what is ai?suraj.lums.edu.pk/~cs331w04/slides/lecture1.pdf · scope of ai based techniques main...
Post on 31-Jul-2020
3 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
1
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
What is AI?
∇ Computer based solution of complex problems through the application of processes that are analogous to the
Human Reasoning Process
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE(How to Define AI)
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
2
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Can Ever A Computer Be Made That Actually “THINKS”
Lets Define What Intelligence is.
IDEAS?
Is it a Learning Process?Is it a Reasoning Process?Is it a Thinking Process?
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
AN OPNION
Intelligence isReasoning + Learning
Intelligent Beings
Intelligent Systems
(Systems that try to mimic reasoning and learning abilities)
- Establishes Relationships- Perception and Comprehension- Generalization Ability
- Memory- Differentiating
Chair vs TableSpoon vs Fork
3
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Concepts of AI
Strong AI?Consciousness - “is some complicated computation”
Brains Are Computers of MEAT?
“Computers can achieve or even exceed all Human Capacities once high computational speeds are achieved”
4
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Weak AI?
Computation Consciousness
Brain has ingredients that are
∇ Non - computational
∇ Simulating consciousness is not possible
Computational + Non Computational
BRAIN
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Scope of AI Based Techniques
Main focus Problems that do not have algorithmic solutions
Vague, uncertain and poor-defined systems
Systems with decision - making problems
(Examples?)
5
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
6
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Example Tasks
Game Playing∇ Rules are well defined∇ Formalisation is easy
Automated Reasoning∇ Theorem proving∇ Formal logic/ knowledge representation.
Expert SystemsMimic experts such as doctors
Coding
Knowledge Diagnostic
Experts
Experts
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Natural Language Processing
∇ Computer learn human languages
Examples:-Leobner Prize Context (Started in 1991).
Rules:-∇ Judges rate the response of the computer programs and try to
find out whether it is human or a computer.
1996 - a program fooled 5 judges out of 10.
A Fragment is Presented ……..)
7
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Planing And Robotics
∇ Artificial Pets.
∇ Efforts to make “machines”- Responsive
- Flexible
e.g.,
Human Machine
8
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Turing TestQ
A
Computer
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Objections :- Turning Test
Most AI Programs Are Not Flexible In Nature
May Not Be Able to Answer Emotional Questions
9
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Knowledge Representation And Preference
Key AssumptionPhysical Symbol System’s Hypothesis
Examples:-∇ black (mybook) denotes:
my book is black∇ clear (way)
way is clear
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Physical Symbol System Hypothesis
Consists ofSet of entities (Symbols)Expressions (Joint symbols)Processes (Joint expressions)
Symbols Expressions Processes
“A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action”
(Through Learning)
CreationModificationDestructionProduction
Of Processes(new)
outputs
10
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Importance of Semantics
∇ If semantic is wrong proper conclusion is not reached
Init. Fact Formal Fact(Mapping Due to Semantics)
Conclusion Formal Reasoning
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
Knowledge Representation Languages
• A) Representational Adequacy
11
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
(b) Naturalness
Captures the structure of knowledge in an obvious way
Fact: If you are tired you should rest
Repn 1. If (x, t, s)2. If condition (x, tired)
Then cure (x, sleep)(rest)
(c) Inferential AdequacyShould be able to deduce new facts from existing knowledge
e.g., Is ‘Y’ president of PAKISTAN?
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
(d) Inferential Efficiency
The speed of outputting INFERENCES
12
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
13
CS 231: Dr M M Awais (LUMS)
top related