world war i 1914-1918 - the trokan website · 2018. 9. 10. · world war i begins 6/28/1914...
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World War I
1914-1918APUSH
Period 7
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Key Concept 7.3 II: WWI changed
American conceptions about WOR
and ID
Key Concept 7.3: Global conflicts over resources,
territories, and ideologies renewed debates over the
nation’s values and its role in the world while
simultaneously propelling the United States into a
dominant international military, political, cultural, and
economic position.
II. World War I and its aftermath intensified debates
about the nation’s role in the world and how best to
achieve national security and pursue American interests
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Causes of World War I
Militarism (not possible without
industrialism)
Nationalism (rivalry/self-determination)
Imperialism (rivalry)
Alliances
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The Sun never sets on the
British Empire
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World War I Begins
6/28/1914 – Gavrilo Princip, a Serb nationalist killed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Alliance System spiraled Europe into total War –
World War I began July 28, 1914
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World War I Alliances
Central Powers – Austro-Hungarian Empire,
Germany, Ottoman Empire (primary
members)
Allied Powers- France, Great Britain and the
Russian Empire (primary members)
USA later joined Allied Powers (1917)
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Trench Warfare
Western Front (battle line) barely moved for years
Military leaders could only throw masses of men
over the trenches, millions died
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WWI -“The War to End All Wars”
Militarism –European armies doubled 1890-1914
Weapons and war technologies were “improved”
Industrialized war – most deadly ever
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Weapons “Innovations” of WWI
Poison Gas
Machine Guns
Tanks and Air Warfare
Not possible without
industrialization!
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Death Tolls
At least 15 million died as direct result of war
Christmas truce – small glimmer of hope
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1916 – election – Woodrow Wilson re-
elected
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US Trade before entrance in WWI
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US Attempts at Neutrality US tried to stay neutral in European slaughter
Americans preferences:
German/Irish-Americans favor Central Powers
British-Americans, Eastern-European
Americans favor Allied Powers
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Trade and Neutrality
US maintained better trade with Allied Powers
Trade with Germany and the Central Powers
collapsed
Germany particularly annoyed with this
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German U-Boats Germany U-Boats sank non-military
trading ships headed to Britain
Lusitania – 1915- ship that carried over
100 Americans – RAGE
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Zimmerman Telegraph
January,1917 - German ambassador to Mexico
offered to help Mexico take back territory from the
US; start UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE!
A final straw – US joined Allied Powers by April
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Entry of the US/Withdrawl of Russia
US entered WWI in April 1917
Total War – industry/military work together
**US changed pace of WWI
** Russian Revolution – Russia (Allies) quits – March
1918
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Building military
April 1917 - 200,000 men in army
Selective Service Act – May 1917 –military draft by
lottery system – 2 million would serve
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War at Home Congress gave Wilson broad powers to regulate
economy during WWI – Total War
War Industries Board (WIB)
Railroad and Fuel Administrations
Food Administration – Herbert Hoover - high gov’t
price on wheat – encouraged farmers to grow
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Food Administration - FYI
Gospel of the Clean Plate
“Meatless” day
“Sweetless” day
Two “wheatless” days
Two “porkless” days
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War Financing Raised income taxes on rich; War profits tax
Higher “sin” taxes (tobacco, liquor, luxuries)
“Victory” and “Liberty” loan bonds
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War Industries
Shipyard workers – exempt from draft
Gov’t took over private/commercial ships
Emphasis on shipbuilding
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Propaganda Propaganda - advertising that sells an idea
Committee on Public Information –
produced propaganda to create
enthusiasm for WWI among US citizens
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Naval Blockades and Convoys
Germans had sought to create a blockade and
prevent US from entering Europe
Convoys – strategic clusters of ships used by US
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Debs Speech - reenacted
http://zinnedproject.org/posts/11179
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Espionage and Sedition Acts, 1917-1918
$10,000 fine, up to 20 years in prison for saying ANYTHING “disloyal, profane, or
abusive about the gov’t or the war effort)
Targeted mainly labor leaders
Eugene Debs – 10 year sentence
Big Bill Haywood – fled to Russia
Emma Goldman - deported
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Repeal of the Sedition Act
Most controversial parts of Espionage Act; All of Sedition
Act repealed – 1920
Espionage Act – still exists
Debs – 1920 – ran for president from prison
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Effects of War Hysteria
More patriotism but more hatred against various
ethnic groups (primarily German-Americans)
German-Americans – often changed names, denied
heritage in order to survive
FYI:
- People with German names – job discrimination
- Refusal to play German-made music
- Many schools stopped teaching German language
- Hamburger – Liberty Sandwich
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The US and World War I 1917-18 Second Battle of the Marne- July-August 1918 –
US helps allies win– TURNING POINT
St. Mihiel – September 1918 – largely American
force – major blow to Germany
Battle of Meuse-Argonne- 9/1918-11/1918 – Last
major battle of war – Americans led Allied
Victory
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Ending World War I
Armistice Day – November 11, 1918 –
Germany surrendered – fighting ended
Roughly 15 million killed
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Shell Shock
Shell shock - psychological reaction to the stresses
of battle – flashbacks, unease, physical symptoms
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – modern
terminology – similar causes to Shell Shock
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Aftermath of WWI
Paris Peace Conference - first half of 1919- sets
up a new order for after the war – Wilson goes to
Europe! – took a delegation of Democrats only
Big Four – US, Britain, France, Italy
Treaty of Versailles – 28 June 1919 – finalized
peace deals
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Treaty of Versailles – 28 June
1919
9 new nations, boundaries shifted
Ottoman Empire – no more
Germany banned from having an army
Germany forced to pay $33 billion in reparations,
accept complete blame for war
Established League of Nations
** US – Treaty of Berlin – US refusal to sign onto
League of Nations - 1921
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Wilson’s “14 Points” and the
League of Nations
President Wilson gave a 14 speech about creating a
lasting peace in Europe before war ended
First 5 points – addressed preventing war
Next 8 points – national boundary changes
Last point – development of League of Nations
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Failure of the League
US never joined the league of nations
Wilson collapsed and had a stroke – 1919 –
could not combat Henry Cabot Lodge’s 14
Reservations
Isolationist Republican Senators –
“Irreconcilables” – feared lack of autonomy in
foreign affairs
League – virtually powerless
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Hyperinflation in Germany
Germany forced to pay back its
debts
Solution – print lots of money
Germany’s money became
worthless
Germany left in a horrible state of
debt and despair
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Rise of a Madman
The humiliated condition of Germany after World War I
creates the perfect environment for the rise of a
dictator – Adolf Hitler
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