west middle east
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Globalization in the Middle East: The Politics of
Development and Dissent from Marrakech to Meccamore
by Sherry Lowrance
2,899
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Globalization_MidEast_with_tables.pdf
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Tables Table 1 Middle East: Basic Indicators
Country ornon-stateentitySizesq.km.Population GDP
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GDPper
capitaAdultLiteracy(%)AdultFemaleLiteracy(%)YouthLiteracy(%)YouthFemaleLiteracy(%)Morocco 446,550 29,8
23,706 43,813,302,2724,104.13 52.3 39.6 70.560.5Algeria 2,381,740
32,357,572 68,018,606,080 6,191.73 69.960.1 90.1 86.1Tunisia 1
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63,610 9,932,400 24,99
9,534,592 7,199.24 74.3 65.4 94.3 92.2Libya1,759,540 5,740,148 23,465,078,784 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AEgypt 1,
001,450 72,642,224 82,923,683,840 4,008.07 N/A N/A N/A N/AIsra
el 22,140 6,797,670 110,305,656,832 23,156.96 97.2 95.9 99.8 99.6W
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est Bank and Gaza N/A
3,508,104 3,454,452,736 N/A 92.4 88.0 99.098.8Jordan 88,780 5,439,952 10,160,006,144 4,366.76 89.9 84.7 99.1
98.9Lebanon 10,400 3,540,290 19,894,528,000 5,471.44 N/A N/A N/
A N/ASyria 185,180 18,582,152 21,302,695,936 3,520.78 79.6 73.6 9
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2.2 90.2Iran 1,648,200
67,005,952 139,559,141,376 7,005.45 77.0 70.4 N/A N/AIraq 438,320 N/A 12,602,492,928 N/
A 74.1 64.2 84.8 80.5K uwait 17,820 2,459,53441,748,320,256 18,663
.65 93.3 91.0 99.7 99.8Bahrain 710 7,15,820 9,699,460,096 19,429.94
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86.6 83.6 97.0 97.3Om
an 309,500 2,533,843 21,592,717,312 14,589.05 81.4 73.52 97.3 96.7Qatar 11,000 776,936 20,426,098,688
N/A 89.0 88.6 95.9 97.5Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 23,950,032 214,572,7
93,856 13,209.47 79.469.3 95.9 93.7United Arab Emirates 83,600 4,
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320,000 88,535,875,58
4 23,153.50 N/A N/A N/A N/AYemen 527,970 20,329,354 11,001,908,224 855.28 N/A N/A N/A N/ATurkey 783
,560 71,727,048 240,375,840,768 7,068.64 97.7 97.7 95.6 93.3
Notes: Data areavailable from
the World Bank
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World Development
Indicators 2006 timeseries.All data are
2004 except GDPand GDP per capita.GDP in 2003 U.S.dollars; GDP per capita PPPin 2003
international dollars.Literacy figures area percent of the total
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population; adult
literacyapplies for ages 15 and greater;
youth literacy for ages 15 to 24.Text
placementapproximately p. 5
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Table2 Democracy by regionPercentDemocracies10 78.26 100 68.18 1
5.91 57.14 14.29 2560RegionMiddleEastandNorthAfrica(19)LatinAmericaand
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theCaribbean(23)U.S
.,Canada,WesternEur ope(19)EasternEurop
e(22)Sub-SaharanAfrica(44)EastAsia(7)CentralAsia(7)South
Asia(12)Pacific(5)NumberDemocracies218 19 15 7 4 1 3 3Per
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centDemocracies10
78.26 100 68.18 15.91 57.14 14.29 25 60P
olity IV 2003MontyG. Marshall andKeith JaggersThistable defineddemocracy as 7 or
above onthe democracy-autocracy
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measure.Text
placement p. 171
For the purposes of this chapter, theMiddle East is
defined as the Arabcountries of SouthwestAsia and
North Africa fromIraq to Morocco,
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plus the non-Arab
countries of Iran,Turkey andIsrael.2
Gavin Evans, “Crude Oil Surges Above
$78 as Middle EastViolence Escalates,” Bloomberg,http://www.bloomberg.com(ac
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cessed August 9,
2006).3
Ariel Cohen,“Reducing U.S.Dependence on
Middle Eastern Oil,” The HeritageFoundation,April 7,2006.4
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For the most
comprehensiveworks on Middle
Easternglobalization, seeClement M. HenryandRobertSpringborg,
Globalization andthe Politicsof Development in
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the Middle East
(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,
2001), andAlan Richards andJohn Waterbury,A PoliticalEconomyof the
Middle East, 2nd
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edition (Boulder,
CO: Westview Press,1996).5
CIA Factbook, 2004.6
Henry andSpringborg, citingWorld Bank data.7
Henry andSpringborg.
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8
The data from thissection on trade
come from Henry
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and Springborg, who
cite World Bank data.9
The data from thissecton on finance
come from MehranKamrava, “Structural ImpedimentstoEconomicGlobalization in the
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Middle East,”
Middle East Policy11, no. 4 (2004).10
See Ghassan Salamé,ed. Democracy
Without Democrats?The Renewal of Politicsin theMuslim World(London: I.B. Tauris,
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1994) for a classic
work on democracyand liberalization
that(mostly) standsthe test of time. For amore recent, and lessoptimistic work, seeJason
Brownlee,Authoritarianism in an Age of Democracy
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(Cambridge:
CambridgeUniversity Press,
forthcoming2007).11
The term “ruling
bargain” comes fromKamrava as doesmuch of the inspiration of thissection.
12
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For an introduction
to “Islamism” (variously called
political Islam,Islamic movements,orIslamic“fundamentalism”) including its many
different trends,see Mir Zohair Husain,
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GlobalIslamic
Politics, 2nd
edition (New York:Longman, 2003).13
For an excellentdiscussion of the concept of
“jihad” incontemporary Islam,
see John L.Esposito,
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Unholy War: Terror
in the Name of Islam(Oxford:
Oxford UniversityPress, 2002).14
Simon W. Murden,Islam, the MiddleEast and the NewGlobal Hegemony(Boulder, CO:Lynne
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Rienner, 2002)
is one of thefew researchers to
directly discussreligious aspectsof globalization. For a discussion of the emerging field of
Islamic economics,see Clement M.Henryand Rodney
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Wilson, eds., The
Politics of IslamicFinance(Edinburgh:
EdinburghUniversityPress,2004).
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