what was the cold war? cold war - the period of conflict, tension and competition between the united...
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What was the Cold War?Cold War - the period of conflict, tension and
competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; sports; military, industrial, and technological developments, including the space race; costly defense spending; a massive conventional and nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars.
Democracy v. CommunismDemocracy
Elect govt. representatives
Free market – prices and products not controlled
Everything not owned by govt.
CommunismDictatorshipPrices and
production controlled
Govt. owns everything (all businesses, etc.)
Freedom v. Control
YALTA (in the USSR)Date: Feb 1945
Present: “Big Three”--Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
Yalta ConferenceCalled for a conference to create a new world
organization on April 25, 1945. This was known as San Francisco Conference. Would sign charter for creation of United Nations
The United NationsMain goal was to maintain peace and settle
disputes.
Members agreed to bring disputes to UN.
Main body of nations was called the General Assembly.
Five permanent members of Security Council: U.S., Russia, China, Britain, and France Each member has the power to veto, or reject, any
proposal. No way to enforce decisions
Horrible at solving conflicts, but great at fighting hunger, disease, and improving education.
Yalta ConferenceCreated occupation zones in Germany: Soviets
would control the east and Western Allies (U.S., G.B. and France) would control west. Berlin (entirely in Soviet Zone) would be under joint occupation
Focus on Berlin
After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops.
Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.
Yalta Conference
Big Three promised to sponsor free elections, democratic governments in all of Europe
Soviets had already expanded through Eastern Europe
Harry S. Truman
President 1945 – 1953
Cold War policy of Containment
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
United Nations
NATO
Korean War
ContainmentThe goal of containment was to contain, or limit,
Soviet expansion
Idea of containment was first outlined in George Kennan’s “Long Telegram” on February 22, 1946.
Then appeared in 1947 article anonymously written in Foreign Affairs
“the main element of any US policy must be that of a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies…”
Growing fear that Soviets wished to expand beyond eastern Europe
Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine in March 1947
promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”.
Triggered by British inability to hold the line in Greece, it was followed by aid to Greece and Turkey, and also money to secure upcoming elections in Italy and the advance of Communist trade unions in France.
Request for $400 million to economic aid to Greece and Turkey (By 1950 had spent $659 million)
Was the beginning of what SC senator Bernard Baruch called a “Cold War”
Marshall PlanSecretary Of State George C. Marshall called for a
program of massive aid ($12 Billion) to rescue Western Europe after World War II
Wartime damage and dislocation had hurt factory production in Western Europe
Severe drought and harsh winter had destroyed crops
Coal shortages, bridges out, rail networks destroyed
Communist party flourishing in France and Italy
Plan offered aid to all European countries, including the Soviet Union
· In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.
Soviet blockade:
West Germany
East Germany
West Berlin
East Berlin
· In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.
· President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin.
A huge airlift:
· At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.
Video: Marshall Plan and the Berlin Airlift
NATO and Warsaw Alliance
U.S. and other Western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).A military alliance to guard against Soviet
attackAgreed that an attack on one member would
be an attack on the entire group.In response, the Soviet Union and satellite
nations of E. Europe formed their own alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955
What is the main idea of this political cartoon?
• In 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe.
Iron Curtain Speech
Korean War Soviet Union backed a Communist govt. in
North Korea & U.S. backed a non-communist govt. in South Korea
June 25, 1950 – North Korea invaded South Korea
President Truman urged UN to send in troops from 16 nations (90% were American)
Troops pushed North Korea back north across the 38th parallel
China (communist) sent troops to North Korea and pushed UN troops back into South Korea General MacArthur believed that the
U.S. should attack China in order to win in Korea
Pres. Truman disagreed – believed that attack on China might start a new World War
MacArthur disregarded Truman – Truman fired MacArthur
1953 – war ended and the two sides established a demilitarized zone – an area which neither side controls
HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
U.S. Congressional Committee that opened hearings in 1947 on possible communist infiltration of Hollywood
10 screenwriters, producers and directors claimed their first amendment rights and refused to testify
Federal courts agreed with HUAC’s investigation and the Hollywood Ten went to prison for contempt
HUAC (House Un-American Activities
Committee)
Studio executives drew up blacklists of possible communists in the movie industry
Both Ronald Reagan and Richard Nixon became famous as anti-Communists because of the HUAC meetings.
Loyalty Program
President Harry S. Truman signed United States Executive Order 9835, sometimes known as the "Loyalty Order", on March 21, 1947.
established the first general loyalty program in the United States, designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government.
hoped to quiet critics who accused Democrats of being soft on communism..
Loyalty Review Board investigated over 3 million government employees, just over 300 of whom were dismissed as security risks
Communists in Government?
Many Americans worried that Communist sympathizers and spies might be secretly working to overthrow U.S. govt.
Alger Hiss, former State Dept. official Accused of passing govt.
secrets to Soviet agents Convicted of perjury and spent
several yrs in prison
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Accused of passing secrets of
atomic bomb to Soviets Found guilty and sentenced to
death – executed in 1953
McCarthyism1950 - Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed
he had a list with the names of 205 Communists who worked in the State Dept.Later reduced # to 81, then to 57Refused to show list to anyone
McCarthy led Senate hearings in which he bullied witnesses and made exaggerated charges
McCarthyism came to mean accusing someone of disloyalty without having any evidence
McCarthy lost his following in 1954 when he made false accusations against the Army on television
Dwight D. EisenhowerPresident 1953-1961
Policy of Brinkmanship Would use military force to stop the spread of
Communism
Domino theory – theory that if one country fell to Communists, neighboring countries would follow
CIA grew in importance during his administration
Farewell Address Warning to American people to watch guard the govt.
and be aware that there was a growing reliance on the military by the govt. – Military Industrial Complex
U-2 Incident1960
U.S. spy plane shot down in Soviet UnionU.S. denied that it was a spy plane; said it was a
weather plane
Soviets captured pilot – Francis Gary Powers
Had to admit we were spying
What was the Arms Race?
Contest in which nations compete to build more and more powerful weapons
Soviet Union made their first atomic bomb in 1949
1952 America developed hydrogen bomb – 80 times more powerful than a-bomb
Soviet Union soon followed with h-bomb
Both countries stockpiled weapons
John F. Kennedy
President 1961-1963
Cold War Policy – Flexible ResponseAvoid all out nuclear war; use more conventional
weapons and troops to fight against Communism
Encouraged Space Race
Established Peace Corps
What was the Space Race?Soviet’s launched satellite in Oct. 1957 –
Sputnik – U.S. thought it was a spy satellite
Soviet’s built a rocket and sent dog into space – Nov. 1957 – U.S. feared that rockets could deliver missiles
Soviet Union sent first man into space – 1961
U.S. scrambles to catch up1962 – U.S. sends John Glenn up – 1st man to orbit
earth1969 – American Neil Armstrong – 1st man to walk on
the moon
What was the Bay of Pigs?Communist Fidel Castro led revolution in Cuba –
Soviet Union promised Castro help
Castro forced thousands of Cubans into exileExiles secretly trained by U.S.C.I.A. led exiles in invasion – Bay of Pigs – invasion
failed – embarrassed U.S.
What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Soviets build nuclear missile base in Cuba
U.S. spy planes discovered them
President John F. Kennedy set up naval blockade – after 13 days Soviet ships turned back – crisis averted
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