world war 2 1939-1945. essential questions trace japans rise to power and its justifications for...

World War 21939-1945

Essential Questions Trace Japan’s rise to power and its

justifications for igniting war with the U.S.

Identify the “lessons learned” by the Germans after W. W. 1

Identify 3 turning-point battles & their significance.

Discuss the significance of the Yalta Conference & its possible impact on the post-war world.

B 17

How to maximize the limited military allowed by Versailles?

How to prevent another British blockade?

How to make the Schieffen Plan work this time?

Benito MussoliniIl Duce > the leader Founder of fascism Used thugs [“Black-

shirts”] to rise to power

Outlawed other political parties Created dictatorship

Controls Ethiopia> despite fierce fighting

Adolph Hitler Der Fuhrer> the leader

Opposed Treaty of Versailles Joined the National Socialist

German Workers party or Nazi party

Autobiography “Mein Kampf “ (My struggle) while in prison. Outlined his future plans

for Germany

Hitler Blamed Jews for Germany’s

economic problems [scapegoats] Military expansion

Rhineland – Austria – Sudetenland – Poland – Denmark – Norway – Belgium

All of Eastern Europe Racism: Pure Aryan race>

remove undesirables.

German Expansion

Appeasement

Munich Conference: 1938 Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia

Hitler threatened:PolandFranceBritain Russian German Non-Aggression Pact

German Expansion

European Aggression

ItalyMussolini > fascism

Conquered Ethiopia

Intervened in Spanish Civil War

Germany Hitler > Nazi-

fascism Anti: Treaty –

communist – Jewish – liberal

Withdrew from League

Remilitarized Annexed:

Austria Sudetenland

Axis PowersAn Axis between Rome

and BerlinTriple Pact [when joined by Japan]

Alliance between Germany and Italy

ROME / BERLINROME / BERLINAXISAXIS

Let the Show Begin > Poland Preemptive strike

Unprovoked attack Poland falls in one month

Nazi-Soviet Pact Soviets move

into Eastern Poland pre-established

border Battle of the Atlantic

[submarine warfare]

Blitzkrieg German tactic: “lightening war”. Rapid mobility of

troops and equipment Use of tanks, artillery,

Stuka dive bombers Savage attacks by the

Germans against Poland, Belgium, and France.

Germany At War BLITZKREIG

Lightening War Mobile warfare Massive fast movement of tanks Supported by mobile artillery Terror bombing of cities

Stuka Dive bomber

Junkers Ju.87 Dive Bomber "Stuka"

Germany vs. Western Allies Germany conquers:

Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands

Poland September 1939

France: fell June 1940

Balkans & N. Africa by 1941 Battle of El Alamein

Fall of France

Vichy

Allies

Great Britain> alone since France fell

Joined later by the U.S. and Soviet Union

Continued Fear

FDR’s plan -provide help without becoming actively involved.

Lend-Lease Act authorized the President to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security.

Atlantic CharterAuthored by Roosevelt and Winston Churchill> Post-war plan

Formed the basis for the United Nations

Operation Barbarossa [Eastern Front] German invasion of U.S.S.R. [1941]

Stalin employed ‘scorched earth’ policy Stalin tactic = ‘human wave’ Stalin’s greatest allies = Generals Jan. & Feb.U.S. Lend-Lease

Feeds Soviets [spam] [gives] Studebaker trucks

Turning Point > Soviet victory at Stalingrad

Frederick Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa

Fortress Europe

Occupation Exploitation

Japanese & Germans

Pillaged wealth Employed slave

labor in war industries

Collaboration For personal gain Anti-communists Waffen SS

Resistance Most occupied

lands France –

Denmark – Russian – Poland

Employed: sabotage

Caused: Brutal reprisals

Battle of Britain air attacks Blitz Killed 40,000 civilians Germans lose Thus unable to mount invasion British have radar & ‘break’

Enigma

Battle of Britain Hitler sought to force Britain to surrender.

Massive air assault on Britain civilian targets

Saved by radar heroics of the

R.A.F ENIGMA

Spitfire

Battle of the Atlantic Attempt to keep German

submarines from Britain Convoy System

American warships served as escorts. Germans countered with attacks

on merchant ships. German tactics> wolf packs.

 YearShips lost by U-boat

 Ships lost all enemy

causes

 No. of Crew*

Lost by u-boat

  No. of Crew*

Lost all causes

 1939 50  95 260  495

 1940 225 511 3,375 5,622

 1941 288 568 5,632 7,838

 1942 452 590 8,413 9,736

 1943 203 266 3,826 4,606

 1944 67 102 1,163 1,512

 1945 30 45 229 323

 Total 1,315  2,177 22,898 30,132

Battle of the Atlantic

U.S. Maritime Service Veterans:  http://www.usmm.org/casualty.html

Murmansk Convoy Run

Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad

TURNING POINT IN EUROPE Soviet forces used “natural

resources” (cold weather) to counter attack the Germany army.

Soviet forces began to regain the territory lost to the Germans.

Red Army Counter-Offensive

North Africa Operation Torch> Allied invasion of

North Africa Battle of El Alamein> TURNING POINT

> prevented Nazi gaining control of Suez Canal

Al Alamein

Italy Operation Sea Lion Allied troops threatened Italy,

and its new government surrendered

Germans continued fighting against the allies

P 51 Mustang

Allied Victory on Western Front

Carpet Bombing round the clock

bombing of German cities

Dresden > 135,000 K

RAF by night USAF by day

Invasion Normandy D-Day June 6, 1944 VE DAY Unconditiona

l surrender May 8,

1945

D-Day Operation Overlord> June 6, 1944>

largest landing by sea in history. D-Day> code name for the day the

invasion began.

Battle of the Bulge Nazi counterattack in Belgium

and Luxembourg Dec. 1944. Pushed back American forces Largest battle

in W. Europe

RAF Retaliation

Civilian Targets “Collateral Damage?”

Axis Bombing: Blitz on Britain

40 k casualties

V1 & V2 > 1st ICBM

V2 > silent terror

Britain Dresden

135K> casualties U.S.

Firebomb Tokyo 100 K casualties 1 M homeless

Atomic Bombs 200 K killed

". . . the power of the atomic bomb is beyond belief . . ."

Nagasaki Prefecture Report   

B 17

Carpet Bombing

Originally used by Germans in Battle of Britain

Royal Air Force (RAF) & U.S. Army Air Corps against Germany in which large numbers of bombs were scattered over a wide area.

German cities suffered heavy damages

Carpet Bombing Dresden 135K

Britain 40 K killed

Dresden

Wannsee Protocol

Holocaust: GenocideNazis systematically took away

the individual rights of Jews.Nazi “Final Solution” to the

Jewish Problem: Wannsee Conference.

Concentration camps and death camps

Holocaust

Wannsee Conference [January 20, 1942]

“Final Solution” At first Nazis

encouraged Jewish emigration SS Einsatzguppen [death squads]

Deported European Jews to camps [East] Auschwitz > 1 M killed

Heinrich Himmler

Adolph Eichmann

Heidrich

Final Solution

Camps

Jewish Resistance

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 60 K fought final liquidation of ghetto Raised ‘Star of David’ flag over ghetto Could not win 5.7 M exterminated in Holocaust

V-E DayVictory in Europe May 8,

1945German Surrendered> Hitler

commits suicide

V-E Day Victory in Europe Day Germany surrendered

May 8, 1945 War continued with Japan

Japanese Expansion Japanese Militarists Invasion: China Manchuria /

Manchuko Asia for Japan Withdrew from

League of Nations Triple Pact

Occupation of China

Terror bombing Rape of

Nanjing CCP/Guomindang Guerrilla war

Comfort Women

“Comfort Women” 300K Forced by

Japanese to work in brothels

80% from Korea Serviced 20-30 men

daily Massacred by soldiers Survivors

suffer deep shame

Manchukou

Japanese Aggression [Reasons?] Lack of raw materials for their

industries Saw the growth and expansion of other

nations. Japan seized Manchuria (Northern

China) Dominated most of eastern China Sought to gain all of Asia & Australia

American Response FDR began a naval build up > moved

American Pacific Fleet from San Diego to Pearl Harbor

Remain neutral towards Asia Stay out of world affairs Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed Britain and

France to purchase weapons and transport of weapons.

Pearl Harbor Japan wanted French

colonies in Indochina US knew Japan was

making plans. Japanese air attack

on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii

December 7 “ a day that will live in infamy”

Zero [Mitsubishi]

Pacific Action

Propaganda

GI’s and the Armed Forces

Government Issue> term American soldiers gave themselves. G.I.

Mexican Americans, Native Americans, African Americans and Japanese Americans (segregated)

WASPs (Women Air Force Service Pilots) WAVEs (Women Accepted for Volunteer

Emergency Services. (naval aviation)

Women & WarFour Roles

U.S. & Britain .5M G.B 350 K U.S. Forbidden combat

Soviet & Chinese Both used in combat

roles War Industries

All utilized in industry

Axis Occupation

Japan:“Puppet” Govt.s

Manchuria – China – Burma – Philippines

Direct ControlIndochina – Malaya – Dutch East Indies – Hong Kong

Germany: West &

Northern Europe > maintained autonomy

Eastern Europe & Balkans > direct military cont.

Why?

China

Japanese Expansion

The War in the Pacific Bataan Death March> Filipino and

American prisoners of war- marched to a railroad. Interred in prison camps. Unknown to Americans until 3 years later.

Battle of the Coral Sea: first naval combat carried out by aircraft.

Coral Sea was a strategic loss for Japan > could not invade Australia

Battle Coral Sea

More Pacific Action

Island Hopping: U.S. strategy to regain all islands occupied by Japan

Battle of Midway: fought entirely in the air.

Midway [TURNING POINT]> U.S. carrier based planes sunk 4 Japanese aircraft carriers > deprives them of the naval power need to win the war.

Battle of Midway

Manhattan Project

Code name for the project that was developing the atomic bomb.

Bomb was field tested in New Mexico

Top Secret VP didn’t even know

Oppenheimer remarked that when seeing the first text explosion of the atomic bomb he was reminded of a passage from the Hindu sacred text the Bhagavad Gita: "I am become death, destroyer of worlds"

Be Careful What You Start Pearl Harbor Hiroshima/

Nagasaki

Hiroshima Statistics

Distance from Ground Zero (km) Killed Injured Population

0 -1.0 86% 10% 31,200

1.0 - 2.5 27% 37% 144,800

2.5 - 5.0 2% 25% 80,300

Total 27% 30% 256,300

Nagasaki

Nagasaki Statistics

Distance from Ground Zero (km) Killed Injured Population

0 - 1.0 88% 6% 30,900

1.0 - 2.5 34% 29% 144,800

2.5 - 5.0 11% 10% 115,200

Total 22% 12% 173,800

War in the Pacific [Overview] Onset:

U.S. oil embargo Pearl Harbor [12/7/41]

Japanese victories: enormous territory

U.S. recovery ‘island hopping’ Magic Turning Point: Midway

War in the Pacific Japanese desperation:

Kamikaze U.S. tactics:

saturation bombing Atomic bombs

Hiroshima & Nagasaki Soviets declare war

get N.Korea Japanese surrender 8/15/45 VJ Day

V-J Day

Victory in Japan DayJapanese surrendered after the two bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The War is officially over.

VJ DAY

Conferences

Teheran [1943] Europe first policy

Yalta [1945] Division of Germany &

Soviets in Pacific Potsdam [1945]

Division of Austria & Red Army occupation

Yalta Conference

Split Germany into 4 zones>Berlin in Soviet zone/split among the 4

[U.S. – G.B. – U.S.S.R.- France]

Churchill (G. Britain), Roosevelt (U.S), and Stalin (U.S.S.R.)>

Stalin did not honor all agreements. Poland is central to this issue

Free or communist?

Yalta

Potsdam

George Marshall Top American general

& Roosevelt’s Army Chief of Staff. Launched a massive effort to rebuild

post war Europe. Authored the Marshall Plan Received a Nobel Peace Prize

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/

The Biggest Smart Ever!!!

New York: German Information Center, 1973, pp. 46-47. General Collections.Used by permission of the German Information Center.All rights reserved. (13)

Enduring Questions Why did the U.S. and U.S.S.R. become

adversaries for world dominance? What impact did their rivalry have on

developing nations and other nations in the world?

Why do historians view W.W.2 as the impetus for the assent of the U.S. as the preeminent power in the world?