welcome to human anatomy & physiology - western oregon university
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Welcome to
Human Anatomy & Physiology BI 234 - Fall 2012
Instructor:
Mike LeMaster
Office Hours: M / W / F: 10:00 – 11:00 am; T: 9:00 – 11:00 am
Office: 011 Natural Sciences
E-Mail: lemastm@wou.edu
Phone: 838 - 8136 (x8-8136)
Lectures: MWF: 9:00 – 9:50 am HWC 105
Labs: No Lab = See Me! NS 006
• Anatomical examination of histology and body systems
• Prepared slides; anatomical models; human cadavers
• Computer-based physiological experiments
Required Text:
Anatomy and Physiology – Marieb and Hoehn (4th ed.)
Optional Text:
A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy & Physiology Lab
Introduction
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Testing Format:
Multiple choice
True/False
Matching (w/ diagrams)
Fill-in-the-blank / Short answer
Exam 1 (12 Oct) 75
Exam 2 (29 Oct) 75
Exam 3 (16 Nov) 75
Final (4 Dec) 125
Laboratory 150
500
Grading:
Grading Scale (approximate): 100 - 90% = A 65 - 55% = D
90 - 80% = B < 55% = F
80 - 65% = C
* Curve may be utilized at end if average falls below 73%
Introduction
Web Site: http://www.wou.edu/~lemastm/Teaching/BI234
How to get the most out of BI234:
1) Come to class
2) Read the book before lecture
3) Do your best in lab (It’s 30% of your grade!)
4) Seek understanding of concepts.
• talk to your professor
• visit the tutoring center
• start a study group
5) Stay Healthy!
6) Apply what you learn!
If you take any medicines that
have nitrates in them (e.g.,
nitroglycerin for chest pain), you
should NOT take VIAGRA.
The Warning:
= 1 Hour
antioxidants
Introduction
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What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: Study of internal / external structure and the physical relationships
between body parts
• Microscopic Anatomy (requires magnification…)
• Cytology = Study of cells
• Histology = Study of tissues
• Gross Anatomy (visible to naked eye…)
• Regional Anatomy = Study of structures in particular region (e.g., arm)
• Systemic Anatomy = Study of organ systems
Physiology: Study of how living organisms perform vital functions
The two disciplines are interrelated (structure dictates function...)
• Physical / chemical factors
• Cell physiology Special physiology System physiology
• Surface Anatomy = Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying
skin
Introduction
1) Cellular level
• Molecular interactions
2) Tissue level
• Similar cells specific function
3) Organ level
• 2 tissues specific function
4) Organ system level
• 2 organs specific function 5) Organism level
• Organ systems = life
Introduction
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.1
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Organ Systems: (BI 234)
Introduction
Skeletal
System
Muscular
System
Immune
System
Integumentary
System
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.3
Introduction
Organ Systems: (BI 235)
Endocrine
System
Cardiovascular
System
Nervous
System
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.3
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Introduction
Organ Systems: (BI 236)
Urinary
System
Reproductive
System
Respiratory
System
Digestive
System
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.3
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.2
Organ systems work cooperatively to promote
the well-being of the entire body
Introduction
Remember:
Digestive system:
Takes in nutrients, breaks
them down, and eliminates
unabsorbed matter
Respiratory system:
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Urinary system: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
and excess ions
Cardiovascular system:
Distributes oxygen and
nutrients to all cells; delivers
wastes and carbon dioxide
to disposal organs
Example:
ATP production
Food O2 CO2
CO2 O2
Feces Urine
Nutrients
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For life to continue, precise internal body conditions
must be maintained regardless of external conditions
Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal
environment (Cannon – early 20th century)
• Not a static process (dynamic equilibrium)
• Requires energy (unlike a true equilibrium state)
• Conditions maintained via feedback systems
The principle function of regulatory systems
is to maintain homeostasis
Introduction
Regulatory System Function:
Feedback System:
Information Input Control Center
(Set Point)
Effector
Output
Receptor (transducer)
Effect
Feedback
Negative Feedback:
Drives system
toward set point (e.g., temperature regulation)
autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation
Body Temp = 96.5º (98.6º)
Introduction
(Muscles)
(-)
(Hypothalamus)
(Change in
system)
(Body heats up)
(Shivering)
Most common type of feedback system
found in the human body
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Feedback System:
Information Input Control Center
(Set Point)
Effector
Output
Receptor (transducer)
Effect
(Change in
system)
Feedback
autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation
Cervix stretches
Introduction
(Posterior Pituitary)
(↑ oxytocin release)
(+)
Positive Feedback:
Drives system
away from set point (e.g., child birth)
(Hypothalamus)
(Uterine contractions intensify)
Rare type of feedback system
found in the human body
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
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Atom: Fundamental structural unit of matter
• Composed of:
1) Protons: Positively charged; located in nucleus
2) Neutrons: No charge; located in nucleus
3) Electrons: Negatively charged; orbit nucleus
• Electrically neutral (# protons = # electrons)
Introduction – Chemistry
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.2
(Periodic Table)
Element: Unique substances that can not be broken down into simpler
substances via ordinary chemical means
Elemental Composition
of Human Body:
9.5%
18.5% 3% 65%
< 4% (Table 2.1)
Introduction – Chemistry
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Interaction among atoms depends on electron arrangements:
Electron Shells: Regions of space occupied by electrons around nucleus
• 1st shell = 2 electrons
• Subsequent shells = 8 electrons
Stable Atoms:
• Outermost electron shell full
• Inert gases (e.g., helium, neon)
Reactive Atoms:
• Outermost shell partially full
(e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
Molecule:
Chemical structures
containing > 1 atom
• Oxygen (O2)
• Water (H2O)
• Glucose (C6H12O6)
Compound:
Chemical structures
containing multiple elements
• Water (H2O)
• Glucose (C6H12O6)
Atoms held together
via chemical bonds...
Introduction – Chemistry
Neon (Ne)
Carbon (C)
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.5
Types of Chemical Bonds:
1) Ionic Bond: Attractive force between atoms that have lost / gained
electrons (electron transfer ions)
Cation:
Ion with positive charge
sodium (Na+); potassium (K+)
calcium (Ca++); magnesium (Mg++) Dissociate
in
water
Attraction via charge
difference (+ vs -)
Anion:
Ion with negative charge
chloride (Cl-); bicarbonate (HCO3-)
biphosphate(HPO42- ); sulfate (SO4
2-)
Introduction – Chemistry
+ -
Form crystals
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.6
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2) Covalent Bond: Attractive force between atoms that share electrons
• May form double and triple bonds
• Strong bond
• Most common bond (biological molecules)
Types of Chemical Bonds:
Non-polar Covalent Bonds:
Equal sharing of electrons
Polar Covalent Bonds:
Unequal sharing of electrons
+
-
Introduction – Chemistry Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.7
3) Hydrogen Bond: Attractive force between polar molecules
(attraction via charge difference)
Types of Chemical Bonds:
Hydrophobic = water fearing
(non-polar)
Hydrophilic = water loving
(polar / ion)
Introduction – Chemistry
e.g., H2O
Surface Tension
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.10
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Chemical Reaction: The making / breaking of chemical bonds
Basic Energy Concepts:
• Energy: The capacity to do work (put matter into motion…)
• Kinetic Energy = Energy in motion (e.g., muscle contraction)
• Potential Energy = Stored energy (e.g., ATP)
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
Not 100%
Efficient
Heat
Metabolism = Sum of all chemical reactions in body
1st Law of
Thermodynamics
2nd Law of
Thermodynamics
Introduction – Chemistry
Classes of Chemical Reactions:
1) Decomposition Reactions
• Molecule broken into smaller units (catabolism)
C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2
2) Synthesis Reactions
• Large molecules assembled from smaller units (anabolism)
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6
3) Exchange Reactions
• Reacting molecules shuffled around
NaOH + HCl H2O + NaCl
Exergonic Reaction:
Reaction liberates energy
+ Energy (Cellular Respiration)
Endergonic Reaction:
Reaction required energy
Energy + (Photosynthesis)
Many biological reactions
are reversible
A + B AB (balanced at equilibrium)
Introduction – Chemistry
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Important Compounds in Body:
Inorganic Molecules (contain no carbon skeleton):
2) Water Extremely important (body 2/3 water):
• Excellent solvent (dissolves ions / polar molecules)
• High heat capacity (moderates temperature )
• Essential reactant (e.g., hydrolysis)
• Lubricant (low friction interactions)
3) Salts (cation + anion):
• Function as electrolytes (e.g., table salt (NaCl))
1) Gases:
• O2 / CO2; Consumed / produced during cellular respiration
4) Acids and Bases:
• Acids release hydrogen ion (H+)
HCl H+ + Cl-
• Bases take up hydrogen ion (H+)
NaOH Na+ + OH- pH based on
free H+ in solution
Buffer:
Compounds that stabilize pH (e.g. bicarbonate)
OH- + H+ H2O
Introduction – Chemistry
1) Carbohydrates (C,H,O 1:2:1):
• Function: Energy source
• Function:
• Energy storage (e.g., fats)
• Structure (e.g., phospholipids)
• Hormones (e.g., steroids)
2) Lipids (C,H,O):
Important Compounds in Body:
Organic Molecules (contain carbon skeleton):
• Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose)
• Disaccharides (e.g., lactose)
• Polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen)
• Water insoluble (hydrophobic)
• Composed of amino acid chains
3) Proteins (C,H,O,N):
• Function:
• Support (e.g. collagen)
• Movement (e.g. actin)
• Transport (e.g. hemoglobin)
• Catalysts (e.g. enzymes) • Defense (e.g. antibodies)
Introduction – Chemistry
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steroids / Eicosanoids
Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 2.15 / 2.16 / 2.19
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Important Compounds in Body:
Organic Compounds (contain carbon skeleton):
4) Nucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P):
• Composed of nucleotides
• Function: Store information (DNA / RNA)
5) High Energy Compounds:
Introduction – Chemistry
ATP Energy currency
of cell
Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 2.22 / 2.23
• Contain high-energy bonds
• Function: Short-term energy storage
THE CELL
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Plasma Membrane Structure:
• Functional barrier
2) Integral proteins
• Transport proteins
• Identification proteins
• Anchor proteins
• Receptor proteins
• Enzymes
1) Phospholipid bilayer
Molecules enter / exit cells
through the lipid bilayer or
via transport proteins
Introduction – Cell Structure / Function
3) Cholesterol
• Membrane fluidity
cholesterol = fluidity / permeability
1) Simple diffusion: Movement from high [solute] to low [solute]
Introduction – Cell Structure / Function
• Requires no energy
• Molecules are:
1) Lipid-soluble (enter via phospholipids)
Osmosis:
Movement of water from [high] to [low]
across a semi-permeable membrane
Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.7 / 3.8
Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2)
2) Small (enter via channel proteins)
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Solute concentration critical to water balance in cells:
Introduction – Cell Structure / Function
Isotonic
[inside] = [outside]
• • •
• •
• •
•
• •
Hypotonic
[inside] > [outside]
• • •
• •
• •
•
•
•
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 3.9
Hypertonic
[inside] < [outside]
• •
•
•
• • •
•
• •
2) Filtration:
3) Carrier-mediated transport:
1) Simple diffusion
(requires no energy)
a) Facilitated diffusion:
Passive transportation via proteins
• Molecules too large for simple diffusion (e.g., glucose)
• Requires no energy
b) Active transport:
Movement of solutes against [gradient]
• Requires transport proteins
• Requires energy (energy = ATP)
• Substances “pushed” through membrane via hydrostatic pressure (e.g., kidney)
Introduction – Cell Structure / Function Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.7 / 3.11
Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2)
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Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2)
1) Simple Diffusion
2) Filtration
3) Carrier-mediated transport
4) Vesicular transport
• Molecules enter / exit via vesicle formation (energy required)
• Endocytosis: Material enters into cell (e.g., bacteria)
Introduction – Cell Structure / Function
Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated
Endocystosis
Exocystosis
Phagocytosis
Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.13 / 3.14
• Exocytosis: Material exits cell (e.g., cellular waste)
Cell Organelles:
Introduction – Cell Structure / Function
1) Cytoskeleton:
Internal protein framework (microfilaments / microtubules)
Cytoskeleton
2) Ribosomes:
Site of protein synthesis (rRNA / proteins)
3) Endoplasmic reticulum:
Membranous network (intracellular storage / transport)
• Rough ER = Protein synthesis
• Smooth ER = Lipid synthesis
4) Golgi apparatus:
Packages / modifies / ships proteins
5) Lysosomes:
Site of intracellular digestion (contain hydrolytic enzymes)
6) Mitochondria:
Site of ATP synthesis (aerobic respiration)
7) Nucleus:
Houses genetic information (site of ribosome assembly)
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.2
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Cell Growth & Reproduction:
Introduction – Cell Structure / Function
Central Dogma of Biology:
DNA RNA Protein
Transcription
(nucleus)
Mitosis:
• Parental cell 2 Daughter cells (Full DNA)
Meiosis:
• Parental cell 4 Daughter cells (1/2 DNA)
Translation
(cytoplasm)
Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.31 / 3.34
Cell Cycle:
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