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CH. 12:Congress
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Congress
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House and Senate:
Differences in Representation• Bicameral system: two chambers
─ Result of the Connecticut Compromise
─ Each state has two senators. ─ Each state’s number of House representatives is
determined by state population.
• Predicated on different representation models
─ Senate: states, with longer terms
─ House: districts, with shorter terms
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House and Senate:
Differences in Representation• Senate: 100 senators
─ Since 1913, directly elected by voters statewide
─ Six-year terms ─ Two per state (fixed)
• House of Representatives: 435 members
─ Elected by districts
─ Two-year terms
─ Population determines number per state (varies).
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House and Senate:
Differences in Representation
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• Congressional districts can be relatively
homogeneous by many standards.
─ Ideal for organized interests claiming to representconstituents
─ Members tend to specialize in one committee.
• States are far more heterogeneous.
─ Senators have to be generalists.
─ More open to a wider array of interests
House and Senate:
Differences in Representation
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• How representatives represent:
─ Sociological representation: shares demographic
traits, experiences, and interests with constituents
─ Agency representation: representative has electoral
incentive to act on constituent interests.
House and Senate:
Differences in Representation
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Women, African Americans, and
Latinos in Congress (1971–2008)Sociological
Representation
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WHO ARE AMERICANS?
Chapter 12
WHO ARE THE MEMBERS OF CONGRESS?
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WHO ARE AMERICANS?
Who are the Members of Congress?
U.S. Pop.
51%
49%
Female
Male
House
15%
85%
Senate
17%
83%
Gender
U.S. Population Key
Senate
House of Representatives SOURCES: Mildred L. Amer, “Membership of the 111th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R40086,
February 4, 2010. U.S. Census Bureau, www.census.gov (accessed 3/5/10).
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WHO ARE AMERICANS?
Who are the Members of Congress?
U.S. Pop.
65%
13%
16%
5%
1%
White
Black
Hispanic
Asian/Pacific
Native
American
House
82%
9%
6%
2%
0.2%
Senate
96%
1%
1%
2%
0%
Race
U.S. Population Key
Senate
House of Representatives SOURCES: Mildred L. Amer, “Membership of the 111th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R40086,
February 4, 2010. U.S. Census Bureau, www.census.gov (accessed 3/5/10).
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WHO ARE AMERICANS?
Who are the Members of Congress?
U.S. Pop.
51%
24%
3%
2%
3%
17%
Protestant
Catholic
Other Christian
Jewish
Other Faiths
Unaffiliated
House
55%
31%
4%
7%
2%
1%
Senate
54%
26%
6%
13%
0%
0%
Religion
U.S. Population Key
Senate
House of Representatives SOURCES: Mildred L. Amer, “Membership of the 111th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R40086,
February 4, 2010. U.S. Census Bureau, www.census.gov (accessed 3/5/10).
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WHO ARE AMERICANS?
Who are the Members of Congress?
U.S. Pop.
13.5%
57%
19%
1.5%
9%
< High school
High school
grad.
Bachelor’s
degree
Professional/
Law degree
Other
advanceddegree
House
—
8%
29%
39%
25%
Senate
—
1%
20%
57%
22%
Education
U.S. Population Key
Senate
House of Representatives SOURCES: Mildred L. Amer, “Membership of the 111th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R40086,
February 4, 2010. U.S. Census Bureau, www.census.gov (accessed 3/5/10).
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WHO ARE AMERICANS?
Who are the Members of Congress?
Average Age
SOURCES: Mildred L. Amer, “Membership of the 111th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R40086,
February 4, 2010. U.S. Census Bureau, www.census.gov (accessed 3/5/10).
U.S. Pop. 36.9
House 57.2
Senate 63.1
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The Electoral Connection
• Who gets elected?
─ Who decides to run
─ Incumbency advantage ─ Districting and gerrymandering issues
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The Electoral Connection
• Who runs?
─ Candidates must self select to run.
─ Some encouraged by parties more than others. ─ Strong candidate qualities:
• Good name recognition
• Success in prior elected offices
• Ability to raise funds
• Willingness to campaign
• Ability to reach out to voters
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The Electoral Connection
• Incumbency advantage
─ Members of Congress have an array of tools to
keep them in office.• Constituency services
• Ranking privilege
• Name recognition and title
• Pork-barrel spending for district
─ Otherwise strong potential challengers do not run
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The Power of Incumbency
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The Electoral Connection
• Districting and Redistricting
─ Congressional districts are typically drawn in a
manner that clearly benefits one party or the other.
─ The vast majority of incumbents represent “safe
districts,” where most voters support one party.
─ Primaries are the critical election in safe-seat
districts because there is little party competition.
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Results of Congressional
Reapportionment
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The Electoral Connection
Apportionment
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The Electoral Connection
• Direct patronage
─ Pork-barrel spending
• Earmarks
─ Patronage
• Some local and state elected officials have jobs to offer
to constituents.
─ Constituent services ─ Private bills
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How Members of Congress
Represent Their Districts
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The Organization of Congress
• Building blocks of Congress
─ Parties
─ Committees ─ Staff
─ Caucuses
─ Parliamentary rules
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The Organization of Congress
• Speaker of the House is the leader of the
majority party.
• Both parties also elect a majority and minority
leader and whip.
• The parties determine which of their members
sit on various committees.
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The Organization of Congress
• The vice president officially chairs the Senate,
but only presides at ceremonial events and in
the event of a tie vote.
• The president pro tempore usually chairs the
Senate, but often hands off to another
member for routine business.
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Majority Party Structure in the Houseof Representatives
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Majority Party Structure in theSenate
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The Organization of Congress
• Committee system
─ Standing committees
─ Select committees ─ Joint committees
─ Conference committees
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The Organization of Congress
• Standing committees are permanent and are
where the majority of legislation is written.
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The Organization of Congress
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The Organization of Congress
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The Organization of Congress
• Select committees
─ Formed temporarily to focus on a specific issue
• Cannot present bills to the chamber
• Bring attention to a specific subject
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The Organization of Congress
• Joint committees
− Formed from members of both chambers
− Gather information− Cover issues internal to Congress
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The Organization of Congress
• Conference committees
─ For a bill to become a law, the same wording of
the bill must be passed by both chambers. ─ Conference committees are formed to write the
final wording when both chambers pass similar
bills that need to be reconciled.
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The Organization of Congress
• The number of seats the minority party has on
a committee is roughly proportionate to the
seats it has in the House, but at anunfavorable rate.
• Seniority determines committee assignments.
─ Chairs can be removed by the party caucus.
─ Chairs are term-limited.
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The Organization of Congress
• Congressional staffers
─ Specific topic or issue expertise
─ Constituent services• Over 11,500 staff in D.C. and district offices
• Another 2,000 staff for committees
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The Organization of Congress
• Congressional Research Service
─ Research arm of Congress
• Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
─ Assess program costs and income from tax plans
• General Accounting Office
─ Audits federal agencies and programs
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The Organization of Congress
• Congressional caucuses
─ Groups of senators or representatives who share
common goals or interests; may be bipartisan.
─ Organized around issue, ideological, party, and/or
demographic traits
─ Some have large budgets and staffs, and are
capable of pressuring Congress and the executivebranch.
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How a Bill Becomes a Law
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How a Bill Becomes a Law
• A bill is a proposed law that has been
sponsored by a member of Congress and
submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate.• The bill is given a number and assigned to a
committee, which typically refers it to a
subcommittee.
• Bills taken seriously are given a hearing.
• Most bills (95 percent) do not get throughcommittee.
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How a Bill Becomes a Law
• The subcommittee and/or full committee
writes the language of the bill.
• The full committee sends the bill to the floor. ─ Bill must pass through the Rules committee in the
House first.
─ Rules committee gives bill an open or closed rule
─ Senate requires a consent agreement
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How a Bill Becomes a Law
• The House rule determines how much time is
allocated for floor debate.
• The debate time is divided equally betweenthose for and against the bill.
• The Senate allows for unlimited discussion,
requiring 60 votes to end a filibuster via
cloture.
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How a Bill Becomes a Law
• Once a bill clears in one chamber, it is sent to
the other where the process starts over.
• If both chambers pass the same wording, thebill is sent to the president.
• If not, both chambers create a conference
committee.
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How a Bill Becomes a Law
• The president is given 10 days to veto a law.
─ Vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in
each chamber.
─ Pocket veto: if there are less than ten days left inthe congressional calendar and the president does
not sign the bill into law, it dies and must beginagain from scratch in the next session.
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How Congress Decides
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How Congress Decides
• Many factors influence members of Congress.
• Constituents
─ Legislators take constituents seriously if theybelieve it will affect their support at the next
election.
─ This includes voters as well as industries with a
large presence in the district. ─ Electoral incentives make constituents a priority.
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How Congress Decides
• Interest groups
─ Can supply legislators with very detailed
information and data about pending bills
─ Can make sizeable donations
─ Do they represent the interests of constituents?
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Party Discipline
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How Congress Decides
Party Discipline: Congress increasingly partisan since 1990s
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How Congress Decides
• Tools party leaders have at their disposal:
─ Leadership PACs
─ Committee assignments
─ Access to the floor
─ The whip system
─ Logrolling
─ Presidency
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Oversight
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Beyond Legislation
• Oversight
─ Congress is expected to oversee the activities of
the executive branch in order to ensure funding is
spent and laws are enforced properly.
• Advice and consent
─ The Senate must confirm top-level executive
appointments, ambassadors, and federal judges. ─ Approves all treaties
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Impeachment
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Beyond Legislation
• Impeachment
─ If high officials are thought to have committed
Treason, Bribery or other High Crimes and
Misdemeanors, they can be impeached.
─ The House acts as a grand jury.
─ The Senate conducts the actual trial.
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Debate
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The Legislator’s Dilemma
• Delegate or trustee?
─ What should a legislator do when she disagreeswith her constituents about an important issue?
─ She may know more about the issue than her
constituents, and if they knew as much, they mayalso think differently.
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you approve or disapprove of the way Congress is
handling its job?
a) Strongly approve
b) Approve
c) Disapprove
d) Strongly disapprove
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you approve or disapprove of the way your member
of Congress is handling his or her job?
a) Strongly approve
b) Approve
c) Disapprove
d) Strongly disapprove
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you believe we should have term limits for
members of Congress?
a) Yes
b) No
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you believe elected officials should be responsible
for drawing congressional districts?
a) Yes
b) No
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you think it is important that members of Congress
reflect national economic demographics?
a) Yes
b) No
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you think it is important that members of Congress
reflect national gender demographics?
a) Yes
b) No
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Public Opinion Poll
When members of Congress cast a vote, which of the
following factors should most influence their decision?
a) The interests of the country as a whole
b) The interests of their district or state
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Public Opinion Poll
When a member of Congress casts a vote, which of the
following factors should most influence his decision?
a) Constituents’ preferences
b) The president’s preferences
c) The member’s party leadership preferences
d) The member’s own ideology
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Chapter 12: Congress
Quizzes
FlashcardsOutlines
Exercises
wwnorton.com/we-the-people
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Following this slide, you will find additional
images, figures, and tables from the textbook.
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Differences between the Houseand the Senate
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The Social Composition of theU.S. CongressThe Social Composition of the
U.S. Congress
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The Staff System: Staffers andAgencies
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The Electoral Connection
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Party
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Party
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What is Congress’s Role inForeign Policy?
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