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WEBSITE: WWW.VAGABONDGEOLOGY.COM

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Week 2: across AfricaAfricaWeek 1: beginning in East AfricaEast Africa

Week 3: into EuropeEuropeWeek 4: into Asia AsiaWeek 5: across BeringiaBeringiaWeek 6: into AmericaAmerica

Ancient Pathways Ancient Pathways Ancient PeoplesAncient Peoples

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

QuestionsQuestions& Quick & Quick ReviewReview MIGRATION MIGRATION

TO THE TO THE AMERICASAMERICAS

BUTTERMILK BUTTERMILK CREEK CREEK

COMPLEX COMPLEX & &

GAULT SITEGAULT SITE

SESSION 4: INTO AMERICA

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Due to time, thiswill be available

on internet

SHARING ROCKS

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EARLIER QUESTION

DNA TESTING COMPANIES

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STONE AGE COLOR PALETTE

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Where did Paleolithic People get their paint pigments?

EARTH PIGMENTS

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Paste Binder Water, blood, urine, animal fat, bone marrow

ColorColor SourceSourceYellow Iron rich yellow Ochre clays

(limonite)Red Iron Oxides red Ochre clays

(hematite) Black Charcoal (Carbon Black) or

Burnt bones (Bone Black)

Brown/Black Manganese DioxideWhite Ground Calcite (lime white)

STONE AGE COLOR PALETTE

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STONE AGE COLOR PALETTE

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http://instruct.uwo.ca/earth-sci/089g/paintpigment.pdf

STONE AGE COLOR PALETTE

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GRINDING PIGMENTS

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LASCAUX PAINT PIGMENTS

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http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/caveart.htm

“Lascaux, for instance, hundreds of rudimentary pigment CRAYONS were discovered scattered around the floor.”

“…combined the raw color with talc or feldspar to increase the (crayon’s) bulk and added animal & plant oils to bind the materials.”

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

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http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/early.html

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/artist-paints/prehistoric-colour-palette.htm

http://instruct.uwo.ca/earth-sci/089g/paintpigment.pdf

Terminology Review

PREHISTORIC PERIODS OF HUMAN HISTORY

NeolithicNeolithic(New Stone Age)10k to 4k yrs- pottery- farming- livestockMiddle Middle

PaleolithicPaleolithic(Middle Stone

Age)300k to 50k yrs

- first art-early symbolism

Upper Upper PaleolithicPaleolithic

(Late Stone Age)50k to 10k yrs

-symbolic thought-Language-domesticated dogs

Lower Lower PaleolithicPaleolithic

(Early Stone Age)2.5million to 300k

- stone tools- fire

OLDER

YOUNGER

“STONE AGE”

Homo groupHomo group sapiens

The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)

2.5 MILLION

2 MILLION

Australopithecus

1.4 MILLION

Paranthropus

300,000 YBP

EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire

MIGRATION TO AMERICA

MIGRATION TO AMERICA

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In Archeology, two primary areas of In Archeology, two primary areas of controversy exists today:controversy exists today:

1.1.Is the Clovis culture (13Kya) the earliest Is the Clovis culture (13Kya) the earliest people to the Americas or was there even people to the Americas or was there even earlier people, the Pre-Clovis?earlier people, the Pre-Clovis?

2.2.Which ever is the first people, where are Which ever is the first people, where are they from & how did they get to America?they from & how did they get to America?

CLOVIS VS PRE-CLOVIS

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•The The “Clovis-First” “Clovis-First” hypothesis has been promoted for hypothesis has been promoted for 80 years80 years

•This theory says that the peoples who came by the This theory says that the peoples who came by the Beringia Land Bridge migrated into the Americas and Beringia Land Bridge migrated into the Americas and are the progenitors of the Indian Peoples are the progenitors of the Indian Peoples

•In 1975, the In 1975, the Monte Verde Monte Verde site in Chile presented site in Chile presented evidence of Pre-Clovis peoples; it wasn’t acceptedevidence of Pre-Clovis peoples; it wasn’t accepted

•In 2011, the In 2011, the Buttermilk Complex Buttermilk Complex site, Texas, site, Texas, presented it’s report of Pre-Clovis people, with it’s presented it’s report of Pre-Clovis people, with it’s unequivocal evidence, and it was acceptedunequivocal evidence, and it was accepted

WHERE DID THEY COME FROM?

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WESTERNAPPROACH

•By Land Bridge

•By Coastal Migration

COMPETING HYPOTHESESCOMPETING HYPOTHESES

From SmithsonianFrom Smithsonian

Land Bridge 14k – 13k

Coastal Migration 16k – 15k

WHERE DID THEY COME FROM?

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WESTERNAPPROACH

EASTERNAPPROACH

•By Land Bridge

•By Coastal Migration

•By Land Bridge & then turn left at Montana

•From Europe “Solutrean Culture”

COMPETING HYPOTHESESCOMPETING HYPOTHESES

22 http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg

Path of Path of MigrationMigration

WHERE DID THEY COME FROM?

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Meadowcroft, PA (16.0 kya)

Cactus Hill, VA(15.4 kya)

Topper, SC(15.5 kya?)

Page-Ladson, FL(12.4 kya)

Buttermilk Complex, TX (15.5 kya)

Possible Path ofMigration(no evidence confirming this route)

Saltville, VA(14.5 kya)

EASTERN USA PRE-CLOVIS SITES

EASTERN USA PRE-CLOVIS SITES

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HOWEVER!•Some Flint items found in VA are known to be from France

•Techniques making the stone tools/blades almost exactly resemble those of the Solutrean Culture of Spain/France

• Some Flint items found in MD are known to be older than 19 kya

SO…

POSSIBLE LAND BRIDGE ISSUE

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Saltville, VA(14.5 kya)

Cactus Hill, VA(15.4 kya)

Topper, SC(15.5 kya?)

Page-Ladson, FL(12.4 kya)

Buttermilk Complex, TX (15.5 kya)

EASTERN USA PRE-CLOVIS SITES

PathMigration(no evidence confirming this route) This is called theThis is called the

““SOLUTREAN SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS”HYPOTHESIS”

What if the land bridge migration didn’t make it to

here?

What if Peoples from Spain/France boated down our

eastern seaboard?Meadowcroft, PA

(16.0 kya)

First proposed by Dr. B Bradley & Dr. D Stanford

COMPETING HYPOTHESES

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From SmithsonianFrom Smithsonian

Solutrean Hypothesis>20 kya

THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS

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THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS

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THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS

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THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS

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THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS

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THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS

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Evidence is mounting for the SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESISSOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS

GENERAL DNA MIGRATION

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Haplogroup X comprises 25% of Algonquians of New England but is not present in Eastern SiberiaHaplogroup X comprises 15% of Sioux & 7% of Navajo but is not present in Eastern Siberia

THE DEBATE FOR/AGAINST THIS THEORY

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Factors Supporting Factors Supporting Solutrean HypothesisSolutrean Hypothesis

Factors Against Factors Against Solutrean HypothesisSolutrean Hypothesis

+ Growing body of archeologist who believe Clovis points are of Solutrean type

+ Stone tool at VA site from France

+ Haplogroup X (subclade X2A) possible migration from Europe

+ Artifacts found in MD, date between 19-26kya, way before the Land Bridge was used

No ancient boats have ever been found at any site; therefore no supporting evidence

DNA evidence of today’s Native Americans are primarily linked to Siberia (Haplogroup A,C,D)

No direct DNA material at any of the eastern USA sites; therefore no supporting evidence

Time to vote!The hot debate

The hot debate

continues!

continues!

GAULT & BUTTERMILK

CREEK COMPLEX- Overview -

LOCATION OF GAULT SITE

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(transition zone between two habitats)

Florence, TXFlorence, TX

WHERE IS THE GAULT SITE

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Only 20 miles away!

WHAT IS THERE?

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TWO WORLD CLASS ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES

BUTTERMILK BUTTERMILK COMPLEXCOMPLEX

GAULTGAULTSITESITE

•Discovered: ??•Significance: Validated Pre-Clovis peoples**

•Status: Exploration complete; currently site is “stored”

•Discovered: 1929 (1991)•Significance: Origins of 60% all excavated Clovis artifacts known today

•Status: Exploration ongoing

ARCHEOLOGICAL CHRONOLOGY OF CENTRAL TEXAS

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ZOOMING IN ON SITE

GAULT TOPOGRAPHY

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Tight lines = steep!

Spread out lines = shallow

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

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GAULT TOPOGRAPHY

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Buttermilk Creek

Tight lines = steep!

Spread out lines = shallow

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP Reasons to stay here?REASONS TO STAY HERE?

FOODFOOD

WATERWATER

HABITAHABITATT

GOOD GOOD SOILSSOILS

THE MAIN REASON TO BE HERE!

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CHASING CHERT

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Chert is a fine-grained, silica-rich, microcrystalline quartz sedimentary rock

Flint is chert found only in chalk or marly limestone formations

Among non-geologists (in particular among archaeologists), the distinction between "flint" and "chert" is often one of quality - chert being lower quality than flint

HISTORY NOT OF BUT IN THE CHERT

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Above average ability to resist weathering, recrystallization and metamorphism, makes it an ideal rock preserving early life forms:

3.4 bya – Australia - preserved eleven taxa of prokaryotes3.2 bya – RSA - preserved unicellular bacteria-like fossils2.0 bya – Canada - preserved not only bacteria and cyanobacteria but also an ammonia-consuming type of green algae and fungus-like organisms0.8 bya – Australia - preserved ancient cyanobacteria and algae in the0.4 bya – Scotland - preserved oldest remains of land flora (preservation is so perfect that it allows cellular studies of the fossils)

CHASING CHERT

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But, Paleolithic, Pre-Clovis weren’t studying chert, they needed it to make

BUTTERMILK CREEK COMPLEX

DEBRA L. FRIEDKIN PALEO-INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

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1000 ft downstream

BUTTERMILK COMPLEX 1997 DIG

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Block AResearch Area

BUTTERMILK COMPLEX PLOT PLAN

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Figure S3. Stratigraphy exposed in Block A in 2007. Note bedrock on the west wall (right). Light brown layer above the bedrock is the colluvium. Dark gray sediments are the floodplain deposits.

BUTTERMILK COMPLEX 1997 DIG

AGE OF ARTIFACTS FOUND IN BLOCK A

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Important to note the Important to note the quantity of artifacts foundquantity of artifacts found

Surface

BUTTERMILK CREEK COMPLEX ARTIFACTS

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BUTTERMILK COMPLEX SUMMARY

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• 56 Tools of various ages were recovered, includes 5 blades, 14 bladelets, 12 bifaces, 1 discoidal core, 23 edge-modified tools, 3 radial break tools, and 1 piece of polished hematite plus 15,472 other artifacts only an archeologist could love

• Excavations show that there was nearly continual habitation of the site beginning with the Buttermilk Creek Complex occupation and continuing through all the way through Late Prehistoric

• Proves the site was used for the same purpose by each successive set of peoples

• Questions the theory of Pre-Clovis being highly mobile, nomadic, elephant hunters

• Provides unquestionable evidence of pre-Clovis culture habitation in North America

Let’s move on to the Gault Site now

GAULT ARCHEOLOGICAL

SITE

GAULT SITE

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Gault site was located in a small, protected wooded valley with a

spring-fed stream

GAULT SITE

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GAULT SITE - 1930 EXCAVATION

60http://gaultschool.org/Home.aspx

GAULT SITE - 1998 EXCAVATION

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GAULT SITE – 2011 EXCAVATION

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STUDENTS HELPING OUT IN 2000

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GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS

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GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS

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GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS

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GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS

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GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS

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Earliest art in North America??

GEOLOGY IMPACTING HUMAN HISTORY

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Once again, GEOLOGYGEOLOGY

is providing resources, or PATHWAYSPATHWAYS for these

ANCIENT PEOPLES!ANCIENT PEOPLES!

REFLECTION

PROBABLE MIGRATION OF HOMO SAPIENS

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homo

ParanthropusParanthropus

Homo

‘Zinj’ (boisei)

‘Little Foot’‘Ms Ples’(africanus)

Australopithecus

Banpo Tribe

On-Your-Knees

Gault/Buttermilk

Cro-Magnon

SO WHERE HAVE WE BEEN ON THIS JOURNEY

THE FUTURE

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REFLECTION

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“(We only get a) glimpse of who these people were. We don’t know much. All we have are these little

piles of stones and bones. It’s like trying to tell something about OUR culture by looking at

our steak knives!”

ENDING

THANKS TO ALL THAT HAVE HELPED!

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Thanks to all who have Thanks to all who have passed on articles passed on articles and/or and/or lent us magazines lent us magazines to use to use

in this 6 week series. in this 6 week series.

It certainly is wonderful having It certainly is wonderful having “another set of eyes” “another set of eyes” out there out there watching for important data & watching for important data &

breaking new ideas!breaking new ideas!

THANKS TO ALL THAT HAVE HELPED!

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Kendra & Jerry website support

Lynn & Chuck AV support

Dorothy & Margaret class assistanceIt wouldn’t

happen without YOU!

Thanks to…

WANT TO LEARN MORE??

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WANT TO LEARN MORE??

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Need Rock Identification?

Deb Main

Deb Main@ RockTable in the back

WANT TO LEARN MORE…

WANT TO LEARN MORE…

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Love Rocks

??

Larry & Lois

Larry & Lois Amundson

Amundson@ Lapidary Table

in the back

WANT TO LEARN MORE…

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Curriculum for Geoarcheology““Recognizing and Evaluating the Archeological Recognizing and Evaluating the Archeological

Potential of the Landscape:Potential of the Landscape:An Introduction to GeoarcheologyAn Introduction to Geoarcheology””

Sue Tome

Sue Tome @ Archeology Table

in the back

WANT TO LEARN MORE…

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YUMMO!

Claire BeaumontClaire Beaumont& Deb Main& Deb Main

Made cookies for allSnack table in the back

GOT ARCHEOLOGY QUESTIONS?

84 ““Dr. Dirt”Dr. Dirt” http:

//w

ww

.ute

xas.

edu/

feat

ures

/arc

hive

/200

2/te

xas.

htm

l

A wisecracking armadillo archeologist known as Dr. Dirt answers questions about archeology

REMEMBER…REMEMBER…

GEOLOGY ROCKSGEOLOGY ROCKS

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THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

ADIOS!

ANY QUESTIONS??86

All class material either is or All class material either is or will be on will be on

1)1)the University’s websitethe University’s website

www.senioruniv.orgwww.senioruniv.organd onand on

2) Our website at:2) Our website at:

www.vagabondgeologwww.vagabondgeology.comy.com

WANT TO SEE MORE…

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/artist-paints/prehistoric-colour-palette.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Clovis#Evidence_of_human_habitation_before_Clovis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper_(archaeological_site) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus_Hill http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltville,_Virginia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page-Ladson_prehistory_site http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/aucilla/arpp01.htm http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/11/24/opinion/sunday/what-could-disappear.html http://flood.firetree.net/ http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/03/will-you-be-underwater-theres-a-map-for-that.html http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/GG/bbgya.html http://www.athenapub.com/10gault.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928495/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas http://archaeology.about.com/od/gterms/g/gault.htm http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/becoming-human.html#becoming-human-part-2 https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_X_(mtDNA) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA) http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Conservation%20Biology/Karen%20PDF/Clovis/Bradley%20&%20Stanford%202004.pdf

http://archaeology.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=archaeology&cdn=education&tm=315&gps=16_11_1117_722&f=11&su=p284.13.342.ip_&tt=8&bt=1&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.utexas.edu/research/tarl/research/gault_links.php http://archaeology.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=archaeology&cdn=education&tm=315&gps=16_11_1117_722&f=11&su=p284.13.342.ip_&tt=8&bt=1&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.utexas.edu/research/tarl/research/gault_links.php http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2002/texas.html http://search.usgs.gov/results.html?cx=005083607223377578371%3Ab5ixbbpqpx0&cof=FORID%3A11&q=chert&sa=Go http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chert http://www.primtech.net/ http://mysite.du.edu/~lconyer/ http://mysite.du.edu/~lconyer/historic_features.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culture http://www.ele.net/art_folsom/pre-clovis_2004/preclovis2004.htm http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/stoneage/images/clov-printable465.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/stoneage/clov-nf.html&h=652&w=465&sz=134&tbnid=hjtvIsVG_wPSXM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=59&zoom=1&usg=__rlfO59iRSB5IpBHKiPzV2whWFIE=&docid=F3kmoaSDHF6IBM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-qIyUf3oNs_dqQHCn4GoCA&ved=0CDsQ9QEwAg&dur=1 http://www.archaeologicalconservancy.org/aaWI01.html

REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithichttp://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-family-treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olduvai_Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankindhttp://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/cradle-of-humankind.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banpohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BanpoSkull.jpghttp://bpmuseum.com/Channel.aspx?ChId=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Your_Knees_Cavehttp://orgs.usd.edu/esci/alaska/oykc.htmlhttp://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/gault/index.htmlhttp://www.athenapub.com/10gault.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_Complex

REFERENCESREFERENCES

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www.Africa-Adventure.com (US based safari company – excellent small group tours)http://www.classicafricansafaris.com/ (Kenya: Hamish Grant -private safari guide) http://www.arptravelgroup.com/arp/(Tanzania: Ranger Ltd- private and group safaris) www.CCAfrica.com (up-scale safaris w/conservation focus)www.sanparks.org (direct booking for South Africa National Parks)

CHINA www.cits.net (China International Travel Service)Guilin: http://en.guilincits.com (agents: Christine, Shelley)

FRANCEHousing: http://www.rentapart.com (agent: Annebelle) http://www.parisattitude.com (agent: Sylvain Guilemin)

Houseboat rental: http://alpha-croisiere.com Language Classes: OISE Paris website: www.paris.oise.com , phone: 30(0)1-42-22-01-98 SPAIN Spanish Paradors (hotels) websites: www.parador.es, http://www.paradores-spain.com

central reservations: +34 91-516 6666, PORTUGAL parryoun@pomarv.jazznet.pt Portugal private house rental: Carole & Kenneth Parr http://www.pousadas.pt Portuguese Posadas (hotels) : phone: +351 218 442 001

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Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… and narrow-mindedness…

Broad, wholesome, charitable views of Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by men and things cannot be acquired by

vegetating in one little corner of the vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. earth all one's lifetime.

~Mark Twain~Mark Twain

““Twenty years from now Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch sail away from the safe harbor. Catch

the trade winds in your sails. the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” Explore. Dream. Discover.”

– – Mark TwainMark Twain