wiley 2014 ch 11
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Chapter 11
Physical Development in Middle and Late
Childhood
Key Questions
How do qualitative changes in growth and development support physical, cognitive, and social skills during middle childhood?
What can we do to promote health and prevent disease in middle childhood?
How can caregivers and communities keep children safe during middle childhood?
How can disruptions in health affect children’s learning and behavior?
Biology of Health: Physical Growth and Development
Growth and Size Between 6 and 11, height increases 2–3 inches
per year. Weight gain is 5–6 pounds per year. By 11 years of age, the average child is slightly
under 5 ft. in height and weighs less than 80 lbs. Girls begin to grow more rapidly than boys and
are taller and heavier by 12 years of age.
Biology of Health: Physical Growth and Development
Genetic Constancy in Physical Growth Children are genetically programmed to grow
along a path that keeps their expected growth proportionate to length and weight at full-term birth.Mid-growth spurt: The growth rate increase
between the ages of 5 and 8
Brain Growth and Organization in Middle Childhood
The brain is 90–95% its adult weight.
Synaptogenesis begins to slow.
Myelination continues.
Areas involved in cognition continue to evolve
Processing is faster.
Memory and retrieval improve.
Gender differences
Development of gray matter Frontal lobe: peaks at 9 ½ for girls, and 10 ½ for boys Parietal lobe: peaks at 7 ½ for girls and 9 for boys Temporal lobe: peaks at age 10 for girls and 11 for boys The rate of change throughout childhood is higher in
boys, with their brains being 8–10% larger than those of girls.
Motor Development
Physical Activities During Middle Childhood Between 7 and 9, children continue to master
jumping, kicking, and throwing. Motor skills become more coordinated; speed
and accuracy are improving They are more involved in organized sports. The have greater self-discipline.
Foundations of Health: Health Promotion
Immunizations Most states require immunization against
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella varicella (chicken pox), and hepatitis B for entry to school.
New vaccines are recommended for meningococcus, hepatitis A, and the human papillomavirus.
Foundations of Health: Health Promotion
Meningococcus: bacterial meningitis and acute infection of the brain and spinal fluid that spreads through casual contact with other persons
Hepatitis A: a bacterial infection spread through feces
Human papillomavirus: a virus, spread through sexual activity, that causes genital warts, which can cause cervical cancer in women later in life
Foundations of Health: Health Promotion
Nutrition
Malnutrition: Obesity and Overweight
The number of overweight children has tripled in the last three decades.
Among 6- to 11-year-olds, 35.5% are overweight or obese. Overweight: BMI above 85th percentile Obesity: BMI above the 95th percentile
Obesity and Overweight
Why Has Obesity Increased?
A combination of genetics, behavior, and social and economic factors contribute to obesity.
Children tend to be less physically active.
Children eat more snack foods and fast foods.
Parents tend to buy what their children will eat.
Genetic and Physical Causes of Obesity
LeptinDecreases food intake and
increases energy expenditure
Some people (and mice) don’t produce enough leptin
InsulinGrains and other carbs
make insulin levels rise and the slowly fall off
Simple sugars make insulin levels spike and fall off rapidly
Reducing and Preventing Childhood Obesity
Ensure all foods and beverages meet or exceed the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Increase access to high-quality, affordable foods.
Increase intensity and duration of physical activity during school and out-of-school programs.
Reduce exposure to the marketing of unhealthy foods.
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Percentage of U.S. Children in Daily Physical Education Programs from 1969 to 1999
Family Mealtime
Family meals contribute to positive child outcomes such as healthier diet, improved language development, fewer eating disorders, better sleep, and lower rates of obesity.
Tips for positive family mealtime Keep it simple; include salads and vegetables. Get the family involved. Leave stressful discussions out. Allow no electronics.
Physical Activity
Builds strong bones and muscles
Contributes to motor coordination, heart and lung function
Contributes to overall good physical and mental health
Contributes to better academics
Physical Activity
Safety from Unintentional Injuries
42% of deaths in children ages 6 to 12 are caused by accidents Motor vehicle Drowning Fire Suffocation ATVs, bicycles, snowmobiles
Sports-Related Injuries
Children ages 5 to 14 account for two-thirds of all sports-related injuries.
Contact sports involve the highest rates of injury, but individual sports involve more severe injuries.
62% of injuries occur during practice.
Brain injury is the leading cause of death.
Keeping Children Safe During Sports
Disabilities
Educational Issues
Public Law 94-142 (Education for All Handicapped Children Act)› Requires that all children with disabilities
be given free, appropriate public education
Renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990
2004: aligned with No Child Left Behind
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Written statement that spells out program tailored to child with disabilityRelated to child’s learning
capacity
Designed to meet child’s individual needs
Designed to provide educational benefits
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Child with disability must be educated in setting as similar as possible to one in which children without a disability are educated
Inclusion: educating special-needs child full-time in the regular classroom
Who Are Children with Disabilities?
About 10% of U.S. children receive special education or related services•Learning disability (includes ADHD)•Speech and sensory disorders •Physical disorders •Emotional and behavioral disorders
Learning disabilities 2,817,148 or 50.8%
Speech and language impairments 1,074,548 or 19.4% Mental retardation
611,076 or 11%
Emotional disturbance 463,262 or 8.4%
Multiple disabilities 107,763 or 1.9%
Hearing impairments 70,883 or 1.3%
Orthopedic impairments 69,495 or 1.3%
Other health impairments 220,831 or 4%
Visual impairments 26,132 or 0.5%
Autism 53,576 or 1%
Developmental delay 0.2% Traumatic brain injury 0.2% Deaf-blindness > 0.1%
Autism Spectrum Disorders
TypesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)Autistic disorder Asperger’s syndrome
Problems withPersonal interactionsVerbal and nonverbal communication Repetitive behaviors May show atypical sensory responses
Speech Disorders
Articulation disorders: problems pronouncing sounds correctly
Voice disorders: hoarse, harsh, too loud, too high or too low pitched speech
Fluency disorders: commonly called “stuttering”
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