what is imagery? equivalent terms include visualization, mental rehearsal, mental practice. imagery...
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What IsImagery?
Equivalent terms include visualization, mental rehearsal, mental practice.
Imagery involves creating or recreating an experience in your mind.
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What IsImagery?
A form of simulation that involves recalling from memory pieces of information stored from experience, and shaping these pieces into meaningful images.
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What IsImagery?
Imagery involves all the senses: visual, kinesthetic, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory.
Imagery involves moods and emotions.
Types of Imagery
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Internal imagery
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External imagery
VividnessUse all the senses to make images as vivid and detailed as possible.Exercise:
Keys to Effective Imagery
ControllabilityLearn to manipulate your images so they do what you want them to.Exercise:
Keys to Effective Imagery
Uses of Imagery Improve concentrationRelaxation
Build confidence
Control emotional responses - coping
Acquire and practice physical sport skillsControl pain
Solve problems Acquire and practice strategy
Does Imagery Work?
Jack Nicklaus, Olympic athletes and coaches
Anecdotal reports:
Case studies: myself
VMBR investigations with skiers and karate performers
Multiple-baseline case studies:
Many supportive experiments; 200+Experimental evidence:
However, imagery effectiveness depends on a number of factors.
Factors in Effectiveness of Imagery
Nature of the task:
Skill level of the performer:
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Factors in Effectiveness of Imagery
Imaging ability:
Combination with practice:
Developing an Imagery Training Program
Tailor imagery programs to an athlete’s individual needs, abilities, and interests.
The first step in developing an imagery program is evaluating the athlete’s imagery skills.
Imagery must be practiced...should be built into an athlete’s daily routine.
Developing an Imagery Training Program
Proper setting
Relaxed concentrationRealistic expectations; sufficient motivation
Vivid and controllable images
Positive focus
Imagery guidelines:
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Developing an Imagery Training Program
Imagery guidelines:Use Videotapes; create them of yourself or use expert
models
Imagining execution and outcome
Imagining in real time
When to Use Imagery
Before and after practice
Before and after competitionDuring breaks in action (in practice and competition)
During personal time
When recovering from injuryImmediate correction of technical or mental mistakes (e.g., golf swing)
How Imagery Works:Five Theories
Psychoneuromuscular theory
Symbolic learning theoryPsychological skills
hypothesis
Bioinformational theory
Triple code model
Theory 1
Imagery programs muscles for action.
How Imagery Works
Psychoneuromuscular Theory
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Theory 2
Imagery helps us understand movement
patterns.
How Imagery Works
Symbolic Learning Theory
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Theory 3
Imagery ---> other mental skills
How Imagery Works
Psychological Skills Hypothesis:
Attentional Arousal Set
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Theory 4
Images are made of stimulus and response
propositions.
How Imagery Works
BioinformationalTheory
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Theory 5
Imagery comprises the image, somatic response, and image meaning.
How Imagery Works
Triple CodeModel
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Future of Imagery
Neuroscience and imagingJournal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity
http://www.bepress.com/jirspa/
Journal of Mental Imagery
http://www.journalofmentalimagery.com/index.html
Other applications and directions?
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