writing across the curriculum: scaffolding for ells
Post on 23-Feb-2016
98 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Writing Across the
Curriculum: Scaffolding for
ELLsPresented by Kim Littrell, NBCT, M.Ed.
OEA Teaching & Learning Specialist
Teaching Writing is NOT… Just for language arts Separate from literacy A mysterious process Just paper and pencil Boring A waste of time …Rocket Science!
An AFFECTIVE experience…meaning it cannot be separated from emotions (Krashen’s “affective filter”). Your experiences with writing influence your ability to teach writing, and your students’ writing experiences influence their ability to write.
SO….on a notecard, write for 5 minutes describing your experiences with writing during your primary and early secondary education. Use many descriptive, sensory adjectives and transition /signal words. Also describe how these experiences impact how you feel about writing as an adult.
SHARE with a neighbor!
However, teaching writing IS…
Krashen’s Affective FilterA learner’s feelings/emotions, such as stress, anxiety, or
boredom, may block language input into the brain.
Think about a situation you have encountered when you were unable to communicate, to understand what was going on around you, or to ask for the things you needed. How did you feel? What did you do?
Lowering the Affective Filter for ELLs in the classroom is key to providing an environment that promotes language acquisition!
Language Learning Theory—Three dimensions of language required:BICS: Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills,
the basic language ability required for face-to-face communication where communication occurs in a situational context
CALP: Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency, which is required for academic achievement in a context-reduced environment, such as lecture, textbook reading
CUP: Common Underlying Proficiency: Cummins theory that 2 languages work in an integrated manner in 1 underlying, central thinking system (skills that aren’t directly connected to 1 language, such as reading, can be transferred to another since they exist as part of a common proficiency)
BICS: Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills Think about the different purposes for language in
your everyday life…what do you use language for?
Do you use the same vocabulary in all of these situations? For example, do you speak to your boss in the same way you speak to your spouse?
BICS is everyday, basic communication but is very undemanding & dependent upon context (situation); context can be embedded (objects, gestures, inflection) or reduced (relies on background knowledge & knowledge-specific vocabulary, grammar, expression)
CALP: Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency More demanding…includes listening, speaking,
reading, & writing; can be subject-area specific Can be cognitively undemanding & use high-
frequency words & familiar forms or demanding & use academic language & vocabulary
Includes skills such as comparing, classifying, synthesizing, evaluating, inferring
New ideas & concepts are presented in CALP at school
CALP takes 7 to 10 years for ELLs to completely develop!! What is the implication of this in our practice?
CUP: Common Underlying Proficiency While acquiring L1, child acquires a set of skills &
implicit metalinquistic knowledge that can be used when working with L2…TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE
Some elements of language transfer from L1 to L2: phonological awareness (intonation, syllabication, rhyme, blending) & cognate vocabulary (words that are similar in both languages, family-familia; study-estudio)
If a student can read in one language, they don’t have to learn to “read” all over again!
For example, Spanish instruction that develops Spanish reading & writing skills also develops a deeper conceptual & linguistic proficiency that contributes significantly to the development of English literacy.
Cummin’s Quadrant ActivityHandout 1-R
Cognitively Undemanding CALPS, easy
Context A CContext
Embedded, Reduced,BICS, clues B D BICS, few
clues
Cognitively Demanding CALPS, difficult
Stages of Language Acquisition The process is predictable May be be compared to L1 acquisition Individual progress through stages
varies as students develop at their own pace
Knowledge of instructional strategies & techniques to use at each stage will encourage the continuous growth of language
Stages of Language AcquisitionKrashen & Terrell:
Pre-production Early production or
early speech Speech emergence Intermediate
fluency
Language Theorists:
Silent/receptive or pre-production
Early production Speech emergence Intermediate
Proficiency Advanced
Proficiency
The silent/receptive or pre-production stage Can last up to 6 months Characterized by a silent period during
which the learner is unable to produce language but may respond with non-verbal gestures such as nodding, pointing, responding with yes/no
The learner is very receptive to language input & may understand up to 500 words at this levelHandout #3-Language Acquisition Descriptors
Early production/early speech Can last 6 months to 1 year Characterized by production of one to two words or short phrase responses with increased comprehension
Demonstrates an increased vocabulary development of about 1,000 words, both in the ability to comprehend input & produce speech
Speech emergence Can last from 1 to 2 years Characterized by a considerable increase in verbal output with longer sentences, sprinkled with grammatical & syntactical errors that may interfere with communication
Both receptive & productive vocabulary increase to about 3,000 words
Intermediate language proficiency Can last from 1 to 2 years
Characterized by considerable increase in verbal and written output with more complex sentence structures
Manipulates receptive and productive vocabulary of about 6,000 words with some syntactical & structural errors
Advanced language proficiency To get to this stage, it takes from 5 to 10
years of English language learning (not age) Characterized by near native proficiency
in both verbal & written applications◦ ? What are the implications here for CCSS
assessment?? Successfully manipulates content area
vocabulary and participates like a native speaker, but may need occasional support or clarification
Writing across the curriculum in the CCSS era
Let’s take a look…
18
ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS/LITERACY
1. Increasing Nonfiction Text: Building knowledge through content-rich nonfiction and informational text
2. Evidence from Text: Reading and writing grounded in evidence from text and be able to answer text-dependent
questions3. Increasing Text Complexity and Academic Vocabulary: Regular practice with complex text and its academic vocabulary
4. Literacy and Writing Standards for History, Science, and Technical Subjects
Key Advances/Shifts to Common Core
"About PARCC." Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. <http://www.parcconline.org/about-parcc>.
19
P.A.S.S. Sample Writing Prompt (last year)◦Think about a day you’ve enjoyed with your
family. It could be when you were on vacation, on a Saturday trip, or just a day at home. Then write an essay telling about your day. Explain it in detail so others will know why it was the best day ever (Grade 8).
20
CCSS Sample Performance Tasks
ELA: Students analyze how the character of Odysseus from Homer’s Odyssey—a “man of twists and turns”—reflects conflicting motivations through his interactions with other characters in the epic poem. They articulate how his conflicting loyalties during his long and complicated journey home from the Trojan War both advance the plot of Homer’s epic and develop themes. [RL.9–10.3]
ELA- Informational Text: Students compare George Washington’s Farewell Address to other foreign policy statements, such as the Monroe Doctrine, and analyze how both texts address similar themes and concepts regarding “entangling alliances.” [RI.9–10.9]
History/SS/Science, Technical Subjects: Students determine the meaning of words such as quadrant, astrolabe, equator, and horizon line in Joan Dash’s The Longitude Prize as well as phrases such as dead reckoning and sailing the parallel that reflect social aspects of history. [RH.9–10.4]
"Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects: Appendix B: Test Exemplars and Sample Performance Tasks." p.101-139, n.d. Web.13 Oct. 2012. http://www.corestandards.org/assets/Appendix_B.pdf.
OVERALL… Students need to write on a DAILY
basis in all subject areas
Students must also be CLOSE READERS of texts:◦ 4th Grade: 50% nonfiction/informational & 50% fiction/literary◦ 8th Grade:55% nonfiction/informational & 45% fiction/literary◦ 12th Grade:30% nonfiction/informational & 70% fiction/literary
◦ Multiple sources
*Question: What does TEXT-BASED writing mean?!
Common Core State Standards Initiative, comp. Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects. p.5, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2012.
22
CCSS requires students to…
ExplainPersuade
Narrate
Analytic Writing is a combination of 2 or all 3 of the types of writing in 1 document or project.
Reflective Writing is first mentioned in the 8th grade standards and it is integrated into the other 3 types of writing as a metacognitive strategy.
4th- 35%8th- 30%12th- 20%
4th- 30%8th- 35%12th- 40%
4th- 35%8th- 35%12th- 40%
Common Core State Standards Initiative, comp. Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects. p.5, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2012.
23
Writing Standards
Narrative Writing:conveys experiences
“Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique,
well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.” (CCSS C&CR Anchor Standards for Writing 6-
12, pg. 41)
Engage & orient the reader by establishing a context/ setting & introducing a narrator &/or characters
Organize an event sequence logically Use narrative techniques:
◦ Dialogue◦ Pacing◦ Descriptive, sensory language◦ Reflection (grade 8)
Narrative Writing:conveys experiences Uses transition words, phrases, and
clauses to help convey sequence, to signal shifts in time or setting, show relationships
Word Choice: Uses precise words and phrases, relevant and descriptive details, and sensory language
Best practices…use a transition word wall with transitions and their purposes
Let’s talk about…Daily to short term Long term Research; off the
page/out of the box
•Descriptive paragraphs using sensory descriptions (art , photos, music)
•Descriptive, narrative writing prompts for journaling, such as responding in writing to text-based questions
•Reading journal responses
•Annotating text
•Writing to learn: Writing to ourselves to clarify thinking
•Create a short story
•Report on a novel or story
•Create a new or different ending to a fictional or narrative event
•Learning log: Write for 5 minutes most class periods to summarize, record key points, unanswered ?s, responses to ?s (What 1 idea that we talked about today was most interesting and why?”)
•Conducting biographical research and writing a biography utilizing descriptive language and narration
•Compare & contrast several novels or stories from the same author or time period
•Creation of Photostories, foldables
Expository, Informational Writing: conveys ideas“Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content.” (CCSS C&CR Anchor Standards for Writing 6-12, pg. 42)
Introduce & organize a topic using strategies such as:◦ Definition◦ Classification◦ Comparison/contrast◦ Cause/effect◦ Formatting, including graphics & multimedia
applications
Expository, Informational Writing: conveys ideas Develop topic with:
◦ Relevant facts◦ Definitions◦ Concrete details◦ Quotations◦ Examples◦ Use transitions to clarify relationships◦ Word choice: Use precise language and
domain-specific (subject-specific academic terms) to inform & explain
Daily to short term Long term Research; off the page & out of the box
•Writing out the steps to a process or sequential events
•Writing prompts for text-based analysis
•Writing about an event by answering who, what, where, when, why, how or cause & effect
•WTL
•Annotating text
•Compare and contrast fictional portrayals with historical accounts
•Citing textual evidence to support explanations
•Writing “cases”: Scenarios which provide explanatory contexts
•“How To” sequential brochures for complex math, science tasks
•Learning Logs
•Creation of brochures, blogs, Prezi’s, Power-Points utilizing multiple sources and text to convey ideas and explain concepts
•Researching time periods, historical events, statistical data, careers, geographical locations, scientific phenomena
•What If? Analysis
Let’s talk about…
Argumentative, Persuasive Writing: conveys reasoning“Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.”
(CCSS C&CR Writing Standards 6-12 pg. 42)
Introduce claims & acknowledge alternate or opposing claims
Distinguish claims from one another (compare and contrast)
Support claims with logical reasoning & relevant evidence from credible sources
Daily and short term Long term Research; off the page and out of
the box•Writing short opinion paragraphs (on the same topic) for different audiences & purposes
•Believing/doubting game: Write briefly in support & in opposition of an idea
•Writing prompts with opinion/issue questions about text that require text-based reasons
•WTL
•Letters to the editor, school board, parent(s), mayor, governor, legislator, president, executive of a company
•Creation of an argumentation that is revisited and revised as student gains new knowledge
•Learning Logs
•Creation of persuasive speeches (and then presented)
•Video campaigns
•Creation of public service ads & brochures
•Post-Hoc Analysis: After an event, reflect on what happened, why it happened, what it means
•Socratic Seminar
Let’s talk about…
The (Revised) Writing Process
Collecting, gathering dataDrafting, organizing data for audience & purpose, outlining
Revising contentEditing, polishing, & peer review
Publishing, Presentation
But writing is a non-linear, continual process!
Data collection
Drafting
RevisingEditing,polishing
Publishing
SCAFFOLDING
WRITING (and other tasks)
FOR ELLS (and other students!)
Strategies for Scaffolded Instruction
This sequence is an example of activities that have been scaffolded for ELLs:
Graphic organizers/mind maps Modeled writing Cloze passages/Writing frames Interactive writing Peer review and assistance Independent writing
Scaffolded Instruction Academic tasks are clearly and carefully explained Multi-step directions are scaffolded to promote
student success Graphic organizers provide visual representations
of abstract concepts Shared, interactive reading/writing allows
students to participate in non-threatening literacy experiences
TPR (total physical response) activities engage students with language even before they are able to speak
Think alouds in non-threatening conditions; provide the ELL with self-monitoring & self-assessment strategies
Scaffolded Instruction Language functions: What we do with
language…describing, comparing, analyzing; language structures are the syntax we use to carry out those functions
Both must be taught explicitly to support optimal learning & language development
Speaking & listening are as important as reading & writing; ELLs need support in all 4 areas
Research by Diane August (2003) found that a very small percentage of an ELL student’s day is spent on academic talk… 2 %!!
Language functions & structures Language functions: Seeking information Informing Analyzing Comparing Classifying Predicting Hypothesizing Justifying Persuading Solving problems Synthesizing Evaluating
Language structures:
Ex.: Seeking information:
What time is it? It’s ______ o’clock.
Ex. Predicting:
What do you think will happen? _______ will happen because ______.
Teachers plan for language development when they:
Write both content & language objectives Identify and model problematic structures Plan an instructional sequence in which
language functions, structures, and vocabulary are modeled and practiced
Document and assess student progressHerrel & Jordan (2004)
Vocabulary Instruction that supports language development Content vocabulary —the words students need
to learn in order to understand concepts…the key vocabulary words that all students must learn in each content area
Academic vocabulary —the words students need to know to complete academic tasks & succeed academically
Functional vocabulary —the English words that students need to understand to make sense of a text (more general & more closely related to students’ level of language development)
Vocabulary InstructionThematic instruction &
content integration: Vocabulary must be
taught in the context of students’ own speaking, reading, and writing
There is no benefit to selecting 25-30 isolated words & asking ELLs to copy them from the board & look up their definitions (Echavarria, et. Al., 2004)
Word analysis: Language learners need
specific strategies for word analysis in order to move toward independence in their vocabulary development
80% of English words are developed from Greek & Latin morphemes (word parts); learning word parts is essential to ELLs
ColloquialismsIdiomsSlangFigurative language (metaphors, similes)
Hyperbole
Vocabulary to either avoid or teach using visual clues & cues…
Metacognitive StrategiesThe hidden skills necessary for literacy
and understanding must be explicitly taught & modeled out loud:
Accessing prior knowledge Monitoring Remembering Evaluating Imagining Predicting Planning
44
Modeled writingALWAYS BEGIN BY CREATING A
CLASS MODEL!! Use overhead, dry-erase board, butcher/roll-out
paper, smart board but distribute copies/have students copy down
Instills confidence…lowers the affective filter! Academic risk-taking is how kids really learn Participation grade Can have cooperative learning applications Improves quality of input because it is visual and
has tactile, kinesthetic opportunities Especially helpful for IEP, ELL
Cloze sentences & Framing… provides structure
Sentence frames act as example topic sentences!
Narrative: In/During the ____________ (time period, title) ______________ (name, issue) was an ___________ (adj. here) _______________________ (role) because/since ___________.Expository: The _______________ (specific subject, topic) has/had/makes/made _____________________ (adj. here) impacts/contributions/etc. _________________ in/to _______________ (broad subject area, field, topic).
Scaffolded Writing Handout #3-ea
Can be extended for paragraphs, even entire projects…
Outlines… provide explicit directionI. IntroductionII. Paragraph #1III.Paragraph #2IV.Paragraph #3V. Conclusion
Graphic Organizers… provide structure & visual supports
4 Square Writing is a Graphic Organizer/Visual Learning Tool that Assists Students in Developing Ideas
and Writing about Them
First (supporting detail)
It’s easy
Also (supporting detail)
It’s fun to eat
Third (supporting detail)
It’s delicious
So you can see (summary)
My favorite meal is spaghetti and meatballs because it is easy to make, fun to eat, and delicious.
Topic Sentence: My favorite meal is spaghetti and meatballs.
50
First, (supporting detail) Also, (supporting detail)
Third, (supporting detail)
So you can see…/Overall … (summary)
TOPIC SENTENCE: There are many ways I can incorporate
writing into my classroom…
Peer review & assistance can occur first in monolingual groups, then in cross-cultural groups…both with graphic organizers and rubrics which spur discussion of revisions
Independent writing is NOT INDEPENDENT…◦ Frequent checking from you with affirmative
feedback (writing conferences)◦ Allow graphically organized or bulleted writing before
the final draft(s) and encourage the use of graphics, art, charts, photographs, PowerPoints, Prezi, etc.
◦ Utilize culturally relevant and culturally competent assignments whenever possible
Peer Review & Independent Writing
Classroom Conditions: Overview
Guiding Principle… it is important to understand that how we organize instruction influences who learns what in our classrooms
Educators need to pay attention to both the social organization of a classroom (grouping practices) & the physical organization (rows or table groups)
Wait time…13+ regular students; 30+ ELLs! Remember the AFFECTIVE FILTER…
anxiety, motivation, & self-confidence MATTER!
Classroom Conditions…things to do Create a supportive climate where it is safe to take risks; language learners exhibit risk-taking behaviors in the learning process (O’Malley & Chamot, 1990)
Optimize opportunities to use language in meaningful, non-threatening ways
Affirm students’ language & culture and create equitable access to learning; encourage sharing of cultural knowledge & identity
Classroom Conditions…things to do
Maintain high expectations …recognizing that a student’s level of language proficiency is not an indicator of intelligence or potential
Differentiate instruction for student’s level of language acquisition
Develop opportunities for families to participate in the educational process in an equitable manner
Explore ways to open communication & dialogue with families & invite them to the school & classroom
Make bilingual learning materials available for checkout for families & students
“ELL SCAFFOLDING 101”Check it out!
Thank you for your time and attention today!
top related