world war i

World War I

Self-Determinis

m

Beginning of the War in Europe

1914 Germany and Austria-Hungary=

Central Powers Britain, France and Russia= Allied

Powers

NationalismAssassinatio

n of Franz Ferdinand

The Two Sides Central Powers

› Germany › Austria-Hungary

Allied Powers› France› Britain› Russia

The United States Remained NEUTRAL for 3 years President Wilson- “We must be

impartial in thought as well as in action”

Most Americans did take sides› German and Irish Americans sided with

Germans› Many others sided with the British,

including Wilson’s cabinet members

Propaganda of WWI

Economic Impact Boom-

› Bankers lending $$ to Allies

Forced trade exclusively with Allies› British blockade ended trade with Germany› British controlled shipping lanes across the

Atlantic

German ResponseBlockade of German supply ships led to..

Germany using U-boats Germany announced they would sink

ships, without warning, found in the water near Britain› Included merchant ships and other civilian

ships› Unable to determine neutral from non-

neutral

Wilson America will continue to be neutral America will continue to trade with

Britain Germany will be held accountable for

any attacks on American citizens

Lusitania British passenger ship sunk near

Ireland by a German U-boat May 7, 1915 1,200 died - 128 Americans Americans were divided over the issue

of war with Germany Germany continued attacking ships

Lusitania

Sussex French passenger ship attacked in

March 1916 Wilson demanded Germany provide

warning before attacking merchant and passenger ships or the US would end diplomatic relations

Germany agreed providing the US agreed to their pledge amendment

Sussex pledge- add on The US would be responsible for

persuading the Allies to modify their blockade

Wilson agreed to the pledge but acknowledged the “add-on” was impossible

Election of 1916 T. Roosevelt refused to accept the

nomination for the Bull Moose Party- to avoid splitting the votes again

Republican Party = Charles Hughes Democratic Party = Woodrow Wilson

Wilson wins by a small margin

January 22, 1917 Germany calls for “unrestricted

submarine warfare in the war zone” US breaks diplomatic ties with

Germany Wilson requests the authority to arm

American merchant ships

Zimmerman note German, Arthur Zimmerman sent a

letter to Mexico proposing a German-Mexican alliance

Zimmerman offered Mexico American land in exchange for their help

The letter was intercepted and published in March 1917

Declaration of War “overt” attacks on American vessels Wilson asked Congress to declare on April

2, 1917 “to make the world safe for democracy”

Reasons:› Attacks on civilians› Germany’s brutality› Zimmerman note

US ENTERS THE WAR- 1917

Wilson’s 14 Points Moral leader of the Allies 14 Points address to Congress Outlined goals Read pgs. 258-262 (only “Wilson’s

Points”) and take notes on the various points

Selling the War George Creel Committee on Public Information (CPI) Use various forms of propaganda to sell

the war to Americans› “four minute men”› Posters, pamphlets and brochures› Music (“Over There”)› Movies – anti-German

Enforced Loyalty Anti-German sentiment in the US-

feared they were German spies Espionage Act-1917 & Sedition Act-

1918› Prohibited anyone from making “disloyal”

or “abusive” remarks about the US govt. Allowed for the imprisonment of up to 20 yrs for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operation of the draft.

› Led to the prosecution of 2,000+ people including Socialist Eugene Debs and IWW leader Bill Haywood

Schenck v. United States Read the information about the case

and answer questions 1-5 on a separate sheet of paper.

You may complete this assignment outdoors

Schenck v. United States upheld constitutionality of infringing on

1st Amendment rights in times of “clear and present danger”

HOMEFRONT

War Industries Board Bernard Baruch Federal government takes a “central role

in economic planning” during wartime Industry (factories) changed over to war

preparations Issued production quotas and set prices Took over the RR Required nation to observe daylight

savings to save fuel (extend daylight hrs)

National War Labor Board Worked to prevent strikes during the

war Unemployed men were drafted into the

war Concessions were granted for laborers

to include: shorter workdays and higher wages

African Americans Migrations to northern cities to take

industrial jobs Took jobs as strikebreakers Appearance in cities led to race riots

› St. Louis Race Riot- 1917› Chicago Race Riot- 1919

Women Joined workforce while men fought

abroad Army nurses worked on the frontlines Most women left their jobs post-war Expansion of the right to vote to

northern and eastern states led to the 19 Amendment in 1920› Women’s suffrage

Food Administration Herbert C. Hoover Voluntary compliance through

propaganda Wheatless Wednesdays and Meatless

Tuesdays “Victory gardens” Restrictions on the use of foodstuffs for

making alcohol › Many German brewers› Led to prohibition (18th Amendment, 1918)

Fuel Administration Save fuel and help war cause “Heatless Mondays” “Lightless nights” “gasless Sundays”

Liberty Bonds War bonds were sold to raise $$ for the

war effort Posters and billboards were used to

advertise Sold during the beginning of movies

Raising an army Draft Act required men ages 18-45 to

register You could not…

› Hire a substitute› Pay to be exempt

Exemptions were given to men employed in specialized industries

Women and African Americans were accepted into segregated& specialized units

The War Ends Kaiser is forced to flee from Germany

before Allies would negotiate with them Major contributions of Americans:

› Food› Munitions› Oil › Manpower

Paris Conference Big Four

› United States- Woodrow Wilson› Italy- Vittorio Orlando› Britain- David Lloyd George› France- Georges Clemenceau

January 1919 Wilson wanted a League of Nations and

to prevent “vengeful” actions

Treaty of Versailles (1919) Demands for war reparations Germans expected peace and

reconciliation, not vengeance Wilson compromised away most of his

14 Points to save the League of Nations

Battle over the League Wilson brought the treaty home to

protest from Republicans and isolationists

Immigrant groups were upset about the terms set for their native countries

Senator Lodge delayed the vote on the treaty

Wilson led a Presidential tour across the nation to talk about the League of Nation

Campaign led to Wilson’s collapse and stroke

Some members of Congress wanted to reserve the right to declare war for themselves

They did not want to be pulled into to war by another member of the League

Deadlock = death of treaty**Most Senators actually approved of

treaty