water soluble vit for class
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THE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
B-vitamins and vitamin C
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VITAMINS
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Most are coenzymes, deficiencies result in
abnormal metabolism
Acute tox
icity unlikely due to
ability to
excrete
excesses
Microbial synthesis in ruminants or cecal
fermenters
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B VITAMINS
Originally thought to be one vitamin
Actually, there are eight (maybe more) of them
Act primarily as coenzymes in metabolicpathways
Important for ATP production!!!
Impo
rtant fo
rM
ANY additio
nal functio
ns
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B VITAMINS
Dietary requirement is linked closely to metabolic rate
(i.e., production)
Ruminant requirements met by rumen bacterial
synthesis
Hindgut bacterial synthesis and absorption is
insufficient to meet full requirements for a horse or
most colonic fermenters
Caprophagy helps recycle and better utilize vitamins for
cecal fermenters
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B VITAMINS - SOURCES
VARIETYof feedstuffs!
Plant sources Found in fibrous portion of
plants
Most cereals and grainproducts are enriched
Animal sources Liver
Milk
Egg
Beef, pork and chicken
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B VITAMIN - DEFICIENCY
LOTS of symptoms including fatigue
Specific diseases for each vitamin deficiency
(e.g., beriberi, pellagra)
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FACTORS AFFECTING
THIAMIN REQUIREMENTS Carbohydrate intake
Thiaminase intake
Raw fish
Bracken fern poisoning in ruminants and horses muscle tremor, incoordination, frequent falling, bradycardia and
cardiac irregularity
Excess sulfur in ruminant diets
(decreases thiamin synthesis)
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THIAMIN (B1) - DEFICIENCY
Polyneuritis retraction of head in chicks
In ruminants, polioencephalomalacia or stargazing (headretracted)
Cardiovascular disturbances
Beriberi heart enlargement, numbness
Bradycardia slow heart rate
Severe thiamin deficiency in alcohol abusers: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Diso
rientatio
n Loss of short term memory
Jerky eye movements
Staggering gait
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POLYNEURITIS (STARGAZING)
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Thiamin Deficiency - Polyneuritis
Thiamin-deficient rat shows typical arched
back and hyperextended hind legs
Same rat 8 hours after receiving thiamin
hydrochloride has normal use of its hind legs
and normal vestibular reaction
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RIBOFLAVIN (B2) - SOURCES
Milk and milk products
Enriched products
Liver
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RIBOFLAVIN
Absorbed by small intestine via active transport
Stable when heated
Breaks down in light and radiationMilk sold in opaque/translucent containers
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RIBOFLAVIN - DEFICIENCY
Reduced growth
Ectodermal lesions
Curled-toe paralysis in birds
Due to nerve degeneration
Cataracts (swine)
Moon blindness in horses
Joint stiffness in swine
Ariboflavinosis
Inflammation of the mouth, skin, eyes, and GI tract
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CURLED TOE PARALYSIS
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Riboflavin Deficiency
(A) Generalized dermatitis & growth failure
(B) After 1 month riboflavin treatment
(C) After 2 mo
nths treatment
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Induced Riboflavin Deficiency
Clinical signs include angular stomatitis, seborrheic
dermatitis and scaly scrotal skin lesions
Blood vessels invade cornea - itching, burning and grittiness
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NIACIN - SOURCES
Milk; eggs, meat, poultry, fish,
Whole grains and enriched products
All protein containing foods
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NIACIN - DEFICIENCY
Niacin in grain not available to monogastrics
Deficiency
Reduced growth and appetite Black tongue dog
Pellagra farm animals and humans in poor areasof the world
Fiery inflammation of tongue, mouth and upper esophagus
Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death (the 4 Ds)
Redneck disease in niacin-deficient areas of the US
Major components of diet were the 3 Ms meat (mostly porkfatback), molasses, and meal (corn meal)
Confusion, depression, poor memory
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Early Pellagra - Glossitis
Dental indentations resulting from edema - lip & tongue margins scarlet
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Advanced Pellagra
Dermatitis of elbows due to friction - beginning of desquamation in the center oflesion
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Pellagra - Casals Collar or Necklace
Photosensitive dermatitis outliningexposed area of neck & lesions on back
of hands - sunlight or heat from a stovecan induce this reaction
Same patient after nicotinamidetherapy
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PANTOTHENIC ACID
Food sources:
Organ meats
Whole grains
Legumes
Unstable in heat
Destroyed by food processing
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PANTOTHENIC ACID - FUNCTIONS
Essential for the synthesis of fatty acids and membrane
phospholipids, including sphingolipids
Essential for oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids
Essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones Essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin
CoA contributes an essential acetyl group during the synthesis
of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and to several
glycoproteins and glycolipids
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PANTOTHENIC ACID - DEFICIENCY
Deficiency is rare; the burning feet
Goose stepping - swine
Cannot bend hock joint (nervous system degeneration)
Reduced growth, dermatitis, diarrhea
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Pantothenic acid deficiency - Chick
Dermatitis in chick onpantothenic acid deficient diet
Three weeks after calcium pantothenateadded to diet, skin lesions cured
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PYRIDOXINE (B6) - SOURCES
Meat, fish, poultry, liver
Non-citrus fruits
Legumes
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Spontaneous Seborrheic Dermatitis
Dermatitis around eyes, nose,mouth similar to that produced by
pyridoxine antagonist
Same patient after 3 weeks ofpyridoxine ointment therapy
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Pyridoxine Deficiency
Edema & denuding of ears, paws &
snout
After 3 weeks of pyridoxine
hydrochloride
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COBALAMIN - SOURCES
Animal sources: meat, fish, poultry, eggs, shellfish,
milk/products
Plant sources: none
Microbes!!
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VITAMIN B12, COBALAMIN
Not synthesized by plants
Animal-protein factor
Often deficient in monogastric diets
Microbes synthesize B12 Cobalt required
Some B12 synthesized in the hindgut
Not enough for most hind-gut fermenters, except horses
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COBALAMIN ABSORPTION
HCl and pepsin in the stomach release B12 from
protein foods
Requires intrinsic factor for absorption
Secreted by parietal cells Only essential function of stomach
Intrinsic factor attaches to B12 and the whole complex
passes to the small intestine where the gradual
absorption of B12 occurs
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COBALAMIN - DEFICIENCY
Deficiency often caused by inadequateabsorption rather than poor intake Lack of HCl or lack of intrinsic factor
Without HCl, the vitamin cannot be released from protein, andcannot attach to intrinsic factor
Atrophic gastritis: Common in geriatric animals - stomach cells get damaged
Could also be due to iron deficiency or Helicobacter pylori
No
healthy cells - decreased HCl and intrinsic facto
r Result is pernicious anemia due to a combination of atrophic
gastritis and lack of intrinsic factor
Other factors are defective gene for intrinsic factor, orif the stomach is injured or damaged
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COBALAMIN - DEFICIENCY
Reduced growth
Anemia
Pernicio
us anemia in humans (lack intrinsic facto
r)Macrocytic anemia (large red blood cells)
Neural symptoms
Wasting disease in ruminants (Co deficiency)
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COBALAMIN AND FOLATE
High dose of folate masks B12 deficiency
In both deficiency states, the first symptom is that the bloodcells grow rapidly
Either of the vitamins will be effective in resolving symptoms- however if folate is administered when B12 is needed, thesituation will be disastrous
Results in devastating neurological symptoms
B12 deficiency leads to nerve damage caused by destruction ofmyelin sheaths that protect the nerves
Note: folate can clear the blood symptoms but cannot stop the nervedamage
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PerniciousAnemia
Vitamin B12, FolicAcid,AscorbicAcid
Deficiency
Tongue pale & shiny; papillae atrophied inthe course of the glossitis which is often the
first symptom of the disease. The tonguemay become red and sore; these symptoms
usually subside promptly with appropriatenutritional therapy
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PerniciousAnemia Bone Marrow Smears
Smear showing megaloblasts,characteristic of certain anemias
Within 48-72 hours after treatmentwith vitamin B12, megaloblasts
replaced by normoblasts
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FOLATE - SOURCES
Animal sources
Liver
Crab meat
Plant sources Green forage crops
Legumes
Seeds
Unstable; destroyed by heat and oxygen Caution with feed processing, preparation and storage
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FOLATE (FOLIC ACID)
Involved in protein metabolism
Critical role in the synthesis ofDNA
Involved in new cell development
Requires the help of the vitamin B12
Folate is secreted into the GI tract with bile
If the cells of the GI tract are injured/destroyed as in the
case of alcohol abuse, then folate can not be absorbed, and
leads to deficiency
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FOLATE - DEFICIENCY
Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia, and GI tractdeterioration Diarrhea, fatigue, depression and confusion
Impairs cell division and protein synthesis
Reduced growth Alters DNA metabolism
Folate deficiency masks vitamin B12 deficiency
Folate status affected by drugs with similar chemicalstructure Can lead to secondary deficiency
Many anti-cancer drugs can create deficiency of folate toothernormal cells
Antacids and aspirins interfere with folate
Smoking and oral contraceptives affect folate status
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Folate - Deficiency
Pregnant women prone to deficiency
Studies have documented the need for folate toreduce the risks of neural tube defects
Spina bifida in humans
Folate deficiency in early pregnancy, especially around 3 weeks afterconception
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FolicAcid Deficiency - Chick
Deficient chick is stunted, poorlyfeathered and severely anemic
Supplemented with 100 mg/kg folic acid -normal growth rate, feathering, and blood
values
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BIOTIN - SOURCES
Animal sources - organ meats, egg yolks, fish
Plant sources - soybeans, whole grains
Stable to
heat
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BIOTIN - DEFICIENCY
Avidin binds biotin
Found in raw egg white
Bond broken by heating to 100C
Deficiency sympt
oms
Cracked nails, hooves, dermatitis, hair loss
Dermatitis
Perosis
Fatty liver and kidney syndro
me, a fatal metabo
licdisorder in chicks and turkey poults
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Biotin Deficiency Rat
Generalized alopeciaSame rat 3 weeks after biotin wasadded to diet
Normal rat
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CHOLINE
Food sources;
Milk, liver, eggs and legumes
Synthesized in body
Methionine can be converted to choline
in liver
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CHOLINE - DEFICIENCY
Deficiency may cause liver damage
Fatty liver; kidney degeneration
Pero
sis chicks Slipped tendon
Malformation of leg bone
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Choline Deficiency - Human
Fatty infiltration of liver Treated with moderate fat diet pluscholine
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ASCORBATE - SOURCES
Vitamin C is also known asascorbic acid, ascorbate
Found in citrus fruits, cabbagetype of vegetables, greenleafy vegetables, cantaloupe,strawberries, lettuce,tomatoes, potatoes, papayaand mango
Destroyed by exposure tooxygen
Destroyed by heat
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VITAMIN C
Most mammals synthesize ascorbate from
glucose including farm animals
Primates and guinea pigs require a dietary source
of vitamin C
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VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
Antioxidant Protects cells from free radicals
Protects iron from oxidative damage, thus enhancing ironabsorption in the gut
Assists as co-factor in collagen formation Collagen is the main structural protein in bones, teeth,
cartilage, tendons, ligaments, skin and blood vessels
Helps in the hydroxylation of carnitine
Conversion of tryptophan to neurotransmitters serotonin
and norepinephrine Enhances iron absorption and regulates the absorptionof copper
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OTHER POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Reduce stress (e.g., infections, smoking)
Mechanism unknown, but vitamin C requirements
increase during stress
Common cold? Disease prevention?
Cancer, heart disease: inconclusive
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VITAMIN C - DEFICIENCY
Scurvy in humans
Not in farm animals
Structural defects of bone, connective tissue
Bleeding gums; pinpoint hemorrhage
Fatigue; microcytic anemia
Loss of appetite
Slow wound healing; frequent infections
Scaly and dry skin; neurological symptoms
Edema
Loose teeth, gum problems
Diarrhea
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VITAMIN C - DISCOVERY
Prior to discovery, sailorson long-term voyagescommonly used to die
fro
m scurvy In 1930s James Lind
found that citrus fruits(limes used first)prevented scurvy byexperimentingon British
sailors Why Brits are called
limeys
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Vitamin C Scurvy in
Human Scorbutic Rosary
Enlarged costochondral junctions of
scurvy resembles rickets - lesions
may feel sharper & may be tender
X-ray of a child with scurvy
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Vitamin C Scurvy in Human
Gingivitis
Capillary fragility after application of a blood
pressure cuff
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ASCORBATE TOXICITY
Nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea
Interference with medical diagnostic tests
False positive or false negative to detect diabetes
Individuals taking anti-clotting medication maycounteract the effect if they take high doses ofvitamin C
Dangerous for people with iron overload
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REBOUND SCURVY
When high doses of vitamin C are taken, body
excretes it rapidly
When abruptly stopped, the body is unable to
immediately reduce rapid excretion rate
Potentially results in vitamin C deficiency
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