westward expansion chapter 26 as americans move westward—tribes are also pushed west, which pushes...
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Westward Expansion
CHAPTER 26
• As Americans move westward—tribes are also pushed west, which pushes other tribes into inter-tribal warfare or they have to go even further west.
• These tribes have to change from nomadic Buffalo Hunters horse culture, to Rez Injuns.
• 1830 Indian Removal Act begins the Reservations system.
• Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) est. 1836. Very corrupt.
Indians React to
• Broken treaties• False treaties• BIA corruption• Destruction of buffalo• Loss of independence• Loss of pride• Loss of culture
Colonel John ChivingtonColonel John Chivington
Kill and scalp all, big and little!
Sandy Creek, CO Massacre
November 29, 1864
• Sand Creek Massacre 1864: over 400 Indian men, women and children who had been promised safety were…
• 1866. The Lakota Sioux try to stop a RR being built on their land by killing 80 soldiers under Cap’t Fetterman in 1866
• 1868 the Lakota Sioux agree to yet another treaty to end the war.
Capt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. Fetterman
80 soldiers massacredDecember 21, 1866
• 1876 (100th Birthday) Custer starts a rumor of gold on Lakota Sioux land. Sitting Bull gets other Sioux bands (2500 Natives) to put aside their differences and fight back. At Little Big Horn 2500 Natives wipe out Custer’s 7th Cav.
White men could not
understand rituals like
the Sun Dance
Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890
•Sun Dance Outlawed 1884•Ghost Dance Outlawed to
Dakota Sioux•Wounded Knee 1890•Citizenship not given until
1924
Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless CauseGeronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause
The End of Indian Autonomy• Quakers begin to run reservations more fairly, but…
– Firewater– Depression– Disease
• ****Dawes Severalty Act 1887= (“Kill the Indian, save the man)****– Wipes out tribes in favor of “family homesteads”– 160 acres is too little for farming west of 100°
West.– The rest of the Indian land was sold off to fund
things like the Carlisle Indian School.
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Circus
Dawes Severalty Act (1887):
Assimilation Policy
Dawes Severalty Act (1887):
Assimilation Policy
Carlisle Indian School, PA
Girl’s (Indian) School
Indian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations Today
The Nation’s Railroads
• Railroads:–Brought “sodbusters”–Brought miners–Divided the great herds of buffalo–Paid hunters (Buffalo Bill) to supply
meat to the RR workers–As it passed through the RR’s would
give rifles to passengers who would shoot buffalo to pass the boring train ride
Colt .45 RevolverColt .45 Revolver
God didn’t make men equal.Colonel Colt did!
Legendary Gunslingers & Train RobbersLegendary Gunslingers & Train Robbers
Jesse James
Billy the Kid
Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890
ProspectingProspecting
Mining Centers: 1900
Mining Centers: 1900
Anaconda Copper Mining Co. (MT)Anaconda Copper Mining Co. (MT)
Regional Population Distributionof Whites by region: 1900
Regional Population Distributionof Whites by region: 1900
Black“Exoduster”
Homesteaders
The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great PlainsThe Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains
The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian Wars
The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian Wars
Black Cowboys
The “MYTH” of the West
The
Cattle
Trails
The
Cattle
Trails
The Cattle Kingdom vs. Agriculture
• Morrill Act of 1862 – granted land to states; the sale of this land was to fund “land grant
colleges”
• Hatch Act of 1887 – federal funding for agricultural experiment stations
• Homestead Act of 1872 – granted settlers 160 acres at minimal cost – live on the land for 5 years – stimulates settlement of West – MOST small farms west of 100° West fail because of lack of
water.– attracted fraud from corporations
• Comstock Lode – rich Nevada mine with large quantities of silver and gold – “Fifty-Niners” flood the region; it becomes a territory and then a
state (rushed in to give 3 electoral votes to Lincoln)
New AgriculturalTechnology
New AgriculturalTechnology
“Prairie Fan”Water Pump
Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]
Thresher
Steam Powered Tractor
Barbed WireBarbed Wire
Joseph GliddenJoseph Glidden
Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890
Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890
Homesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public Lands
What is the Message of this Picture? What is the Message of this Picture?
The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD
The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD
Railroad Practices:• general practices included:
– High interest rates for loans– Charged farmers to store grain
until enough was ready to ship– Raised prices any time they wanted.– Charging More for Short Hauls than Long
Hauls– Forced farmers off land for cheap prices under
“eminent domain”.
• heightened farmers’ economic disadvantage
ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE
1. 1868 Patron’s of Husbandry (The Grange-Oliver Kelly)
2. 1878 Greenback Labor Party
3. 1880 Farmer’s Alliance
4. 1890 Populist Party
Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-1913
Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-1913
Farmers AGAIN
• Agribusiness displaces Family Farm• Farmers borrow from bankers to buy new
machines, more land, and become Cash Crop farmers
• This makes them tied to the MARKET and its constant ups and downs
• 1892 corn drops from $2.50 per bushel to 50¢ per bushel
Giftfor the
Grangers:
The Farmer
Pays for All!
Giftfor the
Grangers:
The Farmer
Pays for All!
The Farmers Alliances
The Farmers Alliances
Begun in the late 1880s (Texas first – the Southern Alliance; then in the Midwest—the Northern Alliance).
Built upon the ashes of the Grange.
More political and less social than the Grange.
Ran candidates for office.
Controlled 8 state legislatures & had 47 representatives in Congress during the 1890s.
The Populist (Peoples’) Party
The Populist (Peoples’) Party
1890 Election:
Tried to unite with poor urban industrial workers.
1892 Populist presidential candidate wins 10% of the popular vote.
Populist Leaders:• Tom Watson• “Pitchfork” Ben Tillman• “Sockless Jerry” Simpson• “Coin” Harvey• Mary Elizabeth Lease
Omaha Platform of 1892Omaha Platform of 18921. System of “sub-treasuries.”
2. Abolition of the National Bank.
3. Direct election of Senators.
4. Govt. ownership of RRs, telephone & telegraph companies.
5. Government-operated postal savings banks.
6. Restriction of undesirable immigration.
7. 8-hour work day for government employees.
8. Abolition of the Pinkerton detective agency.
9. Australian secret ballot.
10. Re-monitization of silver.
11. A single term for President & Vice President.
1892 Election1892 Election
Panic of 1893!!!!!• No on wants to hear about whining farmers
and angry industrial workers• “You are LUCKY to even have land or a
job”, is the new message to them.
Economics of a PANIC• Deflation (less money per person) occurs• This means that the $ is worth MORE• This means that farmer who:
– Borrow $ must pay it back at higher costs– Because of overproduction the value of crops
decreases– Are going to lose “real value” (what one can buy
with $).
• ∴ small farmers must organize and GROW FEWER CROPS, or go bankrupt
Bi-Metallism IssueBi-Metallism Issue
Gold / Silver Bug Campaign Pins
Gold / Silver Bug Campaign Pins
Gold Bugs vs. Silverites
If only Gold is used to back $• Deflation• Less $ for the common
people• Increases the value
(purchasing power) of the paper money
• Make money when loans are repaid
If Silver is also used to back $• Inflation• More $ for the common
people• Decreases the value
(purchasing power) of the paper money
• Lose money when loans are repaid
TOUGH CHOICES FOR POPULISTS in 1896! Do you…
• Run a Populist, probably lose, but in the process build a real party
• Vote for William Jennings Bryan (Pro-silver, but not much else on your platform).
• He is also on the Democratic ticket to lure Populist votes back
• Democrats promise to put a Populist on as Vice Pres.
• Populists accept this bribe and nominate Bryan
• Democrats break their word.• Populists are ….
William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)
William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)
The “Great Commoner”
Bryant’s“Cross of Gold” Speech
Bryant’s“Cross of Gold” Speech
You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!
Mark Hanna: The “Front-Porch” Campaign
Mark Hanna: The “Front-Porch” Campaign
William McKinley (1843-1901)
William McKinley (1843-1901)
1896 Election Results• Republicans win with Hannah and McKinley 271-176
1896 Election Results• Republicans win with Hannah and McKinley 271-176
Why Did Bryan Lose?Why Did Bryan Lose?
His focus on silver undermined efforts to build bridges to urban voters.
He did not form alliances with other groups.
McKinley’s campaign was well- organized and highly funded.
The Wizard
of Oz by L. Frank Baum
The Wizard
of Oz by L. Frank Baum
1964: Henry Littlefield’s Thesis?
1964: Henry Littlefield’s Thesis?
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