why did rome become a conqueror?
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Why did Rome become a conqueror?
• Framework
Why did Rome become a conqueror?
• Framework
• Why? Theories– Continual Self-Defense– Greed/Aggressiveness– Nature of Political Prestige/Power
• Political Advancement
• Dignitas
Why did Rome become a conqueror?
• Framework
• Why? Theories
• How? Theories:– Genius?– Material Circumstances– Roman Determination
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Who are the Carthaginians?•Powerful Trading Empire•Similarities to Rome•Differences from Rome
FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Who are the Carthaginians?•Powerful Trading Empire•Similarities to Rome•Differences from Rome
Background to Conflict•Rome respects Carth domain over Medit•Rome Expands•Greek Pressure•Where might battle take place?
FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Who are the Carthaginians?•Powerful Trading Empire•Similarities to Rome•Differences from Rome
Background to Conflict•Rome respects Carth domain over Medit•Rome Expands•Greek Pressure•Where might battle take place?
• Sicily
FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
First Punic War•Land Power vs. Sea Power
• Rome and Naval Warfare
First Punic War•Land Power vs. Sea Power
• Rome and Naval Warfare•Course of War
• Roman Victories• Shipwrecks• Roman Determination• Hamilcar Barca• Carthaginian Politics
First Punic War•Land Power vs. Sea Power
• Rome and Naval Warfare•Course of War
• Roman Victories• Shipwrecks• Roman Determination• Hamilcar Barca• Carthaginian Politics
•Effects• Cash to Rome• Carth gives up Sicilian Claims• Sicily=First Overseas Province
Second Punic War•Interwar Developments
• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress
Second Punic War•Interwar Developments
• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress
•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea
Second Punic War•Interwar Developments
• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress
•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea• Cross Alps
Second Punic War•Interwar Developments
• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress
•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea• Cross Alps• Military Genius
• Cannae
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Numidian Cavalry
Spanish & Gallic Cavalry
Gallic & allied infantry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Carthaginian Skirmishers
Roman Skirmishers
Roman Heavy Infantry
Aufidus R.The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
Aufidus R.
Spanish & Gallic Cavalry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
Carthaginian Skirmishers
Roman Skirmishers
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Numidian Cavalry
Gallic & allied infantry HeavyLibyanInfantry
Roman Heavy Infantry
While the Carthaginian skirmishers clash with the Roman skirmishers, they also screen the Carthaginian Gallic & allied infantry which are pushing their center forward into a convex formation. This stretches the Carthaginian line and offers a tempting target for the main body of Roman infantry to attack, thus setting up a trap.
The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
Spanish & Gallic Cavalry
Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman
Cavalry
Carthaginian Skirmishers
Roman Skirmishers
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Numidian Cavalry
Gallic & allied infantry
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Roman Heavy Infantry
While the Carthaginian skirmishers clash with the Roman skirmishers, they also screen the Carthaginian Gallic & allied infantry which are pushing their center forward into a convex formation. This stretches the Carthaginian line and offers a tempting target for the main body of Roman infantry to attack, thus setting up a trap.
Aufidus R.The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
Aufidus R.
Spanish & Gallic Cavalry
Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman
Cavalry
Carthaginian Skirmishers
Roman Skirmishers
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Numidian Cavalry
Gallic & allied infantry
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Roman Heavy Infantry
Aufidus R.
The skirmishers filter back through their respective armies, allowing the Roman legions to attack the thin Carthaginian center.
The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
Aufidus R.
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Numidian Cavalry
Spanish & Gallic Cavalry
Gallic & allied infantry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Carthaginian Skirmishers
Roman Skirmishers
As the Roman legionaries press forward, they push back the Carthaginian line….
The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
Aufidus R.
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Numidian Cavalry
Spanish & Gallic Cavalry
Gallic & allied infantry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Carthaginian Skirmishers
Roman Skirmishers
…. first flattening it out….
The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
Aufidus R.
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Numidian Cavalry
Spanish & Gallic Cavalry
Gallic & allied infantry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Carthaginian Skirmishers
Italian & Roman Cavalry
… and then forcing it back into a concave shape. Meanwhile the Carthaginian cavalry on the left has beaten the opposing Roman cavalry. While some of them continue to pursue the fleeing Roman cavalry, the rest swing around to hit the exposed rear of the Roman line, first driving the Roman skirmishers back into the ranks of the legions.
Roman Skirmishers
The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
Aufidus R.
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Numidian Cavalry
Spanish & Gallic Cavalry
Gallic & allied infantry
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Carthaginian Skirmishers
Roman Skirmishers
Italian & Roman Cavalry
At the same time, the Libyan infantry on the flanks of the main body of Carthaginian infantry swing around to attack the exposed flanks of the Roman infantry.
The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
Aufidus R.
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Spanish & Gallic Cavalry
Gallic & allied infantry
Italian & Roman Cavalry
HeavyLibyanInfantry
Carthaginian Skirmishers
With that, the trap is sprung,with the Roman legions surrounded and hemmed in so tight they cannot even raise their arms to defend themselves. From this point on, it was just a massacre.
Numidian Cavalry
The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE
The ensuing slaughter was probably the worst military defeat in Roman history as Roman soldiers were packed in so tightly they had no room to raise their arms to defend themselves.
Second Punic War•Interwar Developments
• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress
•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea• Cross Alps• Military Genius
• Cannae•Slow Defeat of Hannibal
• Siege and Fabian Strategy• Italians mostly stay loyal• Hannibal Roams• Return to North Africa• Scipio (202) and Surrender (201)
Second Punic War•Interwar Developments
• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress
•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea• Cross Alps• Military Genius
• Cannae•Slow Defeat of Hannibal
• Siege and Fabian Strategy• Italians mostly stay loyal• Hannibal Roams• Return to North Africa• Scipio (202) and Surrender (201)
•Effects• Devastation of Carthage• Rome
• Medit Power• Militia to Prof Army• Scipio, Dignitas, Political Power
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Empire Serious problems (FC.30)
AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy
(FC.28)
Roman territory borders new neighbors
New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests
Rome starts or is drawn into new wars
Rome eventually wins those wars
Ambitious genl’s (e.g., Caesar in Gaul & Pompey in Asia) conquer rest of the Mediterranean (FC.31)
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:
Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.
Italy
Interest in Sicily which is rich &
very close to Italy
Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean
Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:
Carthage had conquered Spain &
used it vs. Rome
Rome still feared Celts & Carthage
after 2 wars
Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.
Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:
Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome
Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to
Rome for help
Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E
PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION
Empire Serious problems (FC.30)
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