what are nanorobots? - web viewnanotechnology is a fascinating science for many scientists as it...
Post on 06-Mar-2018
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
NANOROBOTICS &
CRYONICS AN IMPLEMENTATION OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Authorised BySANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDYEmail: help@matlabcodes.comEngineeringpapers.blogspot.comMore Papers and Presentations available on above site
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is a fascinating science
for many scientists as it offers them
many challenges.One such challenge is
Nanorobots, which once thought to be a
fantasy has come into reality now.The
proposed application of nanorobots can
range from common cold to dreadful
disease like cancer.. The study of
nanorobots has lead to the field of
Nanomedicine. Nanomedicine offers the
prospect of powerful new tools for the
treatment of human diseases and the
improvement of human biological
systems.
Cryonics is the process of using
ultra cold temperature to preserve the
dead body. Molecular Nanotechnology
is the best way for Cryonics.Preservation
may continue for decades or centuries.
Cryonic suspension is a method of
stabilizing the condition of someone
who is terminally ill so that they can be
transported to the medical care facilities
that will be available in the late 21st or
22nd century.
Introduction:
Representation of nano
The present era of Nanotechnology has
reached to a stage where scientists are
able to develop programmable and
externally controllable complex
machines that are built at molecular level
which can work inside the patient’s
body. Nanotechnology will enable
engineers to construct sophisticated
nanorobots that can navigate the human
body, transport important molecules,
manipulate microscopic objects and
communicate with physicians by way of
miniature sensors, motors, manipulators,
power generators and molecular-scale
computers. The idea to build a nanorobot
comes from the fact that the body’s
natural nanodevices; the neutrophiles,
lymphocytes and white blood cells
constantly move about the body,
repairing damaged tissues, attacking and
eating invading micro-organisms.
What are nanorobots?
Nano robotics is emerging as a
demanding field dealing with miniscule
things at molecular level. Nanorobots are
quintessential nanoelectromechanical
systems designed to perform a specific
task with precision at nanoscale
dimensions. Its advantage over
conventional medicine lies on its size.
The Constituents and Design of
Nanorobots:
Nanorobots will possess full panoply of
autonomous subsystems whose design is
derived from biological models.. The
various components in the nanorobot
design may include onboard sensors,
motors, manipulators, power supplies,
and molecular computers.
Approaches for the Construction
of Nanorobots:
There are two main approaches to
building at the nanometer scale:
positional assembly and self-assembly.
In positional assembly, investigators
employ some devices such as the arm of
a miniature robot to pick up molecules
one by one and assemble them manually.
In contrast, self-assembly is much less
painstaking, because it takes advantage
of the natural tendency of certain
molecules to seek one another out. With
self-assembling components, all that
investigators have to do is put billions of
them into a beaker and let their natural
affinities join them automatically into
the desired configurations.
Recognition of Target Site by
Nanorobots
Different molecule types are
distinguished by a series of chemotactic
sensors whose binding sites have a
different affinity for each kind of
molecule. The control system must
ensure a suitable performance. It can be
demonstrated with a determined number
of nanorobots responding as fast as
possible for a specific task based
scenario. Nanorobot Control Design
(NCD) simulator was developed, which
is software for nanorobots in
environments with fluids dominated by
Brownian motion and viscous rather
than inertial forces.
First, as a point of comparison, the
scientists used the nanorobots’ small
Brownian motions to find the target by
random search. In a second method, the
nanorobots monitor for chemical
concentration significantly above the
background level. After detecting the
signal, a nanorobot estimates the
concentration gradient and moves
toward higher concentrations until it
reaches the target. In the third approach,
nanorobots at the target release another
chemical, which others use as an
additional guiding signal to the target.
With these signal concentrations, only
nanorobots passing within a few microns
of the target are likely to detect the
signal.
So, the nanorobot uses this information
to determine when enough nanorobots
are at the target, thereby terminating any
additional “attractant” signal a nanorobot
may be releasing.
Nanorobots in Cancer Detection
and Treatment
The development of nanorobots may
provide remarkable advances for
diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Nanorobots could be a very helpful and
hopeful for the therapy of patients, since
current treatments like radiation therapy
and chemotherapy often end up
destroying more healthy cells than
cancerous ones. The Nanorobots will be
able to distinguish between different cell
types that is the malignant and the
normal cells by checking their surface
antigens.
Nanoparticles armed to
combat cancer
This is accomplished by the use of
chemotactic sensors. Using chemical
sensors they can be programmed to
detect different levels of E-cadherin and
beta-catenin in primary and metastatic
phases. Medical nanorobots will then
destroy these cells, and only these cells.
The following control methods were
considered:
Random: nanorobots moving
passively with the fluid reaching
the target only if they bump into
it due to Brownian motion.
Follow gradient: nanorobots
monitor concentration intensity
for E-cadherin signals, when
detected, measure and follow the
gradient until reaching the target.
Follow gradient with attractant:
Thus, a higher gradient of signal
intensity of E-cadherin is used as
chemical parameter identification in
guiding nanorobots to identify malignant
tissues. Integrated nanosensors can be
used for this.
Nanorobots in the Diagnosis and
Treatment of Diabetes
Glucose carried through the blood
stream is important to maintain the
human metabolism working healthfully,
and its correct level is a key issue in the
diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. The
most interesting aspect of the protein
hSGLT3 is the fact that it serves as a
sensor to identify glucose.
The simulated nanorobot prototype
model has embedded Complementary
Metal Oxide semi-conductor (CMOS)
nanobioelectronics. It features a size of
~2 micronmeter, which permits it to
operate freely inside the body. For the
glucose monitoring the nanorobot uses
embedded chemosensor that involves the
modulation of hSGLT3 protein
glucosensor activity.Through its onboard
chemical sensor, the nanorobot can thus
effectively determine if the patient needs
to inject insulin or take any further
action, such as any medication clinically
prescribed. The image of the NCD
simulator workspace shows the inside
view of a venule blood vessel with grid
texture, red blood cells (RBCs) and
nanorobots.
They flow with the RBCs through the
bloodstream detecting the glucose levels.
At a typical glucose concentration, the
nanorobots try to keep the glucose levels
ranging around 130 mg/dl for the Blood
Glucose Levels (BGLs). In the medical
nanorobot architecture, the significant
measured data can be then transferred
automatically through the RF signals to
the mobile phone carried by the patient.
At any time, if the glucose achieves
critical levels, the nanorobot emits an
alarm through the mobile phone.
Controlling Glucose Level using
Nanorobots
In the simulation, the nanorobot is
programmed also to emit a signal based
on specified lunch times, and to measure
the glucose levels in desired intervals of
time. The nanorobot can be programmed
to activate sensors and measure regularly
the BGLs early in the morning, before
the expected breakfast time. Levels are
measured again each 2 hours after the
planned lunchtime. The same procedures
can be programmed for other meals
through the day times. A multiplicity of
blood borne nanorobots will allow
glucose monitoring not just at a single
site but also in many different locations
simultaneously throughout the body,
thus permitting the physician to
assemble a whole-body map of serum
glucose concentrations and also informs.
Nano robots use sensors to detect
glucose levels in bloodstream.
This important data may help doctors
and specialists to supervise and improve
the patient medication and daily diet.
This process using nanorobots may be
more convenient and safe for making
feasible an automatic system for data
collection and patient monitoring. It may
also avoid eventually infections due the
daily small cuts to collect blood samples,
possibly loss of data, and even avoid
patients in a busy week to forget doing
some of their glucose sampling. These
Recent developments on
nanobioelectronics show how to
integrate system devices and cellular
phones to achieve a better control of
glucose levels for patients with diabetes.
FURTHER APPLICATIONS
OF NANOROBOTS
Nanorobots could be used to
maintain tissue oxygenation in
the absence of respiration, repair
and recondition the human
vascular tree eliminating heart
disease and stroke damage, and
instantly staunch bleeding after
traumatic injury.
Nanorobots might be used as
well to seek and break kidney
stones.
Nanorobots equipped with
nanosensors could be developed
to deliver anti-HIV drugs.
Medical nanodevices could
augment the immune system by
finding and disabling unwanted
bacteria and viruses.
Nanorobots could be used in
precision treatment and cell
targeted delivery, in performing
nanosurgery.
CRYONICS:
WHAT IS CRYONICS?? Cryonics is the practice of preserving
human bodies in extremely cold
temperatures with the hope of reviving
them sometime in the future. The idea is
that, if someone has "died" from a disease
that is incurable today, he or she can be
"frozen" and then revived in the future
when a cure has been discovered. A
person preserved this way is said to be in
cryonic suspension.
Life can be stopped and restarted
if its basic structure is preserved. The
emerging science of
nanotechnology will eventually
lead to the devices capable of preserving
the bodies at temperature that could stop
heart, brain and other organs from
functioning and recovering any
preserved person in which the basic
brain structures encoding memory and
personality remain intact.
WHY CRYONICS??There are various modern preservative
procedures available which are
collectively called Cryonics. Cryonics allows carrying out a
suspension before a declaration of
death, preserving the maximum
amount of neural information.
NANOTECHNOLOGY AND CRYONICS: In the final analysis, aging and death
have only one cause: for whatever
reason, the atoms and molecules in our
bodies have moved from their proper
positions; and other molecules and
atoms have moved into positions
where they should not be. The
molecular machinery in our bodies
maintains our lives by handling
molecules at the molecular level. The
cell repair machines of molecular
nanotechnology will not only prevent
the natural causes of death, but most
death by trauma as well. Artificial
molecular machines can perform
repairs far faster than the natural
healing process.
HOW IS CRYONICS PERFORMED??
If a person has to be preserved using
cryonics the heart of the person should
stop beating and the person should be
pronounced “legally dead”. The team
of cryonicists stabilizes the body,
supplying the brain with enough
oxygen and blood to preserve minimal
function until it can be transported to
the suspension facility. Then body is
packed in ice and injected with heparin
(an anticoagulant) to prevent blood
from clotting.
After this the actual freezing begins. The
patients can’t be simply put into a vat of
liquid nitrogen, because the water inside
their cells would freeze. When water
freezes, it expands, this would cause the
cells to simply shatter. So we have to
remove water from the cells and replace it
with a glycerol based chemical mixture
called a Cryoprotectant – a sort of
human antifreeze.
Parts of body protected with
Cryoprotectant and frozen
The goal is to protect the organs and
tissues from forming ice crystals at
extremely low temperatures. This
process is called Vitrification. Once the water in the body is
replaced with the Cryoprotectant, the
body is cooled on a bed of dry ice until
it reaches -130 C (-202 F), completing
the vitrification process. The next step
is to insert body into an individual Al
container that is then placed into a
large metal tank filled with liquid
nitrogen. The body is stored head
down, so if there were ever a leak in
the tank; brain would stay immersed in
the freezing liquid.
This container is designed to hold four
whole body patients and six
neuropatients immersed in liquid
nitrogen at -196 degrees Celsius. Liquid
nitrogen is added periodically to replace
the small amount that evaporates.
Supplying brain with oxygen and blood
Cryo patient in Al container
THE HISTORY OF CRYONICS:
The first person to be
cryogenically frozen was a 73-year-old
psychologist, Dr. James Bedford, who
was suspended in 1967. His body is
reportedly still in good condition at
Alcor Life Extension Foundation. The
idea that a person could be frozen and
then brought back to life when the
technology had evolved far enough
originated with the book "The Prospect
of Immortality," written by physics
teacher. Robert Ettinger in 1964. The
word "cryonics" is derived from the
Greek term for "cold."
CASE STUDY – TED WILLIAMS:
Dozens of people are being stored in
cryonic facilities. Probably the most
famous of them is baseball legend Ted
Williams. But no one has actually been
revived, because the technology to do
so still does not exist.
Since his death in 2002, baseball
legend Ted Williams has been stored
in a 10foot tall stainless steel container
at Alcor Life Extension Foundation in
Arizona, the world’s largest cryonics
facility. His head is being stored in a
separate container.
Conclusion
Nanotechnology as a diagnostic
and treatment tool for patients with
cancer and diabetes showed how actual
developments in new manufacturing
technologies are enabling innovative
works which may help in constructing
and employing nanorobots most
effectively for biomedical problems.
Nanorobots are also candidates for
industrial applications. The advent of
molecular nanotechnology will again
expand enormously the effectiveness,
comfort and speed of future medical
treatments while at the same time
significantly reducing their risk, cost,
and invasiveness. Its application in
Cryonics is very interesting and useful.
References
1. Chan V.S.W., Nanomedicine: An
unresolved regulatory issue. Science
direct
.2. Freitas R.,
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine
3. Merkle R.C., Freitas Jr. R.A about
nano robos: From:
http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/JNNDime
rTool.pdf
. 4. Freitas Jr. R.A., Nanomedicine,
Volume IIA: Biocompatibility, Landes
Bioscience, and Georgetown, TX, 2003.
5. Fadok V.A., Voelker D.R., Campbell P.A., Cohen J.J., Bratton D.L., Henson P.M., J. Immunol. 148, 2207 (1992).
6. Grakoui A., Bromley S.K., Sumen C., Da Vis M.M., Shaw A.S., Allen P.M., Dustin M.L., Science 285, 221 (1999).
7. Freitas, Jr. R.A., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX (1999); Sections (a) 3.4.2.
Authorised BySANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDYEmail: help@matlabcodes.comEngineeringpapers.blogspot.comMore Papers and Presentations available on above site
top related