work measurement (1)

INTRODUCTION

Topic: Work Measurement

Work Measurement Work measurement can be defined as;

The determination of the degree and quantity of labor in performing tasks.

Work measurement (WM) is concerned with investigating, reducing and eliminating ineffective time, whatever may be the cause.Setting Labor StandardsEvaluating performancePredict, Planning and Controlling OperationReduction of Operation Cost

Performance DimensionsManagers generally consider two dimensions for measuring performance;

1) Quantity of Input: Managers generally consider the quantity of input to be

the primary dimension of performance to be measured.In Manufacturing, Quantity is usually measured as pieces per time

period.Example: A manufacturing company produced 100 pieces per hourIn Servicing, Quantity is usually measured as service units per time

period.Example: A bank might have a standard of 24 customer served per

hour

2) Quality of Input: The performance dimensions relating to the

quality of input is secondary;Quality standards are often expressed as the percent of output

units that are allowable defective units.Example: A manufacturing company may set standard by

quality that 2% defective pieces is acceptable in the whole production.

There are two key points in determining dimensions of

performance; The dimensions must be specified before the standard is set. The standard and subsequent actual performance must be

measurable.

Work Measurement TechniquesThere are five basic techniques of work

measurement as a time(work) dimensions. Ignoring formal work measurement Using the historical data approachUsing the direct time study approachUsing the predetermined time study approachUsing the work sampling approach

1) Ignoring formal work measurement:For many jobs in many organizations, especially in the labor-

intensive service sector, formal labor standards are simply not set at all.

Issue of a fair day’s work for a fair day’s pay is ignored. Workers often blamed for poor performance and

inefficiency.Often because management has not established a work(time)

standard, some informal standard is established by default.2) Historical Data Approach:This method assume that past performance is normal

performance. In the absence of other formal techniques, some manager use past performance as their main guide in setting standards

3) Direct time study:It is also known as time study, stopwatchstudy, or clocking the job.Its procedure is as follow;Select the job to be timed by direct observation.Select a job cycle. Identify the elements and tasks that

constitute a complete cycle.Time the job for all cycles and rate the worker. Worker

behave differently while in their performances ( Common reactions are ability, capacity, nervousness, and slowing the work pace).To minimize these effects repeated study or study the job somewhere else is necessary.

Compute the normal time based on the average cycle time and the worker ratings.

Average cycle time= Sum of cycle time observed / Number of cycle observed

Normal time= Average cycle time x Worker rating

Determining the fraction of time available; Available fraction of time= 1 – allowance fraction

Allowance fraction: The fraction of time lost on a job because of

worker’s personal needs, fatigue, and other unavoidable delays.

Set the performance standard time;

Standard Time = Normal time / Available fraction of time

4) Predetermined time study:For setting standards for jobs that are not currently being performed

but are being planned, the predetermined time study is helpful.A work measurement technique that involves observing or thinking

through a job, recording job elements, recording preestablished units, and calculating a performance standard.

5) Work Sampling:Working sampling is based on the simple random sampling that

estimates the what proportion of a worker’s time is devoted to work activities.

A work measurement technique that involves defining the state of “working”, observing the job over time, and computing the portion of time the worker is “working.”

P= Number of observation during which working occurred / total number of observation

Introduction to the Organization

For the practical study we select the Joshan Walk Industries of Pakistan.Joshan Walk Industry is an Experienced and Dominant manufacturing company, exporting Cycling Gear, Baseball Batting Gloves, Weightlifting Gloves and Belts, Sports Gloves, Casual Gloves and Boxing Equipments to valuable.

Vision To be the global market leader in the manufacture of Gloves.

Mission To be the global brand of choice among users of Gloves.

Work Measurement in Joshan Walk Industry

• The Joshan Walk Industry uses its past historical data approach for Work measurement.

For example according to the historical information the organization time consumed by the labor in different department as follow;

Cutting department:In cutting department first the leather cut into big pieces and then they follow the pattern to cut into smaller pieces in the shape of pairs.For example: A pair of boxing glove requires 15 minutes time.

Stitching Department:In stitching department the pair is required 20

minutes and in a working day of 8 hours only one labor can produced 25 gloves.

Molding Fixing Department:In this department the boxing foam is filled inside the gloves. In this department the labor required 5 minutes per pair.

Molding Stitching Department:In molding stitching department the Pair is again stitched after putting foam inside them. In this department the 5 minutes is required to stitch a pair.

Screen Printing department:In this department the Stamp is printed on the gloves and

other brand name or logos and different design is added. This whole process on a pair of boxing glove is 2 minutes.

Inspection Department:After completion of glove above given process the inspection is necessary. In the inspection of a pair of glove it takes 5 minutes.

Packing Department:After the pair is accepted by quality inspector the pair in packed in to the plastic packing sheet. For a pair of glove it requires 3 minutes.

In the Joshan Walk Industry the management also Using the the Direct Time Study Work Measurement technique for setting the standards time for a pair of glove completion.

Example of Joshan Walk Industry; For setting a standard time the organization select a study

on the 4 employees of the organization by direct observing the whole process of them by making a pair of glove.

After observing their information are as follow;

Workers Cutting time

Stitching time

Molding fixing

Molding Stitching

Screen Printing

Inspection time

Packing time

Total time for a pair in minutes

A 15 20 5 5 2 5 3 55

B 13 18 4 4 2 5 3 49

C 15 22 5 3 2 5 3 55

D 14 18 4 4 2 5 3 50

After calculating the whole cycle time of different labor the average time is calculated and normal time is also calculated.

Average time=Sum of all four labor time/ No. of laborAverage time=(55+49+55+50)minutes / 4Average time=52 minutes approximately Normal time=Average time x Worker ratingsNormal time=52 minutes x 100%Normal time=52 minutes

After that allowance fraction time is calculatedIn the Joshan Walk Industry different fraction allowance

are as follow.

The Joshan walk industry assume according to historical information that the fraction allowance are 14% of the whole working day time.

Non-work-related interruptions

• Personal needs (restroom breaks)• Talking to co-workers about matters unrelated to work• Lunch break• Smoke break• Namaz break• Personal telephone call

Work-related interruptions

• Machine breakdowns• Waiting for materials or parts• Receiving instructions from foreman• Talking to co-workers about work-related matters• Rest breaks for fatigue

Then management calculate the average fraction of timeAverage fraction of time= 1 – Fraction allwanceAverage fraction of time= 1 – 14%Average fraction of time= 0.86 and last step of direct Time study approach the company

calculate its standard time for production by that formula;

Standard Time = Normal time / Available fraction of timeStandard Time= 52 minutes / 0.86Standard Time = 60 minutes(approximately)Hence the Joshan walk calculating its standard time of

making a pair of gloves is almost 60 minutes and the standard time is calculated by the direct time study approach.

Merits:

joshan walk industry have the capable management for making accurate standards through accurate work measurement.Work measurement also provides the performance of their worker workers.Through work measurement the company determine the time required to make a pair and it is useful for determining the wage rate and calculating incentives.

DemeritsThe company uses the historical data approach for work measurement which is considered poor standard.For the direct time study work measurement the company can not know the exactely the ratio of fraction allowance.

Work measurement (WM) is concerned with investigating, reducing and eliminating ineffective time.

The Joshan Walk Industry uses its past historical data approach for Work measurement.

The Joshan walk industry assume according to historical information that the fraction allowance are 14% of the whole working day time.

The joshan walk industry should used the computerized data measurement system.

Conclusion & &

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