who does research in developing countries ? aged 4713 spring 2003

Who does researchin Developing Countries ?

AGED 4713Spring 2003

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Why is Agricultural research important?

Help to improve development economic growth poverty alleviation rural development

improve management of natural resources Ag research is central for boosting

productivity Better agriculture help to release labor for

industrial employment

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Who does Agricultural Research in Developing Countries

Federal Government: Ministry of Agriculture

Agricultural Universities Private Sector: Non-governmental Organizations All known as

National Agricultural Research System (NARS)

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What is NARS?

World Bank defined National

Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)

as any national organization or

institution which undertake agricultural

research in developing countries

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Responsibility of NARS:

To conduct strategic, applied and

adaptive research and on-farm trials

to verify the effectiveness of new

technology.

To provide interactive link among

extension services, the private

sector, educational institutions, and

government ministries.

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Relationship between IARC and NARS

IARC’s strengthening national agricultural

research in developing countries

Enhancing working relationships with

colleagues in national programs

Strengthening skills in research

administration and management, and

formal training programs for research staff.

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Advantages of NARS

Direct institutional /client linkages Close proximity to farmer’s problems Ability to collect field-level data

relatively inexpensively

On-site staff and facilities Effective conduit for communicating

development strategy and policies to policy makers

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Types of NARS

• Publicly supported (centralized)• Collaborative federal/state agricultural

research systems (decentralized )• Endowed research institutes• Agricultural Universities• Private sector research institutes• Non-governmental Organizations• Multinational, regional research

institutes

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Publicly supported (centralized)

Systems that are dependencies of , controlled by, and receive their financial support from the Ministry of Agriculture or other ministry in the federal government.

Examples: Brazil: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria

(Embrapa) Kenya: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council

(PARC)

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EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute

Embrapa's mission is to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of the Brazilian agribusiness by generating, adapting and transferring knowledge and technology that benefits the Brazilian Society.

http://www.embrapa.br/english/

Agricultural, Livestock , Rural Development, Fishing and Food

Secretariat

www.sagarpa.gob.mx

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Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems

(decentralized ) Systems that channel federal, state, private

sector, and producers (commodity

associations) funding to semi-autonomous

state level research and extension programs.

Programs are commodity linked with

disciplinary, cross commodity programs

Research/extension linkage: close, assembling

and adapting technology to producers’ needs.

Example: Mexico: INIFAP

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Institutions supported by SAGARPA

www.sagarpa.gob.mx

Semi-autonomous

Teaching

Research

Extension

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Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias

The National Institute of Forestry, Livestock and Agricultural Research

www.inifap.conacyt.mx

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• Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized )

• Funded by • Federal• State• Producers in every state have a foundation

(Fundacion Produce)

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Objectives

To develop and strengthen National Strategic Research

To promote applied research and technology transfer

To support research for sustainable natural resources management

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Researchers by Academic Degree 2002

Academic degree Number %

Bachelor 229 19

Master 696 59

Doctorate 260 22

Total 1185 * 100

*6.3% are in Graduate College

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Distribution of researchers by area 2002

Area Number %

Forestry 140 12

Crops 760 64

Livestock 285 24

Total 1185 100

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8 Regional Research Centers (CIR)81 Research Stations

6 National Centers

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Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs

108 Crops Avocado Beans Barley Cacao Corn Citrus Chile Coffee Cotton Mango Rice Soybean Wheat

Disciplinary areas Biotechnology Entomology Integrated resources

Management Plant genetics Irrigation systems Rain fed land

management Mechanization Biofertilization Corn Protein gene(opaco)

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Livestock Dairy Cattle Dual Purpose Sheep Goat Red deer Pig Poultry Honey Bee

Disciplinary programs Animal health

Epidemiology Parasitology Microbiology

Nutrition Reproduction Genetics Biothecnology

Research Programs are commodity

linked with disciplinary programs

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INIFAP Technology Transfer Program to

Livestock producers GGAVATT:

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Agricultural universities

Institutions of higher learning that

provide undergraduate and graduate

education and grant related degrees,

conduct research, and distribute

information to agricultural sector

clientele.

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Agricultural universities

Autonomous, some semi-autonomous Structure: Centralized Funding sources: Public-federal and

state Nature of programs: education; some

research and extension Limited research Limited extension linkages Linkage with international/multinational

programs

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Summary

Importance of Agricultural research What is a NARS ? Relationship between IARC and NARS Types of NARS Examples of NARSImportance of IARC’sTypes of Agricultural research

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International Ag. Research Centers

The IARC's research agenda focuses on both strategic and applied research.

This includes:Problems affecting agricultural productivity

and links these problems to broader concerns

Poverty reduction,

Sustainable management of natural resources,

Protection of biodiversity

Rural development.

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Types of Agricultural Research

Basic Strategic Applied Adaptive/on farm level

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Types of Agricultural Research

Basic Research: is undertaken to develop knowledge for its own sake. Without no predetermined use in short term.

Example: Gene research

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Types of Agricultural Research

Strategic Research: is aimed at solving those problems which affect several regions of the world or a country. Try to response why ? And how? Example:

Biotechnology Identifying new varieties

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Types of Agricultural Research

Applied Research: is aimed to answer current problems in a particular state, region or county.

Example: Response to fertilization Tillage Practices

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Types of Agricultural Research

Adaptive/Farm Level Research: involves the identification, through experimentation on farms, of the specific combination of crop and animal production practices that will provide maximum productivity on those farm

• Example: Field demonstration, comparison between new practice and the farmer practice