouldnotbe there.Cleanair is good to for every livingbeingon theearth to run theirmetabolismandisalsogoodtobreatheforthehumans.

1.1AirPollutant

Anairpollutantinthenaturehasadverseeffectonbothhumanandthenature.Itcanbesolid,waterdropletsandgases.Thepollutantcanalsobemanmade.Therearemainly two typesofpollutants in theairprimaryand the secondaryairpollutant.Primaryairpollutantsareformedduringaprocesslikecarbonmonoxideformedoutoftheburningoffuelinthevehicle, sulfur dioxide released from the factories and ashes from the volcanic eruption. Secondary air pollutants areformedduetoreactioninbetweentwoprimaryairpollutants.Weareheremainlyconcernedwiththeprimarypollutantreleasedfromthedieselenginevehicles.

1.2Typesofairpollutants

Nowweshouldalsowhatare themainairpollutants in theair andwhatare theadverseeffectsof these.Theseareasfollows:

SulfurOxides(SOx):Whensulfurcontainingfuelespeciallydieselisbeingburntinthemotorvehiclesandthefactoriesitproducessulfurdioxide.Sulfurdioxideoxidizesinthepresenceofnitrogendioxidetoformsulfuricacidandacidraininnature.Itleadstoasthmaticsproblemsinthechildrenoftheyoungerages.

NitrogenOxides(NOx):Theseareproducedasaresultofcombustionathigh temperatures.Lung irritation,respiratoryinfectionsaremoreprominentlikeinfluenzaandpneumonia.

Carbonmonoxide(CO):Itistheprimaryairpollutantbeingreleasedoutoftheexhaustofthevehicle.Carbonmonoxideobstructstheoxygenheart,brainandmanymoreimportantorganswhenitisbeinginhaled.

ParticulateMatter (PM): Theseare the suspendedparticles of the solid or liquid particles present in the air. Themainsourcesoftheparticulatematterarefromvolcanoes,forests, fromvehiclesandmanymore.Thepresenceofparticulatematterintheairleadstolungcancer,heartdisease.

1.3AirpollutioninIndia

Indiahasbeenranked155outof172in2013asper“EnvironmentalPerformanceIndex”.AirpollutionisquiteaseriousconcerninINDIA.ThemajorsourcesofairpollutioninIndiaduetovehicleemission,burningofwoodasfuel,trafficjam,fueldefilement.AfterChinaandUnitedStates,Indiaisthelargestproducerinpercapitaemissionofgreenhousegases.ConsumptionoffuelwoodinIndiaisinlargestamountaroundtheworld.InIndiacowdungs,logsandagriculturalwastes

VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014

ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014

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arestillusedascookingfuels.Theburningofthesetypesoffuelleadstotheformationofheavyamountofsmoke,nitrogenoxides,sulfuroxides,hydrocarbons(HC),carbonmonoxidesarereleasedinenvironment.Thesearethehazardousgasesbeingemittedandhavingadverseeffectonthelifeoflivingbeings.TherearemanyvehiclesontheroadsofIndiaemittingalotofpollutionasIndiaisfollowingBharatStageIVemissionnormsforvehiclesin2005whichisequivalenttoEuroIVEuropeannormsforthevehicleemission.However, therearemanyvehiclesrunningonthestreetswhicharebasedonearlynormsofyearbefore2005andevenearlierbefore1992.Someofthetaxisandauto‐rickshawsrunninginIndiarunontaintedfuelblends.Dieselandgasolineisbeingadulteratedtomakealowpricefuel.Thesearethereasonforhighpriceriseinfuelresultingofcheaperfuelblendingwhichisnotsuitableforthevehicle.Theblendingoffuelleadstothesavingofmoneybutonthecontraryithasmanyadverseeffectsontheenvironmentandthelivingbeingstoo.Thisleadtotheemission ofmany harmful pollutants likes hydrocarbons, carbonmonoxide, oxides of nitrogen and particulatemattersalso.Kerosenebeingblendedinthefuelisquietuneasytoburnwhichleadtoemissionofthesehazardousgaseseveninmoreamount.SulfurcontentintheIndianfuelwas0.25percentbyweightwhile0.10percentforgasoline.Morethesulfurinthefuelmoreisthereleaseofoxidesofsulfurfromtheexhaustandthepresenceofadulteratedfuelblendenhancesthisresulttomuchextent.AnotherreasonformoreemissioninIndiaisduetomoretrafficjams.Scientificresultsshowthatwhenvehicles are at low speeds, the fuel burns inadequately andemission is evenmoreper trip.Traffic congestion ismorecommoninthemetrocitiesofIndia.ResultsshowthatchildrenofBangalorearound50%sufferfromasthma.ThesearesomeofthereasonswhyairpollutionismoreprominentinIndia.

1.4HartridgeSmokeUnit:

Hartridge smoke unit is generally referred as HSU, is used to measure the opacity of the exhaust gases of engines,particularly diesel engine. It is expressed in terms of integers ranging from0‐100 followed byHSU as its dimensionalquantity.InIndia“65HSU”isbeinggivenasthestandardquantitytomeasurethepollutionfromtheexhaustofthedieselvehicle.Thevehicleexceeding65HSUisnotfitforrunningontheroadsofIndia.Theunitofhartridgesmokeunitis“Km¯1”whichistermedas“LightAbsorptionCoefficient”.

1.5BharatStageemissionstandards:

Bharat stage emission standards are being introduced by the Government of India to standardize the pollutants beingemitted from the internal combustion engine equipments also from the vehicles. Central Pollution Control BoardcontrolledbytheMinistryofEnvironmentandforestexecutethestandardsforthese.ThesestandardsarebasedontheEuropeanconventionwhichwasfirstintroducedintheyear2000.Moreoverthesestandardsarebeingchangedwithduerespectoftime.NowadaythenormsthisisactivefromApril2010isBharatstageIVimposedin13majorcitiesofIndia.Mainlywearehereconcernedwiththeemissionnormsrelatedtothedieselvehicles.

Table1‐1:EmissionStandardsforLight‐DutyDieselVehicles,g/km

From“DieselNet”EmissionstandardsofIndia,carandlighttrucks

(https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/ld.php)

VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014

ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014

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Here,

g/km=gram/kilometer.

Euro1isforIndia2000standard.

Euro2isforBharatStageII.

Euro3isforBharatStageIII.

Euro4isforBharatStageIV.

+isforearlierintroductioninselectedregions.

++isforonlyinselectedregions.

Theselectedregionsare:

Mumbai,Kolkata,Chennai,Bangalore,Hyderabad,Ahmedabad,Pune,Surat,Kanpur,Lucknow,Sholapur,JamshedpurandAgra.

2. METHODOLOGIES

2.1Scrubber

There arewide varieties of air pollution control device being incorporated and scrubber is one of those. It is used toremoveparticulatematterorgases fromthe industrialexhaust.Conventionally, thepollutioncontroldevicewhichuseswater/liquid to remove the superfluousmaterials from exhaust is known as scrubber. These are the primary deviceswhichareusedtoremovetheunwantedpollutantsoutofgaseousstream.Mainlytherearetwotypesofscrubbingprocessi.e.dryscrubbingandthewetscrubbing,butwearemainlyconcernedwithwetscrubbingprocess.

2.2WetScrubber

Thegasesfromtheexhaustofthevehicleorfactoriesarebeingremovedbymeansowetscrubber. It isusedtoabsorbmanyharmfulpollutantsoutof the fluegases; it alsoused to removedustparticles.Ascrubbing solution isbrought incontactofthetargetedcompoundsoastoremoveit.Solutioncansimplybewateroranyanotherreagentispreparedforothertypesofcompound.Thebasicprincipleinvolvedinthisprocessabsorption.Inthisgaseouspollutantisdissolvedintheliquid.Thegasstreamisallowedtopassthroughtheliquid,theliquidabsorbsthegasandfreshgasisbeingreleasedwhichislesstoxicascomparedtotheearlierone.Usually,theremovalefficiencyofthescrubberismorethan95%.Butthereisaproblembehindthisistheremovalofcontaminatedwastewater.Ifthisproblemofscrubberismanagedthenitisthebestwayofscrubbingpollution.

Figure1:Absorptionprocessinvolvedinscrubbing

2.2Modeldescription:

VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014

ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014

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Themodelofscrubberwhichwaspreparedformeasuringthepollutionwasmadeofacylindricalboxof20litershavingcrosssectionof10̎,inwhichapipewasweldedof3.25̎crosssectionforinletofexhaustgasasintakeportfromoneendanditwasdippedintotheboxfullofwaterwiththehelpofelbowconnectedtoitwithanotherpipeof3.25̎attheotherendof thebox.Apipewith0.25̎ cross sectionwasweldedbelow the intakeport forover flow tankand to rescue themufflerofcarbynotallowingthewatertocomeinitslevel.Apipeof0.25̎crosssectionwasweldedtoallowthewastewatertoflowoutofthetankfromthebottom.Anotherpipewithcrosssectionof1.25̎withadisctocoveritfromthetopandtoallowtheexhaustgaspassingthroughthewatershouldmovefromthispipe.

Figure2:Modelusedforexperiment

Figure3:Upperviewofthebox

Figure4:Pipesusedforoverflowtankandwastewaterdisposal

VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014

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ThemodelwasattachedtotheexhaustofthecarandthreedifferentreadingsweretakenbyPUCvan.Thefirstreadingwaswithnormalcondition,noscrubberwasattachedtoit.Afterthatthescrubberwasattachedtothecarsexhaustwithwaterfilledinitandthenthereadingwastaken.Inthirdtimethescrubberwasfilledwithwaterandlimestonewasaddedtoitsothatdesulfurizationshouldtakeplace.

CaCO3(solid)+SO2(gas)→CaSO3(solid)+CO2(gas)

Limestone(CaCO3)isbeingaddedinthewatertoreactwiththesulfurdioxide(anacidgas)reactstoformcalciumsulfite(CaSO3)andcarbondioxide(CO2)intheair.

Figure5:Pollutiontestwithoutscrubber

Figure6:Pollutiontestwithscrubber

Figure7:Basicworkingofthescrubber

VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014

ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014

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3. RESULTANDDISCUSSION

Differentreadingsweretakenwithdifferentattachments.Thesereadingsareasfollows:

Table3‐1:Pollutionreadinginnormalcondition

Table3‐2:Pollutionreadingwithscrubberfilledwithwater

Table3‐3:pollutionreadingwithscrubberfilledwithlimestoneinwater

Fromtheaboveresultswecansee that there isa lotofdifferencein theemissionfromtheexhaust.Ratherthenormalreadingismuchlessascomparedtothatof65HSUwhichcanbesaidthatthevehicleisnotemittingmuchpollution.Thusbyfollowingthesestepsthepollutioncanbeminimizedtoomuchextent.

Readingswerealsotakenonsinglecylinderfourstrokedieselengineswiththescrubbersystemtotesttheemissionoffluegases.Thereadingswereinthreestepswithoutthescrubbersystem,withscrubbersystemwithwateriniiandthirdwithscrubbersystemwithwaterandlimestoneinit.

VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014

ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014

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Figure8:Singlecylinderfourstrokedieselengine

Figure9:Gasanalyzerattheexhaustofthescrubbersystem

Chart1:GraphicalpresentationofCO&HCwithoutscrubbersystem

VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014

ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014

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Chart2:GraphicalpresentationofCO&HCwithscrubberfilledwithwater

Chart3:GraphicalpresentationofCO&HCwithscrubberfilledwithwaterandlimestone

4. CONCLUSION

Fromtheaboveresultitisobviousthatthepollutioncanbecontrolledtoomuchlevel.InIndiatheemissionnormswhichwearefollowingnowadayisBharatStageIVandthisvehicleisasperthisnorm,butwhataboutthevehicleswhichwerebasedonpreviousnormsarestillrunningontheroadsofIndia.Wecansaythattheseoldvehiclesofyearbefore2005arenotfitforenvironmentbutstilltheseareactive.Measuresshouldbetakentocontrolthecontaminationofwater.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

IexpressmysinceregratitudetoAssociateProfessorMr.HariSingh,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,SureshGyanViharUniversity, Jaipur, India, forhis stimulatingguidance, continuousencouragementandsupervision throughout thecourseofpresentwork.Iwouldalsoliketothankmyfriendswhohavehelpedmealotfortheirhelpandsupport.

REFERENCES

[1] Bethea,R.M.1978.AirPollutionControlTechnology.NewYork:VanNostrandReinhold.

[2] Richards,J.R.1995.ControlofParticulateEmissions(APTICourse413).U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.

[3] UnionofConcernedScientists,theingredientsofairpollution.

(http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/why‐clean‐cars/air‐pollution‐and‐health/cars‐trucks‐air‐pollution.html)

[4] eSchool today, what causes air pollution? (http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/air‐pollution/causes‐of‐air‐pollution.html)

[5] National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning. (http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse‐contents/IIT‐Delhi/Environmental%20Air%20Pollution/air%20pollution%20(Civil)/Module‐3/3b.htm).

VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014

ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014

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