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Water Reuse Overview Technologies andWater Reuse – Overview, Technologies and Constraints
Pascal E. Saikaly, Gary Amy, Jörg E. Drewes
1st Arab‐American Frontiers of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine SymposiumSymposium
October 17‐19 2011 Kuwait CityOctober 17 19, 2011, Kuwait City
• The MENA/GCC States are one of the driest and water scarce regions in theThe MENA/GCC States are one of the driest and water scarce regions in the World
• Emerging biotechnologies for sustainable wastewater treatment and reuse
• Natural treatment systems for wastewater reclamation• Natural treatment systems for wastewater reclamation and reuse
• Constraints limiting water reuse
• Final remarks
• Hybrid MBRs for tailored water quality and d li ddecentralized reuse • Aerobic granular sludge‐MBR (AGS‐MBR)S i b h MBR• Sequencing batch reactor‐MBR
Bi l h i l f i bl• Bioelectrochemical systems for sustainable wastewater treatment, energy generation and d li idesalination
• Costs of supporting Infrastructure and transporting wastewater long distance ‐transporting wastewater long distance is reduced
• Energy needed to pump and transport b kreuse water back to community ‐ is
lowered
• Hydraulic load to centralized WWTP – is reduced• Hydraulic load to centralized WWTP – is reduced
• Tailored water quality for local water reuse
Landscape, golf course irrigation, Groundwater recharge, etc. p , g g , g ,
• Automated system, to handle variation in wastewater loading and flow
• Decentralized approach to wastewater management and water re‐use can help address both energy consumption and water scarcity
Aerobic Granule
Pilot Site
Pilot
Site
Pilot - SBMBRPilot Sewershed
Source: 400 residents in a housing complexSource: 400 residents in a housing complex at CSM, Golden, CO
Pilot: SBMBR from Aqua‐Aerobics, Inc.
Design volume: 28 m3/day
Fluctuation: 8.3 to 30 m3/day
80
100
(%)
40
60
Carbon
Rem
oval
% Removal:• DOC 91%
0
20
2/1/09 5/12/09 8/20/09 11/28/09
C
Sample Date
DOC COD
DOC 91%• COD 96%
p
80
100
mov
al (%
)
20
40
60
Nitrogen Re
m
% Nitrogen Removal:St d St t 83%
0
2/1/09 5/12/09 8/20/09 11/28/09Sample Date
Total Nitrogen• Steady State 83% Improved water quality:
• Viable option for tailored water for reuse
ExoelectogensExoelectogens
Wastewater
CO2
e-
2
Anode Cathode
H2OO2H+
(Anaerobic)Membrane
(Aerobic)
Exoelectrogens
NaH+
Wastewater
CO2e-
Na+H
H+Na+Na
+Na2 CH4
Na+
Cl-Cl-Cl-
Anode (Anaerobic)
Cathode (Aerobic)
H2OO2H+ +
Seawater
Cl-Cl
(Anaerobic)AEM
(Aerobic)CEM
ARR: Recharge of water into an aquifer and its later recovery for use with a primary goal of water treatment
Topograhic height
Attributes• Low energy/cost
b f i
Infiltrationbasin
Recovery wellsObservation
wellsObservation
wells
Recovery wells
Sand layer forfiltration
Topograhic height
Vadose
+40.0
+20.0
• Low carbon footprint• Sustainable operation• Provides storage without evaporation• Avoids expensive tertiary treatment
Vadose+8.0
• Avoids expensive tertiary treatment• Provides additional treatment• Reliable source of irrigation water and groundwater recharge
Impregnable soillayer
-60.0
groundwater recharge• Hybrid systems (membrane)
Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater l i d d fWastewater Reclaimed water recovered from wells is conceived as groundwater (i.e., returned to
Surface spreadingor deep injection
water cycle), an aesthetically superior and more publicly acceptable source
or deep injection
Water TreatmentConsumer
ARR
• Lack of wastewater collection system
• Design and operation of appropriate wastewater treatment infrastructure
• N d f l i d t di t ib ti t• Need for reclaimed water distribution system
• Unknowns about health risks (microbial & chemical)chemical)
• Public perception/acceptance
d d f (• Better understanding of economics (Business opportunities)
• Lack of political support• Lack of political support
• More cost‐effective technologies
• Growing need to find alternative solutions to problems of fresh water supply in arid and semi‐arid regions ‐ water pp y greuse could be one of the probable solution
• Need to push/update national water policies, institutional and policy reforms to promote reuseand policy reforms to promote reuse
• Low water tariffs are a significant limiting factor and reform of rate structures is needed to provide incentive for water reuse
• Plenty of opportunities to implement both advanced/innovative technologies and natural treatment gsystems that facilitate reuse
• Decentralized systems leading to tailored reuse are a viable optionoption
• Comprehensive public education, outreach, and awareness program
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