week 1 _ -skin and fascia_2.ppt
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8/10/2019 WEEK 1 _ -skin and fascia_2.ppt
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Objectives
Describe layers of skin.
Enlist the functions of skin.
Recognize the importance of skin creases
and dermatomes and relate this to appliedanatomy (surgical incisions).
Define appendages of skin.
Define fascia. Differentiate between superficial and deep
fascia.
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Tissues of the body
The tissue: is a group of cellswhich perform a specific function
There are four basic tissues:
1.Epithelium
2.Connective tissue3.Muscular tissue
4.Nervous tissue
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Structure of the skin
Superficial epithelial
layer (epidermis)
Deep connective tissuelayer (dermis)
Deep to the dermis is subcutaneous tissue (superficialfascia)
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Structure of the skin
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Structure of the skin
Epidermis
Keratinized stratifiedsquamous
epithelium devoid of
blood vessels
Dermis
Connective tissuecontaining (bl. v. lymphv., sensory nerveendings, smooth m,hair follicles, sweat
and sebaceous glands) In its deep part the
collagen bundles arearranged in parallel
rows
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Epidermis
Thickness:The epidermis is generally thin except in :
•
The palms of the hand.• The soles of the feet.
Why?To protect these parts and withstand friction,
wear and tear that occurs in these regions.
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Layers of the Dermis(Histology)
Papillary layer (most superficial)
Made of dermal papillae
Fingerprints – click for cool pic!
Capillary loops to nourish the epidermis
Free nerve endings (sense pain & temp)Meissner’s corpuscles (sense touch)
Reticular layer (deepest)
Blood vessels
Sweat & oil glandsPacinian corpuscles (sense deep pressure)
Phagocytes
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Functions of the Skin
1-Protection
abrasion, invasion, water loss, UV protection
2-Vitamin D synthesis
epidermal keratinocytes when exposed to
UV light
helps maintain health of skeleton by
increasing absorption of Ca2+
3-Sensation
receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure,
vibration and pain
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4- Thermoregulation
thermo receptors and sweat glands
hypothalamus controls cutaneous arteries
and sweat glands to retain or dissipate heat
5- Psychological and social functions
appearance and social acceptance
facial expression and nonverbal
communication
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Lines of cleavage
• The collagen fibers, arranged in parallel
rows, called:
Lines of cleavage (langer’s lines):
• The direction of the rows of collagen fibers
in the dermis:
It runs
•Longitudinally in the limbs.
•Circumferentially in the neck and the trunk.
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Lines of cleavage
These lines are important
to determine the direction
for an incision (cut) during
a surgery to avoid obvious
scars.
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• A surgical incision along or between these lines
causes the minimum disruption of collagen so that the
wound heals with a small scar.
• Conversely, an incision made across the rows of
collagen makes a disruption resulting in the massive
production of fresh collagen and the formation of a
broad scar.
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Skin Color
Due to Melanin, a pigment in the epidermis and Carotene,
a pigment in dermis as well as the blood in the capillaries
of the dermis.
Melanin is synthesized in cells called Melanocytes(found in basal layer).
Number of Melanocytes is essentially the same in all races.
The differences in skin color is due to the amount of
pigment the melanocytes produce. When skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, enzymatic
activity is increased and both the amount and darkness of
melanin increase and the skin darkens as a protective
measure
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A nail is a flat horny plate onthe dorsal surface of tips ofthe fingers and toes
It has:
Root: proximal edge (partembedded in skin)
body: exposed part & has afree distal edge
Nail fold: folds of skinsurround and overlap the
nail
• Nail bed is very vascular causing
pink color of the nail
• The germinative zone lies beneath
the root& is responsible for growth
of nail
Nails
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Hairs
Hair foll icles: invaginations of the
epidermis into the dermis, the
hair grows out of these follicles
(hair shaft).
Hair bulb: the expanded extremity
of the follicle, concaved at the
end (located deep in the
dermis).
Hair papil la: a vascular connective
tissue that occupies the
concavity of the bulb.
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• A band of smooth muscle
connects the undersurface of the
follicle to the superficial part of
the dermis.
• It is innervated by sympathetic
nerve fibers.
• It is involuntary.
Arrector Pilli muscle
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Functions:
•Its contraction causes the
hair to move into a more
vertical position.
• It compresses thesebaceous gland and
causes it to extrude sebum.
Arrector Pilli muscle
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Function
It secrets sebum to oil(lubricate) hair and
skin.
Sebum
An oily material that
keeps the flexibility ofthe hair and oils theepidermis around themouth of the follicle.
Sebaceous glands
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It occurs because of the
obstruction (blocking) of the
sebaceous duct.
Sebaceous cyst
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• long tubular glands with deep
coiled part.
• All over the body except red
margins of lips, nail beds, glans
penis and clitoris.
Sweat glands
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Fascia
Collection of connective tissue
Deep fasciaSuperficial fascia
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Superficial fascia
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It is more dense than superficial
fascia
Collagenous bundles are more
compact and more regularlyarranged
Deep fascia
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B. Investing fascia
• Covers the surfaces of muscles
• In the neck : it forms well-defined layers,
bounds fascial spaces so limits spread of
infection or determine the path of infection
• In the abdomen: it is thin
• In the limbs: forms a definite sheath around the
muscles
Examples of deep fascia
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