wright gts2005

Sustainable urban transport

Lloyd Wright

Lloyd Wright, GTZ Senior Advisor

The transport paradox

“Transport is unique as the

only development sector that

worsens as incomes rise.

While sanitation, health,

education and employment

tend to improve through

economic development,

traffic congestion tends to

worsen.”

Lloyd Wright

What type of city do we want?

Alex MacLean Lloyd Wright

Car-free area in Tokyo (Japan)Parking lots in central Houston (USA)

Land use and transport decisions say much about what type of city we want

GTZ’s Sustainable Urban Transport Project

GTZ’s SUTP web pagewww.sutp.org

GTZ’s Sustainable Transport Sourcebook

Part I: The trendsVehicle ownership and usage

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

Milli

ons

of p

asse

nger

ve

hicl

es Non-OECDOECD

Source: IEA/SMP, 2004

Today, there are 982 million motorised vehicles in the world.

By 2050, there will be 2.6 billion.

The race is on towards motorisation

Air contaminantsSeven of the world’s ten most polluted cities are in Asia:

BangkokBeijingDelhi

JakartaKatmandu

ManilaMumbai

Swiss Contact

Source: WRI/WHO

Residents risk lung infections, heart disease, and premature death

Obesity and health in Asia

The WHO estimates that Asian countries are about 1 decade between North America in terms of obesity

Study of Beijing residents

32% suffer from coronary heart disease, hypertension, or obesity

47% rarely or never undertook exercise

18% of secondary school students qualify as “obese”

Source: Beijing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention

Induced traffic

Expanding roadways to accommodate traffic is a bit like combatting obesity by buying larger pants

Jakarta: Budget priorities

Swiss Contact

From 1990 through 1998 the city of Jakarta directed 88% of its urban transport budget to roads even though only 12% of the

population had access to private motorised vehicles.

Source: Cervero, 2002

Bangkok developed an extensive roadway network, but road construction could not keep up with demand. Road building is

an expensive way of dealing with travel demand.

Karl Fjellstrom

Density and urban form

Amount of land required for the same population size

Source: Sievert 1997, p. 25

Efficient use of urban space

The amount of space required to transport the 60 persons by different modes

Developing-city footpaths

Mexico City Johannesburg Bangkok

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Buenos AiresLloyd Wright Lloyd Wright Lloyd Wright

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Michael King

Bucharest Jaipur VientianeKuala Lumpur

Pedestrian conditions

Karl Fjellstrom

Lloyd Wright

Obstructed footbridges

Lloyd Wright

Motorcycles driving on footpaths Lack of crossings

Part II. Sustainable solutions

All of these successes featured an integrated and packaged approach:

1. High-quality public transport2. Improved conditions for walking and bicycling

3. Effective integration of modes4. Supportive land-use policies

5. Car-restriction measures

Bogotá

Curitiba

Copenhagen

Freiburg

Portland

Seoul

Singapore

Bus Rapid Transit

Bus Rapid TransitUS$ 0.5 - 10 million / km

TramsUS$ 5 – 15 million / km

Light railUS$ 12 – 30 million / km

Urban railUS$ 25 – 50 million / km

MetroUS$ 50 million – 320 million / km

Lloyd Wright

BRT is an attempt to achieve a metro-level of transit quality using

bus technology

Systems at the same cost

How much transit does Bt 43 billion

(US$ 1 billion) buy?

426 kilometres of BRT

14 kilometres of elevated rail (BTS) 7 kilometres of subway (MRTA)

Bus rapid transit (BRT)

Kangming Xu

Taipei, Taiwan Beijing, China Nagoya, Japan

Seoul, South Korea Rouen, France Brisbane, Australia

Bogota, Colombia

Bogotá’s TransMilenio BRT system provides high-

quality transit in a mega-city

TransMilenio SA

A single corridor on TransMilenio moves over 42,000 passengers per

hour per direction

Jakarta, Indonesia

ITDP

ITDP

Initial corridor of 12.9 km completed in

January 2004

Other corridors under construction

Bangkok’s BRT vision

What do customers want?

Low costRapid journeyConvenienceComfortFrequent serviceSafety SecurityCustomer servicePublic transport should be

designed around the customer and not around a technology

Quality public space

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Loose chairs, benches, pavement tiles, signage, water, art, lighting, and vegetation

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High-quality pedestrian infrastructure

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Osaka’s Dotomburi Singapore’s Boat Quay

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Hong KongTokyo’s Shinjuku

Covered walkways / grade-separated walkways

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Bicycle infrastructure

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Cycle ways, parking facilities, signage, dedicated traffic signals

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High-technology bicycle taxisThe zero emission option for public transport

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Berlin Nagoya New York

Tokyo

ITDPVelo Taxi

Paris Tokyo Agra

Reclaiming public space1

Cities that have destroyed roadways San Francisco

Milwaukee

New York

Portland

Toronto

Seoul

Seoul, South Korea

Before AfterSDI SDI

Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon restoration project

Part III. Conclusions

Lloyd Wright

Transport is not a technical problem,

It is not an infrastructure problem

It is not even a financial problem,

Most often, it is a political problem.

Paying for mistakesCities in OECD nations are often spending large amounts of money to

achieve what most Asian cities already have:

Higher mode shares of walking, bicycling, and/or public transport

Lloyd Wright

“And the end of all our exploring, Will be to arrive where we started,And know the place for the first time” - TS Eliot, Poet

Divergent pathsMany developing Asian cities are trying to replicate what OECD

nations are trying to correct:

Rampant motorisation and expensive road networks

“Experience is the ability to recognise a mistake when you make it again”

Leadership

World’s best systems were developed with

high levels of political support

With strong political will, anything is

possible

Enrique PenalosaFormer mayor of Bogota

Jaime LernerFormer mayor of Curitiba

Lee Myung-bakMayor of Seoul

Thank you

www.sutp.orgsutp@sutp.org