water and mining
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PERUMIN 2013
The Future of Water in the MiningIndustry
AREQUIPA, PERU
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Global Water Situation
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We Live on a Salty Planet
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Global Water Withdrawal and Consumption
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Global Fresh Water Withdrawals
Agriculture2,800 km3/yr
70%
Municipal &Domestic400 km3/yr
10%
Industrial/Energy800 km3/yr
20%
, 0, 0%
Total global withdrawal approx 4,000 km3/yr in 2010
Mining
7-9 km3/yr0.2%
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Environmental Water Scarcity Index for 2030
NIC, 2012
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Effects of Climate Change
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Water Challenges, Causes and Risks(From CEO Water Mandate, 2012)
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Water For Mining
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Copper Production(World Copper Factbook, 2010)
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Mining Industry Differentiators
Water is essential for most mining
Mining and processing often at amassive scale, large waterrequirements
Operations are relatively short lived,water requirements are temporary
Remote global locations
Little or no infrastructure
Often must deal with stringentregulatory requirements
Environmental sensitivity
Social issues and conflicts
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Major Drivers for Water in Mining
Mines being developed in water poor
places - investment in pipelines, wells,and desalination plants.
Increased reliance on low grade ores -more water is required for each tonne ofrefined product.
Mining companies must treat wastewaterto higher standardsincreasedregulation, need to recycle andcommitment to sustainable water use.
Water is a major environmental concern -problems caused by acid rock drainage
and other impacts to water resources. Mining companies trying to reduce their
water footprint
PhysicalAvailability
SocialLicense to
Operate
LegalAvailability
Physical and legal water
availability does not
guarantee a sustainable
water supply solution!
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Integrated Water Management for Mines
Integrated
watermanagementfor mining
Mine waterneeds
Mine watersources
Permitting,environmental,
social, legal
constraints
Ecosystems
Other waterusers
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Integrated Water Management Key Areas
ADMINISTRATIVE
Meet regulatory standardsIntegrate water strategy intocorporate and business unit
strategies
Develop management structure
COMMUNITIES
Engage early with all stakeholders,including communities
Use water unsuitable for otherindustries, i.e., sea water
TECHNOLOGICAL/INNOVATION
Manage Water:Establish water balance
Measurement instrumentation
Manage database
Audit results
Preventive water use:
Redesign processMinimize water losses
Water-saving techniques
Protective management strategies/
measures and technical solutions:
Determine potential for AMD
Identify discharge pointsImprovement of infrastructure to contain runoff
Monitoring information management Tools are available to proactively
manage water
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Water Footprint, Carbon Footprint & LifecycleAssessment
WATERFOOTPRINT CARBONFOOTPRINT LIFE CYCLEASSESSMENT
Measures freshwaterappropriation
Measures emissionGH-gases
Measures overallenvironmental impact
Spatial and temporaldimension
No spatial / temporaldimension
No spatial dimension
Actual, locally specificvalues
Global average values
Actual water volume,no weighting
Weighting water volumebased on impacts
Reducing specific water
footprint (water useunits are not
interchangeable)
Many efforts focused
on offsetting (carbonemission units areinterchangeable)
Water footprint,Carbon footprintand Life Cycle
Assessment are
complementarytools
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Water Disclosure is Becoming a Reality
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Future of Water Governance
Future water governance changes will be seen in four mainareas: technology, energy, water pricing and other users rights to
water
TECHNOLOGY ENERGY
New technologies are developed to meetstringent regulations
Conservation and efficient use
VALUE OF WATER RIGHTS TO WATER
Water supply and demand Conflicts and priorities
Source: http://www.willmsshier.com/articles.asp?id=86
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Efficiency of Water Use for Mining
Corporate goals and commitment to efficient water use
Accurate water balance and measurements of water use
Process optimization to reduce waste water volumes
Improved tailings water managementthickened and dry stacktailings
Water re-use
Zero liquid discharge
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Storage and Transport of Water
Catch and store surface water runoffsurface reservoirs, aquiferstorage and recovery (ASR)
Interbasin transfers
Improved water infrastructure - pipelines, pumping systems, watertunnels
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Potential Groundwater Sources
Characterization of aquiferswater in storage and recharge
Use of groundwater with marginal quality - treatment
Permitting and environmental issues with potential groundwater sourcescan we use brackish water resources?
Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) to optimize water storage
Injection for ASR
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Desalination Systems
Desalination plants
Intakes and outfalls Pumping and piping
systems
Power sources
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Tailings and Water - Industry Trends
High density tailings using:
Thickeners
Filtration
Centrifuge
Chemical additives
Improved water management:
Upstream cutoff for valley impoundments
Separation of seepage and decant flows
Reduced beaching length (dry climate)
Reduced wet footprint (wet climate)
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Mining Impacts on Water
Environmental Heavy metal
contamination andleaching
Acid Mine Drainage
Processing chemicalpollution
Erosion andsedimentation
Social Depletion of surface and
groundwater supplies
Soil and water pollution
Conflict with other water-
related or water-intensiveindustries (i.e., agriculture)
Water shortages andecosystem damage
Displacement of people/communities
Water has beencalled miningsmos t commoncasualtyJames Lyon, interview,Mineral Policy Center,Washington DC
A H li ti Vi f W t
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Mine
IntegratedWater
Management
Sewage, effluent process water,potable and process plant
Tailings
Geochemistry
Hydrology
A Holistic View of Water
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Mine Water in Peru and Chile
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=chile%20mine%20water&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=I5Sf0ZWX2SXx9M&tbnid=n1Yuy8tbZQoezM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://lo-de-alla.org/tag/chile/&ei=NSENUqLbM6SsyAGil4CoDw&bvm=bv.50768961,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFgliD-2EFUgL7Ff9M2QLEBC7mwvw&ust=1376678452223264 -
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Water Availability in Peru & Chile
Balance (millones m3/ao)
MacrozonasAyer
1996
Hoy
2010
Maana
2025I a II -40 -928 -1.602
III a IV .397 -873 -1.2990
V a RM -1.393 -1.988 -2.844
VI a VII 16.452 15.173 12.688
VIII a X 189.204 186.763 164.517
XI x XII 526.801 526.005 525.708
W t Ch ll i P
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Water Challenges in Peru
Increasing glacial retreat rates
Only 22% of sewage water fromcities receives some kind oftreatment prior to discharge.
78% is discharged & lost
50% of rain water is lost
W t Ch ll i Chil
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Water Challenges in Chile
Chiles Projected Water Demand for Miningin m3/s (20092020)Cochilco, 2009
Chiles Water Offer & Demand 2011 (DGA)
Th G B t W t A il bilit d
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The Gap Between Water Availability andDemand
A gap already exists in areas of Chile and Peru
It will get worse with time as demand increases and available water decreases
How are we going to overcome the problem for the mining industry?
ater eman
Water Availability
Growing Gap
Gap
Time in Years2000 2010
Wa
terVolume
1950
In Chile and Peru, desalination will
be an essential source of water asother sources are not alwaysavailable. We need to find ways toreduce costs and impacts of energyproduction
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Seawater Desalination Using RenewableEnergy
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Potential for Solar Power
Historical development of
global cumulative photovoltaic power installed per
region
MW
37P t ti l f Wi d P
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Potential for Wind Power
Cost Reduction of Wind Power Comparison of Energy Sources
38Seawater Desalination Using Renewable
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Seawater Desalination Using RenewableEnergies
Why use renewable energy for
desalination?Desalination is energy-intensive
Provide energy availability inremote areas
Why use solar energy?
Solar energy abundant in manyareas with critical watershortages
Solar powered desalinationplants are technically feasiblewhere other energy sources arenot available
39The Future of Water for Mining Issues and
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The Future of Water for Mining - Issues andSolutionsIssues
Water is essential for mining
Global water demand is increasing
Water shortages will be more common
Mining often conflicts with other users
Regulation will increase
Historic problems must be addressed
Many mines are not effective water users
Solutions
Consider water an asset to be managed
Deal with water as an integrated system
Proactively engage other water usersImplement technical innovations
Develop alternative water sources
Manage water footprint
PROCESS
TAILINGS
ENVIRONMENTAL
HYDRO-
TECHNICAL
GEOTECHNICAL
CIVIL
WATER
Holistic water management
takes a multidisciplinary
approach
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