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12/1/2011 1
World Meteorological OrganizationWorking together in weather, climate and water
WMO STANDARDS & BEST PRACTICES
1st GCW Implementation Meeting (Geneva, 21-24 November 2011)
WMO/OBS www.wmo.int
WMO
Dr M. OndrášChief, WMO Observing Systems Division
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Outline
1. About WMO2. Standardization within WMO and
relevance to GCW3. Recommendations for GCW Actions
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WMO Organigram
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WMO Convention(Part II, Article 2, Purposes)
(a) To facilitate worldwide cooperation in the establishment of networks of stations for the making of meteorological observations as well as hydrological and other geophysical observations related to meteorology, and…;
(c) To promote standardization of meteorological and related observations and to ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics;
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General Regulation of WMO ( Annex III, Structure and TOR of TCs)
I. Basic Commissions• CBS – (A)• CIMO – (A)• CHy – (A)• CAS – (B)
(A) Basic operations and facilities(B) Research in Atmospheric sciences
II. Applications Commissions• CAeM – (C)• CAgM - (C)• JCOMM - (C) • CCl - (C)
Develop, for consideration by the Executive Council and Congress, proposed international standards for methods, procedures, techniques and practices in meteorology and operational hydrology including, in particular, the relevant parts of the Technical Regulations, guides and manuals.
(C) Applications to economic and social activities
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WMO Regulatory Materialhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/manuals.html
Technical regulations Manuals (Standard pr.) Guides (Recommended pr.
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WMO Regulatory Material
Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49) (Mandatory publication):
– Volume I: General Meteorological Standards & Recommended Practices
– Volume II: Meteorological Service for International Air navigation
– Volume III: Hydrology– Volume IV: QM– Six Annexes: WMO Manuals
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WMO Regulatory MaterialA. Manuals (standard practices):1. International Cloud Atlas (WMO-No. 407), Volume I - Manual on the
observations of clouds and other meteors2. Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306)3. Manual on Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386) and
Manual on the WMO Information System (WMO-No. 1060)4. Manual on Global Data Processing and Forecasting Systems (WMO-
No. 485)5. Manual on Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544) 6. Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558)B. Guides (recommended practices):• Guides on GOS, GDPFS, GTS, • Guide to Met. Instruments and Methods of Observation• Guide to Hydro Practices• Guides to Practices or Services for different app areas, such as
Climatology, Agrometeorology, Aviation, MarineC. Other Technical Documents needed for general understanding
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WMO Regulatory Material
International Meteorological Vocabulary
• Aimed at standardizing the terminology used in
this field and at facilitating communication
between specialists speaking different
languages
• 1st edition in 1967,
• Last hard copy edition 1992
(3500 terms in four languages)
• Further updates in digital : METEOTERM
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WMO Regulatory Material
METEOTERM
• 34662 terms in six languages• Includes:
• International Meteorological Vocabulary• International Glossary of Hydrology• Terms from related sciences that appear in WMO documents
Cryospheric Vocabulary ?
http://wmo.multicorpora.net/METEOTERM/Main2.aspx?changeTermbase=0
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Partnership & Standardization
Working agreements:– UN: such as FAO and UNESCO– Intergovernmental: such as ESA and
EUMETSAT– Nongovernmental: such as IUGG, ICSU
Working agreements - standardizationstandardization:– International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), as of 2008– International Committee for Weights and
Measures (CIPM), as of 2002
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Partnership in Standardization
Cooperation Agreement with ISO (2008):1. Development of joint ISO/WMO tech standards2. WMO existing standards can become ISO standards3. WMO retains primary control of its own standards4. Underlines authority of WMO standards and enhances
international recognition WMO standardsNeed for GCW standards to be promoted to ISO standards ?
Working Arrangements with CIPM (2002):Ensuring traceability of measurements to SIPart of MRA: mutual recognition of standards & calibration & measurement certificatesNeed for GCW measurements to be traceable to SI ?
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Partnership in Standardization
(ISO)
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Partnership in Standardization
(CIPM)
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Manual on the Global Observing System, WMO-No. 544
Part I. General Principles Regarding the Organization, Design and Implementation of the Global Observing System
• Part II. Requirements for Observational Data - WMO Rolling Review of Requirements
• Part III. & Part IV Surface- and Space-based Subsystems: Composition & Implementation of Elements
• Part V. Quality Control
Need for a review of existing GCW practices ? ; “GCW Manual”?
http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/Manuals_GOS.html
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WMO Rolling Review of Requirements
Implementation Planfor Evolution of the GOS
All applications synthesis Recommendations for the
observing system
WMO Members’Space Agencies
and partner organizations’
Programmes
Critical Review
Long-term vision of the GOS
RequirementsRequirements
RequirementsRequirements
Statements of guidance
per application
Monitoringsurface/space
observingcapabilitiesand plans
Similar approach GCW Requirements?
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How URs are specified in WMO RQ DB
• For each application & each geophysical variable:– (i) Horizontal and (ii) Vertical resolution,
(iii) Accuracy, (iv) Observing cycle, and (v) Timeliness
• For each parameter:– “min” (or threshold), represent the value below
which observations are worthless– “max” (or goal), represents value beyond which
improvement gives no additional value – “breakthrough” (or optimum), represents
optimal cost/benefit
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Performance-benefit curve for an obs. system
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WMO User Req. DB & Application Areashttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/GOS-redesign.html
New?: Cryosphere7. Atm. Chemistry
12. Space weather6. Aeronautical met.
11. Climate appl.5. Seasonal & Inter-Annual F.
10. Climate monitoring4. Nowcasting & VSRF
9. Hydrology3. Synoptic met.
8. Agricultural met.2. High resolution NWP
7. Ocean applications1. Global NWP
WMO Database to serve as one-stop-shop for Cryo UR&OSC?Identify focal points from different Cryo areas Verify existing Cryo variables and add new Cryo variables in
WMO User RQ & Obs. Systems Capabilities Database
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MANUAL on WIGOSTo include CryoNET & other GCW networks ?
PART I - General Principles Regarding the Organization and Implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System
1. Purpose and scope of WIGOS 2. Organization and design of WIGOS 3. Implementation of WIGOSPART II - Requirements for Observational
Data and Products Generated by WIGOS1. Classification of requirements1.1 General WIGOS observing requirements1.2 Requirements for elements observed by
WIGOS components1.3 Observational requirements for application
areas1.4 Requirements for environmental emergency
response activities2. Procedure for elaboration of requirements2.1 Formulation of observational data
requirements2.2 Evaluation of the feasibility of meeting
observing requirements
PART III - Requirements for Observing Systems Operation and Maintenance
1. General2. Standardization of instruments and methods
of observation3. Station metadata 4. Traceability of measurements to recognized
world standards and measurement uncertainties
PART IV - Requirements for Observational Data and Products Management
1. General2. The role of WIS 3. WIS compliance4. Data representation and formats (including
station metadata)5. Archiving of data (including metadata)6. Operational Database7. Standardization Database8. PortalPART V - Requirements for End-product
Quality…
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Schematic of Global Observing Systems
LANDATMOSPHEREOCEANSYSTEMS
GEOSS
GOOS GTOSWIGOS
GCOSCRYO
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Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, WMO-No. 8
• Comprehensive und up-to-date guidanceon the most effective practices for making meteorological observations and measurements
• Describes instruments, systems and techniques in regular use from the simplest to the most complex
• Does not describe instruments and methods to be used only for research or experiments
• 1st edition 1954• 7th edition 2008• Supplement to 7th edition: 2011
http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/CIMO-Guide/CIMO_Guide-7th_Edition-2008.html
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CIMO Guidehttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/CIMO-
Guide/CIMO_Guide-7th_Edition-2008.htmlPart I. Measurement of meteorological Variables:• CHAPTER 1. General (Includes Measurement standards and Definitions)• CHAPTER 2. Measurement of temperature• CHAPTER 3. Measurement of atmospheric pressure• CHAPTER 4. Measurement of humidity• CHAPTER 5. Measurement of surface wind• CHAPTER 6. Measurement of precipitation (includes snow fall, depth, cover)• CHAPTER 7. Measurement of radiation• CHAPTER 8. Measurement of sunshine duration• CHAPTER 9. Measurement of visibility• CHAPTER 10. Measurement of evaporation• CHAPTER 11. Measurement of soil moisture• CHAPTER 12. Measurement of UA pressure, temperature and humidity• CHAPTER 13. Measurement of upper wind• CHAPTER 14. Present and past weather; state of the ground• CHAPTER 15. Observation of clouds• CHAPTER 16. Measurement of ozone• CHAPTER 17. Measurement of atmospheric composition
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CIMO Guide
Part II. Observing Systems:• CHAPTER 1. Measurements at automatic weather stations • CHAPTER 2. Measurements and observations at aeronautical met stations• CHAPTER 3. Aircraft observations• CHAPTER 4. Marine observations• CHAPTER 5. Special profiling techniques for the BL and the troposphere• CHAPTER 6. Rocket measurements in the stratosphere and mesosphere• CHAPTER 7. Locating the sources of atmospherics• CHAPTER 8. Satellite observations (is being completely revised)• CHAPTER 9. Radar measurements• CHAPTER 10. Balloon techniques• CHAPTER 11. Urban observations• CHAPTER 12. Road Meteorological Measurements• New chapter: Measurements in the harsh environment (including cold climate)Part III. QA and Management of Observing Systems:• CHAPTER 1. Quality management• CHAPTER 2. Sampling meteorological variables• CHAPTER 3. Data reduction• CHAPTER 4. Testing, calibration and intercomparison• CHAPTER 5. Training of instrument specialists
Review existing instrument & obs methods practices for Cryo?Expand CIMO Guide to include instruments for Cryo?
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Centres of Excellencein support of calibration, traceability, data
compatibility and integration16 Regional Instrument Centres (RICs) and 2 Regional Marine Instrument Centres (RMICs):
• Must operate calibration laboratories based on international standards, such as ISO 17025
• Must maintain a set of standard instruments• Must assist WMO Members in calibrating their ntl standards
6 Testbeds and Lead Centers:• Must provide guidance in integration of ground-based remote-sensing
and in situ observations, as well as in the development of standard procedures and advice related to instrument use and operation
• WMO-CIMO Testbed for In-situ Remote Sensing Instrument, Sodankylä, Finland. => opportunity for synergy
Similar approach to GCW Reference sites / Supersites ?
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STANDARDIZATION – harsh (cold) environment
Courtesy: Darren Tessmer, MSC
Herschel Island AWS
Issues:Large amounts of snowPower - significant periods of no data
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Elevated plateau may not always be a solution
Whistler MountainHigh Level
Courtesy Bill Scott, MSC
STANDARDIZATION – harsh (cold) environment
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STANDARDIZATION –harsh (cold) environment
AWS Russkiy IslandCourtesy: A. Klepikov, Roshydromet
Issues:IcingDifficult access (helicopter)Wild animals
Pond Inlet (Nunavut) AWS
Courtesy: D. Tessmer, MSC
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INTERCOMPARISONSBelow: WMO Field Intercomparison of
Thermometer Shields and Humidity Measuring Instruments
VEIG
LBOM
LLANLCOC
SCAE
SDAV
SSOCSYOUVDAV
VROT
VTHY VYOU
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WMO Intercomparisonshttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications-IOM-
series.html
• Intercomparisons:– To determine and intercompare performance characteristics of
instruments under field or laboratory conditions– To link readings of different instruments – data compatibility &
homogeneity
• CIMO Survey on National Summaries of Methods and Instruments for Solid Precipitation Measurements at AWSs, WMO/TDNo.1544, 2010
• WMO Solid precipitation intercomparison (including snowfall & snow depth, 2011-2014
Need for intercomparisons in Cryo ?Participation in WMO Solid precipitation intercomparison ?
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RECOMMENDATIONS for GCW Actions & Implementation Plan
1. Standardization of Practices (networks, observations, instruments, data exchange & policy, products):
• Review existing GCW practices & develop inventory; and identify differences and inconsistencies
• Identify a need for new standard/best practices, identify priorities and develop newstandard/best practices
• Develop Cryospheric Vocabulary• Identify standard/practices that may be promoted to ISO standards?• Develop “GCW Manual”; would provide input to WIGOS Manual, CIMO Guide
2. Register user requirements in WMO RRR DB (RQs & OS capabilities):• Propose a new application area – Cryosphere• Identify focal points for Cryo different appl areas and OS Capabilities• Verify existing variables and add new (key) Cryo variables in RRR DB
3. Establish Centers of Excellence from among GCW Reference sites:• E.g., Instrument Centers and Testbeds responsible for maintaining a set of standard
instruments, calibration, intercomparison, traceability, compatibility, integration of RS and in-situ observations
4. Instrument Intercomparisons:• Identify needs• Participation in WMO Solid precipitation intercomparison (SPICE)
12/1/2011 32
World Meteorological Organization 7bis, avenue de la PaixCH-1211 Geneva 2Switzerland
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