wwi ppt07

The United States and WWIThe United States and WWI

Before you begin…• Make sure you remember to have your

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• There will be length requirements under each question to help guide your writing. (Ex: 2 sentences, 3 paragraphs)

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Causes of the War

M M MMilitarismilitarism

AA AAllianceslliances

II IImperialismmperialism

NN NNationalismationalism

MilitarismMilitarism 1.

• Germany was competingwith the UK to buildbattleships.

• The British feared anattack on their Empire

Militarism 2.

• Germany wascompeting withRussia and France toexpand their armies

1880 1914

• Germany 1.3m 5.0m

• France 0.73m 4.0m

• Russia 0.40m 1.2m

What What is an is an

alliance?alliance?

A close association

of nations or other groups,

formed to advance common

interests or causes.

Alliances

By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.

The alliances made it more likely that a war would start.

Once started, the alliances made it more likely that it would spread.

Triple EntenteTriple Entente

Alliances

•Germany•Italy•Austria-

Hungary

•Great Britain

•France •Russia

Triple Alliance

Imperialism

• All the great powers were competing for colonies/territories around the world to claim as their own.

• The British feared that Germany would expand into Africa.

• The Austrians feared Serbia and Russia would expand into the Balkans.

Nationalism• Defined as...

– Devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation.

– The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals.

• Political or social philosophy in which the welfare of the nation-state is considered paramount.

• A collective state of mind or consciousness in which people believe their primary duty and loyalty is to the nation-state.

• Often nationalism implies national superiority and glorifies various national virtues. Thus love of nation may be overemphasized; concern with national self-interest to the exclusion of the rights of other nations may lead to international conflict.

Question 1

• If so many nations are connected through alliances in Europe at this time, what do you think will happen if there is a conflict between any two nations? How could the other causes intensify this conflict?

• (2 paragraphs)

The SparkThe Spark

The SPARK of WAR (June 28, 1914)The SPARK of WAR (June 28, 1914)– Assassination of Archduke Franz FerdinandAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand– Next in line for the throne of Austria Next in line for the throne of Austria

Hungary is killed by a Serbian terrorist Hungary is killed by a Serbian terrorist group known as the Black Hand.group known as the Black Hand.

– Group sought to reunite Bosnia with the Group sought to reunite Bosnia with the independent nation of Serbia to form a large independent nation of Serbia to form a large Slavic state on the southern border of Slavic state on the southern border of Austria-Hungary.Austria-Hungary.

On the Way to World WarOnce Austria-Hungary had assurance of German support, it

made HARSH demands on Serbia.

• Austria Serbia

• Russia and France Austria Hungary

• Germany Russia and France

• Germany Belgium

• Britain Germany

Declares War

Invades

Declares War

Declares War

Declares War

The Start of WWI

The Schlieffen Plan

• Germany’s militaryplan to defeat Franceand Russia.

• “Knock out blow”aimed at France first.

• Avoid Frenchdefences by invasionof Belgium.

• Germans thoughtBritain would notintervene.

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan

ASSUMPTIONS WERE WRONG...DEAD WRONG!

1. Resistance in Belgium Invasion of Belgium

2. France holds line near Paris3. Russians mobilized QUICKLY!4. Britain declares war on Germany

Question 2

• What German assumptions caused the Schlieffen Plan to fail?

• (1 paragraph)

As alliances begin to call nations to war,

each nation must decide which side it will

support or declare neutrality.

Choosing SidesChoosing Sides

• Austria-Hungary• Germany• Turkey• Bulgaria

Central Powers Allied Powers

• Great Britain• France• Russia• Japan• Italy (1915)• United States (1917)

Question 3

• What do you notice about the location of the Axis Powers in reference to the Allied Powers?

• (1 or 2 sentences)

Neutral, But Not Impartial

• Wilson called for the US to be “Neutral in facts as well as in name, impartial in thought as well as in action”.

• Americans were unable to “be” neutral and in fact did select a side to support. Most Americans favored the Allies over the Central Powers.

• Propaganda was used by both sides to influence public opinion.

• Allied propaganda was more effective because it convinced Americans that the Allies were fighting to defend more than politics, but civilization itself.

Supplying the Allies

Trading Countries

1914 1917

Allies 500 million 3.5 billion

Germany 169 million 1.1 billion

Neutral 187 million 280 million

Total 856 million 4.88 billion

Neutrality stopped when $$$ came into the picture!! Although the US supplied materials to both sides, it supplied MUCH more to the Allies.

Overall the increase in trade greatly helped “neutral” America.

This is a $4 BILLION

increase

Question 4

• How was trade a telling sign for whom the United States would support in the Great War, while staying officially, “neutral?”

• (1 paragraph)

“Important” WWI Battles

Tannenberg

Marne

Verdun

Jutland

Somme

St. Mihiel

Tannenberg

Counties Involved

ALLIED:Russia

CENTRAL: Germany

Dates August 22-29, 1914

Location East Prussia (west of Russian territory)

Outcome Disastrous loss for the Russians, only 10,000/150,000 escaped

Interesting Facts

•During the battle the Russians were forced to use fallen soldiers as human shields to gain cover.

•The British hid the story from the public…WHY???

Marne

Counties Involved

ALLIED: France

CENTRAL: Germany

Dates September 6-9, 1914

Location France (on the Marne River)

Outcome France was able to prevent Germany from a swift victory but were unable to defeat the army. They held them outside of Paris.

Interesting Facts

6,000 men came in taxis from the reserves to the front lines in Paris.

Verdun

Counties Involved

ALLIED: FranceCENTRAL: Germany

Dates February 21-December 18, 1916

Location Verdun, France (a fortified garrison town)

Outcome France regained Verdun, but suffered huge casualties

Interesting Facts

•1 million Germans vs. 200,000 French soldiers•Longest battle of WWI

JutlandJutlandCounties Involved

ALLIED: Britain

CENTRAL: Germany

Dates May 1916

Location Off the coast of Denmark, Norway and Scotland

Outcome German naval victory

Interesting Facts

Most believe that Germany was able to win because their position put the sun directly in front of the British

SommeCounties Involved

ALLIED: France and Britain

CENTRAL: Germany

Dates July 1-November 13, 1916

Location France

Outcome Small allied gain of 12 km but a HUGE loss of life

Interesting Facts

•58,000 casualties in one day for the British (worst day ever)

•Introduction of tanks

TOTAL CASUALTIES

•British=420,000

•France=200,000

•Germany=500,000

Over 1 million deaths

St. Mihiel

Counties Involved

ALLIED: United States and France

CENTRAL: Germany

Dates September 12-16, 1917

Location France

Outcome HUGE Allied victory

Interesting Facts

•First offensive attack by the Allied forces.

•Led by General PershingGeneral Pershing with 300,000 troops.

•AMERICA ROCKS!!!

A New Type of Combat: The Cause and Effect of

Technological Innovations

Question 5

• Advancements in technology and trench warfare created what effects during the Great War?

• (1 paragraph)

Why does the US stop being neutral?

•Zimmerman Zimmerman TelegramTelegram

•LusitaniaLusitania

•Ties to BritainTies to Britain

Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram

Propaganda to Win Support

The US entry into WWI

Question 6

• Using the powerpoint presentation, textbook, or internet:Describe the events of the Lusitania and Zimmerman Telegram,

• and the effect they had on US opinion of entering the war.

• (3-5 paragraphs)

On the Home Front

• In order to collect a large fighting force, Congress passed Selective Service Act in 1917.

• Men between 21-31 must register for military. (24 million total)

• 3 million called, by 1918, 4.8 million in services

The Cost of War

The cost of war was pushed to the taxpayer.

1. Increase in taxes

2. Liberty and Victory loans

(Government Bonds)

Government taking control at home

Government takes over the RR, telegraph, telephone..

War Industries Board– Bernard Baruch

• decide what goods to be produced

Council of Defense– Food Administration– Herbert Hoover

• “War gardens”

Effects on the Work Force

Women

African-Americans

Farmers

Unions

Question 7

• Using your text: What effects did the war bring to the following groups:

• African Americans, women, farmers, unions

• (3-4 paragraphs)

Land of the Free? Attacks on Civil Liberties

• Espionage Act of 1917

• Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917

• Sedition Act of 1918

Jailing and internment of those who criticize government actions or positions

Suspending Civil Liberties

Outcome of the War

Allied victory but at a large cost!

Casualties• British, French, and

Russian– 4 million

• United States – 50,280

THE END OF WWITHE END OF WWI January 8, 1918- Wilson delivers his 14 Points Speech to Congress and calls for a “League of Nations” to prevent future wars in the world. Fourteen Points

October 5, 1918- Germans send a note of peace to Wilson

November 11, 1918- Germany signs an armistice and World War I ends

BACK TO THE END OF WWI

In attendance... the BIG four

France (Premier Georges Clemenceau)

Britain (PM David Lloyd George)

Italy (Premier Vottorio Orlando)

US (President Woodrow Wilson)

Question 8

• Beyond peace, Wilson sought what at the end of the war? What was the name of the proposal “package”? What about this lofty idea made it problematic for the US?

• (5-6 sentences)

Signing for Peace in Signing for Peace in Europe: Europe:

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

Outcomes for Outcomes for GermanyGermany

•Accept responsibility for starting the war•Abolish mandatory military service and cut

army to 100,000•Demilitarize French/German border•No colonial expansion•Pay $33 billion in reparations•German leaders forced to sign document

New countries are formed in Europe out of warring nations

Poland (independence)Poland (independence) LithuaniaLithuania FinlandFinland EstoniaEstonia LatviaLatvia RomaniaRomania CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia YugoslaviaYugoslavia

Problems with ratification of the Treaty of Versailles

• Wilson only took Democrats to negotiate treaty

• Congress opposed Article 10 (League of Nations)

• Public opinion turned against involvement in foreign affairs

Ratification fails in Congress and the US Ratification fails in Congress and the US never becomes a permanent part of the never becomes a permanent part of the

League of NationsLeague of Nations

Question 9

• What effect did the treaty of Versailles have upon Germany?

• (2 paragraphs)

The End of WWI