whar is integrated pest management
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What is What is Integrated Pest Integrated Pest
ManagementManagement(IPM) ?(IPM) ?
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Create an understanding of IPMCreate an understanding of IPM
Importance of IPM to ProducersImportance of IPM to Producers
Importance of IPM to the environmentImportance of IPM to the environment
Importance of IPM to human health and Importance of IPM to human health and safetysafety
What are IPM strategiesWhat are IPM strategies
Advantages and limitations to IPMAdvantages and limitations to IPM
Why Study IPM?Why Study IPM?
Why a new approach to pest Why a new approach to pest management is neededmanagement is needed::– 1920’s cotton pest management1920’s cotton pest management– ““Pesticide Treadmill” of 1960’s – 1970’sPesticide Treadmill” of 1960’s – 1970’s
Pesticide resistancePesticide resistance
Secondary pest outbreaksSecondary pest outbreaks
Environmental concernsEnvironmental concerns
– IPM concept “reborn” in 1970’sIPM concept “reborn” in 1970’s
IPMIPM is: is:
A pest management philosophy that A pest management philosophy that utilizes all suitable pest utilizes all suitable pest managementmanagement techniques and methods to keep pest techniques and methods to keep pest populations below economically populations below economically injurious levels. Each pest injurious levels. Each pest managementmanagement technique must be technique must be environmentally sound and compatible environmentally sound and compatible with producer objectives.with producer objectives.
““A pest management A pest management philosophy….. “philosophy….. “
– Recognizes there is no “cure-all” in pest control.Recognizes there is no “cure-all” in pest control.Dependence on any one pest management method will have Dependence on any one pest management method will have undesirable effects.undesirable effects.
– Determine and correct the cause of the pest problem.Determine and correct the cause of the pest problem.Understanding Pest biology and ecology is essential.Understanding Pest biology and ecology is essential.
Manipulate the environment to the crop’s advantage and to Manipulate the environment to the crop’s advantage and to the detriment of the pest.the detriment of the pest.
– Recognizes that eradication of a pest is seldom Recognizes that eradication of a pest is seldom necessary or even desirable, and generally not necessary or even desirable, and generally not possible.possible.
Some damage is unavoidable and acceptableSome damage is unavoidable and acceptable
IPM is a continuum, not an end.IPM is a continuum, not an end.
PoorPoor
FairFair
GoodGood
BetterBetter
BestBest
““Utilizes all suitable pest Utilizes all suitable pest managementmanagement tactics…………..” tactics…………..”
Pesticides Pesticides CulturalCulturalMechanicalMechanicalSanitarySanitaryNaturalNaturalBiologicalBiologicalHost Plant ResistanceHost Plant Resistance
NOTE: Some tactics fallInto several categories.
Should Pesticides be used in an Should Pesticides be used in an IPM Program?IPM Program?
Pesticides can to be used in an IPM program, Pesticides can to be used in an IPM program, however only as a last resort and of course in a however only as a last resort and of course in a manner that is legal.manner that is legal.Pesticides are to be used when there is no risk of Pesticides are to be used when there is no risk of environmental damage or when benefits outweigh environmental damage or when benefits outweigh the risks. Use pesticides only when other control the risks. Use pesticides only when other control practices aren’t available, economical or practical.practices aren’t available, economical or practical.Must monitor pest populations in the field.Must monitor pest populations in the field.– Identify the pestIdentify the pest– Compare pest population and the economic thresholdCompare pest population and the economic threshold– Life stage susceptible to pesticide?Life stage susceptible to pesticide?– Crop stage and preventable loss.Crop stage and preventable loss.
What is “Cultural Control”What is “Cultural Control”
Agronomic practices that are designed to:Agronomic practices that are designed to:– Optimize growing conditions for the crop. Optimize growing conditions for the crop.
Anything that increases a crop’s competitive Anything that increases a crop’s competitive edge will result in increased tolerance to pests edge will result in increased tolerance to pests often resulting in reduced pesticide use.often resulting in reduced pesticide use.
– Create unfavorable conditions for the pestCreate unfavorable conditions for the pest
What is Mechanical Control?What is Mechanical Control?
Uses machinery and/or other tools to Uses machinery and/or other tools to control pestscontrol pests– TillageTillage– Physical barriersPhysical barriers
What is Sanitary Control?What is Sanitary Control?
Methods to avoid introducing a pest into a Methods to avoid introducing a pest into a fieldfield
– Cleaning field equipmentCleaning field equipment
– Planting certified seed Planting certified seed
– QuarantinesQuarantines
What is Natural Control?What is Natural Control?
– Enhancement of naturally occurring pest Enhancement of naturally occurring pest management methodsmanagement methods
Beneficial insectsBeneficial insects
Beneficial diseasesBeneficial diseases
What is Biological Control?What is Biological Control?
Manipulation of biological organism to Manipulation of biological organism to control pestscontrol pests– Release of predators/parasites/disease of an Release of predators/parasites/disease of an
insect or weedinsect or weed– Can be time consuming, expensive and Can be time consuming, expensive and
difficultdifficult
What is Host Plant Resistance?What is Host Plant Resistance?
Manipulating the crop to withstand or Manipulating the crop to withstand or tolerate peststolerate pests– Natural breeding methodNatural breeding method– Genetically modified plantsGenetically modified plants– Not a permanent method of controlNot a permanent method of control– Examples: Glandular-haired Alfalfa, Bt Corn, Examples: Glandular-haired Alfalfa, Bt Corn,
““To Keep Pests Below the To Keep Pests Below the Economic Injury Level”Economic Injury Level”
Economic Injury Level:Economic Injury Level:– Cost of control = $ amount of damage caused by Cost of control = $ amount of damage caused by
the pestthe pestIncludes amount of pest damageIncludes amount of pest damage
Cost of each control practiceCost of each control practice
– Are determined through extensive researchAre determined through extensive research
– Economic Injury Level is the information that is Economic Injury Level is the information that is necessary to develop an Economic Threshold, necessary to develop an Economic Threshold, which is used by crop advisorswhich is used by crop advisors
Economic ThresholdEconomic Threshold
Pest Population at which a grower must Pest Population at which a grower must take action to prevent a pest populations take action to prevent a pest populations from reaching the economic injury levelfrom reaching the economic injury level
– Economic threshold is slightly below the Economic threshold is slightly below the economic injury leveleconomic injury level
– Pest populations must be increasingPest populations must be increasing
Time
PestDensity
Economic Injury Level
Economic Threshold
Pest Population
Economic Threshold Example: Economic Threshold Example: European Corn Borer on CornEuropean Corn Borer on Corn
Field Sampling Data needed:Field Sampling Data needed:– % plants infested% plants infested– Ave. number of larvae/plantAve. number of larvae/plant
Crop Management Data NeededCrop Management Data Needed– Expected yield (bu/A)Expected yield (bu/A)– Expected selling price of the cropExpected selling price of the crop
Cost of pest controlCost of pest control
1st Generation European Corn BorerEuropean Corn Borer
Economic Threshold WorksheetEconomic Threshold Worksheet
(1) ___% of 100 plants infested x ___average # of borers/plantA = ___average borers/plant.
(2) ___average borers/plant x 5% yield loss per borer = ___% yield loss.
(3) ___% yield loss x ___expected yield (bu/A) =___ bu/A loss(4) ___bu/A loss x ___$ expected selling price/bu =___ $ loss/A(5) $__ loss/A x___ % controlB = $ ___ preventable loss/A(6) $___ preventable loss/A - $ ___cost of control/A = $ gain (+) or
loss (-) per acre if treatment is appliedA Determined by checking whorls from 20 plants.B Assume 80% control for most products
1st Generation European Corn BorerEuropean Corn Borer
Economic Threshold WorksheetEconomic Threshold Worksheet
(1) 0.67 (% of 100 plants infested) X 2 (average # of borers/plant)A+ = 1.34 (average borers/plant).
(2) 1.34 (average borers/plant) X 5 (% yield loss per borer) = 0.067 (% yield loss).
(3) 0.67 (% yield loss) x 120 (expected yield in bu/A) = 8.04 (bu/A loss)(4) 8.04 bu/A loss x $2.25 expected selling price/bu = $18.09 $ loss/A(5) $18.09 (loss/A) x 80 (% controlB) = $ 14.47 (preventable loss/A)(6) $14.47 (preventable loss/A) - $ 15.00 (cost of control/A) = - $0.53 (gain (+)
or loss (-) per acre if treatment is applied)
A Determined by checking whorls from 20 plants.B Assume 80% control for most products
Potato Leafhopper Threshold for Potato Leafhopper Threshold for AlfalfaAlfalfa
Alfalfa HeightAlfalfa Height Economic ThresholdEconomic Threshold
(leafhoppers/sweep)(leafhoppers/sweep)
< 3 inches< 3 inches 0.2/sweep0.2/sweep
6 inches6 inches 0.5/sweep0.5/sweep
8-11 inches8-11 inches 1.0/sweep1.0/sweep
> 12 inches> 12 inches 2.0/sweep2.0/sweep
Economic Threshold Concept Economic Threshold Concept doesn’t work for all pests and doesn’t work for all pests and
pest typespest typesInsectsInsects
WeedsWeeds
DiseasesDiseases
““Each Pest Control Each Pest Control Technique Must be Technique Must be
Environmentally Sound”Environmentally Sound”
Risk vs. BenefitsRisk vs. Benefits
AndAnd
“Compatible with With “Compatible with With Producers Objectives”Producers Objectives”
What IPM Is and Isn’tWhat IPM Is and Isn’t
Stresses a multi disciplinary approach to Stresses a multi disciplinary approach to pest managementpest management– EntomologyEntomology– Plant PathologyPlant Pathology– NematologyNematology– Weed ScienceWeed Science– Crop Sciences (Horticulture/Agronomy)Crop Sciences (Horticulture/Agronomy)– Soil ScienceSoil Science– EcologyEcology
IPM is not staticIPM is not static
New PestsNew Pests– Soybean aphids, bean leaf beetle, Soybean aphids, bean leaf beetle,
New Races/strains of pestsNew Races/strains of pests– Western corn rootwormWestern corn rootworm
Weed Species shiftsWeed Species shifts– Roundup ready technologyRoundup ready technology– Tillage systemTillage system
Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance– Colorado Potato BeetleColorado Potato Beetle– Common lambsquartersCommon lambsquarters
Four Basic Principles of IPMFour Basic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, 1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their pest, and the environment and their interrelationships interrelationships
2) Requires advanced planning2) Requires advanced planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control 3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practicespractices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop 4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest conditionsand pest conditions
1a. Understanding Crop Growth 1a. Understanding Crop Growth and Developmentand Development
How do you grow a healthyHow do you grow a healthy
crop?crop?
When is the crop mostWhen is the crop most
susceptible to pest damage?susceptible to pest damage?
When is the crop under stress?When is the crop under stress?
1b. Understanding the Pest1b. Understanding the Pest
Proper ID Proper ID Understanding of Pest Life cycleUnderstanding of Pest Life cycle– When is it presentWhen is it present– When is it most susceptible to control-When is it most susceptible to control-– ””Weak Link”Weak Link”
Meadow Spittlebug nymph
Potato Leafhopper nymph
Giant foxtail
Large crabgrass
1c. Understanding the Pest and 1c. Understanding the Pest and Their Life CycleTheir Life Cycle
When is the pest presentWhen is the pest present
When is it most susceptible toWhen is it most susceptible to
control-”Weak Link”control-”Weak Link”
When is too late to controlWhen is too late to control
1d. Understanding the 1d. Understanding the EnvironmentEnvironment
How does it affect crop growthHow does it affect crop growth–StressStress–Time within susceptible stageTime within susceptible stage
How it affects pest How it affects pest developmentdevelopment
–High mortalityHigh mortality–High survivalHigh survival
Basic Principles of IPM Basic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, 1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their pest, and the environment and their interrelationshipsinterrelationships
2) Requires Advanced Planning2) Requires Advanced Planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control 3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practicespractices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop 4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest conditionsand pest conditions
Basic Principles of IPMBasic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, 1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their pest, and the environment and their interrelationships interrelationships
2) Requires Advanced Planning2) Requires Advanced Planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control 3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practicespractices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop 4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest conditionsand pest conditions
Basic Principles of IPMBasic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, 1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their pest, and the environment and their interrelationships interrelationships
2) Requires Advanced Planning2) Requires Advanced Planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control 3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practicespractices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop 4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest conditionsand pest conditions
Potato leafhopper scouting Potato leafhopper scouting
Equipment: Equipment: – 15 in diameter insect sweep net.15 in diameter insect sweep net.
Timing:Timing:– Start on regrowth of second crop alfalfaStart on regrowth of second crop alfalfa
Frequency: Frequency: – Scout once each week.Scout once each week.
Scouting pattern: Scouting pattern: – walk a W-shaped pattern in the fieldwalk a W-shaped pattern in the field
Potato leafhopper scouting Potato leafhopper scouting
Take 20 consecutive sweeps in each of 5 Take 20 consecutive sweeps in each of 5 areas along the W-shaped pattern (100 total areas along the W-shaped pattern (100 total sweeps)sweeps)
Count the total number of Potato leafhopper Count the total number of Potato leafhopper nymphs and adults divide by 100 (total nymphs and adults divide by 100 (total number of sweeps)number of sweeps)
Potato Leafhopper Potato Leafhopper Economic ThresholdEconomic Threshold
Alfalfa heightAlfalfa height Treat if PLH number Treat if PLH number are = or > than listedare = or > than listed
3 inches3 inches 0.2/sweep0.2/sweep
6 inches6 inches 0.5/sweep0.5/sweep
8-11 inches8-11 inches 1.0/sweep1.0/sweep
> 12 inches> 12 inches 2.0/sweep2.0/sweep
Benefits of an IPM ProgramBenefits of an IPM Program
Protects environment through Protects environment through elimination of unnecessary pesticide elimination of unnecessary pesticide applicationsapplications
Improves ProfitabilityImproves Profitability
Reduces risk of crop loss by a pestReduces risk of crop loss by a pest
Peace of MindPeace of Mind
Disadvantages of an IPM Disadvantages of an IPM ProgramProgram
Requires a higher degree of Requires a higher degree of managementmanagement
More labor intensiveMore labor intensive
Success can be weather dependentSuccess can be weather dependent
Career opportunities in IPMCareer opportunities in IPM
Crop AdvisorsCrop Advisors– IndependentIndependent– IndustryIndustry
Ag. IndustriesAg. Industries– Sales (chemical, seed)Sales (chemical, seed)– Research Research – Technical servicesTechnical services
TeachingTeaching– Cooperative ExtensionCooperative Extension– High schoolHigh school– Technical collegeTechnical college
EducationEducation
2 or 4 year degree2 or 4 year degree
Major Field of StudyMajor Field of Study– AgronomyAgronomy– Soil ScienceSoil Science
Areas of interestAreas of interest– Weed scienceWeed science– EntomologyEntomology– Plant PathologyPlant Pathology
Possible courseworkPossible coursework
Crop ManagementCrop ManagementWeed ManagementWeed ManagementEntomologyEntomologyPlant NutritionPlant NutritionSoil ConservationSoil ConservationEcologyEcologyPlant PathologyPlant PathologyPlant PhysiologyPlant PhysiologyBusiness ManagementBusiness Management
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