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Webinar Participants 2
Mechanics of the seminar
The webinar is being recorded, the URL will be sent out to participants and posted at www.coe-sufs.org
Participants from the US and Canada can: Use Adobe Connect to receive the audio (PRIMARY method) Dial 1-888-446-7584, access code 1120583
International participants can: Use Adobe Connect to receive the audio (PRIMARY method) Use Skype or similar to dial 1-888-446-7584, code 1120583 Dial 212-372-3742 (caller paid call)
Submit questions using the Chat feature
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Now offering Professional Development Hours
Professional Development Hours (PDH) for Professional Engineers (PE) now available 1.0 PHD for this webinar
Credits issued through the NYS Department of Education. Please confer with the state or country in which you register as a PE to determine whether or not the credit will transfer.
For more information on obtaining PDH please email wojtoj@rpi.edu
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CoE-SUFS
Funded by the Volvo Research and Educational Foundations (VREF)
Main Goal: To jumpstart an integrative process, involving cities, private sector, and researchers to develop new freight systems paradigms that: Are sustainable Increase quality of life Foster economic competitiveness and efficiency Enhance environmental justice
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6 New York City, Albany, USA
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Barranquilla, Bogotá,
Medellín, Colombia
Osaka, Japan
Chennai, India
Mumbai, India
Dalian, China
Nanjing, China
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Melbourne, Australia
London, UK
Singapore, Singapore
Santander, Spain
Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte,
Brazil
Pretoria, South Africa
Toronto, CA
Gothenburg, Sweden
Bologna, Italy
Delhi, India
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Exchange to share global best practices and real world examples of sustainable urban freight systems
Next P2P (August, 2015): Cargo Cycles for Urban Freight: The American Experience
Workshops to bring together public/private sectors and academia, to jointly work to address urban freight issues Already held at: India, Brazil, Colombia, Canada, Mexico,
Chile, and Australia
CoE-SUFS Dissemination Programs 7
Cargo Cycles for Urban Freight: The European Experience
Achim Beier (messenger Transport+Logistik)
Johannes Gruber (DLR Institute of Transport Research)
Julius Menge (Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment)
Agenda
Relevance of cargo cycles for public authorities Transport market segments with cargo cycle use Cargo cycles and city logistics Hands-on perspective: messenger, a courier company 'I replace a car': Results from a two-year
demonstration project Drivers and barriers for
companies to use cargo cycles Closing remarks
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Relevance of cargo cycles for public authorities
Different cities, different sizes, different economic environment...
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… but we are all facing the same challenges (with differences in severity)
Challenges… Noise Pollution Greenhouse gases Traffic safety /
accidents Congestion
But…
Just building new infrastructure can not cover problems related to urban freight
(Infrastructural) Measures are difficult to realize within urban areas
Question of resources …
Berlin is different... 12
45 km 28 mi
38 k
m
24 m
i
Surface area: 892 km² / 344 mi²
Inhabitants: approx. 3,450,000
45% of households without a car*
Motorisation: 324 cars/1000 res. *
Employed: 1,700,000 (2011)
Unemployment rate: approx. 11%
Low commuting rate (290,000/150,000)
Polycentric city / short journeys
There are significant negative effects of traffic… 13
Accidents… Emissions… Noise…
… concentrated esp. to the (less motorized) inner city
A SINGLE / SIMPLE SOLUTION
Solution For
Loading / Unloading
ConsolidationOf...
Heavy goods
MaintenanceFor
machinesRail Barge
Cargo CyclesPM 2.5/10 LandUse
E-Mobility
Noise
Con-gestion
...Dedicated lanes
RoutePlanningTelematics
Traffic load on
Arterial roads
Alternative fuels
CO2 Nox
Parking fees and
fines
Night time delivery
Procure-ment
GreenLogistics
Is there one simple/single solution? 14
How is urban freight reflected?
Cause of significant negative effects (pollution, congestion, accidents, …)
“I can’t sleep at night” / “Why in my neighbourhood” / “Dangerous” / “Ban them from the inner city…”
Problems create a pressure to act instead of pro-actively shaping the system together
Result: Lack of awareness, lack of general understanding, limited
knowledge about requirements of different stakeholder groups Politicians, boroughs, local economy, citizens, authorities, lobby
groups: opponents or partners? Approaches: …
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Cargo Cycles in Berlin's commercial transport
Something new or a renaissance of something old?
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Souce: Missmann 1987, S. 94
Cycling service men at Berlin-Potsdamer Platz in 1906
The shorter a „last mile“ is, the more „sustainable“ it can get…
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Micro depots for mailmen
Potential and limitations of cargo cycles in urban freight
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Flexibility, much less dependence on traffic load, door-to-door transport Reliability (very important issue for urban logistics) Low „total costs of ownership“ (TCO), small initial investment (no fuel, if
electric minimal costs, low insurance rates, land use for parking is limited, low maintenance costs)
Drivers license / demographics Limitations for weight / volume / distances Truly „green logistics“
Potential from an urban perspective: Locally emission free (CO2, NOX, PM10 and PM2.5, noise), but impact is
limited (number of trips vs. trip length) Uses existing infrastructure land use Enables modal shift (especially for courier, express and parcel deliveries)
and innovative logistics concepts
Age is nothing but a number …
Legal background
Cargo cycles are legally classified as bicycles, without or with an electrical assistance of up to 250 Watts
Maximum width = 1 m; 3- or 4-wheelers even wider No regulation concerning payload No specific regulation concerning use of road space or
bicycle lanes Parking on sidewalks is legal (without being an
obstacle for others) Pedestrian zones: Free for cargo cycles if "free for
bikes"; otherwise: pushing your bike is necessary!
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Transport market segments with cargo cycle use
Fields of application for cargo cycles 21
Relevant transport market
segments
Mail deliveries
Courier deliveries
Parcel deliveries
Home deliveries
Internal/own-account transport
Service traffic
private mobility
transport of people
mobile sales stalls
not taken into account:
Results of an ongoing research project conducted by DLR Institute of Transport Research Funding by the German Federal Ministry of Transport and digital Infrastructure
Mail deliveries 22
Foto: HAZ Foto: Deutsche Post Foto: picture alliance dpa
Foto: Postcon Foto: Tagesspiegel Foto: St. Pedali Blog
Courier deliveries 23
Foto: Rapid München
Foto: Hamburger AbendblattFoto: DLR
Foto: Velogista
Parcel deliveries 24
Foto: DHL
Foto: DHL
Foto: UPS
Foto: DPD
Home deliveries 25
Foto: Deutsche See Foto: Biobob
Foto: Ben SchroeterFoto: Roland Magunia Hamburger Abendblatt Foto: IKEA
Internal/own-account transport 26
Foto: Dieter Debo / Evonik
Foto: BASF Foto: Hans Heinrich Pardey FAZ
Foto: n.A.
Foto: Bundeswehr
Service traffic 27
Foto: Stadtrad Hamburg Foto: Telekom
Foto: WISAG Foto: sbz-online
Foto: Westfälische Nachrichten
Foto: EBU Ulm
Cargo cycles and city logistics
Cargo cycles as part of city logistics schemes 29
London: Micro-consolidation center for office supply deliveries
Brussels: Mobile depot
Hamburg: Mobile depot
Paris: Urban freight by barge and cargo cycles
Cargo cycles as part of city logistics schemes 30
Berlin: Cooperation - The EU project CityLog
Is it that what we want? 31
CityLog: The Process 32
Hands-on perspective: messenger, a courier company
Messenger, a courier company (est. 1989) 34
Basic philosophy: Sustainable logistics! Types of service: City logistics, Express
deliveries national/international Several types of vehicles:
Branches in 5 German cities, HQ: Berlin Cooperative system with freelance messengers Some achievements:
First CMC (Cycle Messenger Championships) in 1993 “Berlin rides bike” in 1995 “Location of ideas” in 2009 Pioneers of cargo bikes ... Achim in 1989
Cargo cycles: Usual vehicle for messengers 35
Beginnings around 1900 "Long John" since 1930s
2007 2009 2012
Loading capacity of cargo cycles 36
8 shoe boxes 4 copy paper boxes 1 packing case...
or even more...
...25 shoe boxes...
1 pallet
'I replace a car': Results from a two-year demonstration project
2012-2014
'I replace a car': Vehicles and project partners 38
Main vehicle: iBullitt Pedelec (x40)
250 Watts engine, Payload: 100 kg (220 pounds) Cargo box volume: 200 l (0.18 freight tons) Additional vehicle: CargoCruiser (x1) 250 Watts engine, Payload: 300 kg (660 pounds) Cargo box volume: 900 l (0.8 freight tons)
Kurierdienstleister
Participating courier companies:
Research and project lead: Funding by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment
'I replace a car': Cargo cycle usage 39
Number of shipments by cargo cycles
Share of all shipments of
courier companies
Mean shipment distance
(cargo cycles)
Total mileage (cargo cycles)
Share of total mileage of all
vehicles 119.000 7.5 % 3,9 km 455.000 km 4 %
0
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4000
5000
6000
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8000
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'I replace a car': Shipment distance and mileage
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Bicycle Cargo cycle Car Small van Large van
km 12.4 mi
km 124 mi
Shipment distance Daily mileage
6.2 mi
62 mi
n ~ 1.2 million n ~ 89.000
'I replace a car': Car substitution potential 41
19%
42%
Share of trips below 10km & transportable goods (ex-ante data)
Substitutable deliveries
Substitutable mileage
'I replace a car': Change in modal split 42
24%
54%
13%
9% 22%
4%
52%
13%
9%
48%
1%
38%
8%5%
43%
1%7%
35%
8%6%
Shipments Mileage
Inner ring: before project (May 2011-June 2012) ~ 1.1 million obs. Outer ring: during project (July 2012-March 2014) ~ 1.6 million obs.
Bicycles
Cargo Cycles
Cars
Vans Vans Bicycles
Cars
Cargo Cycles
'I replace a car': Characterization of messengers Type of vehicle
Bicycle Cargo Cycle Car n (t1 survey 2014) 48 46 77
Demographics Age Ø 39 years 39 years 50 years Gender: male 90% 93% 95% Education: high (Abitur) 74% 67% 33%
Income Below 500 € 14% 20% 3% 2500 € and more 2% 0% 19%
Job organization Working as messenger only 75% 57% 74% Working hours per week Ø 30.1 27.2 47.0 Using only one type of vehicle 83% 26% 79%
Agreement t0
Agreement t1
"Using electric cargo cycles in my city makes sense." 84% 94% "Electric cargo cycles will generally be successful in courier services." 48% 62% "There is plenty of information available on electric cargo cycles." 36% 42%
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n=63
n=171
negative coefficients: more likely to reject
"I replace a car": Factors influencing cargo cycle acceptance of individual messengers
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Variable M1 M2 M3 coeff. p coeff. p coeff. p
Age 0.056 0.000 0.042 0.001 0.048 0.001 Gender: female 1.359 0.003 1.631 0.001 0.991 0.062 Net. income: >€2000 1.036 0.002 0.957 0.006 0.702 0.057 Education: low/medium 0.628 0.011 0.497 0.056 0.424 0.139 Car ownership 0.759 0.006 0.549 0.077 Possibility to bundle shipments -0.797 0.001 -0.723 0.007 Interest in vehicle technology -1.621 0.001
"I totally agree that electric cargo bikes attract onlookers’ interest.” -1.272 0.000 Experience with cargo bikes -1.358 0.000
Constant 3.315 0.000 -2.725 0.000 -0.508 0.465 Log likelihood -214 -204 -176 Pseudo R² (McFadden) 0.125 0.165 0.279
Socio- demo- graphics
Job circum- stances
Personal attributes
n=362
Dependent variable: Rejection of electric cargo cycles Data: 2 survey among messengers, before and at the end of the field test
Drivers and barriers for companies to use cargo cycles
Factors influencing companies' decisions to use cargo cycles
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Environmentally specific factors
• Regulative framework conditions
• Socio-spatial context
• Economic framework
Company- specific factors
• Type of fleet decision-making
• Companies' strategic orientation
• Individual attitudes of decision makers
Vehicle- specific factors
• Compatibility with transport tasks
• Relative advantage/ disadvantage compared to conventional vehicles
• Availability (trialability) of cargo cycles
Results of an ongoing research project conducted by DLR Institute of Transport Research Funding by the German Federal Ministry of Transport and digital Infrastructure
Closing remarks
Closing Remarks It´s still a long way to go... ...but: cargo cycles have been proven as an established element of urban
freight in various European cities Market for cargo cycles / cargo cycle deliveries is growing Analysis of user acceptance is crucial What do we need: (some examples)
Awareness of the topic and the different interest groups Sufficient data Partners for the process Clear responsibilities
Statistics are missing, calculating potentials is an option, but local impact differs discussion and research is needed
First projects delivered real and relevant data, not just for cities, but especially for companies
Perfect potential for synergetic effects between private and commercial bicycle use (e.g. investments into cycling infrastructure)
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Do you want to know more? 49
cyclelogistics.eu (English) lastenrad.vcd.org (German)
... or ask us !
Publications: Gruber, J., Kihm, A., Lenz, B. (2014). A new vehicle for urban freight? An ex-ante evaluation of electric cargo bikes in courier services. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 11, 53–62. (Link) Gruber, J., Kihm. A. (2015). Reject or embrace? Messengers and electric cargo bikes. The 9th International Conference on City Logistics, Tenerife (Spain); June 17-19, 2015.
Thanks from Berlin! Questions?
Achim Beier messenger Transport+Logistik achim.beier@messenger.de
Johannes Gruber German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Transport Research
johannes.gruber@dlr.de
Julius Menge Berlin Senate Department for
Urban Development and Environment Julius.Menge@SenStadtUm.Berlin.de
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