wisp bosnia
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- 1. WISP: Assignment 2BOSNIA
Done By:
Tan Kian Tuck (S10049760B)
Koh Sui Xiong (S10047038K)
Sum Zheng Wei Samuel (S10047737H) - 2. PART A BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
- 3. Background information
Bosnia and Herzegovina has historically been a multi-ethnic state.
In 1990, the population of the country was approximately
43% Bosniacs (Muslims)
31% Serbians
17% Croatians
However since that time, the Bosniac population has declined and Serb has risen because of the ethnic cleansing by Serbian army - 4. Background Information
In November 1990, the first multi-party election took place and the three largest nationalist parties won
Party of Democratic Action
Serbian Democratic Party
Croatian Democratic Union
Power was divided along the ethnic lines
President of Socialist Republic of Bosnia Herzegovina was a Bosiac
President of the Parliament was a Serbian
Prime minster was a Croatian - 5. Conflicts Increasing Events
A war does not takes place suddenly. It needed something to trigger and these were some events that indirectly led to the war.
In 1955-1958: The Yugoslav state encouraged Bosniacs to move and immigrate to Turkey by banning Muslim religion and allowing an easy and quick procedure for releasing from Yugoslav citizenship.
In 1991: Bosniacs actors set up Moslem Ethnic Council. However this body was never been recognized by Serbian authorities. - 6. Main Factors
Race and Religion
Three main races
Bosniacs, Serbs, Croats
Bosnian Muslims & Croatian Christians
Basic Division
All protecting their own ethnic rights
Real minorities practically non-existent, the Jews - 7. Main Factors
Social Inequalities
Bosniacs no citizenship (1963)
Only given if declared as Serbs
Islam was not even recognized at one point of time (1963)
Votes held by the Bosniacs not recognized (1991)
Votes based on geographic residence
Bosnian language not recognized (until year 2000) - 8. Social Inequality
Refers to a lack of social equality whereby individuals do not have equal social status.
Before the Bosnian war started, Bosnian Muslims in Eastern Bosnia had already suffered from social inequality such as:
Removed from their employment
Be Ostracized
Freedom to move was restricted - 9. Main Factors
Prejudices Leading To Discrimination
Races
Serbs thought of other races as lower people
Ethnic Cleansing
Women
Controversial stereotypes of women as dedicated mothers or seductive models
Presented either as mother/wife/housewife, old woman, or show business figure - 10. Ethnic Cleansing
The initial stages of the operation typically consists of systematic and brutal removal through:
Abductions
Killings of high profile political and business personalities in the area
It was done with the aim of depriving the community targeted as a whole of political, social and economic leadership and support. - 11. Treatment of Women
General Treatment Of Women
Women nearly invisible
Only appear when one goes to the entertainment, fashion or TV section
When analysts are asked to comment on social/political events, 90% of the time men
Underrepresented at higher levels of decision-making in the media
Rarely chief editors, general managers or decision makers
Print media marginalize women in dominating areas
Judged on looks, and not achievements - 12. Treatment of Womem
In Bosnia, studies found that there are controversial stereotypes of women as:
Dedicated mothers
Seductive models
Items in print media about women are often presented incorrectly
Often happens in reporting crimes committed by women as they were almost automatically declared guilty - 13. Other Factors
Economic
Largely Agricultural based
Only industrialized nearing 1990s
Weak
Serbians came into contact with most development
Lead to securing of advanced military technology and equipment
Largely the cause of Serbs sense of superiority - 14. Other Factors
Political
Bosniacs boycott elections (1992, 1993)
Declarations of independence, Sovereign states
Bosnia-Hercegovina and Croatia (1993)
Serbs opposed independence
Immediate cause of destruction in the nation - 15. Other Factors
Allport's Scale of Prejudice
Scale 1: Antilocution
means a majority group freely make jokes about a minority group.
Scale 2: Avoidance
People in a minority group are actively avoided by members of the majority group.
Scale 3: Discrimination
Minority group is discriminated against by denying them opportunities and services and so putting prejudice into action.
Scale 4: Physical Attack
The majority group vandalize minority group things, they burn property and carry out violent attacks on individuals or groups.
Scale 5: Extermination
The majority group seeks extermination or removal of the minority group.
the Rwandan Genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia. - 16. PART B PRESENT DAY SINGAPORE
- 17. Discrimination
There are similar discriminations between Bosnia and Today Singapore, however they are not obvious in reality.
The main discrimination that is similar are the following:
Gender discrimination
Racial discrimination
Different discrimination found in Singapore and not in Bosnia.
Age discrimination - 18. Gender Discrimination
In present Singapore, gender discrimination still exist but not many people have seen it.
The discriminated gender are the women.
Most of them are limited to low-paying jobs.
Happen in both periphery and core industry.
Caused by statistical discrimination, pre-existing structural differences and sexism. - 19. Racial Discrimination
Singapore is a Chinese dominated , country, thus, other minority group such as Malays and Eurasians will experience some racism.
Malays are often singled out as a socially and economically underachieving community in Singapore.
Racial discrimination leads to the racial riots in 1964 which also known as Prophet Muhammad Birthday Riots, 1964 Racial Riots, and 1964 Sino-Malay Riots. - 20. Continuation from racial discrimination
The four official groups in Singapore coexisted peacefully since its independence in 1965
Does not mean that racial discrimination and intolerance are non-existent.
Due to everyday social tensions and discomforts arising from living with cultural difference are rarely officially acknowledged.
The term racism is entirely absent from official discourse and public debate in Singapore. - 21. Age Discrimination
The discrimination did not happen in Bosnia but in Singapore.
It occurs when a decision is made on the basis of a persons age.
Due to The Age Discrimination Employment Act developed in 1967, employer are not allowed to have discrimination against according to their age when it comes to: term, condition or privilege of employment. - 22. Prejudice
The prejudices that are found in Singapore are as followed:
Foreign Talent
PRC
Bangladesh
All the above prejudice are not similar to the one happen in Bosnia. - 23. Foreign Talent
Some will look down on Singaporeans thinking we do not have the capability or knowledge.
Mostly occupying the highest paid position and the lowest paid position.
Different treatment when comes to a foreigners and a locals. - 24. PRC
Also know as Peoples Republic of China
Taking over Singaporean jobs as they can accept a lower pay.
They way they speak.
Their Chinese accent is different from Singapore Chinese.
Attitude.
Some have bad attitude thinking that they are always right and forget they are in another country.
Language Barrier.
Mostly do not understand English, thus, unable to communicate. - 25. Bangladesh
Due to smell
Some people dont like them as they do not smell good.
Their skin color
Having prejudice because they are black or brown in color.
Mostly taking up construction jobs.
Most people think of construction jobs as lowly jobs. - 26. If unchecked by 2061
The future of Singapore might change as the discrimination or prejudice become worse.
Another racial riot between races or gender might happen.
Thus will result in social fractures and divisions - 27. PART CWhat can be done to prevent the imagined future from
becoming a reality?
- 28. Brainstorming
Creating public awareness of the issues through different means.
Medias
Dramas / Plays / Acts
Alerting Singaporeans about the low birth rate issues and methods to prevent families from having only one child.
Adopting babies
Baby Bonuses - 29. Racial Inequality
Facts:
In the older days, there use to be racial riots. The Malays felt that they are not being treated equally. For example, Chinese are richer and they have a larger population in Singapore
In present, Government try to promote racial equality. They provide the Malays with study incentives such as no school fee paid. Racial harmony day is also celebrated. - 30. Racial Inequality Solutions
Organized campaign to promote racial harmony.
Organized more job fair prioritizefor women so that they are not being discriminated against.
Promote gender equality in all races in Singapore.
By having games of having both gender participating. - 31. Racial Inequality Solutions
Races equality measures
HDB remain the percentages of different races
Organizing events that require different races to be working together
Talks and campaign on different races to let the people understand each other differences and culture
Make it illegal to discriminate on different races - 32. Gender Inequality
Facts:
Women in the past are being treated as salve. They have no right to reject what they are being told to do by males. For example, female can not doesnt choose their husband, its the husband that choose the wife.
In modern world, women are treated more equally than the past. Some women are getting high position in company and have proven they can be better than male. - 33. Gender Inequality Solution
Talks on how capable women can be in modern world
For female, focusing mainly on young girls
Show them what women can achieve
Start to build up their confidence from young, let them believe they can do it
Show that women arent inferior as compare to guys, showing examples - 34. Gender Inequality Solutions
Women incentives
Advantages in term of living condition, eg. Work incentives for women
Giving them more incentives that wont make them feel inferior
Protective measures against discrimination - 35. Low Birth Rate
Government are encouraging families into having more children. One method is giving baby bonus for first 4 children born in a family. - 36. Low Birth Rate Solutions
Promote high birth rate
Give better child incentives
Talks to non-children family, showing them the joy and advantages of having children
Government provide more subsidies for children, will provide more for poor family - 37. Lack of Water Source
Securing water sources
Facts:
Singapore is a small country without much water resources, therefore we have to get water from neighboring countries. However, Singapore have now started on producing new water as another source of water - 38. Lack of Water Source Solutions
Securing water sources
Build good relationship with more neighboring countries with water resource
Trade agreement with other countries for water sources, act as a backup plan if Malaysia break off water contract talks
Keeping good relationship with Malaysia - 39. Genetic Engineering Solutions
Available only if a family already have a child and want another children of different gender
Impose a limit to the number of males and female born per year, balancing the ratio
Increase the fees of using genetic engineering significantly to prevent large amount of people using it - 40. Thank You
Done By:
Tan Kian Tuck (S10049760B)
Koh Sui Xiong (S10047038K)
Sum Zheng Wei Samuel (S10047737H) - 41. References
http://www.allbusiness.com/population-demographics/demographic-groups/7377994-1.html
www.crsi.mq.edu.au/news_and.../selvarajvelayutham_000.pdf
http://forums.vr-zone.com/chit-chatting/447764-prejudice-discrimination-singapore.html
http://forums.sgclub.com/singapore/discrimination_in_singapore_12318.html
http://www.agenotes.com/age-discrimination/age-discrimination-singapore-30.php
http://www.idebate.org/debatabase/topic_details.php?topicID=293
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore
http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35982
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_in_the_Bosnian_War#cite_note-ICTYKunaracV2001-9
http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kunarac/acjug/en/kun-aj020612e.pdf
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/174/Bosnia-Herzegovina-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html **
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